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Academic literature on the topic 'Cadenas tróficas (Ecología)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cadenas tróficas (Ecología)"
Caraballo, Pedro. "Uso de isótopos estables de carbono y nitrógeno para estudios de ecología acuática." Boletín Científico CIOH, no. 27 (December 5, 2009): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26640/22159045.210.
Full textLima, Felipe Pontieri de, André Batista Nobile, Diogo Freitas Souza, Edmir Daniel Carvalho, and Ana Paula Vidotto-Magnoni. "Feeding ecology of Rhinodoras dorbignyi (Kner, 1855) (Siluriformes: Doradidae) in the Paranapanema River, SP, Brazil." Biotemas 29, no. 1 (February 5, 2016): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2016v29n1p67.
Full textFirmino, Caroline Tavares, Fernanda Vargas Valadares, Juliana Pacheco Ventura, Gizely Azevedo Costa, Adriana Barra Tulli, Silvia Katia Souza, and Monique Moreira Moulin. "A UTILIZAÇÃO DO LÚDICO COMO ESTRTÉGIA DE APRENDIZAGEM DOS CONCEITOS DE CADEIA ALIMENTAR." Revista Univap 22, no. 40 (April 24, 2017): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.18066/revistaunivap.v22i40.1600.
Full textCamalich, J., A. Sánchez, S. Aguíñiga, and E. F. Balart. "THE POTENTIAL EFFECT OF NITROGEN REMOVAL PROCESSES ON THE δ15N FROM DIFFERENT TAXA IN THE MEXICAN SUBTROPICAL NORTH EASTERN PACIFIC." CICIMAR Oceánides 27, no. 2 (December 4, 2012): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v27i2.114.
Full textBarros, Maria Fabiene de Sousa, Zafira da Silva Almeida, Marina Bezerra Figueiredo, Jorge Luiz Silva Nunes, and Raimunda Nonata Fortes Carvalho Neta. "Ecologia alimentar de Hassar affinis (Actinopterygii: Doradidae) em dois lagos de uma zona úmida de importância internacional no Nordeste do Brasil." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 8 (July 7, 2021): e10110816973. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i8.16973.
Full textBarberena, Ramiro, Augusto Tessone, María Nella Quiroga, Florencia Gordón, Carina Llano, Alejandra Gasco, Jimena Paiva, and Andrew Ugan. "Guanacos y ecología isotópica en el norte del Neuquén: El registro de Cueva Huenul 1." Revista del Museo de Antropología 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31048/1852.4826.v11.n1.12005.
Full textSedrez, Mário Cesar, Joaquim Olinto Branco, Felipe Freitas Júnior, Herbert Silva Monteiro, and Edison Barbieri. "Ictiofauna acompanhante na pesca artesanal do camarão sete-barbas (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri) no litoral sul do Brasil." Biota Neotropica 13, no. 1 (March 2013): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032013000100019.
Full textLuz, Sandra Cristina Soares da, Ana Carla Asfora El-Deir, Elton José de França, and William Severi. "Estrutura da assembléia de peixes de uma lagoa marginal desconectada do rio, no submédio Rio São Francisco, Pernambuco." Biota Neotropica 9, no. 3 (September 2009): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032009000300011.
Full textRomero Infante, Jaime Alberto. "Ecoturismo para la creación de valor con responsabilidad social y ecologica." Revista de Tecnología 15, no. 2 (December 20, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.18270/rt.v15i2.2169.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Cadenas tróficas (Ecología)"
Cadena, Mendoza Gissela de la. "Eliminación de impedimentos taxonómicos y ecológicos en "hot-spots" de biodiversidad mediante herramientas moleculares: los Chrysomelidae y sus asociaciones tróficas en el bosque seco tropical de Nicaragua." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402736.
Full textThe seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) with high species richness and endemism, is usually integrated in biodiversity hotspots. Due to several threats by anthropogenic activities, has been listen as one of the world’s most endangered terrestrial biomes. It is estimated that globally only remains less than 2% of its original distribution, so their study is priority to undertake its restoration and conservation. The general objective of this thesis was to implement protocols to assess quickly and efficiently biodiversity in tropical areas. For this purpose, tools and molecular methods were integrated with taxonomy and ecology, to define the number of species and their trophic associations of two large groups of Chrysomelidae in Nicaraguan STDF, where the richness of insects is overwhelming and unknown. Specifically, to analyse the diversity of beetles, this work focused on two subfamilies especially rich in species: Cassidinae and Galerucinae sensu lato. Sampling was conducted at four locations of SDTF in Nicaragua, and 1320 individuals belonging to 251 morphospecies were processed. Using two objectives methods of species delimitation from mitochondrial gene phylogenies (cox1)—the Generalized Mixed Yule and Coalescence model and the Poisson Tree Processes model—they were inferred up to 265 putative species. Those independent evolutionary lineages were compared with morphological evidence and were generally highly consistent with this and between methods. The estimators of species richness showed that our sampling did not describe the total diversity, reaching to represent 64% of the expected leaf beetles biodiversity of SDTF. Four well-studied Chrysomelidae communities were very different, and largely due to the turnover of species (ßsor > 0,681). Additionally, molecular methodologies for inferring Chrysomelidae trophic associations from chloroplast sequences retrieved from gut contents were applied. After evaluating possible environmental contamination skewing inference diets, we could use chloroplastic fragments from 872 individuals belonging to 257 putative species. From these species, we obtained 1133 diet inferences on 188 plant species of 43 orders. Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, and Malvaceae accounted for the largest number of interactions with Chrysomelidae communities in the SDTF of Nicaragua. Several descriptive measures of trophic interactions between leaf beetles and their host plants were applied, and it showed that one locality (Miraflores-Moropotente Reserve) would be the most affected to habitat alterations, by having plants that support many interactions. Finally, environment, ecological, floristic, and geographical variables were explored to assess the degree of influence they might have to explain differences in community composition of leaf beetles in SDTF of Nicaragua. The multiple correlation analyses between these variables showed that differences in flora explain 92% of the variation from differences in leaf beetles communities with little contribution of climate component. A overview of our results suggest that conservation proposals on forest areas with the highest levels of differentiation in its floristic composition, promote the conservation of unique and very rich communities of herbivorous beetles that inhabit these forest fragments.
Marcelo, Serván Carlos Andres. "Influencia de la razón de masas depredador - presa sobre la longitud de las cadenas tróficas." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/6806.
Full textExplora la relación entre la masa coporal de las especies que componen el módulo de depredación intragremial y la máxima posición trófica observada en el sistema, su camino de estructuración (secuencia de invasiones plausibles) y la zona de coexistencia. Deriva criterios de coexistencia e invasibilidad en función de la masa de las especies interactuantes. Se encuentra que la forma de estos criterios es independiente del nivel de productividad basal, dimensión del espacio de búsqueda del depredador y estrategia de forrajeo; los cuales tienen una influencia cuantitativa. Más aún la dimensión del espacio de búsqueda y la estrategia de forrajeo influencian el comportamiento cualitativo de partes de la relación con respecto a cambios en la razón de masas depredador presa presentes en el módulo. Debido a la influencia que ejercen sobre estos procesos la masa de las especies afecta la longitud de la cadena trófica presente en el módulo. Estos resultados sugieren relaciones entre el proceso de ensamblaje de una comunidad y la masa corporal de las especies presentes en el conjunto de potenciales colonizadors y la comunidad receptora.
Tesis
Saporiti, Fabiana. "Cambios en la ecología trófica de los depredadores apicales del Mar Argentino durante el Holoceno." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284582.
Full textThe Argentine Sea has suffered increasing human impact from the middle Holocene until today, and significant changes in high levels of the marine food web are the result of such an impact. Both aboriginal and industrial exploitation of marine resources (hunting and fishing) are characterised by the preferential removal of the largest species, a process that is supposed to shorten size-structured marine food webs. This process is known in fisheries management as "fishing down the food web" because the human impact would shorten the food chains as a result of the extinction of the top predators. However, the species that are not extinguished remain in the ecosystem and play a trophic role, although they are drastically reduced in number. This thesis analyzed the changes that occurred in the food web of the Argentine Sea during the middle and late Holocene as a result of human activity, mainly focusing on two of its most abundant predators: the South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens) and the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis). It was observed that hunter-gatherers did not have a significant impact on habitat use patterns and trophic ecology of these two species, since there were no changes in their diets throughout the Holocene. However, the patterns of exploitation of pinnipeds by aborigines varied through time, probably as a result of changes in marine primary productivity more than overexploitation of pinnipeds by hunter-gatherers. There is no doubt, however, that the radical changes observed about 150 years ago in the diet of both sea lion and fur seal were the result of their virtual extinction in the Argentine Sea between the 18th and 20th century, during the fur trade. While diets changed the food web became longer and less redundant. These surprising results can be interpreted as the response of top predators to the decrease of the intraspecific pressure generated by the human impact. Historical studies such as this thesis may help to understand the mechanisms playing in ecosystems disturbed by human activity and provide a broader perspective for their restoration.
Rodríguez, Lozano Pablo. "Fire legacies in Mediterranean streams: the key roles of the riparian canopy and the top predator on food webs." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/385275.
Full textDebido al cambio climático y a los cambios en el uso y la gestión de la tierra, se espera que la frecuencia e intensidad de los incendios forestales aumenten. La mayoría de los estudios sobre los efectos de los incendios forestales en los ecosistemas acuáticos continentales cubren el corto y medio plazo (<5 años), siendo necesarias series temporales más largas. En este contexto, el objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral fue investigar los efectos a largo plazo de un incendio forestal en ríos mediterráneos. En concreto, esta tesis doctoral se centra en los efectos de dos legados del fuego: (1) la reducción de la cobertura del bosque de ribera y (2) la extinción local del superdepredador en estos ríos, Barbus meridionalis, un pez amenazado de pequeño tamaño. Los resultados de esta tesis doctoral probaron cómo el legado del fuego en el bosque de ribera aceleró la descomposición de la hojarasca en un arroyo mediterráneo intermitente ocho años después del incendio. Nuestros resultados también demostraron que el superdepredador era funcionalmente insustituible. Nuestro experimento de mesocosmos mostró que la ausencia de Barbus meridionalis provocó el incremento de los depredadores y de los consumidores primarios, y redujo la producción primaria del perifiton. El estudio de la ecología trófica de B. meridionalis desde una perspectiva funcional reveló que los rasgos morfológicos y de comportamiento de los macroinvertebrados pueden explicar su vulnerabilidad a la depredación. Esta tesis también confirmó que la ausencia del superdepredador modificó otra función clave del ecosistema, aceleró la descomposición de las hojas. Nuestros resultados también sugirieron que el superdepredador tiene un papel clave en el reciclado de nutrientes. Esta tesis doctoral ha demostrado que los incendios del pasado pueden influir en la estructura y función actual de los ríos mediterráneos. Además, también ha evidenciado que los ríos intermitentes pueden verse afectados por las consecuencias de la extinción de sus superdepredadores. La relevancia de esta tesis doctoral radica en el incremento esperado de los incendios forestales en la región mediterránea y en el alto riesgo de extinción de los peces de pequeño tamaño en los ecosistemas acuáticos continentales.
Pagani-Nuñez, Emilio. "Alimentación y color del plumaje en el carbonero común Parus major ¿Son las aves lo que comen?" Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284482.
Full textAnimals display different foraging strategies when feeding their offspring, showing great variability among species, populations and individuals. This pattern is especially accused in Mediterranean forests due to their great biodiversity. There are three main factors to characterize these strategies: prey types selected by parents, the degree of behavioural consistency at both the long and the short term, and the trophic structure of the population. In relation to this, a key question is to determine how ornaments determine foraging strategies. Following the good parent hypothesis, females may rely on male ornaments as indicative of their parental abilities. In consequence, it is to be expected that more ornamented individuals display more efficient foraging strategies. Our aim was to characterize foraging strategies displayed by parents in our study population, and determine how carotenoid-based ornaments affected this display. Our model species were Mediterranean Great tits Parus major. First, we found that although caterpillars were their main prey, in our zone parents delivered high proportions of spiders. Different pairs showed great variability in prey choice, and were highly consistent in their dietary preferences. Although Great tits may be characterized as trophic generalists, different pairs showed a tendency to specialize in different combinations of prey types. More ornamented fathers delivered a higher proportion of spiders to their offspring, and those nestlings receiving more spiders showed an improved body condition and brighter colours. We may conclude, in a Mediterranean context and in relation to dietary preferences of birds, that parental investment is a matter of quality and that spiders have great relevance as preferred alternative prey.
Monroy, López Mario. "Principales impactos antrópicos y sus efectos sobre la comunidad de peces del lago Titicaca." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/286464.
Full textAndean ecosystems and their native fish fauna are considered among the most threatened and vulnerable ones worldwide due to their high degree of endemicity and the variety of anthropogenic impacts that affect them. Therefore, this thesis has explored the current state of the fish fauna from Lake Titicaca and the trophic relationships between native and introduced species by using stable isotope analysis (SIA) (Chapter 1). As well as the effects caused by predation according to SIA, alien and native species may be sharing the same trophic niche. Probably, these alien species are competing for similar food resources with the native species, especially the pelagic ones. Additionally, the pollution effects caused by the growing population were studied by analyzing heavy metals in water, sediment, and in the most consumed species (Chapter 2). These results revealed that Pb concentration in water as well as Cu, Zn, Cd and Hg concentration in the tissues of Odontesthes bonariensis, Orestias luteus, Orestias agassii and Trichomycterus rivulatus exceeded the threshold for human consumption. This scenario suggests the need for a greater control over the management policies in the lake. The highest concentrations of these metals were associated with higher organic matter content, which were found in the localities near tributary rivers influenced by mining activities (mainly in Ramis River mouth). In addition, haematological biomarkers were tested as a tool to detect adverse effects of pollution before they have lethal consequences for fish populations (Chapter 3). Increases in the percentage of erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities, immature and karyorheic erythrocytes and monocytosis were associated with high heavy metal and environmental parameter concentrations such as nitrites, conductivity or dissolved oxygen. All these human factors have probably generated a ca. 90% decline in fish landings in the lake during the last 30 years. In order to ensure the sustainability of fish populations, two types of scientific sampling gillnets were tested to elucidate the best mesh sizes to capture mature individuals of the most abundant species (Chapter 4). The results provide new information that can be applied in monitoring the health and management of fish communities to benefit conservation.
Huertas, López David. "Estudi de la distribució dels compostos organoclorats en els organismes fluvials sota la influència dels efluents d’una planta clor-àlcali (riu Ebre, entre Mequinensa i el Delta)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/336970.
Full textPersistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a well-known group of contaminants that have in common some characteristics. As its name indicates, they can remain in the environment for long periods of time, they are stable and do not degrade easily. Furthermore, they are toxic and because of their physical and chemical properties they can be distributed throughout the planet reaching remote places far away from pollution sources. In addition, they are lipophilic and with great capacity to bioaccumulate inside the organisms so they are biomagnified along food webs. The production of organochlorine compounds during the last century by the chlor-alkali plant located at Flix (South West Catalonia) has generated an accumulation of polluted muds inside the water reservoir from this locality. Concerning the concentrations of organic pollutants, so far the organisms living in the last stretch of the Ebro River have only been considered partially. This thesis includes a complete study of the distribution and accumulation of these compounds in fluvial food webs starting from the lower trophic levels and including main predators. Different organochlorine compounds have been analyzed in a wide range of biotic and non-biotic matrices: chlorobenzenes (PeCB and HCB), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, as well as the polychlorostyrenes (PCSs). To complement this research, the presence of these compounds has been assessed in sites located far away from main pollution sources. To achieve this, samples from the last stretch of the Ebro River have been analysed in order to assess if there were differences in concentrations in comparison to samples from the Flix water reservoir, differences in distribution patterns of POPs, or differences at the biomagnification processes of these compounds. Firstly it studies concentrations of POPs and the relationships between lower trophic levels from the Flix water reservoir. Secondly it evaluates levels of contaminants from fish inside the Flix water reservoir and downstream. Third, it determines the effect that POPs have at higher trophic levels from fluvial food webs: birds. Finally, it integrates all the information related to the biomagnification of pollutants along the food web within the Flix water reservoir.
Pérez, Núñez Jhelly Reynaluz. "Dinámica del control biológico basado en un modelo de cadena alimenticia con tres niveles tróficos." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3896.
Full text--- In this work, the dynamic of biological control is studied using a mathematical model of simple food chain of three trophic levels. This mathematical model is based on a predator prey model with holling type II functional response rate dependent. including a top predator described by a system of three ordinary differential equations. We study the existence and uniqueness, invariance and boundednees of solutions.
Tesis
Campos, Renata Calixto. "Influência do cultivo de milho transgênico em organismos não-alvo (Coleoptera : scarabaeinae) e da ingestão indireta através da cadeia trófica." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2016. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/172559.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2017-01-24T03:15:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 343639.pdf: 5013655 bytes, checksum: 1793f907bf2af0743d51fdad7e7759ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016
O uso de plantas transgênicas ou plantas geneticamente modificadas (GM) que expressam genes com atividade inseticida representam uma alternativa para controlar insetos pragas. As plantas transgênicas resistentes a insetos expressam genes derivados a partir da bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Durante a esporulação essa bactéria produz proteínas cristais. A atividade entomopatogênica desse microrganismo deve-se à presença de um núcleo inseticida dessa proteína em forma de cristal. Após a ingestão por insetos suscetíveis, esses cristais são dissolvidos no intestino médio do inseto em pH levemente ácido (no caso de coleópteros) ou alcalino (lepidópteros e dípteros) e o núcleo ativado. Após a liberação do núcleo ativo da proteína este se liga a receptores específicos do epitélio, promovendo a ruptura osmótica das células epiteliais do tubo digestivo, determinando a morte dos insetos. Quando as plantas transgênicas foram desenvolvidas, os cientistas afirmavam que as toxinas fossem altamente específicas e não afetavam organismos não-alvo, no entanto, atualmente, há ainda incertezas sobre o modo de ação de toxinas Bt. No estado de Santa Catarina, no sul do Brasil, 50.000 hectares estão ocupados por cultivos de milho, o principal produto agrícola do estado, com cerca de 90% destes cultivos plantados com variedades transgênicas, seguindo um tipo característico de manejo, já que o fabricante da tecnologia coloca à disposição do agricultor um pacote tecnológico , com produtos e práticas que orientam este tipo de cultura. Efeitos negativos de cultivos transgênicos na fauna associada ao longo da cadeia trófica são pouco conhecidos e o uso de insetos indicadores pode servir como uma ferramenta para avaliar os efeitos em cascata dos transgênicos sobre a vida silvestre. Os escarabeíneos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae), um táxon com reconhecida importância para a manutenção dos processos ecológicos por participar da decomposição da matéria orgânica, vêm sendo utilizados com sucesso como indicadores ecológicos. Assim, a pesquisa teve como principal objetivo avaliar se existe influência dos transgênicos, através da cadeia trófica, na diversidade, no comportamento e na fisiologia dos escarabeíneos. A tese está dividida em quatro capítulos, dois capítulos realizados na região de Campos Novos, sul do Brasil, e dois em laboratório. O primeiro capítulo relata os possíveis impactos dos cultivos de milho sobre as comunidades de escarabeíneos em fragmentos florestais de Mata Atlântica rodeados por plantações de milho transgênico ou convencional, avaliando o tipo de milho, técnicas de manejo, características vegetacionais, presença de mamíferos e distância espacial. Em 40 fragmentos de Mata Atlântica, sendo 20 circundados por milho convencional e 20 por milho transgênico, através de um protocolo de coleta com 10 armadilhas por fragmento, iscadas com fezes e carne, foi coletado um total de 3454 indivíduos de 44 espécies: 2312 indivíduos de 42 espécies em meio a milho convencional e 1142 indivíduos de 38 espécies em meio a milho transgênico. Diferenças nas comunidades de escarabeíneos foram encontradas e como esperado para áreas fragmentadas, uma maior riqueza de espécies foi observada em fragmentos maiores. A estruturação da comunidade de escarabaeíneos foi explicada pelas características da vegetação, pelo tamanho do fragmento, pela distância espacial e também pelo tipo de cultivo associado a suas técnicas de manejo. Assim, no sul do Brasil, o uso de milho transgênico pode estar acelerando a perda de diversidade e consequentemente os serviços ecossistêmicos providos pelos escarabeíneos podem estar sendo perdidos. O segundo capítulo teve como objetivo avaliar se existe preferência alimentar pela fauna nativa entre milho convencional ou milho transgênico, revelando se os animais conseguem diferenciá-los. Para tanto foram utilizadas armadilhas fotográficas em dez fragmentos florestais de Mata Atlântica, onde foram oferecidas quatro espigas de milho, duas convencionais e duas transgênicas. Dez mamíferos nativos e sete aves foram fotografadas consumindo milho e não houve preferência de consumo por milho convencional ou transgênico. Nesse cenário, se a alimentação transgênica apresentar algum efeito tardio nos animais que se alimentam desse tipo de milho, animais nativos também irão sofrer tais efeitos já que não conseguem diferenciá-lo. Além disso, se o transgênico passa através das fezes destes animais ao longo da cadeia trófica, a fauna coprófaga poderá sofrer tais efeitos. O terceiro capítulo teve como objetivo testar se a alimentação indireta com milho transgênico pode causar perda de fitness nos besouros escarabeíneos. Para tanto, escarabeíneos foram alimentados em laboratório com fezes de porco seguindo dois tratamentos: um grupo foi alimentado com fezes de cinco porcos que tinham consumido milho transgênico e outro grupo com fezes de cinco porcos que tinham consumido milho convencional. Em um experimento de olfatometria, os indivíduos de Canthon rutilans que foram alimentados com transgênico levaram mais tempo para chegar ao recurso; em um experimento de incorporação de matéria orgânica no solo, a quantidade de fezes enterrada pelos indivíduos de Coprophanaeus saphirinus foi maior para aqueles que se alimentaram com convencional; a incorporação de matéria orgânica por casais de C. rutilans, assim como o sucesso reprodutivo, foi similar nos dois tratamentos, embora os que se alimentaram com transgênico produziram mais bolas ninhos. Podemos supor que estas diferenças encontradas no fitness dos escarabeíneos podem afetar as funções destes nos ambientes naturais, deixando-os menos eficientes na remoção e enterrio das massas fecais. O último capítulo teve como objetivo determinar se a alimentação indireta com milho transgênico pode ter efeito na ecofisiologia dos escarabeíneos, impossibilitando a detecção dos estímulos presentes no ambiente, para isso, avaliamos a resposta antenal, as taxas respiratórias e a atividade da fenoloxidase (PO) de escarabeíneos submetidos aos dois tratamentos alimentares descritos no capítulo três, à base de milho convencional e transgênico. No experimento de eletroantenografia, nenhuma diferença foi detectada nas respostas antenais dos escarabeíneos, entretanto nos experimentos de respirometria e atividade de fenoloxidase foram detectadas evidências de aumento da atividade do sistema imune: aumento da emissão de CO2 durante a respiração e aumento da atividade de fenoloxidase nos besouros que consumiram uma dieta com transgênico, o que pode ser entendido como uma forma de manter o equilíbrio do sistema imunológico em um ambiente prejudicial, sendo possível que o transgênico esteja atuando como um estressor ambiental para organismos não-alvo (escarabeíneos). A maioria dos estudos publicados sobre os efeitos dos transgênicos em organismos não-alvo não mostrou diferenças com base na mortalidade, no entanto, efeitos mais sutis, tais como mudanças comportamentais ou fisiológicas, não foram estudados em besouros, mas a sua importância é evidente. Assim, os efeitos nãoletais demonstrados pelo uso do transgênico nesta pesquisa podem gerar nos besouros escarabeíneos uma menor capacidade competitiva pelos recursos efêmeros e uma maior predação, o que resultaria na diminuição das populações dos mesmos e consequentemente explicaria a perda de diversidade observada nas comunidades em fragmentos de mata nativa, o que pode implicar em prejuízos nos serviços ecossistêmicos providos por estes insetos.
Abstract : The use of transgenic plants or genetically modified (GM) plants expressing genes with insecticidal activity represents an alternative to control insect pests. Transgenic plants resistant to insects expressing genes derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). During sporulation this bacteria produces crystal proteins. The entomopathogenic activity of the microorganism is due to the presence of an insecticide core of this crystal protein. After ingestion by susceptible insects, these crystals are dissolved in the medium of the insect gut in slightly acidic pH (in the case of Coleoptera) or alkaline (Lepidoptera and Diptera) and the core is activated. Upon release of the active core of this protein, it binds to specific receptors in the epithelia, promoting the osmotic disruption of epithelial cells of the gut, causing the death of the insects. When transgenic plants have been developed, scientists believed that the toxins were highly specific and did not affect non-target organisms, however, currently, are still uncertainties in the mode of action of Bt toxins. In the state of Santa Catarina, in southern Brazil, 50,000 hectares are occupied by maize crops, the state's main agricultural product, about 90% of these crops are planted with transgenic varieties, following a characteristic type of management, the manufacturer of technology offers to the farmer a technological package with products and practices that guide this type of culture. Negative effects of GM crops on wildlife associated along the food chain are not well known and the use of insect s indicators can serve as a tool to assess the cascade effects of GM crops on wildlife. The dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae), a taxon of recognized importance to the maintenance of ecological processes to participate in the decomposition of organic matter, has been successfully used as ecological indicators. Thus, the research aimed to assess whether there is influence of GMOs, through the food chain in diversity, behavior and physiology of dung beetles. The thesis was divided into four chapters, two chapters made in the region of Campos Novos, southern Brazil, and two in the laboratory. The first chapter reports the potential impact of maize crops on dung beetles communities in forest fragments of Atlantic Forest surrounded by transgenic or conventional maize plantations, assessing the type of maize, management techniques, vegetation characteristics, presence of mammals and spatial distance. In 40 fragments of Atlantic Forest, 20 surrounded by conventional maize and 20 surrounded by transgenic maize, through a collection protocol with 10 traps per fragment, baited with feces and meat, a total of 3454 individuals of 44 species were collected: 2312 individuals of 42 species among conventional maize and 1142 individuals of 38 species in the midst of transgenic maize. Differences in dung beetles communities were found and as expected for fragmented areas, greater species richness was found in larger fragments. The structure of Scarabaeinae community was explained by the characteristics of the vegetation, the fragment size, the spatial distance and the type of farming associated with their management techniques. Thus, in southern Brazil, the use of transgenic maize may be accelerating the loss of diversity and therefore the ecosystem services provided by dung beetles may have been lost. The second chapter aimed to assess whether there is food preference in native fauna between conventional maize or transgenic maize, revealing if the animals can differentiate them. For this, camera traps were used in ten forest fragments of Atlantic Forest, where they were offered four cobs of maize, two conventional and two transgenic. Ten native mammals and seven birds were photographed consuming maize and no preference of consumption by conventional or transgenic maize was detected. In this scenario, if the GM food present a delayed effect on animals that feed this type of maize, native animals will also suffer such effects, as it cannot differentiate them. Moreover, if the GM passes through the feces of these animals along the food chain, the coprophagous animals can suffer such effects. The third chapter aimed to test if the indirect feeding of transgenic maize can cause loss of fitness in dung beetles. To this end, dung beetles were fed in a laboratory with pig feces following two treatments: one group was fed with feces of five pigs who had consumed transgenic maize and another group with feces of five pigs who had consumed conventional maize. In an olfactometry experiment, the Canthon rutilans individuals who were fed GM took longer time to get in the resource (feces); in an experiment of incorporation of organic matter in the soil, the amount of feces buried by individuals of Coprophanaeus saphirinus was higher in those who were fed feces with conventional maize; the incorporation of organic matter by C. rutilans couples was similar in both treatments, as well as the reproductive success, while those fed with GM produced more balls nests. We can assume that these differences in the "fitness" of dung beetles can affect the functions of these in natural environments, making them less efficient in the removal and burial of fecal masses. The last chapter was for determine whether the indirect feeding with transgenic maize may have effect on the ecophysiology of dung beetles, making them unable to detect the stimuli present in the environment for that, we evaluated the antennal response, respiratory rate and the activity of phenoloxidase (PO) of dung beetles submitted to two feeding treatments described in chapter three, with conventional and transgenic maize. In electroantennography experiment, no difference was detected in the antennal responses of dung beetles, but in the experiments of respirometry and phenoloxidase activity were detected evidence of increased activity of the immune system: increase in emissions of CO2 during respiration and increased of phenoloxidase activity in dung beetles that consumed a diet with transgenic, which can be understood as a way of maintaining the balance of the immune system in an adverse environment, it is possible that transgenic is acting as an environmental stressor to non-target organisms (Scarabaeinae). Most published studies on effects of GM on non-target organisms showed no differences based on mortality, however, more subtle effects such as behavioral or physiological changes have not been studied in dung beetles, but its importance is evident. Thus, non-lethal effects demonstrated by the use of GM in this research can lead to the dung beetles less competitive by ephemeral resources and increase predation, resulting in decreased of populations and thus explain the loss of diversity observed in dung beetles communities in native forest fragments, which can result in losses in ecosystem services provided by these insects.
Nogueira, Patrícia Franklin Mayrink. "Interação entre a matéria orgânica natural, o cobre e microorganismos heterotróficos : implicações na dinâmica do metal e sua disponibilização para a biota aquática." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1585.
Full textUniversidade Federal de Sao Carlos
The increasing eutrophication and contamination of aquatic ecosystems motivates the study of interactions between natural dissolved organic matter (DOM), metals and the biota. Metals are mainly released into the environment by industrial processes, whereas organic materials through municipal sewage sludge. The association of these two processes and its effect on the environment poses unknown risks to aquatic communities. The support capacity of aquatic systems is related to its ability to associate with dissolved elements. In this study, the complexation capacity of Monjolinho Reservoir (eutrophic), from which the test organisms were obtained, was evaluated. The results showed that two copper-complexing sites were present, what contributes to the low free copper ion concentration in such environment. It is known that natural DOM is formed by humic like and recently produced organic compounds. Suwannee River natural organic matter was used throughout this investigation as models of humic substance DOM (commercial standard), whereas as model substance of recently produced organic material, cyanobacteria (Anabaena spiroides) exopolysaccharides were used. Considering that the environmental fate and chemical speciation of copper are dominated by natural DOM and that heterotrophic bacteria processes are responsible for nutrient regeneration, carbon transfer and energy, it was also investigated the influence of the interaction DOM-Cuorganisms on copper dynamic and bioavailability. The results showed that the natural bacteria population was copper resistant, tolerating up to 10-6 M total copper concentration. The degradation of DOM by heterotrophic bacteria, detected by fluorescence spectroscopy, revealed that after Cu-complexed DOM degradation, the metal was liberated into the environment, causing toxicity and bioaccumulation in the microbial food chain. Nevertheless, this was less pronounced when the organic materials were exopolysaccharides. In general, the results showed that copper complexed to natural DOM or exopolysaccharides was less toxic to the organisms than free copper ions. The present results are a contribution to aquatic ecosystems management and to the knowledge of copper speciation, availability and interaction with aquatic organisms, as it relates to dissolved organic materials in aquatic ecosystems.
O aumento da eutrofização e da contaminação de ambientes aquáticos levam ao interesse em estudos sobre a interação entre a matéria orgânica dissolvida, metais traços e a biota. Os metais são lançados nos ambientes aquáticos principalmente através dos processos industriais, enquanto que a eutrofização deve-se principalmente à entrada de esgotos domésticos. A união desses dois processos em um só ambiente causa riscos ainda pouco conhecidos à biota. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a capacidade de complexação da água do Reservatório do Monjolinho (eutrofizado), de onde os organismos teste foram obtidos para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Os resultados mostraram que, com pelo menos dois sítios distintos para associação com o cobre, a concentração de cobre livre no reservatório é baixa. Sabe-se que a MOD natural é constituída por substâncias de natureza húmica e compostos recém produzidos pela biota. Neste estudo, foi usada matéria orgânica natural do Suwanee River (padrão comercial) como modelo de substância húmica e, como substância recém produzida, exopolissacarídeos de cianobactérias (obtidos em laboratório). Foi investigada a influência da interação entre MOD-Cu-organismos sobre a dinâmica de cobre e sua biodisponibilização. Os resultados mostraram a degradação de material húmico pelas bactérias heterotróficas e, ainda, que esses organismos são resistentes ao cobre, tolerando uma concentração de cobre total de 10- 6 mol.L-1. Através da atividade das bactérias sobre o complexo MOD-Cu, o cobre foi disponibilizado e magnificado na cadeia trófica. No entanto, não foi detectada liberação do cobre mediante a degradação do complexo exopolissacarídeo-cobre. De modo geral, os resultados mostraram que cobre complexado à MOD ou ao exopolissacarídeo foi menos tóxico aos organismos do que o íon livre. Os resultados aqui apresentados vêm contribuir para o conhecimento sobre a especiação, disponibilidade e interação do cobre com organismos aquáticos considerando a presença da MOD natural, importantes para o gerenciamento de ecossistemas aquáticos.