Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Calcification aortique'
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Ruffenach, Olivier. "La valvuloplastie aortique percutanée : à propos d'une série consécutive de 52 rétrécissements aortiques calcifiés chez le sujet âgé." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR1M053.
Full textDesprés, Audrey-Anne, and Audrey-Anne Després. "Lipoprotéine(a) et microcalcification de la valve aortique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38301.
Full textLa sténose aortique (SA) est la maladie valvulaire la plus fréquente dans notre société. Elle est caractérisée par un remodelage fibrocalcique conduisant à une obstruction progressive du flux sanguin. La lipoprotéine(a) (Lp[a]), une lipoprotéine similaire à la lipoprotéine de faible densité, est un facteur de risque génétique fortement associé à la SA. Malheureusement, les concentrations plasmatiques de Lp(a) sont très peu influencées par des facteurs extrinsèques, tels qu’un régime alimentaire ou une médication hypolipidémiante. Des études suggèrent que la Lp(a) serait associée aux processus de calcification dans le développement de la SA. La tomographie par émission de positons couplée à la tomographie axiale permet de détecter le processus précoce lié à calcification de la valve aortique. En effet, cette technique d’imagerie nucléaire permet d’identifier et de quantifier la microcalcification au niveau de la valve aortique, un marqueur fortement lié au développement futur de calcium. L’impact de la Lp(a) sur la microcalcification de la valve aortique n’a jamais été évalué. La mesure de la microcalcification chez des individus sans SA ayant des concentrations plus ou moins élevées de Lp(a) a été effectuée. Notre hypothèse était que les individus ayant des concentrations élevées de Lp(a) ont une microcalcification plus élevée, lorsque comparée aux individus ayant des concentrations plus faibles de Lp(a). Les résultats de cette étude ont révélé que les individus sans SA mais ayant des concentrations élevées de Lp(a) présentent une microcalcification plus importante que les individus ayant de plus faibles concentrations de Lp(a). La réalisation de ce projet de recherche nous a permis d’observer cliniquement un processus actif de calcification chez des individus avec des concentrations élevées de Lp(a), et ce, malgré l’absence clinique de la maladie, illustrant l’importance de cette lipoprotéine dans le développement de la SA.
Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valve disease in our society. It is characterized by fibrocalcific remodelling leading to progressive obstruction of blood flow. Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]), a lipoprotein similar to low-density lipoprotein, is a genetic risk factor strongly associated with AS. Plasma concentrations of Lp(a) are very little influenced by extrinsic factors, such as diet or lipid-lowering medication. Studies suggest that Lp(a) would be associated with calcification processes in the development of AS. Positron emission tomography coupled with computed tomography allows the early process related to calcification of the aortic valve to be detected. This nuclear imaging technique identifies and quantifies microcalcification at the aortic valve, a marker strongly linked to the future development of calcium. The impact of Lp(a) on aortic valve microcalcification has never been evaluated. Microcalcification measurements in individuals without AS with high or low concentrations of Lp(a) were performed. Our hypothesis was that individuals with high concentrations of Lp(a) have higher microcalcification when compared to individuals with lower concentrations of Lp(a). The results of this study revealed that individuals without AS but with high concentrations of Lp(a) have a higher microcalcification than individuals with lower concentrations of Lp(a). The completion of this research project allowed us to observe clinically an active calcification process in individuals with high concentrations of Lp(a) despite the clinical absence of the disease, illustrating the importance of this lipoprotein in the development of AS.
Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valve disease in our society. It is characterized by fibrocalcific remodelling leading to progressive obstruction of blood flow. Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]), a lipoprotein similar to low-density lipoprotein, is a genetic risk factor strongly associated with AS. Plasma concentrations of Lp(a) are very little influenced by extrinsic factors, such as diet or lipid-lowering medication. Studies suggest that Lp(a) would be associated with calcification processes in the development of AS. Positron emission tomography coupled with computed tomography allows the early process related to calcification of the aortic valve to be detected. This nuclear imaging technique identifies and quantifies microcalcification at the aortic valve, a marker strongly linked to the future development of calcium. The impact of Lp(a) on aortic valve microcalcification has never been evaluated. Microcalcification measurements in individuals without AS with high or low concentrations of Lp(a) were performed. Our hypothesis was that individuals with high concentrations of Lp(a) have higher microcalcification when compared to individuals with lower concentrations of Lp(a). The results of this study revealed that individuals without AS but with high concentrations of Lp(a) have a higher microcalcification than individuals with lower concentrations of Lp(a). The completion of this research project allowed us to observe clinically an active calcification process in individuals with high concentrations of Lp(a) despite the clinical absence of the disease, illustrating the importance of this lipoprotein in the development of AS.
EHRHARD, MENNETRIER VERONIQUE. "Valvuloplastie aortique percutanee par ballonnet dans le retrecissement aortique calcifie de l'adulte : a propos de 35 patients." Reims, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REIMM046.
Full textJobic, Yannick. "Valvuloplastie aortique transluminale percutanée dans le rétrécisement aortique calcifié, expérience brestoise à propos de 32 cas." Brest, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BRES3042.
Full textRosa, Mickael. "Athérosclérose et sténose valvulaire aortique : implication des macrophages et des cellules interstitielles de valve dans les calcifications cardiovasculaires." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S046.
Full textCardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most often outcome of atherosclerosis processes. CVD are the first leading cause of death rate with an increasing incidence due to ageing populations and expansion of risk factors such as diabetes mellitus or obesity. Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is the most frequent valvulopathy in developed countries sharing common points with vascular atherosclerosis. More than only risk factors, valvular and vascular lesions share common pathophysiological processes implicated in the development of the disease such as inflammation, fibrosis, angiogenesis and calcification. This last process appears in late stages of atherosclerosis diseases and play critical roles via implication in plaque stability or thickening of the aortic valve. Macrophages are cells deriving from infiltrated monocytes, playing an important role in the inflammatory state of lesions via classical (M1) or alternative phenotypes (M2) phenotypes. Nevertheless, this dichotomy does not reflect completely the variety of their plasticity and different phenotypes induced by the microenvironment of monocytes/macrophages (lipid riche zone, iron riche zone or calcium rich zone). In the aortic valve, valvular interstitial cells (VIC) are the most prominent cell type found in the aortic valve. These cells play a major role not only in the valve tissue homeostasis but also in the calcification processes leading to AVS. In a first part, the aim of this thesis is to elucidate the ability of macrophages to differentiate into osteoclasts, cell type responsible for bone matrix remodeling, inside atherosclerosis plaques. In a second part, this work will focus on the calcification processes occurring in the aortic valve via the study of the role of leptin in valvular calcification (association study) and then in a transcriptomic analysis of VIC isolated from calcified versus non calcified aortic valves (genome-wide expression study). Our results about macrophages show that ex vivo cell surrounding vascular calcification are alternative M2 macrophages. In vitro, these cells are no able to differentiate into true osteoclasts nor to resorb calcium deposits. Concerning the role of leptin on VIC, the results show that serum leptin is higher in patients with AVS, leptin and its receptors are expressed in the aortic valves and leptin enhances the osteoblast différenciation of VIC in an Akt and ERK dependant manner. Finally, the transcriptomic analysis allowed to highlight a new pathway deregulated in VIC. This enzyme is underexpressed in VIC isolated from calcified aortic valves and in the calcified zonesAbstract4of stenosed aortic valves. Otherwise, treating VIC with the product of this enzyme in a procalcifying medium inhibits calcification processes.This thesis highlights new insights into the calcification processes occurring in atherosclerosis lesions and calcified aortic valves. These results describe that M2 macrophages cannot differentiate into osteoclasts and reverse calcification formation inside atherosclerosis plaques. In parallel, it would be interesting to study the macrophages phenotypes surrounding calcium deposits in stenosed aortic valves. Then, it will be interesting to decipher the origin of leptin and its precise mechanism of action on VIC. Finally this work points out a new metabolic pathway implicated in the development of valvular calcification which could be a medical treatment of SVA
Shen, Mylène. "Impact du phénotype de la valve aortique et de l'âge sur la relation entre la calcification valvulaire aortique et la sévérité hémodynamique de la sténose aortique : étude PROGRESSA." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27147.
Full textAssessment of aortic stenosis (AS) by Doppler echocardiography leads to discordant severity grading in around 30% of patients. Computed tomography which measures aortic valve calcification, an indication of anatomic severity, can then be useful to corroborate AS severity. Previous studies have shown a good correlation between hemodynamic severity measured by Doppler echocardiography and anatomic severity defined by aortic valve calcification measured by computed tomography. However, the impact of aortic valve phenotype (bicuspid versus tricuspid) and age on this relation between hemodynamic severity and anatomic severity remains unknown. Yet, these two factors are highly implicated in AS development. Indeed, patients with a bicuspid aortic valve have a predisposition to develop AS, and this, generally earlier than patients with a tricuspid aortic valve. The main hypothesis of the study is that aortic valve phenotype and age influence the relationship between haemodynamic severity and aortic valve calcification of AS. The main objective of the study is to assess the impact of aortic valve phenotype and age on the relationship between haemodynamic severity and aortic valve calcification of AS.
MANDIER, VALERIE. "Les embolies calcaires spontanees des retrecissements aortiques calcifies." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO1M357.
Full textTastet, Lionel. "L'hypertension artérielle systolique et la progression de la calcification valvulaire aortique chez les patients atteints de sténose aortique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26657.
Full textCalcific aortic stenosis is the most common cardiovascular disease in Western countries after coronary artery disease and hypertension. So far, there is no effective medical therapy able to stop or slow the progression of aortic stenosis. The only available treatments are surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement for patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. In this context, it is crucial to develop efficient pharmaceutical therapy able to slow the stenosis progression and thus prevent such invasive intervention. In the past, aortic stenosis was thought to be a simple degenerative process of the aortic valve linked to aging. However, the advances performed during the last two decades showed that aortic stenosis is a highly complex and actively regulated disease, especially involving pathological processes close to atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis. Furthermore, identified the key factors involved in the disease progression is essential to understand the pathogenesis of aortic stenosis. In this regard, hypertension is a common comorbidity of aortic stenosis and previous findings suggest that it may have an impact both on the development and progression of aortic stenosis. The primary hypothesis of this MSc project was that systolic hypertension, the most prevalent form of hypertension in patients with aortic stenosis, leads to faster progression of aortic valve calcification. Thus the main objective of this study was to assess the impact of systolic hypertension on the progression of aortic valve calcification assessed by multidetector computed tomography in patients with aortic stenosis.
Nguyen, Virginia. "Identification des déterminants de la progression et des marqueurs pronostiques dans le rétrécissement aortique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC308.
Full textAortic valve stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular heart disease in Westerncountries AS (2%–7% of the population after 65 years old) for which valve replacement is theonly curative treatment. Current guidelines recommend surgery in patients with severe ASand either symptoms or left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVEF<50%). However,treatment of asymptomatic patients remains controversial due, on the one side, to the riskof sudden death without preceding symptoms and irreversible myocardial dysfunction and,on the other side, to the risk of surgery and prosthetic valve complications. Identifyingsubsets of asymptomatic AS patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction whomay benefit from early or prophylactic surgery is therefore a critical clinical challenge
Marcaggi, Xavier. "La valvuloplastie aortique percutanee a ballonnet : resultats a moyen terme, a propos d'une serie de 46 procedures." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CLF11047.
Full textDall'Acqua, Tiziana. "Embolies coronaires calcaires dans le rétrécissement aortique calcifié." Saint-Etienne, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STET6418.
Full textNader, Joseph. "MicroARNs, marqueurs de la pathologie valvulaire aortique." Thesis, Amiens, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AMIE0062.
Full textObjective: Aortic valve stenosis is, nowadays, the most frequent valvular heart disease. Its evolution remains different between tricuspid and bicuspid valves, with an earlier and more rapid calcification in the bicuspid patients. MicroRNA are emergent genetic intra- and extra-cellular regulator of the expression of mRNA. The aim of our study is to compare the microRNA expression between both valvular groups.Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study on a small sample of tricuspid and bicuspid aortic valve, on which we studied the expression of 6 microRNAs (miR-26a, -30b, -92a, -141, -195 and -223). The study was approved by the local ethic committee. Results: On this reduced sample, only miR-92a and -141 were significantly overexpressed in bicuspid aortic valves (0.3 v/s 0.85, p=0.0006; 0.03 v/s 0.06; p=0.005) respectively for tricuspid and bicuspid valves. As a second step, we studied the expression of these 2 microRNAs in a larger cohort of 47 valves. Only miR-92a was significatively overexpressed in bicuspid aortic valves (0.06 v/s 0.03; p<0.0001). Furthermore, a positive correlation between transvalvular preoperative mean gradient and the expression of mi-92a, as a direct clinical correlation between the tissular expression and a preoperative clinical assessment of the AS severity (r = 0.3257, p = 0.04). Conclusion: miR-92a is overexpressed in bicuspid aortic valves. Further studies are necessary to measure its seric expression and correlate it to the clinical findings, in order to present this microRNA as a potential seric biomarker of rapid aortic valve calcification
Côté, Nancy. "Étude des mécanismes d'inflammation, de fibrose et de calcification impliqués dans le développement de la sténose aortique. Importance des systèmes rénine-angiotensine et ecto-purinergique dans la sténose aortique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29635/29635.pdf.
Full textJURIE, FRANCOIS-XAVIER. "Interet de l'echocardiographie doppler par voie transoesophagienne dans le bilan d'un retrecissement aortique calcifie : a propos d'une serie conscutive de 35 patients." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CLF1M008.
Full textHELISSEY, PAUL. "Le retrecissement aortique calcifie au-dela de soixante-quinze ans : valvuloplastie ou remplacement valvulaire ? a propos de 68 cas." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU31324.
Full textOccelli, Gérard. "Les calcifications de l'anneau mitral et des valves sigmoides aortiques chez l'insuffisant renal hemodialyse : a propos d'une serie de 36 observations." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX20410.
Full textIssa, Hawraa. "Implication du récepteur sensible au calcium dans la physiopathologie du rétrécissement aortique calcifié." Thesis, Amiens, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AMIE0005/document.
Full textThe pathophysiological mechanisms associated with Calcific Aortic Valve Disease (CAVD) progression remain poorly understood. Valve calcification being a key step in the development of CAVD, we tested the effect of high extracellular concentration of calcium (Ca2+) on calcification of human interstitial valve cells (hVICs) and assessed the possible involvement of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR). We demonstrated, for the first time, that hVICs expressed a functional CaSR. Its activation is associated with osteoblastic differentiation most likely via a BMP2 / OPN dependent mechanism while its inhibition limited the development of calcification. These first results identify the CaSR as a possible therapeutic target in CAVD. Magnesium (Mg2+) is a well- known inhibitor of vascular calcification that operates through the CaSR. In our work, we demonstrated that Mg2+ inhibit also the hVICs calcification induced by Ca2+ through a mechanism independent of the CaSR but dependent, at least partially, of TRPM7 channel. These in vitro results were completed by a clinical study demonstrating that the ionized and total form of Mg2+ are not protector factors against the progression of aortic valve calcification
Guauque-Olarte, Sandra. "Genomics to elucidate the molecular basis of calcific aortic valve disease." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27213.
Full textCalcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a common disease that causes the narrowing of the aortic valve due to fibrosis and calcification of the valve leaflets. The risk of CAVD increases with age. Due to the increase in life expectancy, CAVD is becoming a major public health problem. CAVD is fatal in the absence of medical treatment. Currently, surgery is the only treatment for severe stages of the disease, but nearly 50% of individual with CAVD are not eligible for surgery; mainly because of the presence of comorbidities. Several biological processes have been associated with the disease but the specific cell signaling pathways and genes implicated in CAVD development and progression are yet to be discovered. Thus, it is urgent to discover the susceptibility genes for CAVD, which will help identify individuals at risk as well as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for developing medication to reverse or limit disease progression. The objective of this thesis was to identify the molecular basis of CAVD. Modern genomic approaches including candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed with large DNA collections of patients well-characterized for CAVD. Whole-genome gene expression studies were also performed to compare calcified bicuspid and tricuspid valves with normal aortic valves using microarrays and RNA-Sequencing. A GWAS meta-analysis was performed using two cohorts of patients with CAVD from Quebec City and Paris. The integration of different whole-genome approaches revealed a new gene associated with CAVD called CACNA1C. This work also confirmed the potential role of NOTCH1 and RUNX2 in CAVD. In addition, this work identified new genes differentially expressed in calcified compared to normal aortic valves that are implicated in biological processes involved in the disease. These new developments are important to better understand the pathophysiological processes implicated in aortic valve calcification. Several genes differentially expressed in calcified compared to normal valves are targets for existing and emerging drugs. In general, this work has increased the knowledge about the etiology of CAVD in patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves and has identified new susceptibility genes for the development of this disease. The data generated by this project are the base of future important discoveries that will improve treatment options and the quality of life of patients with CAVD.
Blanchais-Daburon, Pascale. "Remplacement valvulaire aortique chez les sujets de plus de 80 ans." Caen, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990CAEN3029.
Full textCraiem, Damian. "Développement et évaluation de nouveaux outils d'analyse géométrique 3D pour la prévention et le traitement des maladies aortiques." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB058/document.
Full textNew imaging technologies, including those associated with multislice computed tomography, allow to evaluate the structure of the thoracic aorta in 3D with an impressive resolution. Aortic virtual reconstruction and geometric modeling are essential for imaging evaluation because manual measurements are time-consuming, and the available tools still need to be adapted to complex aortic morphologies. The aorta is more than a simple tubular conduit vessel for blood. It also regulates the pulsatile pressure waves that are injected into the arterial system by the left ventricle. The biomechanical disorders produced by these waves can accelerate the formation of calcium deposits within the arterial wall. Furthermore, they are thought to be responsible for severe aortic complications, including aneurysms and dissections. Endovascular aortic repair is a modern technique based on the implantation of an endograft to restore the normal blood flow. Precise morphological measurements are required to improve this technique, for both surgery planning and patient follow up. Our objective was to develop original algorithms to study the aortic geometry in 3D. A computing platform was designed and tested to analyze three main aortic pathologies: calcified atherosclerosis, aneurysms and dissections. The hypothesis of our study was that the individual arterial geometry of a subject plays a complementary role in the development of vascular pathologies beyond traditional risk factors. Our first work revealed that 80% of the total geometric variability in the thoracic aorta might be explained using 3 factors: the aortic volume, the aortic arc unfolding and its asymmetry. Variability percentages accounted for 46%, 22% and 12%, respectively. The next 2 works, showed that calcifications in the thoracic aorta were concentrated in the aortic arch and in the proximal descending segment. This spatial distribution was associated with aortic morphology, independently of age, sex, body surface area and traditional risk factors. Our fourth article revealed that calcium deposits in the entire thoracic aorta (including the aortic arch) was associated with non-cardiac events, beyond the standard coronary artery calcium score. It is noteworthy that the aortic arch region is systematically excluded from standard scans. Our fifth manuscript described a novel deformable model applied to the aortic segmentation under pathological contexts. It was used to estimate the size and shape of abdominal aneurysms before and after endograft implantation. In the last work, this method was adapted to study the geometry of the thoracic aorta of patients with an aortic dissection with respect to a control group. Three anatomic variables were identified for the risk prediction model: the aortic arch diameter, the thoracic aortic length and the age of the patient. In conclusion, our results show that aortic diseases are closely associated with aortic geometry, independently from traditional risk factors. The developed algorithms improved the automation of measurements and reduced the variability of the estimations
Drouelle, Sylvie. "Troubles de conduction post-opératoires précoces aprés chirurgie des rétrécissements aortiques calcifiés de l'adulte." Caen, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990CAEN3046.
Full textLefebvre, Carole-Anne. "Design et synthèse d'inhibiteurs d'une ectonucléotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiestérase de type 1 (ENPP1) et leur activité anticancéreuse." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27228.
Full textThe calcification of the aortic valve (CAV) is a cardiovascular disease increasingly widespread, particularly in North America. It causes narrowing of the aortic valve and currently available only treatment is surgical replacement. Studies by Dr. Patrick Mathieu (Institute of Cardiology and Pneumology of Quebec) showed that overexpression of an ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase type 1 (ENPP1) is the origin of the stenosis. A solution to this disease would be to find an inhibitor of ENPP1. Inspired by Pfizer’s group works on ENPP1 for the treatment of osteoarthritis and chondrocalcinosis, some members of the quinazoline-4-piperidine sulfonamides (QPS) inhibitor family were synthesized and tested in vitro. A study in molecular modelling on the potential binding site inhibitor on ENPP1 is underway in collaboration with Prof. Patrick Lagüe (Université Laval, Department of biochemistry, microbiology and bioinformatics) and his team to optimize the design of compounds structure. The compounds of one family, the QPS-pyrimidine, were tested in vitro on some cancer cell lines (HT-1080, HT-29, M21 and MCF-7) to measure their antiproliferative activity. These compounds have a median growth inhibition (GI50) in the micromolar range and thus represent an interesting starting point for the development of new cancer treatments.
Bouchard, Martel Joanie. "Caractérisation des cellules interstitielles des quatre différentes valves cardiaques chez le porc." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25315/25315.pdf.
Full textBardet, Marie Claudine. "Analyse d' une population de rétrécissements aortiques calcifiés : étude du pronostic et de l' évolution en particulier échographique." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF11044.
Full textHénaut, Lucie. "Implication du récepteur sensible au calcium exprimé par les cellules musculaires lisses aortiques dans la prévention des calcifications vasculaires." Amiens, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AMIED010.
Full textAwan, Zuhier. "Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 in human disease." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5316.
Full textCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the 21st century. Among risk factors, hypercholesterolemia and abdominal obesity are directly linked to premature development of atherosclerosis. Familial hypercholesterolemia, commonly due to low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) deficiency, is known to cause premature atherosclerosis and aortic calcification in humans. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9), a member of the proprotein convertase family, is indirectly associated with CVD through enhanced LDLR degradation. Mutations in the human PCSK9 gene lead to either familial hypercholesterolemia or hypocholesterolemia, depending on whether the mutation causes a gain or a loss of function, respectively. It is uncertain if individuals carrying mutations causing a gain-of-function of PCSK9 will develop aortic calcification or whether loss-of-function mutations will lead to abdominal obesity. In this thesis, we investigated: 1) the effect of PCSK9 overexpression on aortic calcification; 2) the consequences of PSCK9 deficiency, mimicking pharmacological inhibition of PCSK9 on fat tissue. We employed a transgenic (Tg) mouse model overexpressing mouse PCSK9 and illustrated by micro-computerized tomography that calcification occurs to a lesser extent in PCSK9 Tg mice than in LDLR-deficient mice. While both PCSK9 Tg and LDLR deficiency caused familial hypercholesterolemia, circulating cholesterol levels alone could not dictate the degree of aortic calcification. In another study, we used genetically modified mice lacking PCSK9 and demonstrated that visceral fat accumulation (adipogenesis) is regulated by circulating PCSK9. Thus in the absence of PCSK9, visceral adipogenesis increases likely via post-translational regulation of very-low-density lipoproteins receptors (VLDLR) in the adipose tissue. In conclusion, these two studies highlight the dynamic balance of PCSK9 in different metabolic pathways, making it a key element in cardiovascular health. Consequently, attempts to survey and/or alter PCSK9 biology should be performed in a valid animal model using sensitive methods and with careful attention to side effects of any given intervention.