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Journal articles on the topic 'Cadmium chloride'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kozin, V. F., and A. A. Omel’chuk. "Formation of cadmium chlorides via cadmium dissolution in chloride melts." Inorganic Materials 42, no. 1 (January 2006): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020168506010158.

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2

Matyushkina, Yulia I., and Alexandr A. Shabarin. "EXTRACTION OF ANIONIC CADMIUM COMPLEXES WITH ORGANIC SOLUTIONS OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 10 (September 8, 2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206310.6224.

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The anion-exchange extraction of thiocyanate, chloride and iodide cadmium complexes by solutions of quaternary ammonium salts chlorides in organic solvents (toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, isobutyl alcohol, nitrobenzene) was studied. Extraction involves solutions of alkyl dimethylbenzylammonium chlorides (R-N+(CH3)2-CH2C6H5-Cl-) and alkyl dimethylethyl-benzylammonium (R-N+(CH3)2-CH2-CH2C6H5-Cl-), where R is a straight alkyl chain, mainly C12 - C14. The composition of the cadmium anionic complexes was established by the analysis of the calibration curves E = f (pCCd (II)) constructed from cadmium sulfate solutions against the background of various contents of thiocyanate, chloride and iodide ions (ndicator electrode - ion-selective electrode with a membrane, which based on a nitrobenzene solution of tetradecylammonium bromide). The extraction process is estimated quantitatively using a distribution coefficient (D). The value of D is calculated taking into account the cadmium concentration in the aqueous phase before and after extraction. The dependence of the distribution coefficient on the organic solvent dielectric constant, the concentration and stability of the anionic complexes of cadmium is shown. So, for the indicated cadmium acidocomplexes, the minimum D values were obtained using low-polar toluene and carbon tetrachloride, and the maximum values were obtained using highly polar isobutyl alcohol and nitrobenzene. If the concentration of cadmium (II) is reduced by a factor of 100 for the cadmium rhodanide and iodide complexes, the value of D decreases by 1.6-1.9 times, for the chloride complex, by 1.2 times in the case of polar isobutyl alcohol and nitrobenzene, and 2.9-3.5 times in the case of low-polar solvents. It was experimentally established that in the series [Cd(SCN)4]2- - [CdI4]2-- [CdCl4]2- the value of D decreases for all the studied systems. The observed regularity is related both to the stability of the corresponding cadmium (II) complexes in aqueous solutions and to their hydrophobicity.
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3

Walls, J. M., A. Abbas, G. D. West, J. W. Bowers, P. J. M. Isherwood, P. M. Kaminski, B. Maniscalco, W. S. Sampath, and K. L. Barth. "The Effect of Annealing Treatments on Close Spaced Sublimated Cadmium Telluride Thin Film Solar Cells." MRS Proceedings 1493 (2013): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1704.

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ABSTRACTIt is well known that the cadmium chloride annealing treatment is an essential step in the manufacture of efficient thin film cadmium telluride solar cells. It has been recognized that the combination of annealing at ∼4000C together with the addition of cadmium chloride at the surface induces re-crystallisation of the cadmium telluride layer and also affects the n-type cadmium sulfide. We have applied advanced micro-structural characterization techniques to distinguish the effect of the annealing and the cadmium chloride treatments on the properties of the cadmium telluride deposited via close space sublimation (CSS) and relate these observations to device performance. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has shown a variation in stacking fault density with annealing temperature and annealing time. Stacking faults observed within the cadmium telluride grains in TEM were partially removed post annealing; these findings show that temperature alone has a role in the reduction of stacking faults. However, since we have previously observed almost complete removal of stacking faults with annealing in combination with cadmium chloride, the cadmium chloride is essential to defect removal and high efficiency cells.
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4

Seoane, A. I., A. M. Güerci, and F. N. Dulout. "Mechanisms involved in the induction of aneuploidy: the significance of chromosome loss." Genetics and Molecular Biology 23, no. 4 (December 2000): 1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572000000400054.

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The induction of aneuploidy by physical and chemical agents using different test systems was evaluated. The effect of X-rays, caffeine, acetaldehyde, ethanol, diethylstilbestrol, propionaldehyde, and chloral hydrate was studied by chromosome counting in Chinese hamster embryonic diploid cells. Aneugenic ability of cadmium chloride, cadmium sulfate, potassium dichromate, chromium chloride, nickel chloride, and nickel sulfate was assessed by means of anaphase-telophase analysis in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Chromosome counting in human fibroblasts (MRC-5 cell line) was employed to evaluate the effect of cacodilic acid, cadmium chloride, cadmium sulfate, and potassium dichromate. Finally, the induction of kinetochore-positive and kinetochore negative micronuclei by cadmium chloride, cadmium sulfate, potassium dichromate, chromium chloride, and nickel chloride was studied using CREST antibodies. When the effect of different agents was determined by chromosome counting, an increase of hypoploid but not of hyperploid cells was observed. Anaphase-telophase analysis showed that metal salts increased the frequency of lagging chromosomes. This finding has been confirmed by the increment of kinetochore-positive micronuclei using CREST antibodies. Therefore, chromosome loss could be considered as the main cause of induced aneuploidy.
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5

Li, Qiang, and Hui-Ting Wang. "A new three-dimensional anionic cadmium(II) dicyanamide network." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 70, no. 11 (October 15, 2014): 1054–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229614022360.

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A new cadmium dicyanamide complex, poly[tetramethylphosphonium [μ-chlorido-di-μ-dicyanamido-κ4N1:N5-cadmium(II)]], [(CH3)4P][Cd(NCNCN)2Cl], was synthesized by the reaction of tetramethylphosphonium chloride, cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate and sodium dicyanamide in aqueous solution. In the crystal structure, each CdIIatom is octahedrally coordinated by four terminal N atoms from four anionic dicyanamide (dca) ligands and by two chloride ligands. The dicyanamide ligands play two different roles in the building up of the structure; one role results in the formation of [Cd(dca)Cl]2building blocks, while the other links the building blocks into a three-dimensional structure. The anionic framework exhibits a solvent-accessible void of 673.8 Å3, amounting to 47.44% of the total unit-cell volume. The cavities in the network are occupied by pairs of tetramethylphosphonium cations.
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6

LUTZ, H. D., W. SCHMIDT, and H. J. STEINER. "ChemInform Abstract: Phase Diagram Lithium Chloride-Cadmium Chloride." ChemInform 23, no. 4 (August 22, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199204012.

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7

Grosicki, Andrzej, Paweł Małagocki, Anna Kycko, Jerzy Monkiewicz, and Waldemar Korol. "Magnesium supplements affect selected cadmium toxic actions and uptake of repeated doses of cadmium." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bvip-2015-0081.

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Abstract The importance of magnesium supplements on organ retention of cadmium and allometric parameters after repeated exposure to cadmium chloride were studied in male Wistar rats. Magnesium chloride was given via drinking water (500 mg Mg/L) to rats exposed intragastrically to cadmium chloride (labelled with cadmium 109) at a daily dose corresponding to 25 mg/kg diet for 7, 14, 21, and 28 d. Supplements of magnesium temporarily decreased cadmium retention in the duodenum and liver. No significant differences in cadmium retention were evidenced in the kidneys and testicles. The supplements of magnesium also retain more of the body weight gains and restore the relative liver and testicle weight in rats intoxicated with cadmium. Comparison of the present results with earlier reports suggests a relationship between doses of magnesium and cadmium; higher doses of cadmium need more magnesium to overcome toxic action of the heavy metal.
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8

Geier, Johannes, Dieter Vieluf, and Thomas Fuchs. "Patch testing with cadmium chloride." Contact Dermatitis 34, no. 1 (January 1996): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02128.x.

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9

Grose, E. C., J. H. Richards, R. H. Jaskot, M. G. Ménache, J. A. Graham, and W. C. Dauterman. "Comparative Hepatotoxicity of Inhaled Cadmium Chloride and Cadmium Oxide." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 6, no. 4 (July 1987): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818709075690.

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The toxicity of inhaled aerosols of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and cadmium oxide (CdO) on hepatic biochemical function was compared. Male rats were exposed for 2 hours to concentrations of 0.45 and 4.5 mg Cd/m3. Serum and liver enzymes and histological changes were studied immediately and 72 hours after exposure. Exposure to 4.5 mg/m3 CdCl2 and CdO resulted in an increase in liver Cd content. This deposition was not observed at the lower concentrations. Following exposure to 4.5 mg/m3 CdCl2, decreases in body and liver weight, as well as decreased activities of glutathione (GSH)-reductase, GSH-peroxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) were observed. Increases in serum bilirubin and activities of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase were evident 72 hours after exposure. Exposure to 4.5 mg/m3 CdO caused decreased activities of GSH-reductase and peroxidase, G-6-PDH, and an increased activity of serum alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. Exposure to 0.45 mg/m3 CdCl2, produced more hepatic effects than did a similar exposure to CdO. This differential response between inhalation of CdCl2 and CdO was probably due to a rapid clearance of CdCl2 or Cd2+ ions from the lung and transport to the liver via the systemic blood circulation.
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10

Bouchene, Rafika, and Sofiane Bouacida. "Syntheses, supramolecular networks and Hirshfeld surface and thermal analyses of two new cadmium chloride coordination polymers with an N,O-chelating ligand." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 75, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229618018132.

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Two new coordination polymers, namely poly[[(3-aminopyrazin-4-ium-2-carboxylate-κ2 N 1,O)di-μ-chlorido-cadmium(II)] monohydrate], {[CdCl2(C5H5N3O2)]·H2O} n , (1), and poly[2-amino-3-carboxypyrazin-1-ium [(3-aminopyrazine-2-carboxylato-κ2 N 1,O)di-μ-chlorido-cadmium(II)] monohydrate], {(C5H6N3O2)[Cd(C5H4N3O2)Cl2]·H2O} n , (2), have been synthesized from the reaction of cadmium(II) chloride and 3-aminopyrazine-2-carboxylic acid (Hapca) under mild conditions in acidic media. The two coordination polymers have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and show chloride-bridged zigzag chains with octahedrally coordinated metal ions, where Hapca acts as a bidentate ligand via the π-conjugated N atom and a carboxylate O atom. The chains are further interconnected via noncovalent interactions into three-dimensional supramolecular networks. The dominant H...O and H...Cl interactions for both compounds were quantified using Hirshfeld surface analysis. The thermal stability and topological analysis of the two-dimensional networks of (1) and (2) are also discussed.
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11

ODODO, Avwerosuoghene, Sunday O. OJEKA, and Victor D. DAPPER. "Ameliorative Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Moringa oleifera on Reproductive Function Following Cadmium Chloride Induced Oxidative Stress in Male Wistar Rats." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 11, no. 4 (December 24, 2019): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb11410485.

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Cadmium disrupts the blood-testes barrier, interferes with various antioxidant levels thus enhancing lipid peroxidation and ultimately leading to apoptosis and necrosis of testicular tissue. Moringa oleifera is a medicinal plant and a rich source of essential phytochemicals possessing antioxidant properties. The effect of aqueous leaf extract of M. oleifera on reproductive function following cadmium chloride induced oxidative stress in male Wistar rats was investigated. Forty adult male Wistar rats were assigned into five groups of eight rats each. Treatment was administered orally daily as follows: Group 1 (control): animal feed and tap water ad libitum; Group 2: 5 mg kg-1 cadmium chloride for 21 days; Group 3: 500 mg kg-1 of M. oleifera and 5 mg kg-1 of cadmium chloride for 21 days; Group 4: 5 mg kg-1 cadmium chloride for 21 days followed by 500 mg kg-1 M. oleifera for the next 35 days; Group 5: 5 mg kg-1 cadmium chloride for 21 days followed by 750 mg kg-1 M. oleifera for the next 35 days. At the end of treatment, blood was obtained by direct cardiac puncture for fertility hormone assay and testicular tissue specimens were harvested for semen analysis and determination of antioxidant levels. Results obtained indicated that rats treated with the various extracts had significantly increased superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and catalase levels, increased serum concentrations of testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and increased percentage of viable and normal spermatozoa compared to control and only cadmium chloride treated rats (p < 0.05). The results obtained suggest that treatments with M. oleifera extract could ameliorate possible cellular damage caused by administration of cadmium chloride.
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12

Forouhar Vajargah, Mohammad, and Aliakbar Hedayati. "Toxicity Effects of Cadmium in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and Big Head Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/trser-2017-0004.

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Abstract Heavy metals can threaten ecosystem health and of food security. The purpose of percent study was evaluating the sensitivity of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and Big head carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) exposed to cadmium Chloride. To this end, fishes were exposed different concentrations of cadmium in range of cadmium chloride (0, 0.2, 1, 2, 6, 10 and 15 ml/l). The mortality of treatments was calculated at intervals of 24, 48, 72, 96 hours. Analysis of the data showed the 96 h LC50 of cadmium chloride for grass carp was 4.164 ml/l and for Big head carp was 5.590 ml/l. The results of this study showed that Cadmium is highly toxic for freshwater species.
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13

Apykhtina, O. L., and K. P. Kozlov. "Micro- and macroelements content in rats` liver and kidneys after exposure to cadmium sulfide nanoparticles and cadmium chloride." Ukrainian Journal of Occupational Health 2017, no. 3 (September 29, 2017): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33573/ujoh2017.03.060.

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14

Fiducia, Thomas A. M., Kexue Li, Amit H. Munshi, Kurt Barth, Walajabad S. Sampath, Chris R. M. Grovenor, and John M. Walls. "3D Distributions of Chlorine and Sulphur Impurities in a Thin-Film Cadmium Telluride Solar Cell." MRS Advances 3, no. 56 (2018): 3287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.449.

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ABSTRACTA cadmium chloride activation treatment is essential for the production of high efficiency cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells. However, the effects of the treatment on the distributions of chlorine and sulphur within the device are not fully understood. Here, the detailed locations of chlorine and sulphur in a treated CdTe cell are determined in three dimensions by high resolution dynamic SIMS measurements. Chlorine is found to be present in grain boundaries, grain interiors, extended defects within the grain interiors, at the front interface, and in the cadmium sulphide layer. In each of these regions, the chlorine is likely to have significant effects on local electronic properties of the material, and hence overall device performance. Sulphur is found to have a U-shaped diffusion profile within CdTe grains, indicating a mixed grain boundary and lattice diffusion regime.
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15

Beňová, K., P. Dvořák, M. Falis, and Z. Sklenář. "Interaction of Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation, Potassium Dichromate and Cadmium Chloride in Artemia franciscana Biotest." Acta Veterinaria Brno 76, no. 1 (2007): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200776010035.

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The influence of cadmium chloride (at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg l-1) and potassium dichromate (at a concentration of 50 mg l-1) along with the effect of gamma radiation 60Co (at a dose of 10 and 50 Gy) on lethality to Artemia franciscana was investigated. Four different interactions were studied, namely, those of potassium dichromate and gamma radiation, cadmium chloride and gamma radiation, and combinations of potassium dichromate and cadmium chloride in interaction with gamma radiation. A significant (α = 0.05) decrease was observed in lethality due to exposure to radiation (10 Gy) in comparison with action of only potassium dichromate and cadmium chloride or their combination without exposure to gamma rays. These results support the theory of hormesis.
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16

Said, Maha, and Habib Boughzala. "A new cadmium coordination polymer based on 4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 74, no. 2 (January 12, 2018): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989018000464.

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A new cadmium coordination polymer, poly[bis(4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazolium) [bis(μ2-4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole-κ2 N 1:N 2)tetra-μ2-chlorido-tetrachloridotricadmium(II)] dihydrate], {(C2H5N4)2[Cd3Cl8(C2H4N4)2]·2H2O} n , was synthesized by the reaction of 4-amino-4H-1,2,4 triazole with cadmium(II) chloride in aqueous solution. With an unusual architecture, the crystal structure exhibits two distorted octahedral coordinations of CdII joined by edge sharing. The first is composed by four chlorine and two N atoms from the triazole ligands. The second is formed by five Cl atoms and by one N atom from the triazole ligand. The charge of the resulting two-dimensional anionic framework is balanced by the organic triazole cations. The lattice water molecules form a network of hydrogen bonding. N—H...Cl and π–π stacking interactions are also involved in the supramolecular network stability.
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17

Shukla, Madhulekha, and Sunita Arya. "CADMIUM TOXICITY INDUCED MORPHOLOGICAL ALTERATION IN INDIGENOUS FISH Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch.)." Green Chemistry & Technology Letters 3, no. 1 (October 7, 2017): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/gctl.2017.315.

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The aim of present study was to determine the toxicity (LC50) of cadmium chloride in freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. Acute toxicity of cadmium on the indigenous fish H., fossilis was designed in the fish aquarium in laboratory at room temperature in Department of Zoology, DGPG College at Kanpur.Treated fish H., fossilis induced morphological alteration against cadmium chloride toxicity. H. fossilis showed morphological alteration such as increased opercula movement, abnormal swimming, and loss of buoyancy and fading of their body colour. Control fishes were also continuously monitored and compared with the changes caused by cadmium concentration. Heteropneustes fossilis exposed different concentration of cadmium chloride toxicity i.e. 0 ppm for 24 h, 10 ppm for 48h, 15ppm for 72h and 20 ppm for 96 h. From this present study it seems that the indigenous fish, H. fossilis is more susceptible to cadmium toxicity.
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18

Liao, Wei-Qiang, and Yi Zhang. "A novel cadmium(II) coordination polymer containing two kinds of independent one-dimensional chain." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 69, no. 8 (July 13, 2013): 829–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270113017368.

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The structure of the title compound,catena-poly[[cadmium(II)-di-μ-chlorido-μ-(1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylato)] [[aquachloridocadmium(II)]-di-μ-chlorido] dihydrate], {[Cd(C8H15N2O2)Cl2][CdCl3(H2O)]·2H2O}n, contains two kinds of independent one-dimensional chain,viz.{[Cd(C8H15N2O2)Cl2]+}nand {[CdCl3(H2O)]−}n, and uncoordinated water molecules. Each CdIIcation in the {[Cd(C8H15N2O2)Cl2]+}nchain is octahedrally coordinated by two pairs of bridging chloride ligands and two O atoms from different bridging carboxylate groups. CdIIcations in the {[CdCl3(H2O)]−}nchain are also octahedrally surrounded by four bridging chloride ligands, one terminal chloride ligand and one coordinated water molecule. Hydrogen bonds between solvent water molecules and these two independent chains generate a three-dimensional framework containing two-dimensional zigzag layers.<!?tpb=18pt>
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19

Journal, Baghdad Science. "Haematological and Genotoxic effects of cadmium chloride on Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi." Baghdad Science Journal 13, no. 4 (December 4, 2016): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.13.4.745-752.

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The present study investigated Haematological changes in Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi, as well as determination genotoxic effects of cadmium chloride on bunni fish by using 120 fingerlings, fish were distributed randomly into four treatments in addition to control group. Fish in first group treated (T1) with cadmium 0.093mg/L with changing water and added cadmium continuously, fish in the second group treated (T2) with cadmium 0.093mg/L with changing water without adding cadmium, third treatment (T3) with cadmium 0.046mg/L with changing water and adding cadmium continuously, and fourth treatment (T4) with cadmium 0.046mg/L with changing water without adding cadmium. Results of blood picture in T1 and T3 showed a significant reduction in red blood cells count, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume values, while the number of white blood cells showed a significant increase in its values. Results showed presence of improvement of clinical and microscopical signs and blood picture in T2 and T4, were changed water aquarium continuously and added cadmium only once compared withT1 and T3. Results of the present study concluded that changing water aquarium in the treatments without adding cadmium led to improvement of health status of fish which increased with the passage of time results of blood picture were almost the same of the control group. It could be concluded from the current study that the adding of cadmium to water aquarium containing bunni fish led to decrease in red blood cells count, hemoglobin and packed cell volume values and increase in micronuclei number.
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20

Kowalczyk, Edward, Anna Kopff, Paweł Fijałkowski, Maria Kopff, Jan Niedworok, Jan Błaszczyk, Józef Kedziora, and Piotr Tyślerowicz. "Effect of anthocyanins on selected biochemical parameters in rats exposed to cadmium." Acta Biochimica Polonica 50, no. 2 (June 30, 2003): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2003_3707.

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Cadmium is a dangerous occupational and environmental toxin. It accumulates in the human organism mainly in liver and kidneys. Cadmium half-life is about 10 years, so the symptoms of cadmium intoxication may occur several years after the exposure. Until now in treating intoxication with this metal chelating compounds have been used, burdened with numerous undesirable symptoms. In our investigations anthocyanins from Aronia melanocarpa were used to reduce the harmful results caused by cadmium. Administering anthocyanins with cadmium chloride resulted in a statistically significant decrease of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, concentration of bilirubin and urea in blood serum and decreased cadmium cumulation in liver and kidneys in relation to animals receiving cadmium chloride only.
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21

Perkins, Craig L., Carolyn Beall, Matthew O. Reese, and Teresa M. Barnes. "Two-Dimensional Cadmium Chloride Nanosheets in Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 24 (June 7, 2017): 20561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b03671.

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22

Chunetova, Zh Zh, K. K. Shulembayeva, A. I. Zhussupova, and B. Omarova. "Mutagenic activity of cadmium chloride on the genetic variability of soft wheat." International Journal of Biology and Chemistry 8, no. 2 (2015): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/2218-7979-2015-8-2-56-59.

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23

Krishnakumar, R. V., M. P. Rameela, and S. Natarajan. "Crystal Structure of Sarcosine Cadmium Chloride." Crystal Research and Technology 31, no. 2 (1996): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170310214.

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24

Buckler, H. M., W. D. Smith, and W. D. Rees. "Self poisoning with oral cadmium chloride." BMJ 292, no. 6535 (June 14, 1986): 1559–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.292.6535.1559.

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25

Green, Mino, and O. A. Fakolujo. "Cadmium chloride thin films: hydration-dehydration." Thin Solid Films 150, no. 1 (June 1987): L93—L95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(87)90315-4.

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26

Cheng, G. C., and D. Elwell. "Thermal diffusivity of cesium cadmium chloride." Journal of Crystal Growth 83, no. 1 (May 1987): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(87)90500-8.

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27

Lanfermijer, Frank, Frank Moradi, and Theo Elzenga. "C3: Chloride channels, cadmium, and calcium." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 153, no. 2 (June 2009): S187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.412.

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28

Ibrahim, Samer, and Seham Y.Abo-Kora. "Evaluation of the protective effect of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum on cadmium testicular toxicity and Nrf2 gene expression in albino rats." International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 5, no. 1 (January 14, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijpt.v5i1.7030.

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Cadmium is an industrial pollutant that may exert specific toxic effect on mammals. The aim of study was to investigate the protective effect of Cinnamon on male reproductive system of albino rat induced by cadmium toxicity. Forty male albino rats were divided into 4 groups. 1st Group administrated saline and kept as control.2nd Group administrated 200mg/kg / day Cinnamon extract. 3rd Group administrated 20mg/kg/day cadmium chloride.4th Group administrated 200mg/kg/day Cinnamon extract and 20mg/kg/day cadmium chloride orally for 8 weeks. . Our results revealed significant decrease in testosterone hormone level, sperm viability, and significant increase in sperm abnormality. An increase in expression of Nrf2 gene was recorded. Pathological changes in testes showed focal degeneration with loss of spermatogenic series in the seminiferous tubules. All of the above mentioned results were significantly improved in 4th group. In conclusion, Cinnamon extract has a protective effect on the testicular damage induced by cadmium chloride.
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Benredjem, Zahia, Rachid Delimi, and Assia Khelalfa. "Phosphate ore washing by Na2EDTA for cadmium removal: Optimization of the operating conditions." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 14, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-012-0079-0.

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This paper discusses the extraction of cadmium from phosphate ore by the washing method. Various parameters were investigated for the cadmium extraction from phosphate ore. The results from extraction tests showed that cadmium extraction depends on the nature and concentration of the extracting agent, the liquid/phosphate ore ratio, the temperature and the solution pH. The effi ciency of the nine extracting agents for removing cadmium from phosphate ore was found to be in the order: Na2EDTA > citric acid > tartric acid > ammonium citrate > calcium chloride > ammonium acetate > ammonium chloride > oxalic acid > ammonium hydroxide. In this study cadmium extraction kinetics was best described by the product layer diffusion control model.
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Apelblat, Alexander, and Eli Korin. "The vapour pressures over saturated aqueous solutions of cadmium chloride, cadmium bromide, cadmium iodide, cadmium nitrate, and cadmium sulphate." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 39, no. 7 (July 2007): 1065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2006.12.010.

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31

Urdová, J., M. Rexová, P. Mučaji, and A. Balažová. "Elicitation – a tool to improve secondary metabolites production in Melissa Officinalis L. Suspension cultures / Elicitácia ako nástroj na zlepšenie produkcie sekundárnych metabolitov v suspenzných kultúrach Melissa Officinalis L." Acta Facultatis Pharmaceuticae Universitatis Comenianae 62, s9 (June 1, 2015): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afpuc-2015-0012.

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Abstract Our recent study is focussed on the investigation of the influence of biotic (Botrytis cinerea, methyl jasmonate) and abiotic (cadmium and cobalt chloride) elicitors on Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) suspension cultures production properties. The plant material was treated with different concentrations of methyl jasmonate (10 and 100 μmol.l−1), with a phytopathogenic fungus hydrolyzate (Botrytis cinerea, 1 and 2 ml with glucose equivalent 24 μg.ml−1), cadmium and cobalt (II) chloride (both at concentrations 100 μmol.l−1 and 1 μmol.l−1). Elicited suspension cultures were harvested after 24, 48 and 72 h of elicitor treatment. The elicitation effect was evaluated based on hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives content expressed as rosmarinic acid in dose- and time-dependent manners. The Botrytis cinerea hydrolyzate exhibited the best effect on Melissa officinalis L. suspension cultures production properties among biotic elicitors (glucose equivalent 24 mg.ml−1, 1 ml, after 72 h of treatment). The hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives content increased in triplicate compared to non-elicited samples. Methyl jasmonate affected the suspension cultures production properties moderately at concentration 10 μmol.l−1. Chlorides salts of cobalt and cadmium stimulated phenolic compounds production effectively at concentrations 100 μmol.l−1. The presence of cobalt and cadmium ions in suspension cultures growth media increased the hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives content twofold and quadruple, respectively.
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Holwerda, D. A., J. Hemelraad, P. R. Veenhof, and D. I. Zandee. "Cadmium accumulation and depuration inAnodonta anatina exposed to cadmium chloride or cadmium-EDTA complex." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 40, no. 3 (March 1988): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01689094.

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33

Morgan, R., Y. Kundomal, and E. Hupp. "Cadmium deposition in rat heart following cadmium chloride and/or60Co radiation." Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxicology 29, no. 1 (January 1994): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529409376021.

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34

Hellström-Lindahl, E., and A. Oskarsson. "Response of rat hepatocyte cultures to cadmium chloride and cadmium-diethyldithiocarbamate." Toxicology 56, no. 1 (May 1989): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(89)90208-4.

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35

Alsammak, Maha. "Effect of Cadmium Chloride on the Histological Structure of Lung in Adult Male Mice with and without Parsley Oil." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, A (September 11, 2021): 676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6207.

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This study is to detect the toxic effect of cadmium chloride on the histological structure of the lung and the effect of parsley oil to amilorate these changes In this experiement 40 adult male mice were divided into four groups. Goup A (control group) in this group animals were injected with the normal saline intraperitoneally single daily dose for 30 days. Group B injected intrapertioneally with cadmium chloride single daily dose 3.5 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. Group C injected intraperetonially with cadmium chloride in a dose of 3.5 mg/kg body weight. Intragastric tube was put to recieve parsley oil in a dose of 0.5 ml/kg body weight prior to cadmium injection. The two drugs were given for 30 days. Group D recieved 0.5 ml/kg body weight by intragastric tube of parsley oil for 30 days. At the end of this experiement, the animals were sacrified the lungs were collected from all groups and prepared for light microscopical examination. Histological changes were detected in cadmium chloride treated group in comparison with the control group including congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, interstial pneumonia (decreased alveolar space), thickening of interalveolar septum and damge to the alveolar cells. All these changes were eliminated by giving parsley oil.
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36

Belaidi, Elise, Pauline C. Beguin, Patrick Levy, Christophe Ribuot, and Diane Godin-Ribuot. "Prevention of HIF-1 activation and iNOS gene targeting by low-dose cadmium results in loss of myocardial hypoxic preconditioning in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 294, no. 2 (February 2008): H901—H908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00715.2007.

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This study aimed to underline the interaction between hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene in vivo and their contribution to the delayed myocardial preconditioning induced by acute intermittent hypoxia (IH) in the rat using chromatin immunoprecipitation and pharmacological inhibition by low-dose cadmium. Langendorff-perfused hearts of Wistar rats exposed to normoxia or IH 24 h earlier were submitted to global ischemia and reperfusion. Effects of iNOS inhibition by aminoguanidine (100 μM) before ischemia or of low-dose injection of cadmium chloride (1 mg/kg) before normoxia or IH were tested. Myocardial HIF-1 and iNOS quantification and in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation of HIF-1 bound to the iNOS gene promoter were performed. IH-induced delayed cardioprotection resulted in an improvement in coronary flow and functional recovery at reperfusion and a decrease in infarct size. Myocardial HIF-1 activity was increased with resulting targeting of the iNOS gene. Aminoguanidine abolished the cardioprotective effects of IH. Cadmium chloride treatment before IH prevented myocardial HIF-1 activation (72.3 ± 4.0 vs. 42.1 ± 9.7 arbitrary units after cadmium chloride; P < 0.05), targeting of the iNOS gene, iNOS expression, and preconditioning (infarct size: 15.9 ± 5.6 vs. 30.1 ± 5.4% after cadmium chloride; P < 0.05). This study is the first to demonstrate the interaction of HIF-1 with the myocardial iNOS gene in situ after hypoxic preconditioning. Prevention of HIF-1 activation and iNOS gene targeting by a single low dose of cadmium abolished the delayed cardioprotective effects, bringing insight into the cardiovascular consequences of cadmium exposure.
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Razooqi AL-Janabi, Qasim Azeez, Rashid Khamees Shaban, and Noor Ibrahem Hasan AL-Kraie. "The effectiveness of the protective role of beetroot juice for the male reproductive system of albino rats against the toxicity of cadmium chloride." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 24, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/j.v24i1.776.

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This study was designed to evaluate the protective role of beetroot juice against the toxicity of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in male albino rats. The study included 20 male albino rats ages ranged between (2-3 months) and weights ranged between (220-260g), which were randomly distributed into 4 groups, the first group that has been promised to control group was given distilled water, the second group was given beetroot juice 10 ml/kg b.w., group third was given at a dose of cadmium chloride 5 mg/kg b.w. for 30 days, which promised an infected control, and the fourth group were treated beetroot juice 10 ml/kg b. w. with cadmium chloride. The results showed that the treatment of animals cadmium chloride led group to a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in the hormonal serum, to negative effects on of the natural shape of the sperm and to negative effects cleared on histological in testes tissues compared with the control group, In general has dosage rats treatment cadmium chloride juice of beetroot, to the positive improvement for most of the values ​​of previous indicators has led to increase significantly, the concentration of the LH, FSH and Testosterone hormone , to an improvement in the natural shape of the sperm, decreased significantly in the form abnormal sperm, led to an improvement cleared tissue in these totals became approach with what has been observed in the control group. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.24.2019.007
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38

Lei, Bo, and Alex G. Fallis. "Cadmium chloride mediated regiocontrol of dienolates and ketene thioacetals: γ condensation with aldehydes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 1450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-214.

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The use of cadmium chloride to control the regioselectivity of vinylogous anions upon condensation with aldehydes is described. Addition occurred preferentially at the γ position with substituted crotonates and 2-ethylidene-1,3-dithiane (6). Experiments demonstrated that this selectivity arose as a consequence of isomerization of the initially formed kinetic α product to the thermodynamic γ product (e.g., 2 to 4). The optimum results were achieved with 2 equivalents of cadmium chloride and quenching at 0 °C. Key words: vinylogous anions, cadmium, condensation, dithiane.
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39

ESPANANY, Arezoo, Seyfollah FALLAH, and Ali TADAYYON. "The Effect of Halopriming and Salicylic Acid on the Germination of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) under Different Cadmium Concentrations." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 7, no. 3 (September 21, 2015): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb739563.

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The hereby study was based on a factorial experiment conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications, at Agriculture College, Shahrekord University, Iran, in 2014. The role of salicylic acid (SA), potassium nitrate (KNO3) and potassium chloride (KCl) was evaluated on seed germination of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) under different cadmium concentrations. Treatments included four levels of seed priming (no priming, potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, salicylic acid) and four levels of cadmium concentration (0, 10, 20, 30 mg/L). Cadmium chloride caused a significant inhibition in germination percentage, root elongation, shoot elongation and seedling dry weight. The shoot length was more sensitive to cadmium concentrations than the root length. Primed seeds with SA (100 mg/L) proved protection against Cd stress and increased the germination percentage, root elongation, shoot elongation and dry weight of seedlings compared to the control treatment. Seeds treated with SA alleviated the Cd negative effect on germination parameters. In conclusion, using seed priming with salicylic acid can be recommended as a good technique for fenugreek crop on fields exposed to high cadmium toxicity.
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40

Kanade, K. G., Ranjit R. Hawaldar, Uttam Mulik, B. B. Kale, and Dinesh Amalnerkar. "Synthesis of CdS Nanocrystallites in Polymer Matrix: Sui-Generis Approach." Solid State Phenomena 119 (January 2007): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.119.21.

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We offer sui-generis strategy for synthesis of nanosized chalcogenide semiconductors in polymer matrix by a novel polymer-inorganic solid-state reaction. In our previous report, the rationale of this strategy has been successfully established by the solid-state reaction between CdI2 and an intentionally chosen engineering thermoplastic, namely, polyphenylene sulphide (PPS). In the pursuit of this work, we explored the possibility of using other cadmium salts viz cadmium nitrate, cadmium chloride and cadmium acetate in place of cadmium iodide for the envisaged solidstate reaction with PPS. All the reactions were carried out at the melting temperature of PPS (285oC) in 1:1 and 10:1 molar ratios of polymer to cadmium salt. The resultant products were characterised by XRD, TEM-SAED and DRS. It is observed that only cadmium nitrate yielded CdS nanocrystallites (average size of 15nm) entrapped in modified polymer matrix in a competing behaviour with cadmium iodide when reacted in 10:1 molar ratio while (i) cadmium acetate leads to the formation of only cadmium oxide and (ii) cadmium chloride exhibits grossly incomplete solid state reaction yielding understated quantity of CdS when reacted with PPS.
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41

Handan, Bianca Andrade, Carolina Foot Gomes De Moura, Caroline Margonato Cardoso, Aline Boveto Santamarina, Luciana Pellegrini Pisani, and Daniel Araki Ribeiro. "Protective Effect of Grape and Apple Juices against Cadmium Intoxication in the Kidney of Rats." Drug Research 70, no. 11 (August 20, 2020): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1221-4733.

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Abstract Background The objective of this study was to evaluate protective effect of grape and apple juices against toxicity induced by cadmium in the kidney of rats. Methods A total of 20 male-Wistar rats were distributed into four groups (n=5): Control group: animals received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 0.9% saline solution and after 15 days, 1 mL of water was administered for 15 days, via gavage; Cadmium group: animals received an intraperitoneal injection of cadmium chloride (1.2 mg/kg) and after 15 days, 1 mL of water was administered for 15 days via gavage; Cadmium+Grape Juice: animals received an i.p. injection of cadmium chloride (1.2 mg/kg), and after 15 days, 0.8 mL of grape juice was administered for 15 days, via gavage; Cadmium+Apple Juice: animals received i.p. injection of cadmium chloride (1.2 mg/kg) and after 15 days, 1.0 mL of apple juice was administered for 15 days, via gavage. Results Histopathological analysis revealed severe tubular lesion and necrosis in the group exposed to cadmium, while animals exposed to grape or apple juices showed a significant reduction of tissue injury. 8-OHdG immunoexpression, DNA damage, cytochrome C and catalase gene expressions and Toll like signaling pathway (TLR2, and pIKKα/β) decreased in animals treated with grape juice when compared to cadmium group. Conclusion Taken together, we conclude that grape and apple juices had a protective effect by means of antioxidant, antigenotoxic actions and for promoting tissue regeneration in the kidney of rats following cadmium intoxication.
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42

Al-Okaily, Baraa Najim. "Histological changes in pituitary-testes axis in rats exposed to cadmium chloride: Protective role of Eruca sativa seeds." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 41, no. 1 (June 5, 2017): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v41i1.84.

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The present study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of Eruca sativa seeds against changes of pituitary and testes in cadmium treated rats. Forty adult male albino rats were used and divided into 4 equal groups and treated for 8 weeks as follow: The first group was given distilled water and used as a control group. The second group (G1) was administered tap water containing 30 ppm/ L of cadmium chloride. Animals in third group (G2) received tap water containing Cadmium chloride as in G1 plus 250 mg/Kg B.W ethanolic extract of Eruca sativa seeds, while rats in fourth group (G3) administered 250 mg/Kg B.W of ethanolic extract of Eruca sativa seeds only. After 8 weeks of experiment the animals were anesthetized, the pituitary and testes were excised for histological studies. Results showed that cadmium chloride intake caused severe alterations in the pituitary gland manifested by a marked apoptotic cells of pars distalis, accompanied with marked necrosis leading to left large multiple spaces in their parenchyma. Whereas testes revealed shrinkage, irregular arrangement of seminiferous tubules and increase intertubular spaces. A considerable changes was also found in the seminiferous tubules with loss most of their epithelial layer and filled with cellular debris, incomplete spermatogenesis, congested blood vessels and few Leydig's cells. Administration of Eruca sativa extract reduce the deleterious effects of cadmium chloride on pituitary gland as well as more or less complete spermatogenesis process with thickness of interstitial tissue in most of seminiferous tubules. It could be suggested that the antioxidant properties of Eruca sativa extract protects the deleterious histological damage induced by cadmium chloride in adult rats.
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43

Momeni, HR, and N. Eskandari. "Curcumin protects the testis against cadmium-induced histopathological damages and oxidative stress in mice." Human & Experimental Toxicology 39, no. 5 (December 26, 2019): 653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327119895564.

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Background: Cadmium is an environmental pollutant which can induce the overproduction of free radicals while suppressing the antioxidant defense system. Curcumin is considered a free-radical scavenger and a potent antioxidant. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of curcumin on serum antioxidant enzymes and histopathological changes in mice treated with cadmium. Methods: In this experimental study, adult mice were divided into four groups, namely, control, cadmium chloride (5 mg kg−1), curcumin (100 mg kg−1), and curcumin+cadmium chloride. The animals received curcumin 24 h prior to cadmium chloride injection. After 24 h, blood samples were collected and used to assess the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase), total glutathione, total thiol, and hydrogen peroxide. Histopathological evaluation was also performed for testicular tissue. Results: Mice treated with cadmium showed a significant ( p < 0.001) decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, serum amounts of total glutathione and total thiol, and the diameter of seminiferous tubules compared to the control group. This pollutant also significantly ( p < 0.001) increased serum levels of MDA and hydrogen peroxide and the lumen diameter of seminiferous tubules compared to the control group. In the curcumin+cadmium group, curcumin significantly ( p < 0.001) reversed the adverse effects of cadmium, compared to the cadmium group. In addition, curcumin alone significantly ( p < 0.001) increased serum glutathione peroxidase activity and thiol content compared to the control group. Conclusion: Curcumin, as a potent antioxidant, could compensate the adverse effects of cadmium on lipid and protein peroxidation, potentiated serum antioxidant defense system, and ameliorated some morphometrical parameters in the testis of cadmium-treated mice.
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44

Shahmirzaei, Shakiba, Zahra Mardani, Keyvan Moeini, Cameron Carpenter-Warren, Alexandra MZ Slawin, and J. Derek Woollins. "A novel one-dimensional coordination polymer of cadmium(II)/triazine extending by di-chloro and di-iodo bridges." Journal of Chemical Research 44, no. 3-4 (January 8, 2020): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747519819898056.

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A new triazine ligand salt, 2,2′,2″-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris(hydrazin-1-ium) chloride [THT·(HCl)3], and the one-dimensional coordination polymer of cadmium, [Cd2( µ-THT)( µ-Cl)( µ-I)I2]·2(H2O), are prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (for the cadmium polymer). X-ray analysis revealed that the polymeric backbone is extended alternatively by di-iodo and di-chloro bridges; this type of bridge is not observed previously between any metal atoms. There are two types of cadmium atoms in the polymer: cadmium of the polymeric chain and terminal cadmiums. The geometry around the first (CdN2Cl2I2) is octahedral, while the latter (CdN3I2) has an incline to square-pyramidal geometry. The triazine ligand of this structure also bridges two cadmium atoms and acts as an N3 donor toward the terminal cadmium atoms and as an N2 donor toward the cadmium atoms of the chain. In the crystal network of the cadmium polymer, the hydrogen bonds of N–H···X (X: O, N, I) form different hydrogen bond motifs, including [Formula: see text](8), [Formula: see text](10), [Formula: see text](14), [Formula: see text](18), [Formula: see text](20), [Formula: see text](24), [Formula: see text](28), and [Formula: see text](32).
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45

Dolinina, Alesya, Valery Korobochkin, Natalya Usoltseva, Irina Frolova, Maksim Popov, Evgeniya Popova, and Vladimir Kozik. "The Porous Structure Characterization of Products of Non-Equilibrium Electrochemical Oxidation of Copper and Cadmium." Key Engineering Materials 743 (July 2017): 292–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.743.292.

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The porous structure of copper-cadmium oxide system produced by electrochemical synthesis using alternating current in ammonium chloride solutions with concentrations of 3 and 25 wt% was studied. It was shown that the composition of electrolysis products is represented by oxides of copper (I) and (II), hydroxides of cadmium; it depends on the current density and the solution concentration. The products of joint electrochemical oxidation of copper and cadmium obtained in ammonium chloride solution with concentrations of 3 and 25 wt% and current densities of 1 and 3 A/cm2 are characterized by mesoporous structure.
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46

EL-BELTAGI, Hossam S., and Heba I. MOHAMED. "Alleviation of Cadmium Toxicity in Pisum sativum L. Seedlings by Calcium Chloride." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 41, no. 1 (May 28, 2013): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4118910.

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The present investigation was carried out to study the role of calcium chloride in enhancing tolerance and reducing cadmium toxicity in pea seedlings. Some treatment with 1 and 5 mM CaCl2 mitigated cadmium stress by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities: catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), as well as by elevating contents of ascorbic acid (ASA), tocopherol and carotenoids. On the other hand, total carbohydrate and total soluble proteins decreased with increasing cadmium concentrations in comparison with control plants. However, total phenol, total free amino acids, proline and lipid peroxidation increased with increasing concentrations of cadmium acetate. Electrophoretic studies of protein revealed that cadmium treatments alone or in combination with calcium chloride were associated with the disappearance of some bands or appearance of new bands in pea seedlings. Electrophoretic studies of α-esterase, β-esterase and acid phosphatase isozymes showed wide variations in their intensities and densities.
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47

Sheweita, Salah A. "Heavy Metal-Induced Changes in the Glutathione Levels and Glutathione Reductase/Glutathione S-Transferase Activities in the Liver of Male Mice." International Journal of Toxicology 17, no. 4 (June 1998): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/109158198226224.

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Glutathione S-transferases catalyze the metabolism of reactive substances of exogenous or endogenous origin and are involved in inactivation processes of xenobiotics and their metabolites. The present study aims at investigating the influence of heavy metals on the hepatic level of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione reductase activities in the liver of male mice after single-dose (1 and 24 h) and repeated-dose treatments (three consecutive days). The hepatic level of GSH was depleted after single-dose treatments with cadmium chloride, mercuric chloride, cobalt chloride, cesium chloride, lead acetate, and silver nitrate, and percentage of GSH depletion was greater still after the repeated-dose treatments. Nickel chloride, on the other hand, did not cause any change in the level of GS H after any period of treatment. Glutathione reductase activity was increased 24 hours after treatment with cadmium chloride, mercuric chloride, lead acetate, and silver nitrate, whereas cobalt chloride decreased such activity after repeated doses. With the exception of cadmium chloride, glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly decreased 24 hours after a single-dose treatment with all of the tested heavy metals. Such alterations in the activities of phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes as a result of heavy metal treatment may change the hepatic capacity for the detoxification of many toxic compounds from endogenous or exogenous sources.
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48

Partin, D. E., and M. O'Keeffe. "The structures and crystal chemistry of magnesium chloride and cadmium chloride." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 95, no. 1 (November 1991): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4596(91)90387-w.

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49

Et al., Aldulaimi. "Effect of Aqueous Extract Cyperus rotundus Tubers as Antioxidant on Liver and Kidney Functions in Albino Males Rats Exposed to Cadmium Chloride Toxic." Baghdad Science Journal 16, no. 2 (June 2, 2019): 0315. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.16.2.0315.

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The experiment was conducted in two stages: first stage: determination of the most effective dose of Cyperus rotundus tubers aquatic extract in male rats for 5 days, which was concentrated as (200 mg/kg body weight). The second stage was designed to observe and test the protective effects of C. rotundus tubers aquatic extract in the liver and kidney functions of male rats exposed to cadmium chloride poisoning (5 mg/kg bw) for 30 days. The animals were divided into (4) groups within each group (5) animals weighted (200-220g). The results of oral dose of cadmium chloride showed a significant increase of (P˂0.05) in the activity of both enzymes Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). And a significant decrease (P˂0.05) in the values ​​of total protein, albumin, globulin and glutathione (GSH) compared with the control group. The oral dosage of the C. rotundus tubers aquatic extract resulted in a significant increase in GSH. The values ​​of each were not significantly different ALT, AST, ALP, Glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin, globulin, MDA and peroxy nitrite Compare with control group. The results of the oral dosage with (C. rotundus tubers aquatic extract + cadmium chloride) showed a positive effect on these values ​​compared with the control group and cadmium chloride. It is concluded that the C. rotundus tubers aquatic extract has protective effects and reduces the effects that cadmium chloride can cause in rats liver and kidney functions through its antioxidant activity and removal of free radicals.
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Et al., Aldulaimi. "Effect of Aqueous Extract Cyperus rotundus Tubers as Antioxidant on Liver and Kidney Functions in Albino Males Rats Exposed to Cadmium Chloride Toxic." Baghdad Science Journal 16, no. 2 (June 2, 2019): 0315. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.2.0315.

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The experiment was conducted in two stages: first stage: determination of the most effective dose of Cyperus rotundus tubers aquatic extract in male rats for 5 days, which was concentrated as (200 mg/kg body weight). The second stage was designed to observe and test the protective effects of C. rotundus tubers aquatic extract in the liver and kidney functions of male rats exposed to cadmium chloride poisoning (5 mg/kg bw) for 30 days. The animals were divided into (4) groups within each group (5) animals weighted (200-220g). The results of oral dose of cadmium chloride showed a significant increase of (P˂0.05) in the activity of both enzymes Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). And a significant decrease (P˂0.05) in the values ​​of total protein, albumin, globulin and glutathione (GSH) compared with the control group. The oral dosage of the C. rotundus tubers aquatic extract resulted in a significant increase in GSH. The values ​​of each were not significantly different ALT, AST, ALP, Glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin, globulin, MDA and peroxy nitrite Compare with control group. The results of the oral dosage with (C. rotundus tubers aquatic extract + cadmium chloride) showed a positive effect on these values ​​compared with the control group and cadmium chloride. It is concluded that the C. rotundus tubers aquatic extract has protective effects and reduces the effects that cadmium chloride can cause in rats liver and kidney functions through its antioxidant activity and removal of free radicals.
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