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Academic literature on the topic 'Cadmium chloride'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Cadmium chloride"

1

Kozin, V. F., and A. A. Omel’chuk. "Formation of cadmium chlorides via cadmium dissolution in chloride melts." Inorganic Materials 42, no. 1 (January 2006): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020168506010158.

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Matyushkina, Yulia I., and Alexandr A. Shabarin. "EXTRACTION OF ANIONIC CADMIUM COMPLEXES WITH ORGANIC SOLUTIONS OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 10 (September 8, 2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206310.6224.

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The anion-exchange extraction of thiocyanate, chloride and iodide cadmium complexes by solutions of quaternary ammonium salts chlorides in organic solvents (toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, isobutyl alcohol, nitrobenzene) was studied. Extraction involves solutions of alkyl dimethylbenzylammonium chlorides (R-N+(CH3)2-CH2C6H5-Cl-) and alkyl dimethylethyl-benzylammonium (R-N+(CH3)2-CH2-CH2C6H5-Cl-), where R is a straight alkyl chain, mainly C12 - C14. The composition of the cadmium anionic complexes was established by the analysis of the calibration curves E = f (pCCd (II)) constructed from cadmium sulfate solutions against the background of various contents of thiocyanate, chloride and iodide ions (ndicator electrode - ion-selective electrode with a membrane, which based on a nitrobenzene solution of tetradecylammonium bromide). The extraction process is estimated quantitatively using a distribution coefficient (D). The value of D is calculated taking into account the cadmium concentration in the aqueous phase before and after extraction. The dependence of the distribution coefficient on the organic solvent dielectric constant, the concentration and stability of the anionic complexes of cadmium is shown. So, for the indicated cadmium acidocomplexes, the minimum D values were obtained using low-polar toluene and carbon tetrachloride, and the maximum values were obtained using highly polar isobutyl alcohol and nitrobenzene. If the concentration of cadmium (II) is reduced by a factor of 100 for the cadmium rhodanide and iodide complexes, the value of D decreases by 1.6-1.9 times, for the chloride complex, by 1.2 times in the case of polar isobutyl alcohol and nitrobenzene, and 2.9-3.5 times in the case of low-polar solvents. It was experimentally established that in the series [Cd(SCN)4]2- - [CdI4]2-- [CdCl4]2- the value of D decreases for all the studied systems. The observed regularity is related both to the stability of the corresponding cadmium (II) complexes in aqueous solutions and to their hydrophobicity.

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Walls, J. M., A. Abbas, G. D. West, J. W. Bowers, P. J. M. Isherwood, P. M. Kaminski, B. Maniscalco, W. S. Sampath, and K. L. Barth. "The Effect of Annealing Treatments on Close Spaced Sublimated Cadmium Telluride Thin Film Solar Cells." MRS Proceedings 1493 (2013): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1704.

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ABSTRACTIt is well known that the cadmium chloride annealing treatment is an essential step in the manufacture of efficient thin film cadmium telluride solar cells. It has been recognized that the combination of annealing at ∼4000C together with the addition of cadmium chloride at the surface induces re-crystallisation of the cadmium telluride layer and also affects the n-type cadmium sulfide. We have applied advanced micro-structural characterization techniques to distinguish the effect of the annealing and the cadmium chloride treatments on the properties of the cadmium telluride deposited via close space sublimation (CSS) and relate these observations to device performance. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has shown a variation in stacking fault density with annealing temperature and annealing time. Stacking faults observed within the cadmium telluride grains in TEM were partially removed post annealing; these findings show that temperature alone has a role in the reduction of stacking faults. However, since we have previously observed almost complete removal of stacking faults with annealing in combination with cadmium chloride, the cadmium chloride is essential to defect removal and high efficiency cells.

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Seoane, A. I., A. M. Güerci, and F. N. Dulout. "Mechanisms involved in the induction of aneuploidy: the significance of chromosome loss." Genetics and Molecular Biology 23, no. 4 (December 2000): 1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572000000400054.

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The induction of aneuploidy by physical and chemical agents using different test systems was evaluated. The effect of X-rays, caffeine, acetaldehyde, ethanol, diethylstilbestrol, propionaldehyde, and chloral hydrate was studied by chromosome counting in Chinese hamster embryonic diploid cells. Aneugenic ability of cadmium chloride, cadmium sulfate, potassium dichromate, chromium chloride, nickel chloride, and nickel sulfate was assessed by means of anaphase-telophase analysis in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Chromosome counting in human fibroblasts (MRC-5 cell line) was employed to evaluate the effect of cacodilic acid, cadmium chloride, cadmium sulfate, and potassium dichromate. Finally, the induction of kinetochore-positive and kinetochore negative micronuclei by cadmium chloride, cadmium sulfate, potassium dichromate, chromium chloride, and nickel chloride was studied using CREST antibodies. When the effect of different agents was determined by chromosome counting, an increase of hypoploid but not of hyperploid cells was observed. Anaphase-telophase analysis showed that metal salts increased the frequency of lagging chromosomes. This finding has been confirmed by the increment of kinetochore-positive micronuclei using CREST antibodies. Therefore, chromosome loss could be considered as the main cause of induced aneuploidy.

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Li, Qiang, and Hui-Ting Wang. "A new three-dimensional anionic cadmium(II) dicyanamide network." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 70, no. 11 (October 15, 2014): 1054–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229614022360.

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A new cadmium dicyanamide complex, poly[tetramethylphosphonium [μ-chlorido-di-μ-dicyanamido-κ4N1:N5-cadmium(II)]], [(CH3)4P][Cd(NCNCN)2Cl], was synthesized by the reaction of tetramethylphosphonium chloride, cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate and sodium dicyanamide in aqueous solution. In the crystal structure, each CdIIatom is octahedrally coordinated by four terminal N atoms from four anionic dicyanamide (dca) ligands and by two chloride ligands. The dicyanamide ligands play two different roles in the building up of the structure; one role results in the formation of [Cd(dca)Cl]2building blocks, while the other links the building blocks into a three-dimensional structure. The anionic framework exhibits a solvent-accessible void of 673.8 Å3, amounting to 47.44% of the total unit-cell volume. The cavities in the network are occupied by pairs of tetramethylphosphonium cations.

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LUTZ, H. D., W. SCHMIDT, and H. J. STEINER. "ChemInform Abstract: Phase Diagram Lithium Chloride-Cadmium Chloride." ChemInform 23, no. 4 (August 22, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199204012.

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Grosicki, Andrzej, Paweł Małagocki, Anna Kycko, Jerzy Monkiewicz, and Waldemar Korol. "Magnesium supplements affect selected cadmium toxic actions and uptake of repeated doses of cadmium." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bvip-2015-0081.

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Abstract The importance of magnesium supplements on organ retention of cadmium and allometric parameters after repeated exposure to cadmium chloride were studied in male Wistar rats. Magnesium chloride was given via drinking water (500 mg Mg/L) to rats exposed intragastrically to cadmium chloride (labelled with cadmium 109) at a daily dose corresponding to 25 mg/kg diet for 7, 14, 21, and 28 d. Supplements of magnesium temporarily decreased cadmium retention in the duodenum and liver. No significant differences in cadmium retention were evidenced in the kidneys and testicles. The supplements of magnesium also retain more of the body weight gains and restore the relative liver and testicle weight in rats intoxicated with cadmium. Comparison of the present results with earlier reports suggests a relationship between doses of magnesium and cadmium; higher doses of cadmium need more magnesium to overcome toxic action of the heavy metal.

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Geier, Johannes, Dieter Vieluf, and Thomas Fuchs. "Patch testing with cadmium chloride." Contact Dermatitis 34, no. 1 (January 1996): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02128.x.

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Grose, E. C., J. H. Richards, R. H. Jaskot, M. G. Ménache, J. A. Graham, and W. C. Dauterman. "Comparative Hepatotoxicity of Inhaled Cadmium Chloride and Cadmium Oxide." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 6, no. 4 (July 1987): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818709075690.

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The toxicity of inhaled aerosols of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and cadmium oxide (CdO) on hepatic biochemical function was compared. Male rats were exposed for 2 hours to concentrations of 0.45 and 4.5 mg Cd/m3. Serum and liver enzymes and histological changes were studied immediately and 72 hours after exposure. Exposure to 4.5 mg/m3 CdCl2 and CdO resulted in an increase in liver Cd content. This deposition was not observed at the lower concentrations. Following exposure to 4.5 mg/m3 CdCl2, decreases in body and liver weight, as well as decreased activities of glutathione (GSH)-reductase, GSH-peroxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) were observed. Increases in serum bilirubin and activities of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase were evident 72 hours after exposure. Exposure to 4.5 mg/m3 CdO caused decreased activities of GSH-reductase and peroxidase, G-6-PDH, and an increased activity of serum alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. Exposure to 0.45 mg/m3 CdCl2, produced more hepatic effects than did a similar exposure to CdO. This differential response between inhalation of CdCl2 and CdO was probably due to a rapid clearance of CdCl2 or Cd2+ ions from the lung and transport to the liver via the systemic blood circulation.

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Bouchene, Rafika, and Sofiane Bouacida. "Syntheses, supramolecular networks and Hirshfeld surface and thermal analyses of two new cadmium chloride coordination polymers with an N,O-chelating ligand." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 75, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229618018132.

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Two new coordination polymers, namely poly[[(3-aminopyrazin-4-ium-2-carboxylate-κ2 N 1,O)di-μ-chlorido-cadmium(II)] monohydrate], {[CdCl2(C5H5N3O2)]·H2O} n , (1), and poly[2-amino-3-carboxypyrazin-1-ium [(3-aminopyrazine-2-carboxylato-κ2 N 1,O)di-μ-chlorido-cadmium(II)] monohydrate], {(C5H6N3O2)[Cd(C5H4N3O2)Cl2]·H2O} n , (2), have been synthesized from the reaction of cadmium(II) chloride and 3-aminopyrazine-2-carboxylic acid (Hapca) under mild conditions in acidic media. The two coordination polymers have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and show chloride-bridged zigzag chains with octahedrally coordinated metal ions, where Hapca acts as a bidentate ligand via the π-conjugated N atom and a carboxylate O atom. The chains are further interconnected via noncovalent interactions into three-dimensional supramolecular networks. The dominant H...O and H...Cl interactions for both compounds were quantified using Hirshfeld surface analysis. The thermal stability and topological analysis of the two-dimensional networks of (1) and (2) are also discussed.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cadmium chloride"

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Aidinis, Constantine John. "Cadmium chloride as an electron beam resist." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38215.

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Brillant, Ève. "Effets de l'intoxication au chlorure de cadmium chez la truite mouchetée, Salvelinus fontinalis, Mitchill /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1993. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Boupha, Prasongsidh C., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Science and Technology, and School of Food Science. "The effect of cadmium on food allergy." THESIS_FST_SFS_Boupha_P.xml, 1992. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/124.

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Assessement of effects of cadium chloride exposure on the anaphylaxis reaction to food was done on six week old Swiss and BALB/c female mice. The animals were exposed to cadium as cadium chloride for either three days or six weeks. Intra-peritonal dose of cadium chloride was injected once a day, five days per week for three successive weeks. The animals were then sensitised to cow's milk by force-feeding with cow's milk for three consecutive days. Oral exposure of mice to a high dose of cadium resulted in cytotoxicity of liver and kidney cells. Retardation in growth rate and haematology change were detected. Proliferative response to the T-cell epitope from the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium falsiparum was decreased in cultures of lymph node cells from cadium chronically treated mice and sensitised with the same peptide. In contrast, an increase of cell proliferation was observed when cow's milk was used instead. Significant increase in Immunoglobulin E level and Anaphylactic reaction dependent on the quantity of cadium exposed were recorded. No protective effect of ascorbic acid or zinc acetate on cadium alteration of immune response was observed
Master of Science (Hons) (Food Science)

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Sheremata, Tamara W. "Effect of chloride ions on the adsorption of cadmium from leachate onto kaolinite." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59636.

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The amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) produced in Canada was 12.6 million tonnes in 1980. Cadmium, which is one heavy metal characteristically present in leachate from MSW, is an extremely toxic metal to all living organisms. Clay liners are used to contain contaminants such as heavy metals (aluminum, mercury, manganese, lead, and zinc) present in leachate from landfill sites containing MSW. Consequently, an investigation into the mechanisms of cadmium adsorption from leachate onto clay was pursued.
Characteristically, such leachates contain trace quantities of heavy metals and abundant quantities of chloride ions. For this study, leachate samples were collected from the Meloche landfill site in Kirkland, Quebec. This leachate is characteristic of other leachates, and in one monitoring well it contained cadmium (Cd) at 0.069 mg/L (ppm) and chloride ions (Cl$ sp-$) at 677 mg/L (ppm). Under these conditions, the formation of complex ions between cadmium and chloride has the potential to interfere with the adsorption of cadmium by clay minerals.

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Pressman, A. "Electrical properties of cadmium telluride thin film solar cells activated with magnesium chloride." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3017359/.

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Amer, Aisha Arhouma Ali. "The effect of cadmium chloride on the biology of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda)." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15496.

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Increased releases of cadmium to the aquatic environment have raised concern over the potential for adverse impacts on freshwater organisms in affected aquatic bodies. This thesis explored the responses of a common freshwater amphipod, Gammarus pulex (G. pulex) to sublethal concentrations of cadmium under different environmental conditions and at various stages of the lifestyle. Endpoints studied encompassed molecular, cellular, physiological and behavioural changes, to enable a comprehensive analysis of the effects of the organism. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of cadmium (Cd) (0.001, 0.005 and 0.01 mg Cd L–1) for 7 and 14 days, influenced the percent survival, induced lipid peroxidation and damaged DNA in haemolymph cells of G. pulex. These concentrations also reduced feeding and ventilation rates as well as the motility, in particular of the females, with increasing Cd concentration and time of exposure. Furthermore, Cd accumulation from water in the body tissues of the amphipods was lower than in their food, with increasing Cd concentrations. These results illustrate how concentrations of Cd below the Environmental Quality Standard for European waters can cause sublethal molecular and cellular damage after relatively short periods of exposure. Histopathological effects of Cd on the gills and hepatopancreas (mid-gut gland) were examined using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Multiple effects were observed on the tissues and cell organelles including external alternations in the muscular fibres of the hepatopancreas, lysis of microvilli and morphological changes in mitochondria. Exposure to 0.01 mg Cd L–1 altered the epithelial layer of the gill, causing vacuolation and lysis across the whole gill structure. Mitochondria showed damage to the inner membrane, shortened cristae and swelling, with an increase in apoptosis at concentrations of 0.005 and 0.01 mg Cd L–1. Collectively, these results document the adverse effects of Cd on target organs at concentrations within the range found in freshwater bodies. An investigation of the effects of water hardness on bioaccumulation and toxicity showed that hardness of water inhibited Cd toxicity and protected the juveniles during long term exposures, without affecting growth rate and food consumption. Soft water reduced the rate of survival, growth rate and food consumption during chronic exposure to low Cd concentrations, and facilitated Cd accumulation in the body parts compared with juveniles exposed in hard water. The results show that water quality plays a vital role in reducing or increasing detrimental effects of low Cd concentrations on the early life stage of amphipods which are a source of food for many species in aquatic environments. Exposure to Cd led to an increase in metallothionein concentrations in the amphipods in both hard and soft water. It also caused disruption to ion/osmoregulation, which may represent one mechanism of compensation for the ions lost in the amphipods exposed to Cd in soft water. In conclusion, these results add to the body of evidence describing the sublethal toxicity of Cd, a priority pollutant, to a common freshwater sentinel species. These results are of relevance for future environmental management and remediation approaches, because they provide scientific data to help in assessing, interpreting and understanding the effects of the heavy metal Cd in freshwater environments.

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Mandadi, Keerthy. "Removal of Heavy Metals Using Modified Limestone Media: Zinc and Cadmium." TopSCHOLAR®, 2012. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1170.

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Heavy metal contamination is a serious concern throughout the world. Increased concentrations in drinking water have many negative impacts on human health. Limestone is an inexpensive and simple media for removing high concentrations of heavy metals from drinking water supplies. Ferric based media is commonly used to remove zinc, cadmium, lead, arsenic and other heavy metals. The drinking water standards set by the US EPA for cadmium, zinc and arsenic are 0.005 mg/L, 5 mg/L and 0.010 mg/L respectively. Bangladesh, parts of India, China and the United States have high concentrations of arsenic in drinking water. Although many technologies exist for heavy metal removal, most of these are complicated and are associated with high costs making them ineffective and unfavorable to be used in impoverished areas. We propose a novel method that combines the benefits of limestone with the capacity of ferric media in an iron-coated limestone based material. Samples of water with various concentrations of zinc and cadmium were prepared and batch tests were performed using both uncoated and iron coated limestone and are compared in removal efficiency. Kinetics studies showed that zinc is removed to a maximum level after 24 hours, while cadmium takes only 15 minutes. The effect of pH on removal of heavy metals was also studied. Metals are analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-ES). Limestone is readily available and is also easy to coat with iron, making this material a cost effective and affordable method to be used by developing countries.

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Wafula, Alfred Brian. "Dynamic Monitoring of Cytotoxicity Using Electric Cell Substrate Impendence Sensing." Scholar Commons, 2006. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3800.

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Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) pioneered by Giaever and Keese is suitable for continuous, automatic and real-time cell attachment analysis. ECIS is a novel electrical method to study, in real time, many of the activities of animal cells when grown in tissue culture. These include morphological changes, cell locomotion, and other behaviors directed by the cell's cytoskeleton. One of the most direct ECIS measurements is that of the attachment and spreading behaviors of cells. These measurements allow one to study and quantify the interaction of cultured cells with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and other macromolecules continuously and in real time. Traditionally, cell attachment and spreading measurements are labor intensive, requiring many manipulations of the cultures for microscopic evaluation of cell behavior. With ECIS, these same measurements can be made in an automated approach without opening the door of the incubator. The ECIS core technology is based on a technique of measuring the change in impedance of a small electrode to AC current flow. The heart of the measurement is a specialized slide that has 8 individual wells for cell culturing. The base of the device has an array of gold film electrodes that connect to the ECIS electronics to each of the 8 wells. In our work we used ECIS to study the attachment and spread of HUVEC and 3T3 cells. The curve of HUVEC showed higher resistances than that of 3T3 cells. This was due to the fact we used gelatin to aid in attachment of HUVECs which accounted for the high resistances. 3T3 cells attached easily without help of gelatin. We also studied the cytotoxicity of HUVEC and 3T3 cells. The drugs that we used were CB, H7 and CdCl2. We found that the best drug was CB since it affected the cells even at low concentrations. H7 effects were mild while CdCl2 only worked at high concentrations. HUVEC cells make loose contact on electrodes and are easily detached by drugs. 3T3 makes firm at tachment to the electrodes and are not easily detached from the electrodes. Electrical impedance measurements on multiple electrodes are highly attractive in this application because of the potential for direct computer control.

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Lamas, Celina de Almeida 1990. "Efeito protetor do concentrado de suco de uva no testículo e em parâmetros espermáticos de ratos intoxicados com cloreto de cádmio = Protective effect of grape juice concentrate effect in the testis and sperm parameters of rats intoxicated with cadmium chloride." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317837.

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Orientador: Mary Anne Heidi Dolder
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T23:14:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lamas_CelinadeAlmeida_M.pdf: 4632096 bytes, checksum: e93808b5b5cccd35f9d08ba0c30c5a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: O cádmio é um desregulador endócrino ressaltado por causar significativas disfunções fisiológicas e bioquímicas em animais e humanos. Está presente em pesticidas e no cigarro, sendo comum a contaminação de humanos. O testículo é um dos órgãos mais afetados pela toxicidade do cádmio, sendo muito suscetível ao seu acúmulo, que causa degeneração tubular, atrofia das células de Leydig, redução da qualidade espermática, entre outras alterações. Na tentativa de reverter ou amenizar os danos causados por este metal vários antioxidantes tem sido estudados, como os polifenóis, presentes na uva e seus derivados. Efeitos positivos destas substâncias têm sido relatados, como redução da pressão sanguínea, capacidade de modular enzimas e propriedade de quelar metais pesados. Já que essas substâncias quando ingeridas diariamente em determinadas quantidades podem modificar positivamente o metabolismo, neste estudo o concentrado de suco de uva foi administrado como um hábito alimentar, antes e após a intoxicação com o metal. Para isto, 24 ratos Wistar foram divididos em 4 grupos: GC (sem tratamento), GCd (CdCl2 - 1,2mg/Kg), GCdJ (CdCl2+G8000® ¿ 2g/Kg) e GJ (G8000® ¿ 2g/Kg). O suco de uva foi administrado diariamente por gavagem desde os 50 dias até 136 dias de idade. O CdCl2 foi injetado intraperitonealmente em uma dose única quando os animais tinham 80 dias. Depois do tratamento, os animais foram eutanaziados sob anestesia (xilazina e cetamina, 10 e 80mg/kg, respectivamente). Para avaliar os efeitos do tratamento foram realizadas análises biométricas, morfológicas (morfometria, estereologia e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão), dosagem de marcadores antioxidantes (CAT, SOD, GSH, MDA), acúmulo de cádmio tecidual e análises da qualidade e contagem espermática. A resposta testicular ao cádmio foi um pouco diferente do regularmente encontrado na literatura, considerando que esta dosagem foi incapaz de alterar níveis das enzimas relacionadas com estresse oxidativo, mas isto pode ser devido ao tempo decorrido entre a contaminação e a realização das análises. Apesar disso, um efeito devastador na morfologia testicular e perfil espermático foram observados. O acúmulo de metal foi evidente no grupo GCd, reduzindo a contagem e qualidade espermática, destruindo a arquitetura testicular e ultraestrutura. O efeito positivo do consumo de suco de uva foi confirmado em nosso estudo, sendo capaz de proteger a morfologia testicular e desenvolvimento espermático, levando-se em consideração a produção e morfologia, alterados pelo metal. O suco de uva isoladamente foi capaz de reduzir o ganho de peso, diâmetro tubular e altura do epitélio seminífero, mas considerando nossas evidências, este efeito não foi devido à toxicidade. Em conclusão, o suco de uva é um agente positivo na proteção do sistema reprodutor masculino contra intoxicação por cádmio
Abstract: Cadmium is an endocrine disruptor, highlighted in that it causes significant physiological and biochemical dysfunction in animals and humans. This metal is present in pesticides and cigarettes, so that human contamination is common. In cadmium intoxication, the testis is one of the most strongly affected organs, being very susceptible to accumulation of this metal, which causes tubular degeneration, Leydig cell atrophy and decreases in semen quality, among other alterations. In order to reverse or diminish the modifications generated by this metal, various antioxidants have been studied, such as polyphenols, present in grapes, and its derivatives. Positive effects of these substances have been reported, such as reduction of blood pressure, capacity to modulate some enzymes, and metal chelating properties. Based on the fact that daily ingestion of polyphenols in certain quantities can favorably modify the metabolism, preventing changes that can lead to severe damage, grape juice was administered as an eating pattern, before and after injection of the metal, from the beginning of sexual maturity to the end of a full spermatogenic cycle. For this study, 24 Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: GC (without treatment), GCd (CdCl2 - 1,2mg/Kg), GCdJ (CdCl2+G8000® ¿ 2g/kg) and GJ (G8000® ¿ 2g/kg). The grape juice was administrated daily by gavage from 50 days of age until the rats were 136 days old. The CdCl2 was intraperitoneally injected when the animals were 80 days old. After the treatments, the animals were euthanized using a mixture of ketamine and xylazine (10 and 80mg/kg, respectively). In order to evaluate this effect, analyses were performed, including biometric analysis, morphological analyses, such as morphometry, stereology and transmission electron microscopy evaluation, dosage of antioxidant markers including CAT, GSH, SOD, MDA, dosage of cadmium accumulation in the testis and sperm quality analysis. Testis response to cadmium was different from that described in the literature, considering that this dosage did not alter enzymes related to oxidative stress, although a devastating morphological effect was observed. Metal accumulation was evident in GCd, reducing sperm count and quality, disrupting the architectural structure and ultrastructure of the testis. The positive effect of the grape juice administration was confirmed in our research considering it was able to protect testis morphology and sperm development, considering sperm production and morphology. Grape juice by itself reduced body weight gain, tubular diameter and seminiferous epithelium height, but considering our evidences its effects were non toxic. In conclusion, grape juice administration is a confirmed positive agent in relation to reproductive cadmium toxicity
Mestrado
Biologia Celular
Mestra em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

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Freitas, Mayara Lutchemeyer de. "EFEITOS DA OXIMA BUTANO-2,3-DIONATIOSSEMICARBAZONA FRENTE AO DANO TESTICULAR CAUSADO POR CÁDMIO EM CAMUNDONGOS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5991.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
We investigated the action of butane-2,3-dione thiosemicarbazone oxime against the testicular damage caused by cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in mice swiss adult male. The animals received a single injection of CdCl2 at the dose of 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, and after thirty minutes, the oxime was administered subcutaneously at the dose of 10 mg/kg. Twenty four hours after administration of the oxime, the animals were euthanized the blood were collected and after killed the testes were removed for analysis. The parameters determined were δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase (δ-ALA-D), myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, in testicular tissue. The levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), nonprotein thiols (NPSH), ascorbic acid and the quantity of cadmium in testes were also evaluated. In addition, levels of testosterone in serum and cytokines (proinflammatory, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and anti-inflammatory IL-10) were determined. Histological analysis of testicular tissue was also performed. Our results demonstrated that the oxime was effective in restoring partially the inhibition in δ-ALA-D activity induced by CdCl2. The activation of MPO and increase in IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels induced by CdCl2 were also reduced by oxime. IL-10, which was reduced by cadmium, was partially restored by oxime administration. In addition, the oxime was effective in restoring the increase in TBARS levels and partially the reduction on NPSH levels induced by CdCl2. However, the oxime did not have action on the decreased levels of ascorbic acid induced by CdCl2 or on the decrease in enzymatic activity of GST and the increased enzymatic activity of GPx caused by CdCl2. Our results demonstrated that oxime was effective in restoring the histological alterations induced by CdCl2, preventing the loss of elongated spermatids. In addition, oxime was able to increase the testosterone levels reduced by cadmium exposure. In conclusion, the oxime tested was effective in reducing the testicular damage induced by CdCl2 in mice. The beneficial effects of this oxime are related to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action.
Investigamos a ação da oxima butano-2,3-dionatiossemicarbazona contra o dano testicular causado por cloreto de cádmio (CdCl2) em camundongos swiss adultos machos. Os animais receberam uma única injeção de CdCl2 na dose de 5mg/kg, intraperitonialmente e, após trinta minutos, foi administrada a oxima subcutâneamente na dose de 10 mg/kg. Vinte quarto horas após a administração da oxima, os animais foram anestesiados o sangue foi coletado, após a eutanásia tiveram os testículos removidos para as análises. Os parâmetros determinados foram as atividades das enzimas δ-aminolevulinato desidratase (δ-ALA-D), mieloperoxidase (MPO), glutationa-S-transferase (GST) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx), no tecido testicular. Os níveis de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), tióis não protéicos (NPSH), ácido ascórbico e quantidade presente de cádmio nos testículos também foram avaliados. Além dos níveis de testosterona no soro, onde também se quantificou as citocinas (pró-inflamatórias IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ e anti-inflamatória, IL-10). Também foi realizada a análise histológica de tecido testicular. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a oxima foi efetiva em restaurar parcialmente a inibição da atividade da enzima δ-ALA-D induzida por CdCl2. A ativação da MPO e o aumento dos níveis de IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α e IFN-γ induzidos por CdCl2 também foram reduzidos pela oxima. A IL-10, que foi reduzida pelo cádmio, teve seus níveis restaurados parcialmente pela oxima. Além disso, a oxima foi efetiva em restaurar o aumento nos níveis de TBARS e parcialmente a redução nos níveis de NPSH induzidos pelo CdCl2. Porém, não teve ação sobre a queda dos níveis de ácido ascórbico provocado pelo CdCl2, nem sobre a diminuição da atividade enzimática da GST e sobre o aumento da atividade enzimática da GPx causados pelo CdCl2. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a oxima foi efetiva em conter as alterações histológicas causadas pelo CdCl2, prevenindo a perda de espermátides alongadas. A oxima também foi capaz de aumentar os níveis de testosterona reduzidos pela exposição ao cádmio. Em conclusão, a oxima testada foi efetiva em reduzir os danos testiculares induzidos pelo CdCl2. Os efeitos benéficos desta oxima estão relacionados às suas propriedades antioxidantes e sua ação anti-inflamatória.

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Books on the topic "Cadmium chloride"

1

Law, Ka-Mee. Effect of oral cadmium chloride on differential white blood cell counts and nephropathological measures in adult swiss albino mice. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, 1990.

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Campbell, Vivian. The effect of chloride concentration and temperature on the partitioning of cadmium, copper and lead between the dissolved and solid phases of an urban stormwater detention pond. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1999.

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Griepink, B. The certification of the contents (mass fraction) of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine, arsenic, cadmium, manganese, mercury, lead, selenium, vanadium and zinc in three coals: Gas coal CRM No.180, coking coal CRM No.181, steam coal CRM No.182. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cadmium chloride"

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Hirokazu, Ozaki, Ida Shingo, Pu Jian, Zhang Yanfeng, Jiang Chunxiao, Sun Hongwen, and Fukushi Kensuke. "Cadmium Extraction from Contaminated Soil Using an Iron Chloride Solution in Asian Countries." In Alliance for Global Sustainability Bookseries, 417–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9914-3_41.

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Morselt, A. F. W., W. M. Frederiks, J. H. J. Copius Peereboom-Stegeman, and H. A. Veen. "Mechanism of Damage to Liver Cells After Chronic Exposure to Low Doses of Cadmium Chloride." In Mechanisms and Models in Toxicology, 213–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72558-6_34.

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Tchounwou, Paul Bernard, Ali Baba Ishaque, and John Schneider. "Cytotoxicity and transcriptional activation of stress genes in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2)exposed to cadmium chloride." In Molecular Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity and Carcinogenesis, 21–28. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0793-2_3.

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Predel, B. "Cd - Cl (Cadmium - Chlorine)." In B - Ba … Cu - Zr, 175. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44756-6_121.

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O'Brien, P., and M. A. Malik. "(+)-()-(2-Methylbutyl)magnesium Chloride with Cadmium(II) Chloride." In Compounds of Groups 12 and 11 (Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au), 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-003-00184.

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O'Brien, P., and M. A. Malik. "(3-Methoxypropyl)magnesium Chloride with Cadmium(II) Chloride." In Compounds of Groups 12 and 11 (Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au), 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-003-00185.

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O'Brien, P., and M. A. Malik. "Methylmagnesium Iodide with Cadmium(II) Chloride." In Compounds of Groups 12 and 11 (Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au), 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-003-00180.

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O'Brien, P., and M. A. Malik. "Butylmagnesium Bromide with Cadmium(II) Chloride." In Compounds of Groups 12 and 11 (Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au), 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-003-00182.

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Hoidal, John R., Dennis E. Niewoehner, N. V. Rao, and Bruce C. Marshall. "Cadmium Chloride-Induced Emphysema in Lathyrogenic Hamsters." In CRC Handbook of Animal Models of Pulmonary Disease, 15–28. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351070973-3.

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O'Brien, P., and M. A. Malik. "[(Trimethylsilyl)methyl]magnesium Chloride with Cadmium(II) Iodide." In Compounds of Groups 12 and 11 (Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au), 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-003-00183.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cadmium chloride"

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Fiducia, Thomas, Ali Abbas, Kurt Barth, Walajabad Sampath, and Michael Walls. "Intragranular defects in As-deposited and cadmium chloride-treated polycrystalline cadmium telluride solar cells." In 2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2016.7750295.

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Abbas, A., G. D. West, J. W. Bowers, P. Isherwood, P. M. Kaminski, B. Maniscalco, P. Rowley, et al. "The effect of cadmium chloride treatment on close spaced sublimated cadmium telluride thin film solar cells." In 2012 IEEE 38th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) PART 2. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc-vol2.2012.6656778.

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Abbas, A., G. D. West, J. W. Bowers, P. Isherwood, P. M. Kaminski, B. Maniscalco, P. Rowley, et al. "The effect of cadmium chloride treatment on close spaced sublimated cadmium telluride thin film solar cells." In 2012 IEEE 38th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) PART 2. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc-vol2.2013.6656778.

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Albina, Dionel O., and Nickolas J. Themelis. "Emissions From Waste-to-Energy: A Comparison With Coal-Fired Plants." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-55295.

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Nationwide data of the emissions from waste-to-energy and coal-fired power plants arecompared. The emissions of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride, particulate matter, nitrogen oxides and trace elements, such as cadmium, lead and mercury are compared, both in terms of thermal energy input and electrical energy output. The results of the study have shown that emissions of sulfur dioxide, particulate matter and nitrogen oxides were lower from waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities than from coal-fired plants. Hydrogen chloride emissions are higher in WTE flue gases. Emissions of cadmium, lead and mercury from WTE and coal-fired plants are nearly the same.

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Baraker, Basavarajeshwari M., Preeti B. Hammannavar, and Blaise Lobo. "Optical, electrical, thermal properties of cadmium chloride doped PVA – PVP blend." In NANOFORUM 2014. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4917901.

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Abbas, A., G. D. West, J. W. Bowers, P. M. Kaminski, B. Maniscalco, J. M. Walls, K. L. Barth, and W. S. Sampath. "Cadmium chloride assisted re-crystallization of CdTe: The effect of annealing over-treatment." In 2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2014.6925018.

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Abbas, A., G. D. West, J. W. Bowers, P. M. Kaminski, B. Maniscalco, J. M. Walls, W. S. Sampath, and K. L. Barth. "Cadmium chloride assisted re-crystallization of CdTe: The effect of the annealing temperature." In 2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2013.6744166.

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Major, J. D., Y. Y. Proskuryakov, and K. Durose. "Impact of cadmium-rich back surfaces on cadmium chloride treatment and device performance in close space sublimation deposited CdTe solar cells." In 2011 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2011.6186711.

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Ismail, Treefa, and Falah Aziz. "The Protective Effect of Omega-3 Oil Against Cadmium Chloride Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rat." In 4th International Scientific Conference of Cihan University-Erbil on Biological Sciences. Cihan University-Erbil, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/bios17.15.

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Jing, Zhang, Li Huan, Yu Jinghong, and Jin Shuguang. "Genotoxicity induced by combined exposure to cadmium chloride and dibutyl phthalate in male mice." In 2011 International Conference on Human Health and Biomedical Engineering (HHBE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hhbe.2011.6029008.

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Reports on the topic "Cadmium chloride"

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Chow, L. S., J. K. Basco, J. P. Ackerman, and T. R. Johnson. Continuous extraction of molten chloride salts with liquid cadmium alloys. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10180823.

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