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1
Skachkov, D. P., Yu A. Puhovski, and V. T. Orlov. "Seasonal dynamics of carp infection with Bothriocephalus sp. in cage farming under the new conditions." Russian Journal of Parasitology 12, no. 1 (February 27, 2018): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2018-12-1-45-51.
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The purpose of the research: is studying the seasonal dynamics of carp infection with Bothriocephalus sp. in cage farming under the new conditions (no discharge into the reservoir-cooler of warm water, wintering in cages under the ice). Materials and methods. To study the dynamics of contamination of carp yearlings with Bothriocephalus sp. In JSC Cherepetskaya fish farm is chosen 4 cage with fingerlings of carp. Monthly, from April to November 2017, the helminthological autopsy carried out on 10 yearlings carp from each tank to establish the extensiveness and intensity of infection of fish with Bothriocephalus sp. The content of soluble oxygen in water and measured the water temperature in the zone of location of the garden lines determined daily. After carrying out preventive treatments with microsal fish from all experimental cages were opened and the effectiveness of treatment was determined. Results and discussion. Carp are infected with Bothriocephalus sp. in April at 30-50%, in May there was a slight increase of the infection (40- 50%). After the first treatment with feed drug mixtures with microsal, a significant decrease in the infection of the fish with Bothriocephalus sp. occurred. In three cages 100% efficiency was obtained. In the cage No 21, the effectiveness of treatment was 75,0%. In June 2017, in the No. 21 cage, fish contamination increased till 20%. In the remaining three experimental cages, the fish did not infected. At the end of July, there was a sharp increase in the extensiveness and intensity of infection of fish by Bothriocephalus sp. - from 10 to 40% at an invasive rate from 1 to 2,25 cestodes per fish. In August, the extent of infection continued to grow and amounted to 30-60% for different experimental cages, the intensity of infection remained at the same level. On September 18, 2017, after the second treatment of fish with the therapeutic granulated mixed fodder with microsal, efficiency in cages No 5, No. 25 and No 36 was 100%. In the cage No 21, efficiency was 83,3%. In October and November 2017 there was an insignificant increase in fish infection by cestodes. The incidence of infection in October was 10% in the cage No 21, 20% and 10% in the cages 21 and 36 respectively. In the remaining experimental cages, the infection of fish with Bothriocephalus sp. is not established.
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Darzi, Golaghaei. "Nitrogen and phosphorus loading values in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming system in marine floating cage in the Southern Caspian Sea." Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology 10, no. 3 (2021): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jamb.2021.10.00313.
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The aim of this study was to determine the loaded amounts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Rainbow trout farming system in the floating cage in the south of the Caspian Sea in 2018-2019. Two weight groups of fish (Group 1: 120g; Group 2: 300g) with 30,000 pieces were introduced to each floating cage. The offshore farm had three cages for group 1 (G1) and two cages for group 2 (G2). The fish culture period was 165 days and started in December and ended in May. At the end of the fish farming period, in groups 1 (G1) and 2 (G2), the weights were 780grams and 1450grams, respectively. The fish feed was semi-submerged extruded. The feed conversion ratio for G1 and G2 was determined 1.1 and 1, respectively. Fish survival rate was 95%. The consumption of fish feed in G1 and G2 was 21 tons and 33 tons, respectively in each cage. The N content of the feed was 6.4% and the amount of feed P was 1.25%. The amount of N and P in dry fish was 10% and 3.2%, respectively. The amount of N and P loaded per 21ton and 33ton of fish feed in G1 and G2 was 873.75 and 1292.6 kg N and 112.02 and 150.3kg P respectively. Also, the percentage of N and P in fish feed loaded in G1 and G2 was 65 and 61.2% N and 42.4 and 36.4% P, respectively. Therefore, in this marine farm, with the production of 149.34 tons of Rainbow trout, 5206.45kg N and 636.66kg P were loaded in the environment around the cage. These data are representing average conditions.
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Chu, Y. I., and C. M. Wang. "Hydrodynamic Response Analysis of Combined Spar Wind Turbine and Fish Cage for Offshore Fish Farms." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 20, no. 09 (August 2020): 2050104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455420501047.
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This paper is concerned with the hydrodynamic response of a novel offshore fish farm that combines a floating spar wind turbine and a fish cage (named as COSPAR for brevity). The open net steel cage is octagonal in shape with a partially porous wave fence at its top end to attenuate wave energy for a calm fish farming environment as well as to keep predators out. The deep draught spar is made from concrete for its bottom half and from steel for its top half. The spar carries a control unit and a 1[Formula: see text]MW wind turbine that provides the required power to operate the offshore salmon fish farm. The COSPAR fish cage has four catenary chains as mooring lines attached to mid length of the spar (outside the fish cage) so as to mitigate tension force in the mooring lines and to reduce the benthic footprint. ANSYS Design Modeler and Aqwa are used to perform the hydrodynamic response analysis of free-floating condition of COSPAR in the frequency domain and coupled analysis involving COSPAR and the mooring lines in the frequency domain and time domain. Environmental conditions, representing 5-year, 20-year and 50-year wave return periods with a constant current flow at an exposed fish farming site in Storm Bay of Tasmania, Australia, are adopted for the analyses. A comparison study is made against having a floating fish cage only (i.e. without the bottom half concrete of the spar) with four catenary chains attached to side vertical columns of the cage so that the fish cage behaves like a semi-submersible cage. Based on the comparison study, the COSPAR fish cage shows enhanced hydrodynamic responses in the following respects: (1) more stable motion responses in heave and pitch against wave and current forces, (2) less susceptible to the viscous damping when it is assumed by a linearized drag force of Morison elements in the frequency domain and (3) reduction of tension forces in the mooring lines. Interestingly, the pitch motion response of COSPAR fish cage in the frequency domain is in close agreement with the time domain result due to its greater pitching stiffness that reduces nonlinear effects from viscous drag and mooring interaction.
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YIGIT, M., B. CELIKKOL, M. BULUT, R. DWYER, J. DECEW, B. OZALP, S. YILMAZ, et al. "Monitoring of trace metals, biochemical composition and growth of Axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne Risso, 1827) in offshore Copper alloy net cage." Mediterranean Marine Science 17, no. 2 (February 12, 2016): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.1297.
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The study was conducted to assess trace metal contents, biochemical composition and growth performance of axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne Risso, 1827) cultured in a copper alloy mesh cage. A total of 400 axillary seabream (initial mean weight: 176.0±14.0 g), a new candidate species for the Mediterranean aquaculture, were stocked into a high-density polyethylene frame gravity cage and fed a commercial seabream diet for a period of 6 months. At the end of the feeding trial, fish reached a final weight of 264.8±16.8 g with a weight increase of 88.8 g and a feed conversion rate of 2.51. Overall, relative growth rate, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio were satisfactory and comparable to the pelagic fishes such as gilthead seabream or European seabass, which are presently the main fish species for the Mediterranean aquaculture industry. Trace elements in fish grown in copper alloy net cages over a 6-month period showed satisfactory results, as the metal concentrations in fish tissues such as liver, skin, muscle and gills were below the reported upper limits for human consumption, indicating that copper alloy net is an acceptable and safe material for finfish cage aquaculture. Furthermore, from the growth performance data obtained in the present study, it can be concluded that axillary seabream showed potential for cage farming, and thus is a promising new candidate for the Mediterranean aquaculture industry.
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Farabi, SMV. "Investigation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture in marine floating cages in the Southern Caspian Sea." Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology 9, no. 6 (2020): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jamb.2020.09.00296.
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There is no long history of fish farming cages in the southern Caspian Sea. The rainbow trout is one of the most important fish raised in the last decade in this sea. The aim of this study was to determine the growth performance and survival of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in floating cages in the south of the Caspian Sea. In this study, circular polyethylene floating cages with a diameter of 20 meters and a net height of 8 meters were used. The cages were located at a depth of 32 meters in the sea and at a distance of 5.6km from the shore. This research was conducted in 2017-2018 in a marine farm in the central region of the southern Caspian Sea. The fish culture period was 165days from December to May of the following year. For each cage, 37400±570 fish weighing 110±28grams and a fork length of 19.9±1.9cm were introduced. After 165 days, the average weight of fish reached 1200±168g in the marine fish farm. But, the fish yield was supplied with a weight of 700g to the local market, from March and continued to June of the following year (1200g). Fish average daily growth (ADG:g/day) was 6.61±1.02. The value feed conversion ratio of fish and the condition factor was determined 1.03±0.07and 1.42±0.05respectively. The fish special growth rate (SGR:%day-1) was determined1.44±0.09.The fish survival rate (SR%) at the end of during culture wasdetermined95.6±1.07 in cages. The results showed that the growth performance of rainbow trout was suitable in the Caspian Sea's brackish water in floating cages.
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Roncarati, A., M. C. T. Meligrana, F. Laus, and A. Spaterna. "Quality Traits of Fillet of Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata L.) of Two Market Sizes Reared according to an “Antibiotic-Free” Approach." Journal of Food Quality 2019 (July 24, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2614235.
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Rearing of “antibiotic-free” fish is becoming one of the most important goals to be achieved in the near future. Strategies are going to be adopted to increase nonspecific immune system and biosecurity in fish farming. To show the quality traits of gilthead sea breams reared under a prescription of “antibiotic-free” (ABF), two different market sizes (R: about 350 g and M: about 490 g) were analysed at the end of the farming cycle performed in a floating cage plant in the Adriatic sea, in the Gulf of Valona (Albania). Proximate composition and fatty acid profile were determined in April and June 2018. The omega-3 content demonstrated that the ABF samples collected according to the fish size and the harvest month can be defined as “rich in omega-3,” in compliance with the Annex to the Regulation (EC) n. 1924/2006, with a trend to increase in relation to fish growth.
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Cyrino, José Eurico Possebon, and Fernando Kubitza. "Diets for feed training peacock bass Cichla sp." Scientia Agricola 60, no. 4 (December 2003): 609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162003000400001.
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The use of prized, carnivorous fish species such as the peacock bass Cichla sp. in either intensive farming or sport fishing demand specific knowledge on feed conditioning strategies for those species. One thousand and fifteen 0.5-g fingerlings were trained for 7 days to feed on ground fish flesh (GF). Seven hundred and seventy six (76%) fish (0.63 ± 0.03 g) feeding on GF were stocked into twelve 0.03-m³ net cages (63 fish/cage) and submitted to gradual feed ingredient transition (GFIT) weaning technique. Moist pellets with 90, 80, 70 or 60% GF (GF-90, GF-80, GF-70 or GF-60, respectively) were offered during the first 4 days of GFIT. No fish accepted GF-00 at the end of GFIT. Fish started on GF-90 or GF-80 fed well until GF dietary levels dropped below 40%. To improve acceptance of pellets containing 30% or less GF, a second trial with four 0.03-m³ net cages stocked with 120, 0.5-g fish feeding on GF was designed. Fish fed on a sequence of moist pellets containing 90, 80, 70, 60, 50 or 40% GF for 3 days. Approximately 81% of the fish accepted GF-40; they were pooled and restocked into nine 0.03-m³ net cages and weaned to GF-00 with a sequence of diets containing 30, 20 and 10% GF plus: 1) a meat-flavored dry, commercial feed (MEAT); 2) a fish-flavored dry, commercial feed (FISH); or 3) MEAT plus 10% krill meal (KM). Fish accepted fish-flavored pellets better than meat-flavored pellets. Addition of 10% krill meal to a meat-flavored feed improved pellet acceptance, even when ground fish flesh comprised only 10% of the feed. However, no fish accepted GF-00 pellets at the end of this study.
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Edea, Géoffroy Olayèmi, Lambert Cloud Hinvi, Youssouf Abou, and Armand Bienvenu Gbangboche. "Growth and Body Development of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fattened in Floating Cages Based on Commercial Feed in Benin." Journal of Biology and Life Science 11, no. 1 (September 25, 2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jbls.v11i1.15259.
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This work evaluates the growth and body development of Oreochromis niloticus in floating cages in the Toho Lake of Benin. Thus, 6000 juvenile monosex male with an average initial weight of 8.87 ± 4.89 g and average initial total length of 7.87 ± 1.43 cm were randomly distributed in two floating cages (5 x 5 x 2.5 m3) at the stocking density of 3000 fish/cage. The fish were hand-fed to apparent satiation, three times daily, using 45-32% crude protein commercial pelleted floating feed Skretting®. The physico-chemical parameters of lake water recorded every 72 hours during the experiment were within the suitable ranges for fish culture and were as follows: temperature (27.78 ± 0.41 °C), pH (7.55 ± 0.22), dissolved oxygen (4.03 ± 0.96 mg/l), ammonium (0.31 ± 0.18 mg/l), nitrite (0.29 ± 0.07 mg/l) and nitrate (0.27 ± 0.12 mg/l). The variables studied at the end of the 215 days of rearing were as follows: final mean total length (26.61 ± 2.99 cm), final mean standard length (22.40 ± 2.74 cm), final mean predorsal length (6.93 ± 0.94 cm), final mean head length (3.45 ± 0.58 cm), final mean dorsal fin base length (13.55 ± 2.96 cm), final mean inter-orbital width (2.97 ± 0.37 cm), final mean body height (8.57 ± 1.56 cm) and final mean caudal peduncle height (3.27 ± 0.39 cm). The zootechnical growth parameters evaluated were as follows: survival rate (91.5%), final mean body weight (402.18 ± 137.05 g), average daily weight gain (1.83 ± 0.08 g), specific growth rate (0.77 ± 0.03%/day), feed conversion ratio (1.74 ± 0.09%) and protein efficiency ratio (1.62 ± 0.06). These results compared to the literature indicate interesting growth and body development and it would be important to promote in-cage farming of Oreochromis niloticus.
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Bhuiya, MSU, MM Karim, and SMA Hossain. "Study on integrated farming systems model development." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 12, no. 2 (July 12, 2016): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v12i2.28692.
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Study on Integrated Farming Systems Model Development was conducted by the Livelihood Improvement of Farming Community in Haor area through System approach Project of the Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultral University, Mymensigh worked in Purbo Tethulia village of Moahjganj upazilla, Netrakona district from April 2010 to June 2013 with the financial assistance from the National Agricultural Technology Project, SPGR subproject, Bangladesh Agricultural Council with the following objectives i. Increase productivity of field crops, vegetables, livestock and fishes in a household through the use of appropriate technogies and techniques devised/developed/ designed/refined by the farmers for ensuring household food security and nutritional upliftment and raising income ii. Diversify enterprises, mobilize resources and intensify farming and non farming activities for in situ employment generation iii. Conserve farm environment through efficient mobilization and management of natural resource for sustainable production sysyems iv. Develop human resoures for capacity building of the participants and improve their livelihood through system approach. Research programme was finalized in the Bench Mark Survey Workshop. Farmer selection for different research acivities was done as per plan for defferent five components. The crop and agroforestry component conducted experiments both in the homestead land and crop land. In the homestead area, year round vegetables were intervened through community trial for three years. Production of timber trees like mahogany, lambu and fruit trees like mango, guave, jujube, litchi, lemon papaya and jackfruit was also practiced. Timber trees are now at growing stage and among the fruit trees some like papaya, jujube and lemon are at bearing stage. African dhaincha was introduced around homestead fallow/waste land to protect homestead area from wave thrust and to produce biomass fuel. Field trials on rice, vegetables, spices and oil crops were conducted to intensify and diversify the cropping pattern and as well as to utilize the fallow/ waste land of the research site. Under livestock component, experiments were conducted on rearing of egg producing hen, duck, fattening of animals, milching cow, artificial insemination and chemical evaluation of available feedstuffs. A continuous vaccination programme against common diseases of poultry was maintained throughout the study period. Farmers response was very positive towards the experimental results. In the fisheries component, experiment on cage culture in open water, perennial and seasonal pond culture, dry fish and pickle were conducted/done. Among the experiments cage culture in open water proved to be a promising technology and fish pickle was highly appreciated in panel test. For the rural hydrology and mechanization component four studies were conducted. The physico-chemical properties of farm land and homestead soils were determined. Additional application of sulphur and zinc fertilizers were found not required. Both the surface and groundwater characteristics were studied. The maximum flood water depth was found around 3.0 m at farm land. Irrigation facilities developed by installing a shallow tubewell (STW) resulted higher crop production and motivated farmers to install four new STWs by their own capital. All the households (462) of Purbo Tethulia were intervened from the project. The interventions were crop, vegetable, livestock, poultry and fish farming. It was observed that as the number of enterprises increased in the farming systems, the income also increased. The evidence also showed that the training of the beneficiaries increased their knowledge and skill.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 12(2): 325-336, December 2014
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Chor, Wei Kang, Victor Charlie Andin, Chitra Devi Gopalakrishnan, Amierah Amer, Shaheera Mohamed, Hiroyoshi Matsumoto, and Leong Seng Lim. "A comparative analysis of the effect of low-cost fish and commercially compounded feed on growth performance and organoleptic quality of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) in cage farming in Kuala Penyu, Sabah, and nutritional costs." Borneo Journal of Marine Science and Aquaculture (BJoMSA) 4, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/bjomsa.v4i1.2049.
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A 25-week feeding trial was conducted to assess the growth performance, organoleptic quality, and to estimate the viability of nourishing hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x Epinephelus lanceolatus) with low-cost fish (LCF) and commercially compound feed (CCF). A group of 3600 juvenile fish (182g) were released in four sea cages and fed with either LCF or CCF in duplicate. At the end of the trial, the hybrid grouper provided LCF attained a significantly higher (P<0.05) final body weight (971.00±24.04g) than those fed with CCF (838.50±17.68g). While the estimated feed cost of hybrid grouper fed with LCF (RM7.84 ± 0.45) was lower than those fed with CCF (RM9.28 ± 0.37), no significant difference was found in the fish survival and there was no clear bias in consumer preferences for either fish fed with LCF or CCF (P>0.05). Although technicalities of fish fed with LCF suggest that LCF is more efficient than CCF, feeding LCF to high-value fish is an unsustainable practice as LCF is usually obtained through trawling – a destructive fishing method for the marine ecosystem. Therefore, feeding with CCF without the use of LCF as the source of protein for its fishmeal will contribute to sustainable aquaculture. In order to convince the local farmers in Sabah to adopt the practice of feeding CCF, future research should focus on completing the species-specific diet formulation to promote optimum growth, and find ways to reduce the CCF local selling price.
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Stige, LC, KO Helgesen, H. Viljugrein, and L. Qviller. "A statistical mechanistic approach including temperature and salinity effects to improve salmon lice modelling of infestation pressure." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 13 (August 26, 2021): 339–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00410.
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Salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis pose a major threat to the sustainable development of salmonid farming. To investigate effects of farm-origin salmon lice on wild salmonids, salmon lice dynamics are typically simulated using models that depend on experimentally determined rates of development, reproduction, mortality and infestation. Several recent studies provide new estimates of how these demographic rates depend on temperature and salinity. Here, we review and synthesize these studies and test if updating a salmon lice infestation model based on the new insights improves predictions of salmon lice infestations on salmon post-smolts in experimental cages in the sea. This model predicts spatiotemporal variation in infestation pressure based on weekly monitoring data of salmon lice and sea temperature in all salmonid fish farms in Norway, here supplemented by temperature and salinity data from a regional ocean model. Using data from 2012-2017 to select model formulation, we found the largest improvement in explanatory power by incorporating a salinity-dependent infestation rate. Updating functions for temperature-dependent egg production and infestation rates led to smaller improvements. Moreover, results suggest additional effects of temperature and a possible temperature-salinity interaction effect, not captured by the modelled processes. Out-of-sample predictions for experimental cage data from 2018-2020 confirmed that the uncertainty was realistically quantified, but also showed that associations of salmon lice infestations with salinity and temperature had changed. These results provide a field evaluation of experimental data and point to a knowledge gap regarding the combined effects of temperature and salinity on salmon lice infestations.
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Sangirova, Umida, Zulfiya Khafizova, Iskandar Yunusov, Barna Rakhmankulova, and Umirzok Kholiyorov. "The benefits of development cage fish farming." E3S Web of Conferences 217 (2020): 09006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021709006.
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The fishing industry has a special role in the development of the agricultural economy. Fish farming in cages is currently very important and is a promising and economically profitable form of growing marketable fish. The fishing industry has many advantages, such as beneficial effects on the health of the population, on the environment, and on the world’s economy. Activities carried out in the fish farming industry provide ample opportunities. These activities are the organization of fish farming clusters, the use of intensive methods and resource-saving technologies, the transportation of compound feed and mineral fertilizers to fish farms. Intensive fish farming can reduce the cost of fish and maintain the existence of many types of commercial fish.
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Kwikiriza, Gerald. "Prospects of Cage Fish Farming in South Western Uganda." Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 7, no. 2 (2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20180702.12.
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Salazar, F. J., and R. C. Saldana. "Characterization of manures from fish cage farming in Chile." Bioresource Technology 98, no. 17 (December 2007): 3322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.07.003.
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Tihonov, Evgeniy. "MATRIX CAGES HOLDING SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL FISH FARMING." Fisheries 2020, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37663/0131-6184-2020-1-93-99.
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In the paper, the technical aspects of modeling the retention system of matrixtype cages for industrial fish farming in a pond is considered. To date, there is no developed calculation methodology that takes into account the layout features of each cage module. The layout of the modules can vary significantly: from 1 to 36 cages of various designs. The aim of the work is to substantiate the parameters of the holding ropes, the length of the pull chains and the required mass of anchors by calculating the tensile forces in the ropes and the reaction of the anchor supports when solving the dynamic task in an unsteady setting. To solve this problem, a dynamic system was developed considering wind, wave, and inertial loads acting on all elements of the system: cage, holding ropes, chains, anchors. The force acting on the surface of the cage from the wind is received. The values of tensile forces in the ropes, the reaction of the supports of the anchors in three planes are obtained. The lengths of the chains are identified, ensuring the absence of tearing forces acting on the anchors. The masses of anchors are calculated taking into account the Archimedean force, depending on the density of the anchors’ material. The simulation lasted for 60 s. At 37 seconds of calculation, a resonant phenomenon was revealed: a significant increase in the breaking strength in the rope.
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Dias, Juliana Déo, Nadson Ressyé Simões, and Cláudia Costa Bonecker. "Net cages in fish farming: a scientometric analysis." Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 24, no. 1 (August 16, 2012): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2012005000022.
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AIM: This study presents a scientometric analysis of studies on net cages in order to determine whether these studies are considering environmental issues or only seeking an increase in food production; METHODS: The survey of articles was accomplished using the Thomson Reuters Database (ISI Web of Knowledge), with "cage culture" and "net cage" as keywords. We selected 238 articles that were published between 1990 and 2009; RESULTS: There was a temporal increase in the number of articles published. These articles focused mainly on fish production and environmental impacts; CONCLUSION: The studies of net cages in fish farming mainly investigated fish production, although environmental issues relating to this recent human activity were also important. Policy makers should consider both sides of the coin (i.e., both the benefits and environmental impacts of fish production) in regulation of this activity.
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Sih Piranti, Agatha, Diana RUS Rahayu, and Gentur Waluyo. "Phosphorus Loading from Fish Farming Activities to Wadaslintang Reservoir Waters." E3S Web of Conferences 47 (2018): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184704007.
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Wadaslintang Reservoir located in Wonosobo Regency of Central Java provides to fish farming area using floating net cage. There are 2 feeding system applied that are semi intensively system managed by local community and super intensively managed by PT. Aquafarm. Both different feeding systems resulted in the amount of pollutant load coming into the reservoirs in the form of total P derived from the remaining feed and feces of fish entering into the reservoir. This can trigger the eutrophication condition of the reservoir waters. The purposes of this study were 1) to calculate the capacity of Wadaslintang reservoir to phosphorus load based on its morphometry and hydrology, 2) to evaluate the capacity of wadaslintang reservoir to Phosphorus load from floating net cage activities in wadaslintang reservoir, and 3) to design the program on the reducing load of Total Phosphorus from floating net activities in wadaslintang reservoir. The research was conducted by survey method in the Wadaslintang Reservoir during January 2016 in both locations of floating net cage fish farming. Parameters measured were P content in fish and P content of feed used in both cultivation systems, and P concentration of reservoir water. The amount of pollutant load coming into the reservoir and its impact on the P concentration of water was calculated using the formula. The results showed that Wadaslintang Reservoir to phosphorus load capacity was 106,56 ton P/year. The Phosphorus load from floating net cage was 216,2 ton P/year. The P load from PT. Aquafarm have exceeded the capacity as much as 70,74 ton P/year. In general the existence of fish farming system using floating net cage in Wadaslintang Reservoir has contributed to increase the concentration of P equal to 43,9% or in other words as much as 50% of P load that goes into reservoir of wadaslintang. Programs designed to reduce the phosphorus load could be done by reducing the number of floating net and decreasing all the activities in the catchment area up to 50% to fulfill phosphorus standard of 100 mg/m3.
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Polyakov, Alexander Vladimirovich, and Anna Vladimirovna Konkova. "Cages’ farming foundation as a limiting factor in cultivation of sturgeon fish hybrids." Rybovodstvo i rybnoe hozjajstvo (Fish Breeding and Fisheries), no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-09-2102-05.
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The work experimentally confirmed the negative influence of fouling of cage structures on the growth and survival rates of reared young sturgeon hybrid — bester (Huso (Linnaeus, 1758) × Acipenser ruthenus (Linnaeus, 1758)). A significant decrease in growth and an increase in fish mortality in modules with a maximum biofouling area was noted. The possibility of using alternative cleaning methods in comparison with traditional mechanical and chemical ones has been investigated. The positive results of the experimental approbation of the author’s development — the practical application of a specially designed structure made of tarpaulin for the cage are given. The use of an easy-to-manufacture and operate device prevented active contamination of the cells, increased the efficiency of keeping fish, which is economically beneficial for commercial sturgeon growing in cages. In general, in fish farms located in a natural reservoir in the spring-summer period, the overgrowth of fodder bottoms and cage walls with filamentous algae has a strong negative effect on the cultivation of sturgeon fish. To optimize the fish-breeding process and reduce the number of algae during the period of their active growth on cages (the timing must be determined according to the conditions of a particular reservoir), special canvas covers should be used. This device will reduce the amount of sunlight entering the cage bottoms and slow down the growth of filamentous algae. To install this device on the cage, two workers are required, the approximate installation time (and, if necessary, dismantling) will be 20 minutes. To reduce the negative effect of algae fouling of the cage bed, measures should be taken to mechanically clean the stern bottoms and walls of the cage with high-pressure cleaning (washer) devices, after transplanting the cultivated objects into another fish hatchery
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Akpınar, Gamze, and F. Ozan Düzbastılar. "Evaluation of diving operations for fish cage farming in the Aegean Sea." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.38.1.04.
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Mariculture represents approximate 50 percent of global aquaculture production by weight. Fish cages, which consist simply HDPE frame, netting, and mooring system, in fish farming are key elements of sea cage aquaculture. Aquaculture divers are responsible for inspection and maintenance of the underwater structures such as nets, mooring line and anchor, removing dead fish, monitoring the abnormal behavior of fish, assistance harvesting of fish and other periodic underwater works in fish cage farms. In recent years, the demand for aquaculture divers has increased in fish cage farms in both northern and southern Aegean Sea with enhancement of fish production in mariculture. On the other hand, various problems (diving accidents, faulty diving operations, lack of training etc.) related to work conditions and legal regulations of aquaculture divers have emerged. In the study, with the questionnaire consisting of 49 questions, face to face surveys were performed with 162 aquaculture divers in fish farms around Muğla and İzmir provinces between February and May 2019. Results showed the presence that there are three main problems consisting of diving regulations for professional divers, the candidate diving system and diving education which may cause fatal accidents should be improved and revised urgently.
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Rosini, Edna Ferreira, Andréa Tucci, Clóvis Ferreira do Carmo, and Helenice Pereira de Barros. "Water quality in Ponte Pensa Aquaculture Park, Solteira Island Reservoir, SP, Brazil, where fish are cultivated under great-volume cage system." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 14, no. 4 (June 26, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2382.
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This study analyzes spatial and temporal variations in physical and chemical water variables due to the influence of fish culture in a cage system (20x20x3 m) in Ponte Pensa Aquaculture Park (Solteira Island Reservoir), before and after cage installation. Water samples were collected on a monthly basis in the subsurface of three sampling sites (August/2011 to July/2013): downstream from the farming site (S1), at the farming site (S2), and upstream from the farming site (S3) (n = 72). Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, transparency, turbidity, electrical conductivity, ammonium ion and total phosphorus were assessed. The principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to joint analysis data. PCA results explained the 61% joint variability in data of the first two components. Fish farming in cages caused significant temporal changes, mainly in January 2013, as well as sudden spatial changes in water physical and chemical variables. Fish culture influenced the quality of the water; such influence was mainly indicated by variations in ammonium ions and in total phosphorus concentrations, which were confirmed through PCA application. PCA results showed two distinct temporal phases: Phase 1 - prior to fish-cage farming, when limnological conditions were characterized by the highest dissolved oxygen concentrations and by high temperatures; Phase 2 - post-production period, when limnological conditions were characterized by the highest total phosphorus and ammonium ion concentrations.
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Windyandari, Aulia, and Ahmad Fauzan Zakki. "The Structural Response Investigation of Modular Pontoon Collar Floating Cage due to Current Load to Support Fish Farming Activities." MATEC Web of Conferences 159 (2018): 02054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815902054.
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The size of net cages increases rapidly, reaching volumes above current experience. More exposed locations are used for fish production, introducing higher loads on the net cage and fish farm from strong water currents and large waves. Strength analysis can be a useful tool for development of net-cage designs to avoid escape of fish and ensure sufficient volume for good fish welfare and water quality. The main objectives of this research are to investigate the structural response of modular pontoon collar floating cage due to the current load to support the fish farming activities. Strength analysis was performed using commercial explicit finite element software to calculate the distribution of loads in the net cage due to current, weights and gravity. The net cage was modeled using truss elements that represented several parallel twines. Sub-elements allowed the trusses to buckle in compression, and only negligible compressive forces were seen in the numerical results. Resulting drag loads and cage volume were shown to be dependent on the net cage size and collar shape.
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MENSAH, VIDZRO FRANCIS, TED YEMOH ANNANG, and BENJAMIN D. OFORI. "Environmental and socioeconomic impact of cage aquaculture at Kpeve Tornu section of the Volta Lake, Ghana." Bonorowo Wetlands 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/bonorowo/w080205.
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Mensah VF, Yemoh T, Ofori BD. 2018. Environmental and socioeconomic impact of cage aquaculture at Kpeve Tornu section of the Volta Lake. Bonorowo Wetlands 2: 84-95. Sufficient data on the financial viability of cage aquaculture in Ghana is limited, and only little is also known of the effects of fish farming on the Volta Lake on fishing communities. This study, therefore, sought to investigate these relevant issues at Kpeve Tornu, a fishing society in Afadjato South District in the Volta Region. Laboratory analysis of physicochemical parameters suggested that there were no significant differences between water quality parameters from four fish farms and two control locations. A cost-benefit analysis performed on five cages of volume 360 cubic meters each was 1.34 in the first production cycle, whereas a gross margin of 104.41 percent in the second production cycle suggesting that cage aquaculture industry in Ghana was financially viable. The cage aquaculture industry also impacted positively on the livelihoods of the people of Kpeve Tornu in regions of recruitment, poverty alleviation, trade, and food security. Cage fish farm owners did not comply fully with aquaculture rules. Aquaculture rules were effective on fingerlings and aquaculture related chemicals producers, but the rules on fish farmers needed a review because there were no definitions for intensive and semi-intensive fish farming in the aquaculture rules of Ghana.
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Chu, Y. I., C. M. Wang, J. C. Park, and P. F. Lader. "Review of cage and containment tank designs for offshore fish farming." Aquaculture 519 (March 2020): 734928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.734928.
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Akegbejo-Samsons, Y., I. T. Omoniyi, and F. I. Adeosun. "INVESTMENT PROSPECTS IN INTEGRATED FISH CUM POULTRY FARMING SYSTEM." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 34, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v34i1.2458.
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The study examined the feasibility of a small scale integrated fish cum poultry farming project utilizing concrete tank of 4 x 4.8x3.5m. 900 post fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (52 2.7g) were stocked in 3 concrete tanks at the rate of 1fish per 5m2 and fed diets containing 38% (Diet 1). 33% (Diet 2) and 31% (Diet 3) crude protein levels. Three battery cages containing 15 laying birds were installed on each tank. The birds were fed with layer mash (CP 18%) while the fish were fed with 300kg of fresh maggots and pelleted feed. At the end of 213days, growth response and nutrient utilization of fish were based on Average daily weight gain, (DWG 4.48) relative growth rate (RGR 1834.27) and specific growth rate (SGR 1.39). Final weight ranged from 949.2g to 963.2g. Daily weight ranged from 4.46g to 4.52g. Feed cost for fish was drastically reduced while revenue from poultry was significantly increased. The profitability analysis of the operation showed that table size Charias production generated return to investment of 31.19%, a rate of return on fixed cost 163.79% and a rate of return on variable cost of (161.07). The financial analysis reveals a viable investment.
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Boyra, A., F. J. A. Nascimento, F. Tuya, P. Sanchez-Jerez, and R. J. Haroun. "Impact of sea-cage fish farms on intertidal macrobenthic assemblages." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84, no. 3 (May 24, 2004): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315404009713h.
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The influence of two sea-cage fish farms at Gran Canaria Island (Canary Islands, central east Atlantic Ocean) on the intertidal macrobenthic assemblages was studied. Two controls and two impact locations were established at each farm. The composition and coverage of the macrobenthic assemblages were surveyed every three months using image processing analyses. Significant dissimilarities were found between control and impact locations at both sea-cage fish farms. The presence of: (1) algal species tolerant to pollution (Caulerpa racemosa and Corallina elongata); and (2) filter-feeding fauna (Anemonia sulcata) at impact locations, indicate that the fish farming activity is causing an effect on the surrounding intertidal macrobenthic assemblages of both sea-cage fish farms.
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Brandão, Heleno, Javier Lobón-Cerviá, Igor Paiva Ramos, Ana Carolina Souto, André Batista Nobile, Érica de Oliveira Penha Zica, and Edmir Daniel Carvalho. "Influence of a cage farming on the population of the fish species Apareiodon affinis (Steindachner, 1879) in the Chavantes reservoir, Paranapanema River SP/PR, Brazil." Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 24, no. 4 (April 19, 2013): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2013005000012.
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AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diet and biological attributes of the population of Apareiodon affinis residing near net-cage fish farming activities in the Chavantes reservoir. METHODS: Samples were collected from two populations: one near the net cages (NC) and one from an area not influenced by these cages denominated the "reference site" (RS). Monthly sampling was carried out from Mar/2008 to Feb/2009. Fish were caught with a standardized effort using gill nets deployed for 14 hours. After all individuals were measured (standard length) and weighed (total weight, carcass weight , body weight without gonads). To determine the composition of the diet, the alimentary index was calculated (AI). We also calculated the length-weight relationship, condition factor, gonad-somatic index (GSI ) and reproductive potential. RESULTS: A total of 3050 individuals were caught. The results of the (AI) revealed that the item detritus was the main food used for populations of A. affinis studied in two areas (NC = 73.1% and RS = 95.7%). The use of feed on diet A. affinis was recorded for the populations of NC adding (20.5%) of the total items consumed by the population. The resident populations residing near net-cage showed higher condition factor and more reproductive period. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the ability of the species to benefit from the input of organic matter from fish farming activities, inserting a new item in their diet (ration). This work indicates that the species A. affinis managed to establish near net-cage, allocating enough energy to increase their reproductive period and maintain viable populations close to net-cage, evidenced by the high abundance. This study suggests that systems of fish farming in net-cage influence diet and biological attributes of the species A. affinis residents Chavantes reservoir, Brazil.
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Rooney, Rebecca C., and Cheryl L. Podemski. "Freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming affects sediment and pore-water chemistry." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 5 (2010): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09097.
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Marine aquaculture has come under scrutiny, whereas little is known about the nature and extent of the effects of cage aquaculture in freshwater. We describe the development of changes in sediment and pore-water chemistry caused by an experimental Oncorhynchus mykiss farm located in freshwater Lake 375 (Experimental Lakes Area, north-western Ontario, Canada) during its first two production cycles along a distance transect from the cage. Significant changes in sediment chemistry were quick to develop; pore-water ammonia was elevated under the cage after 1 month and sediment nutrients were elevated 1 month later. The effects on the benthic environment were spatially localised, although variables responded to different extents. Within 16 months, nutrient concentrations in surface sediment reached an asymptote, whereas concentrations of metals and ammonia continued to increase. Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentrations under the cage reached levels that exceed sediment quality guidelines and may cause adverse biological impacts. An anti-fouling coating applied to the net pen was the major source of Cu, whereas Zn originated also from fish feed. Ammonia and pH are recommended for inclusion in monitoring programs because they were sensitive to fish farming and are biologically relevant. We also suggest inclusion of Cu and Zn in monitoring programs at farms with treated nets.
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Starco, N. "Calculation of the environmental capacity of cooling ponds for cage fish farming." Ribogospodarsʹka nauka Ukraïni, no. 4(38) (December 22, 2016): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fsu2016.04.035.
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Yuniarti, Ivana, Klaus Glenk, Alistair McVittie, Sulung Nomosatryo, Endra Triwisesa, Tri Suryono, Arianto Budi Santoso, and Iwan Ridwansyah. "An application of Bayesian Belief Networks to assess management scenarios for aquaculture in a complex tropical lake system in Indonesia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): e0250365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250365.
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A Bayesian Belief Network, validated using past observational data, is applied to conceptualize the ecological response of Lake Maninjau, a tropical lake ecosystem in Indonesia, to tilapia cage farms operating on the lake and to quantify its impacts to assist decision making. The model captures ecosystem services trade-offs between cage farming and native fish loss. It is used to appraise options for lake management related to the minimization of the impacts of the cage farms. The constructed model overcomes difficulties with limited data availability to illustrate the complex physical and biogeochemical interactions contributing to triggering mass fish kills due to upwelling and the loss in the production of native fish related to the operation of cage farming. The model highlights existing information gaps in the research related to the management of the farms in the study area, which is applicable to other tropical lakes in general. Model results suggest that internal phosphorous loading (IPL) should be recognized as one of the primary targets of the deep eutrophic tropical lake restoration efforts. Theoretical and practical contributions of the model and model expansions are discussed. Short- and longer-term actions to contribute to a more sustainable management are recommended and include epilimnion aeration and sediment capping.
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Bjerkeng, Magnus, Trine Kirkhus, Walter Caharija, Jens T. Thielemann, Herman B. Amundsen, Sveinung Johan Ohrem, and Esten Ingar Grøtli. "ROV Navigation in a Fish Cage with Laser-Camera Triangulation." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010079.
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Aquaculture net cage inspection and maintenance is a central issue in fish farming. Inspection using autonomous underwater vehicles is a promising solution. This paper proposes laser-camera triangulation for pose estimation to enable autonomous net following for an autonomous vehicle. The laser triangulation 3D data is experimentally compared to a doppler velocity log (DVL) in an active fish farm. We show that our system is comparable in performance to a DVL for distance and angular pose measurements. Laser triangulation is promising as a short distance ranging sensor for autonomous vehicles at a low cost compared to acoustic sensors.
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Sthapit, Pranesh, MinSeok Kim, and Kiseon Kim. "A Method to Accurately Estimate Fish Abundance in Offshore Cages." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (May 27, 2020): 3720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113720.
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Due to the lack of reliable methods, manual fish counting is popular on farms. However, this approach is time and labor intensive. Using an echosounder and the echo-integration technique could be a better alternative. The echo-integration method has been widely used in fish abundance estimation in waterbodies because of its simplicity. However, most of the research is concentrated on the open ocean, whereas fish count estimation in farming cages has not been explored much. Using the echo-integration method in a cage offers its own unique sets of problems. Firstly, the echo signal reflected from the cage boundaries should also be taken into account. Secondly, the fish inside a cage behave differently with time, as their mobility pattern is highly dependent on sunlight and water current. In this paper, fish behavior inside an offshore cage over time was extensively studied, and based on that a real-time fish counter system using a commercial echosounder was developed. The experiments demonstrate that our method is simple, user-friendly, and has an estimation error of less than 10%. Since our method accurately estimated fish abundance, the method should be reliable when making fish management decisions.
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Ballester-Moltó, M., P. Sanchez-Jerez, and F. Aguado-Giménez. "Consumption of particulate wastes derived from cage fish farming by aggregated wild fish. An experimental approach." Marine Environmental Research 130 (September 2017): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.07.014.
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Mukuan, Eva. "Fish Farming Development Potency with Floating Fish Cage System in Amurang District, South Minahasa Regency, Indonesia." IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology 5, no. 2 (2013): 05–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2402-0520511.
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Zago, Aline Cristina, Lidiane Franceschini, Fabiana Garcia, Sérgio Henrique Canello Schalch, Kátia Suemi Gozi, and Reinaldo José da Silva. "Ectoparasites of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in cage farming in a hydroelectric reservoir in Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 23, no. 2 (June 2014): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612014041.
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For this study, we performed a parasitological analysis of cage-cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from the Água Vermelha Reservoir, Southeastern Brazil, and verified relationships with limnological data, seasonality, and fish growth phase. From March 2010 to March 2011, sixty-three specimens of O. niloticusin three growth phases (i.e., initial, intermediate, and final) were collected. All fish specimens were infested with at least one ectoparasite species (prevalence = 100%). Five species of protozoans (Trichodina compacta, Trichodina magna, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis,Piscinoodinium pillulare, and Epistylissp.) and five species of monogenoids (Cichlidogyrus halli, Cichlidogyrus thurstonae,Cichlidogyrus sp. 1, Scutogyrus longicornis, and Gyrodactylus sp.) were observed. The abundance of Trichodina spp. and the prevalence of Epistylis sp. were higher in the dry season, and the prevalence of C. halli was higher in the rainy season. For the majority of ectoparasites found in this study, fish in the intermediate and final phases had higher parasitism rates than those in the initial phase. The data presented may help fish farmers to understand the parasite dynamics of the fish species studied in cage-farming systems.
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Loureiro, Bruna Roque, Christina Wyss Castelo Branco, and Evoy Zaniboni Filho. "Influence of net-cage fish farming on zooplankton biomass in the Itá reservoir, SC, Brazil." Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 23, no. 4 (May 10, 2012): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2012005000014.
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OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to verify the influence of net-cage fish farming on zooplankton biomass in the Itá reservoir (Uruguay River, Brazil). METHODS: Samples were collected monthly from October/2009 to May/2010 at the surface and at the bottom in two sampling stations, the net-cage area and in a control area using a Van Dorn bottle and a plankton net (68 µm). RESULTS: The Cladocera and Copepoda biomass was estimated by dry weight using a micro-analytical balance, and the Rotifera biomass by Biovolume. Total zooplankton biomass varied between 6.47 and 131.56 mgDW.m-3 Calanoida copepod presented the highest value of biomass (127.56 mgDW.m-3) and rotifers, despite having an important contribution to total density, showed a maximum biomass of 2.01 mgDW.m-3. Zooplankton biomass at the net-cage area surface was higher when compared with the control area during the months of October to January. However, the zooplankton biomass was similar at the bottom of the two areas throughout the studied period. From February until May, zooplankton biomass decreased in both sampling stations, a fact probably associated with the flushing of the reservoir, followed by an increase in water transparency and a decrease in chlorophyll-a concentration in the following months (February to May). CONCLUSIONS: The influence of fish farming on zooplankton biomass was detected at the surface of the net-cage area only from October to January. From February to May this influence was not found, probably by the influence of the flushing of the reservoir.
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Goodbrand, L., M. V. Abrahams, and G. A. Rose. "Sea cage aquaculture affects distribution of wild fish at large spatial scales." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 70, no. 9 (September 2013): 1289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2012-0317.
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Aquaculture sea cages are fixed in space and inadvertently provide food to wild animals that is stable through time. We measured the effect of these novel and highly predictable resource patches on the distribution of wild fish across large spatial scales along the south coast of Newfoundland, Canada. Randomized stratified hydroacoustic surveys were used to compare the distribution and abundance of wild fish in bays that contained Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farms with control bays. Control bays were areas with no history of salmon farming but have been selected for future use by the industry. We found that measures of total area backscatter (nautical area scattering coefficient, NASC) were significantly greater in bays that contain salmon farming compared with control locations. The mean NASC in farmed bays was not significantly different from mean NASC measurements taken directly adjacent to sea cages. Variability around mean NASC estimates could not be explained by the quantity of feed available to consumers, when the number of sea cages in a farm site was used as a proxy for feed availability. Our results suggest that individual-level consumer responses at sea cages can be transmitted across larger spatial scales.
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Purnawanti, Yani, Nur Syahroni, and Yeyes Mulyadi. "Analysis of static structural of ocean FARMITS offshore cage due to environmental load." MATEC Web of Conferences 177 (2018): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817701023.
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Consumption of fish in Indonesia continuously increase from 2000 to 2014. Particularly fish farming in Java from 2006-2014 is quite high, so there need to be adequate facilities for fish farming. Responding to these challenges, we developed Offshore Cage Ocean FARMITS technology specifically designed For the southern waters of Java Island. This paper discusses the static structure strength analysis of deformation and maximum yield strength that occurs on the offshore cage structure of Ocean FARMITS. The frame structure made of hollow pipe made from HDPE will be placed at 4,41m Wave Height, with a period of 19s. Numerical simulations are performed to obtain a motion response RAO and structural response due to random waves. This Structure is then analyzed under mooring conditions with the Catenary Mooring configuration. Rope stress that occur due to environmental loads will give tension stress to the structure, resulting in the offshore cage structure to occur maximum stress and deformation. The result of this research is to prove that the structure that is made by HDPE able to restrain the tension force of mooring line stress. This has been validated by the standard of Practical Aspects of Offshore Aquaculture System Design from Aquaculture America, so this structure can be said to be operating safely under Indonesian Irregular Wave.
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Sivakumar, M. N. "Chlorophyll-A Predicting Based on Artificial Neural Network for Marine Cage Fish Farming." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 8, no. 3s (2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2017.00229.7.
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Tsarau, Andrei, Claudio Lugni, Alessia Lucarelli, David Kristiansen, and Pål Lader. "Sloshing in a rotating liquid inside a closed sea cage for fish farming." Physics of Fluids 33, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 037114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0037408.
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Tuya, F., P. Sanchez-Jerez, T. Dempster, A. Boyra, and R. J. Haroun. "Changes in demersal wild fish aggregations beneath a sea-cage fish farm after the cessation of farming." Journal of Fish Biology 69, no. 3 (September 2006): 682–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01139.x.
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Loverich, Gary F. "A Case Study of an Offshore SeaStation® Sea Farm." Marine Technology Society Journal 44, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.44.3.2.
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AbstractOcean Spar engineers have been testing the SeaStation® cage since 1994. Recently, larger offshore sea farming ventures have been employing the SeaStation submersible cages for growing fish at ocean sites. Of particular interest is the case study of a larger system of SeaStation cages installed and operated off Keahole Point, Kona, Hawaii. The offshore site is subject to ocean-gyre currents of 1 m/s and 50-year storm waves with significant wave heights of 9 m. The venture had six cages installed and arranged in a 2 × 3 moored array kept at a minimum submergence of 10 m. The individual cages have unique buoyancy control for raising the cage out of the water, so one half of the volume is exposed to air for cleaning and drying. This tactic also increases the efficiency of crop harvest with minimum effort by the farm operators and minimum stress to the fish. As SeaStation cages were added to fill the six cage array, the last two cages were designed with an additional feature allowing the cage to flip while submerged. The flip operation exchanged the top and the bottom of the cage, so the entire cage could be cleaned by exposure to the sun and wind. With the increasing number of cages, the grid system dynamics changed, and higher than expected currents foiled some of the operational strategies that were developed using the individual cages. This article documents the features, events, and innovative remedies that made this sea farming effort unique and worthy of note.
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Langan, Richard. "Technology Needs for Improved Operational Efficiency of Open Ocean Cage Culture." Marine Technology Society Journal 44, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.44.3.1.
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AbstractAdvances in engineering design and construction of mooring and containment systems capable of withstanding forces of waves and currents in open ocean environments over the past two decades have brought open sea fish farming much closer to realization. Despite the progress in development of mooring and cage technologies, expansion of farming in offshore waters has been measured, primarily due to the inherent difficulties of operating in an environment that is frequently inaccessible by vessels and farm personnel due to hostile weather conditions. In order for open ocean farming to achieve large-scale production, engineered systems that are capable of autonomous operation for periods ranging from days to weeks are needed. Some advances in the development of supporting technologies have been made; however, until we see off-the-shelf technologies for remote operation of routine tasks such as feeding, maintenance, and observation of stock and environmental conditions, development will likely be limited in scope and spatial scale.
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Triswiyana, Ira, Ayu Permatasari, and Juandi Juandi. "DISTRIBUTION AND PRODUCTION OF FRESH WATER FISH FARMERS GROUP IN MUNTOK SUB DISTRICT, WEST BANGKA." Journal of Aquatropica Asia 5, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/aquatropica.v5i1.1824.
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Freshwater fish farming in West Bangka Regency is developing to meet the needs of the local market. Information about the distribution and production of fish farmers groups (Pokdakan) can be used as a basis for planning sustainable development. This research was conducted using a survey method in July - September 2019 in Muntok District, West Bangka Regency. Fifteen Pokdakan scattered in seven villages with the majority developing catfish commodities. There is only one group that belongs to the middle class, while the other group is still in the beginner class. Freshwater fish productivity reaches 3.2 tons per quarter. The majority of Pokdakan utilize former tin mines with step-in-net cage for fish farming so that their productivity is affected by the season. Continuity of production is needed so that the class of Pokdakan can increase.
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Dody, Safar, and Dinawanti La Rae. "Laju Pertumbuhan Ikan Kerapu Bebek Cromileptes altivelis yang Dipelihara dalam Keramba Jaring Apung." Oseanologi dan Limnologi di Indonesia 1, no. 1 (May 31, 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oldi.2016.v1i1.28.
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<strong>Growth Rate of Humpback Grouper Cromileptes altivelis Cultured in Floating Net Cages.</strong> Humpback Grouper <em>Cromileptes altivelis</em> fish farming has good opportunities in the future, although still experiencing problems in its cultivation. One of the parameters that needs to be considered is the stocking density associated with the cage area. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate stocking density to generate optimum growth of Humpback Grouper cultivated in floating net cages. The study was conducted using the experimental method with 3 treatments and 3 replications. There were 9 cages used with the size of 1 x 1 x 1.5 m3 and a mesh size of 0.5 inches. The study was conducted in the waters of Banda Neira, Maluku, with the condition of the waters during the experiment, such as salinity which ranged from 33.2 to 34.6‰, water temperature ranged from 25 to 31°C, pH ranged from 7 to7.5, current speed 0.32–3.97cm/s, and water clarity was 14.29 to 20 m. The feed was trash fish given twice a day, in the morning and afternoon as much as 10% of total body weight of fish. After 4 months of cultivation, the absolute growth was best demonstrated by the treatment with stocking density of 25 fish/cage, which was 18.22 g, while the lowest (13.25 g) was shown by the treatment with stocking density of 75 fish/cage. The specific growth rate in the treatment of 25 fish/cage reached 1.34%/day, while the treatment of 50 fish/cage and 75 fish/cage reached 1.18%/day and 0.97%/day respectively.<br /><br /><br />
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Holmer, M., and E. Kristensen. "Impact of marine fish cage farming on metabolism and sulfate reduction of underlying sediments." Marine Ecology Progress Series 80 (1992): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps080191.
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Iliyasu, Abdullahi, Zainal Abidin Mohamed, Mohamed Mansor Ismail, Abdullah Mahir Amin, and Hashim Mazuki. "Technical efficiency of cage fish farming in Peninsular Malaysia: a stochastic frontier production approach." Aquaculture Research 47, no. 1 (May 17, 2014): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.12474.
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Karakassis, I. "Impact of cage farming of fish on the seabed in three Mediterranean coastal areas." ICES Journal of Marine Science 57, no. 5 (October 2000): 1462–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0925.
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Phụng, Nguyễn Trần Tiểu, Lê Thị Hoa Sen, and Lê Thị Hồng Phương. "LIÊN KẾT TRONG NUÔI TRỒNG VÀ TIÊU THỤ CÁ LỒNG TẠI THỊ TRẤN THUẬN AN, HUYỆN PHÚ VANG, TỈNH THỪA THIÊN HUẾ." Tạp chí Khoa học và công nghệ nông nghiệp, Trường Đại học Nông Lâm Huế 4, no. 3 (December 29, 2020): 2029–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46826/huaf-jasat.v4n3y2020.317.
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Nghiên cứu này nhằm đánh giá thực trạng liên kết trong nuôi trồng và tiêu thụ cá lồng của nông hộ tại thị trấn Thuận An, huyện Phú Vang, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy có 02 loại hình hợp tác liên kết chính của nông hộ trên địa bàn nghiên cứu là hợp tác (liên kết ngang) giữa các hộ tham gia nuôi cá lồng và liên kết dọc giữa hộ nuôi cá lồng với các tác nhân trung gian thông qua chuỗi đó là: “Liên kết giữa đại lý bán giống và các hộ nuôi - Liên kết giữa các hộ nuôi và đại lý thu mua - Liên kết giữa các đại lý thu mua đến người tiêu dùng cuối cùng”. Có 04 yếu tố thúc đẩy và 05 yếu tố hạn chế sự liên kết của nông hộ trong quá trình tiêu thụ cá lồng. Các mối liên kết chỉ mang tính tự phát và hình thành dựa trên sự tin tưởng của các quan hệ thân quen, chưa có tổ hợp tác liên kết cụ thể trong hoạt động nuôi cá lồng ở địa bàn nghiên cứu. Các giải pháp cần thiết lúc này là sự tham gia của chính quyền địa phương trong việc phát triển các mối liên kết, tập huấn nâng cao năng lực cho nông hộ để góp phần tăng thu nhập cho người dân, tạo thương hiệu và giải quyết được vấn đề thị trường cho sản phẩm cá lồng tại thị trấn Thuận An.
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to assess the status of linkage in cage culture and consumption of households in Thuan An town, Phu Vang district, Thua Thien Hue province. The research results showed that there were two main types of cooperative cooperation among farmers in the study area such as cooperation (cross-linkage) between households participating in cage fish farming and vertical linkage between cage farming households and intermediary agent through that chain was “The linkage between seed dealers and farmers - the linkage between farmers and buying agent - the linkage between buying agent to the final consumers”. There were 04 motivating factors and 05 factors that limited the households’ linkage during cage fish consumption. The linkage was spontaneous and formed based on trust and familiarity, there was no specific cooperative group in cage fish farming activities in the study area. The necessary solutions were participation of local authorities in developing linkages, training to improve farmers’ capacity to contribute to increasing households incomes for the people, creating brands and solving commercial issues for fish cage products in Thuan An town.
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Nguyen, Hanh Kim, Erik Kristensen, and Lars Chresten Lund-Hansen. "Benthic metabolism and nitrogen transformations affected by fish cage farming in the tropical Nha Phu estuary (Vietnam)." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 10 (2012): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12136.
Full textAbstract:
Effects of organic-waste loading from fish farming on benthic metabolism and nitrogen (N) cycling were studied in the tropical Nha Phu Estuary, Vietnam. The loading of fish excreta and feed waste enhanced benthic oxygen (O2) uptake two times and total carbon dioxide (TCO2) release three times, compared with the reference station. NH4+ was the major form of released N, comprising 94–100% of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) flux below and near fish cages. Only 3% and 1% of organic carbon (OC) and organic N (ON) deposited from the fish farm was degraded in the sediment, whereas the rest was dispersed to adjacent areas via tidal currents or buried into the sediment. Coupled nitrification–denitrification were almost 0 under fish cages but increased at distances greater than 10 m from fish cages. Consequently, biologically available N was not removed permanently near fish cages as the excess N deposited under cages were mineralised and released as DIN. The nutrient efflux could therefore potentially be a source for pelagic primary production in the vicinity of cages. However, the water currents and low water residence time may have distributed and diluted the nutrient effect of cages to the entire estuary and the adjacent ocean.
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Johannesen, Ása, Øystein Patursson, Jóhannus Kristmundsson, Signar Pæturssonur Dam, and Pascal Klebert. "How caged salmon respond to waves depends on time of day and currents." PeerJ 8 (June 18, 2020): e9313. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9313.
Full textAbstract:
Disease, pest control, and environmental factors such as water quality and carrying capacity limit growth of salmon production in existing farm areas. One way to circumvent such problems is to move production into more exposed locations with greater water exchange. Farming in exposed locations is better for the environment, but may carry unforeseen costs for the fish in those farms. Currents may be too strong, and waves may be too large with a negative impact on growth and profit for farmers and on fish welfare. This study employed two major fish monitoring methods to determine the ability of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to cope with wavy conditions in exposed farms. Echosounders were used to determine vertical distribution and horizontal preference of fish during different wave and current conditions as well as times of day. Video cameras were used to monitor shoal cohesion, swimming effort, and fish prevalence in locations of interest. The results indicate complex interacting effects of wave parameters, currents, and time of day on fish behaviour and vertical distribution. During the day, hydrodynamic conditions had stronger effects on vertical distribution than during the night. In weak currents, fish generally moved further down in taller waves, but stronger currents generally caused fish to move upwards regardless of wave conditions. Long period waves had unpredictable effects on vertical distribution with fish sometimes seeking deeper water and other times moving up to shallower water. It is unclear how much the cage bottom restricted vertical distribution and whether movement upwards in the water columns was related to cage deformation. In extreme cases, waves can reach below the bottom of a salmon cage, preventing fish from moving below the waves and cage deformation could exacerbate this situation. Farmers ought to take into consideration the many interacting effects on salmon behaviour within a cage as well as the potential for cage deformation when they design their farms for highly exposed locations. This will ensure that salmon are able to cope when storms and strong currents hit at the same time.