Academic literature on the topic 'Café à chat'

In this study, the writer did a semiotic analysis towards the advertisement in television. The qualitative research method with content analysis approach is used because this study needs deeper analysis of the content where in this study was semiotic signs. It is found that the man in the picture is very special. He delivers happiness and togetherness condition. The happiness and togetherness are most displayed in this advertisement. Happiness is shown when People are able to start to chat without any gap easily and happily. Togetherness is displayed when people gather together in the café. The other sign is the strong aroma of the coffee that reminds the man about his past

Opportunities open a coffee shop in the mall and office buildings are still very open because for the city, drink coffee together has become a necessity. Everyone loved the coffee and coffee atmosphere relaxed, loose and information enjoyed while chatting, chat/browsing internet, small meeting or discussion. More than that the coffee shop has become a strategic place to make a deal and business negotiation or a place to spend time waiting for hours jammed in the capital. Café Republic (KKR) is the concept of specialty coffee bar espresso coffee made from ingredients of real coffee from various parts of Indonesia elected and diverse. KKR offer experience (experience) coffee with coffee bar atmosphere to enjoy a coffee ritual into something fun. This concept is made different from the coffee shop that currently exists in Indonesia.

This study aimed to determine contact and privacy risks encountered by Malaysian adolescents with access to the Internet and mobile phones and factors associated with face-to-face meetings with online acquaintances as well as to estimate the prevalence of subsequent victimization. Secondary school students from randomly selected public schools in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur responded to an anonymous self-administered questionnaire (78% response rate). Out of 3,349 Internet or mobile phone users, 51% had been invited to meet offline with an online-meeting acquaintance and 30% complied. Of the 1,005 respondents who went to offline meetings, 55% had meetings with more than six people. Male gender, Malay ethnicity, online access at an Internet café, viewing pornography on the Internet, the absence of parental restrictions on visiting certain website and chat rooms, not being explicitly forbidden to meet strangers encountered online, and disclosure of personal information were significantly associated with increased odds of face-to-face meetings with online acquaintances. Verbal, physical, or sexual assaults were reported by 5.5% of the 1,005 including 13 males and five females who reported forced sexual intercourse. Similarities as well as differences in factors associated with risk-taking behavior compared with adolescents in Western countries have important implications on policy and intervention.

The role of libraries in education today is directed at implementing digitization, called library 4.0. There is a need for service innovation that is able to reach the needs of the digital natives. This study describes and analyzes the innovation of Library Services 4.0: Eco-Blended Libraries and Inclusion-Based Library at Universitas Negeri Malang’s Library. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. The data were obtained through interviews with librarians, observation and documentation. The results showed that in an effort to create a library ecosystem 4.0, the library has succeeded in implementing innovations. These innovations are in the form of an Eco-Blended Library program such as an e-book garden, Beringin Baca, a children's play ground, a library café, art performances, movie talk, and discussion booths. In addition, inclusion-based library is also developed with the Integrated Library Information System (SIPADU) facility digitizing collections in collaboration with Indonesia OneSearch, chat reference services, online loan and extension library collections, as well as information literacy. As a suggestion, the library needs to increase the number of human resources who might more focus on digital library services, further encouraging human resources to conduct online scientific publications and participate in online training forums or groups.

Abstract It is estimated that by 2025 the number of people with dementia will reach around 600 thousand, approximately one out of five in the older population in Tokyo, Japan. At the same time, the number of older people living in a single, couple household is expected to increase. We built a community space for older people in the largest housing complex district in Tokyo, and with the goal of creating a dementia friendly community (DFCs). In this study, we used the community-based participatory research approach to create a model of an inclusive community space with a human-rights-based approach, which is embodied in the PANEL framework by the Alzheimer Scotland organization. The community space where everyone, regardless of with or without dementia, can freely spend their time, and seek consultation on healthcare and older care. It also serves as a Dementia Café, where people with dementia can get together and chat. Places open 3 days a week. Those users can casually seek consultation by physicians, health nurses and psychologists. From April 1, 2017 to March 30, 2018, the average number of visitors was 11.6. Number of consultation was 182 times (female 81.3%, 80s’ =31.3%; 70s’ =23.1%). Historically, service delivery for the people with dementia was hospital-based in japan, but our community space established a new method to provide consultation to people with dementia, from a professional perspective, and to cooperate with appropriate social resources and related organizations as needed.

<p>O café há séculos é uma das bebidas mais apreciadas do mundo. Tendo sua origem nas regiões árabes,e com o passar do tempo difundiu-se pela América do Sul e África. O Brasil possui solo e clima propícios para o seu cultivo. O presente trabalho apresenta uma análise sobre a qualidade da bebida do café tipo Arábica por diferentes tipos de granulometria, onde foram realizados experimentos com diferentes amostras de café colhidas de lavouras cultivadas nas propriedades situadas no município de Campos Gerais, MG. A colheita ocorreu por derriça manual no pano, para a classificação foram utilizadas peneiras de diferentes tamanhos para os grãos chatos as de números 19 a 10 e de grãos mocas de números 13 a 8 na seguinte ordem: Peneira 19 chato; Peneira 13 moca; Peneira 18 chato; Peneira 12 moca; Peneira 17 chato; Peneira 11 moca; Peneira 16 chato; Peneira 10 moca; Peneira 15 chato; Peneira 9 moca; Peneira 14 chato; Peneira 13 chato; Peneira 8 moca; Peneira 10 chato; Fundo plano. Após a classificação, os cafés foram agrupados da seguinte forma: Chato graúdo: peneiras 19, 18 e 17, Chato médio: peneiras 16 e 15, e Chato miúdo: peneira 14 e menores, Moca graúdo: peneiras 13, 12 e 11 e Moca miúdo: peneiras 10 e inferiores. Aplicou-se análise sensorial para tamanho do grão, procedência do café, torrefação entre outros fatores. Observou-se que os tratamentos ao qual utilizaram peneira miúda e moca miúda obtiveram resultados com melhores notas na tabela SCAA, sendo superiores em relação as demais.</p>

Testou-se o efeito da aspersão de soluções aquosas de 24-epibrassinotfdio e 24-epicastasterona, variando de 10-2 a 10-4ppm, em cafeeiros do cultivar Catuaí Amarelo, de Coffea arabica L. com dois anos de idade e na sua primeira produção. Avaliaram-se a produção de frutos, porcentagem de frutos com lojas vazias, porcentagem de sementes do tipo "moca", renda, peneira média, porcentagem de cada peneira (de 13 a 20) no peso total de sementes do tipo "chato" e, para apenas um experimento, o estabelecimento de frutos. Para os parâmetros em que ocorreram diferenças significativas, os tratamentos com brassinosteróídes nunca se mostraram estatisticamente superiores ao controle. Concluiu-se que os brassinosteróídes testados não afetaram a produção nem os outros parâmetros avaliados.

Estudou-se a influência de alguns fatores ambientais no Rendimento Intrínseco (RI) do café, relação percentual entre a massa de dois grãos normais tipo chato e a do respectivo fruto que os contêm. Verificaram-se decréscimos até de 18% nos valores de RI de frutos entre os estádios de maturação de verde a passa, e em sete localidades diferentes ocorreram variações significativas até de 12%. Em dois locais diferentes no mesmo município, o RI variou até em 6%, tendo sido observadas diferenças de 2% entre quatro lotes diferentes de um mesmo local. Em um mesmo lote experimental observaram-se diferenças até em 3,7% no RI de diferentes plantas da mesma cultivar. Variações de altitude até de 330 m, na mesma localidade, correlacionaram-se positivamente com variações até em 4,4% no RI. Quanto à influência da posição dos frutos na planta, verificou-se que o RI diminui, até em 4,4% à medida que os frutos se afastam do ramo ortotrópico, em 1,5% na exposição Leste e em 0,5% nas posições superiores e medianas da planta. Pelos resultados, verifica-se considerável influência ambiental afetando essa característica. Para fins de melhoramento genético, a seleção, para a característica RI, deve ser realizada com base em amostras padronizadas quanto à maturação, posição na planta e representar pelo menos dez plantas de progênies uniformes avaliadas no mesmo lote experimental.

Un nombre croissant de chercheurs du domaine de la santé se tournent vers des formes novatrices de recherche alliant les méthodologies des sciences sociales et des arts performatifs, littéraires et visuels. Cet article compare et analyse deux méthodes de dissémination de résultats de recherche dans le domaine de la santé : le café scientifique et la performance artistique (arts visuels, chant, poésie, théâtre). L’analyse de questionnaires remplis par 78 répondants et d’entrevues menées auprès de ces personnes indique que la performance artistique est plus efficace dans la communication de résultats de recherche selon trois des quatre critères d’évaluation utilisés : elle suscite davantage d’émotions chez les membres de l’auditoire, suscite plus de questions sur le sujet couvert et influence un plus grand nombre de personnes à modifier leur point de vue et leurs pratiques. Tant le café scientifique que la performance artistique aident les participants à comprendre la problématique exposée. Les arts permettent cependant une compréhension différente.

Objetivou-se, com o presente estudo, avaliar o comportamento de quatro progênies do cultivar Catuaí Amarelo e três do Catuaí Vermelho de Coffea arabica em relação aos cultivares Caturra Amarelo e Mundo Novo da mesma espécie, na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico, em Pindorama. Analisaram-se a produção total e as produções acumuladas a cada dois anos e os valores de rendimento (relação café cereja/beneficiado), a peneira média, a porcentagem de frutos desprovidos de sementes (porcentagem de chochos), o tipo das sementes e o peso de cem sementes tipo chato (grãos normais). Os resultados da produção total em um período de dezoito anos consecutivos indicaram que a progênie de Catuaí Amarelo CH 2077-2-5-62 se revelou a mais produtiva, superando inclusive o padrão Mundo Novo. A linhagem de Caturra Amarelo (LC 476) apresentou as mais baixas produções. Analisando-se as produções acumuladas a cada dois anos e a total, verificou-se a possibilidade de uma avaliação precoce nesse material. As características de frutos e sementes analisadas forneceram valores considerados normais para um café de bom padrão, possibilitando a recomendação do plantio dos cultivares Catuaí Amarelo e Catuaí Vermelho na região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo.

Orientador: Araí Augusta Bernárdez Pécora
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T08:12:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_JoaoPauloda_M.pdf: 4733188 bytes, checksum: eafa56a24fccf56e0480ae89bf0d28cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: O café é um importante produto na balança comercial brasileira e seu processamento gera a casca como um resíduo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização física, termoquímica e fluidodinâmica da casca de café (coffea arábica, L) visando sua aplicação em processo de pirólise convencional em reator mecanicamente agitado e posterior caracterização das frações líquida e sólida geradas. O trabalho envolveu as seguintes etapas: (i) caracterização física e termoquímica da casca de café moída; (ii) ensaios fluidodinâmicos no leito contendo mistura binária casca de café-areia (5% de biomassa na mistura); (iii) ensaios de pirólise em reator mecanicamente agitado; e (iv) caracterização das frações sólida e líquida geradas no processo de pirólise. A etapa de caracterização das partículas envolveu a determinação da análise granulométrica, esfericidade, massas específicas, razão de Hausner, análise elementar, análise imediata, poder calorífico, análise termogravimétrica e diferencial térmica, análises da composição das cinzas e análise do teor de hemicelulose, celulose e lignina. Os ensaios de pirólise foram realizados seguindo um planejamento experimental composto central rotacional com objetivo de avaliar a influência da taxa de aquecimento (8 a 22 °C/min) e do tempo de estabilidade entre os estágios de aquecimento (1,2 a 6,8 min) sobre o rendimento da fração líquida. O maior rendimento da fração líquida foi de 56,5 %, obtido em uma taxa de aquecimento de 22°C/min e tempo de estabilidade entre os estágios de aquecimento de 4 min. Na etapa de caracterização do carvão vegetal gerado foram determinadas as massas especificas, análise elementar, análise imediata, poder calorífico, análise termogravimétrica e diferencial térmica, além da determinação da velocidade mínima de fluidização no leito contendo a mistura carvão-areia (5% de biomassa na mistura). A fração líquida foi submetida à análise de umidade, pH, poder calorífico e cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa. Os resultados dos ensaios fluidodinâmicos mostraram que a presença de 5% (em massa) de casca de café no leito provoca o aumento da velocidade de mínima fluidização em 45%. Foi verificado que a casca de café possui um grande potencial como fonte energética para aplicação em processos de pirólise em função das propriedades do carvão e do líquido gerado em temperaturas superiores a 300oC. A composição e teor de cinzas da casca de café também fazem do carvão uma boa opção como fertilizante em função dos nutrientes presentes. Em todas as frações líquidas geradas foram observados compostos com aplicações industriais, mostrando que o óleo obtido através da pirólise da casca de café possui potencial não só como combustível, mas também como fonte de componentes para a indústria química
Abstract: Coffee is an important product in the Brazilian commercial balance and its processing generates husks as waste. In order to increase information available about coffee husks biomass and its energetic potential, this work presents an experimental study including: (i) physical and thermo-chemical characterization of grinded coffee husks; (ii) hydrodynamics tests to minimum fluidization velocity determination of the binary mixture coffee husks-sand (5% weight fraction of biomass); (iii) pyrolysis tests in a mechanically agitated bed; and (iv) characterization of pyrolysis solid and liquid products. The particle characterization step included the determination of particle size distribution, sphericity, densities, Hausner ratio, ultimate and proximate analysis, heating value, thermo-gravimetric analysis, thermo-differential analysis, ash composition, and hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin content. The pyrolysis tests were carried out following a central composite rotate design of experiments in order to evaluate the heating rate (from 8 to 22oC/min) and the time between the heating stages (from 1.2 to 6.8min) on the bio oil yield. The bio-oil greatest yield was 56.5% that was obtained using a heating rate of 22oC/min and time between the heating stages of 4min. The bio-char characterization involved density, ultimate and proximate analyses, heating value, thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential thermal analyses and determination of the minimum fluidization velocity of the char-sand mixture (5% weight fraction of biomass). The liquid fraction was submitted to moisture, pH, heating value and gas chromatography (using a mass spectrometer) analysis. Results from hydrodynamics studies show that the presence of 5% biomass in the bed material increases the minimum fluidized bed velocity about 45%. Pyrolysis results show that coffee husks presents a good potential as feedstock to the process due to char and bio-oil (fractions obtained at temperatures higher than 300oC) properties. Additionally, results from ash characterization showed that the bio-char produced presents a good potential as fertilizer. High values chemical compounds were identified in the produced liquid fractions, showing that this product presents high potential, not only as a fuel, but also as a source of chemical compounds to the chemical industry
Mestrado
Termica e Fluidos
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Cette thèse présente un ensemble de travaux de recherche en économie politique qui s’inscrivent dans le champ contemporain de la littérature sur la malédiction des ressources naturelles dans les pays en développement. Elle s’intéresse spécifiquement aux liens entre les rentes des ressources naturelles et les institutions politiques et les conflits, puis entre les rentes et la pauvreté sous ses différentes formes. Son champ géographique se situe à plusieurs niveaux, international pour un groupe de pays en développement, monographique et infranational pour le Tchad et ses régions. La première partie, en s’inspirant des théories des changements institutionnels, teste l’hypothèse que les rentes issues de différentes ressources naturelles ont des effets différenciés sur la qualité des institutions dans les pays en développement. Par la suite, elle teste l’hypothèse d’un « système de conflit régional » dans le Triangle République Centrafricaine, Tchad et Soudan. La deuxième partie évalue le dispositif « original » de gestion des revenus pétroliers sur différentes dimensions de la pauvreté au Tchad sur des données d’enquêtes de terrain. Le premier chapitre de cette partie teste l’hypothèse d’un biais urbain dans l’allocation de temps des enfants dans un contexte pétrolier au Tchad. Alors que le second est dédié à l’évaluation de l’impact de l’exploitation pétrolière sur le profil de la pauvreté dans la région productrice en utilisant les méthodes quasi-expérimentales d’évaluation d’impact
This thesis is a collection of political economy research topics fitting into the contemporary field of literature on the natural resource curse in developing countries. The thesis focuses primarily on the links between natural resource rents and political institutions, before studying the impact of oil resource rents on poverty under its different forms. The geographical scope of the thesis is both macro for a group of developing countries, and micro in the case of Chad and its regions. The first part, drawing on institutional change theories, tests the hypothesis on whether rents generated by natural resources have a detrimental effect on institutions in developing countries, by considering different types of natural resources characterized by their different degree of appropriability. Besides, we evaluate the hypothesis of a "regional conflict system" in the “tormented Triangle” which includes Central African Republic, Chad and Sudan. The second part assesses the impact of the “unusual” system for allocating and managing the expected oil income from the Doba Oil project on many aspects of poverty in Chad by using field survey data. As such, the first chapter of this part tests the hypothesis of an urban bias in children's time allocation in the oil context in Chad. Regarding the second chapter, it investigates the impact of oil extraction on poverty profile in the oil producing region by using quasi-experimental evaluation methods

On constate que le manque d’affection dont semblent souffrir les individus vivant dans les sociétés modernes les amène à un regain d’intérêt pour la fréquentation des animaux domestiques. Plutôt que de s’abandonner aux fantasmes de la mécanisation, puis de la numérisation, de nombreux individus ont choisi d'animaliser leur quotidien. Il y a un essor de lieux spécifiques de rencontre avec des animaux. Depuis un an, à Montréal, on a vu l'apparition de cafés à animaux qui fonctionnent sur ce modèle, compensant les besoins de contact et d'affection des citadins. Ce nouveau mode de rencontre humain/animal requiert de ses participants des stratégies particulières de communication. Cette thèse en communication s’applique à rendre compte de la manière dont des mythes s’incarnent et s’expriment dans la communication et les relations avec les animaux domestiques dans un Café à chat. Ce travail empirique s’articule autour du concept du mythe, de la communication imaginée et de la grille d’analyse du modèle C.A.P. Le premier, le mythe, se définit comme l’ensemble des constructions sociales ayant le pouvoir de stabiliser la représentation H/A (humain/animal) de l’individu. Le deuxième, la communication imaginée, comme l’ensemble des processus communicationnels qui permettent à l’individu de combler les vides dans les échanges d’informations avec l’animal par des séquences de ce que nous appelons des codes-prothèses. e. Le troisième, le C.A.P, comme une grille d’analyse pour détecter dans le discours les éléments de connaissances, attitudes et pratiques qui témoignent de la présence de ces codes-prothèses soutenus par le recours aux mythes qui se composent de : connaissance, attitude, et pratique caractérisant l’ensemble des comportements des acteurs. Car c’est à partir de ces trois points que le sujet produit de l’action dans une situation donnée. Pour répondre à cette interrogation, nous avons opté pour une démarche empirique avec, comme méthode l’entrevue de terrain. Pour obtenir des informations situées sur les représentations que se font les acteurs de leurs relations avec l’animal. Nous cherchons à comprendre les nouvelles formes affectives que peuvent prendre les mythes de relation à l’animal domestique dans le contexte d’une société moderne de plus en plus détachée du monde animal traditionnellement associé à l’exploitation de la force ou de la chair à de ce dernier. Cette démarche nous amène aussi à comprendre le rôle de la communication imaginée dans la perception des bienfaits du contact animal sur l’humain.
It has been noted that the lack of affection that human beings in modern societies suffer from, leads to a renewal of interest in interacting with pets. Rather than abandoning themselves in the fantasies of the mechanical and digital world, many individuals have chosen to integrate pets into their daily lives. There has been a rise in specific meeting places which provide interactions with animals. In the past year, we have noticed in Montreal the emergence of Cafés with animals that operate on the same model, offsetting the city dwellers' needs for contact and affection. This new way of human/animal meeting requires its participants to have specific communication skills. This thesis in communication focuses on how myths can be embodied and expressed in the communication and relationships with pets in a Café with Cats. This empirical work is based around the concept of the myth, the pictorial communication and the analysis grid of the C.A.P. model. The first concept, the myth, is defined as all social constructions which have the power to stabilize the H/A (human/animal) representation of the individual. The second one, the pictorial communication, is represented by all means of communication that allow the individual to fill in the gaps in the exchange of information with the animal by using what we call prosthesis-codes. The third one, the C.A.P, is an analytical framework for detecting, within the speech, the knowledge elements, the attitudes and practices that demonstrate the presence of these prosthesis codes supported by the use of myths. These codes consist of knowledge, attitude, and practice characterizing all the actors’ behaviors. To answer this question we have opted for an interview process a methodology. This method allows us to obtain all the information that represents the actors' performance from their relationship with the animal. We have been looking to understand the new emotional forms that can put the myths of pet relationship in the context of a modern society - a society that is increasingly detached from the traditional animal world that used to be associated with labor or meat consumption. This approach makes us understand the role of the imagined communication on how we perceive the benefits of animal contact on humans.

碩士
南華大學
旅遊管理學系旅遊管理碩士班
101
The purpose of the study is to analyze the relationship among brand equity, life style, service equality and customer satisfaction. In recent years, the numbers of coffee shops are getting more and more. Coffee drinking habit increases the need of coffee and leads to the chain store. The study carries on questionnaires, statistics analysis and multipleregression analysis to identify the assumption that this research supposes. The results of this research revealed as followed: 　　 　　The majority age is between 31 to 50. People who are participated on service and business industry mainly, collage educated, and average monthly income of 20,000 NTD. There is a significant relationship among brand equity, life style, service equality and customer satisfaction. 　 　　The difference of the education level and monthly income reports highly difference upon brand equity. According to the different age, life style reveal deeply different. Service quality has significant difference upon the gender, marriage, age, education level, occupation and monthly income. The customer satisfaction has significant affect upon marriage, education level and monthly income. The marriage, education level and monthly income affect customer satisfaction. Service quality, brand equity, life style and customer satisfaction affect each other eventually.

It’s noon on a warm Saturday in the middle of June, and a bright sun is shining on Settepani Bakery’s sidewalk café at 120th Street and Lenox Avenue. You didn’t think to bring sunscreen to eat brunch in Harlem, so you choose a table under the red awning, put on your dark glasses, and settle down to read the menu. The small, square, white tables and lightweight aluminum chairs remind you of cafés in Italy or Greenwich Village, and the dishes on the menu also inspire dreams of other places. Smoked turkey panini with brie on pumpernickel bread. Mozzarella, tomatoes, and basil on rosemary focaccia. Bucatini pasta with an almond, basil, and tomato pesto. Cappuccino and latte, of course, but also decaf Masala chai. You understand why Settepani is popular among Harlem’s new movers and shakers. You’ve heard that Maya Angelou, the distinguished poet, playwright, and actor, who lives in a restored brownstone townhouse nearby, often has lunch here. The famous basketball champion and author Kareem Abdul-Jabbar has been seen walking by. The restaurant’s website lists former president Bill Clinton, whose office is on 125th Street, as a corporate customer. And when your graduate students stop in for coffee while doing a research project for your class, they meet Daniel Tisdale, the founder and publisher of Harlem World magazine, who is having a business meeting a few tables away, and Eric Woods, the chief financial officer of Uptown magazine and cofounder of Harlem Vintage, the neighborhood’s first wine store. Harlem has other well-known restaurants: the venerable Sylvia’s, the soul food restaurant that is on every tourist itinerary and sells its own bottled sauces; M&G Diner, known for its smothered pork chops, collard greens, and candied yams; and Amy Ruth’s, offering dishes named for local celebrities, like the waffles and bacon that honor retired police chief Joseph Leake and the chicken and waffles that pay tribute to the Rev. Al Sharpton, a friend of the former owner.

The dioxides of titanium (TiO2), manganese (MnO2), and zirconium (ZrO2) are important materials because of their technological uses. TiO2 is used mainly as white pigment. Because of its semiconducting properties, TiO2, in its nanomaterial form, is also used as an active component of photocells and photocatalysis for self-cleaning glasses and cements . MnO2 is used primarily in electrode materials. ZrO2 is used in refractory ceramics, abrasive materials, and stabilized zirconia as ionic conductive materials stable at high temperature. Many of these properties are, of course, dependent on particle size and shape (§ Chap. 1). Dioxides of other tetravalent elements with interesting properties have been studied elsewhere in this book, especially VO2, which exhibits a metal–isolator transition at 68°C, used, for instance, in optoelectronics (§ 4.1.5), and silica, SiO2 (§ 4.1.4), which is likely the most ubiquitous solid for many applications and uses. Aqueous chemistry is of major interest in synthesizing these oxides in the form of nanoparticles from inorganic salts and under simple, cheap, and envi­ronmental friendly conditions. However, as the tetravalent elements have re­stricted solubility in water (§ 2.2), metal–organic compounds such as titanium and zirconium alkoxides are frequently used in alcoholic solution as precursors for the synthesis of TiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles. An overview of the conversion of alkoxides into oxides is indicated about silica formation (§ 4.1.4), and since well-documented works have already been published, these compounds are not considered here. The crystal structures of most MO2 dioxides are of TiO2 rutile type for hexacoordinated cations (e.g., Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Mo, W, Sn, Pb) and CaF2 fluorite type for octacoordinated, larger cations (e.g., Zr, Ce), but polymorphism is common. Some dioxides of elements such as chromium and tin form only one crystal­line phase. So, hydrolysis of SnCl4 or acidification of stannate [Sn(OH)6]2− leads both to the same rutile-type phase, cassiterite, SnO2. Many other dioxides are polymorphic, especially TiO2, which exists in three main crystal phases: anatase, brookite, and rutile; and MnO2, which gives rise to a largely diversified crystal chemistry.