Academic literature on the topic 'Calcined soda'

Abstract Analysis of solid contents in drilling muds is part of the API mud testing protocol performed daily by the mud engineer during drilling operations. This is carried out with the laborious manual retort analysis where high-gravity solids (HGS) and low-gravity solids (LGS) are detected. With the vision to improve the process and potential toward online measurement, monitoring of HGS and LGS in water-based mud (WBM) using two fast and reliable analytical techniques, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)-attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy, have been evaluated. While information on total LGS content in a drilling fluid is useful, understanding the LGS minerology is also undoubtedly valuable, particularly when reactive clays are present and wellbore stability and integrity are at risk. In the present work we describe the dataset of XRF and FTIR-ATR spectra of a series of multicomponent water-based drilling fluids loaded with up to eight dispersed minerals. The minerals were barite (HGS) and LGS as clays (bentonite, illite, and kaolinite), carbonates (calcite and dolomite) and siliceous minerals (quartz and soda feldspar). Machine-learning (ML) analysis techniques such as partial least squares (PLS) and advanced modern PLS methods were applied to XRF and FTIR combined data to analyse these complex multicomponent samples. In this paper, a detailed discussion of the data workflows will cover the spectra preprocessing, ML algorithm selection and results on individual spectra, concatenated data, and data fusion. While quantification of barite (HGS) in drilling fluids with either XRF or FTIR was straightforward (the coefficient of determination, R2, at ~0.99), analysis of some LGS was more challenging. For example, the best soda feldspar and calcite PLS models based on FTIR spectra showed poor performance (R2 ~0.75 and ~0.48, respectively). Interestingly, PLS models based on different combinations of concatenated spectra (joined side-by-side) demonstrated even worse results compared to the single spectra models. Extensions of the PLS method designed to deal with multiblock datasets were then explored, and the sequential and orthogonalized PLS (SO-PLS) was found to be the best, realizing the synergy between spectrum types. SO-PLS models for calcite and soda feldspar gave R2 of 0.97 and 0.77, respectively. Detailed error analysis for all minerals is finally presented in the paper, with prediction errors varied from 1% for barite to 11% for soda feldspar. The two spectrum types, when smartly processed together using data fusion and ML techniques, demonstrate synergy, and provide significantly better mineral quantification accuracy, achieving a comprehensive minerology analysis of solids in drilling fluid.

Abstract Calcined spray-dried hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)(OH)6; i.e., HA) powders were atmospherically plasma sprayed (APS) using various process parameters. The resulting phases within the coating surface and the interface between the coating and the substrate were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. This XRD revealed the presence of both amorphous (i.e., amorphous calcium phosphate: ACP) and crystalline phases. The crystalline phases included both HA and some impurity phases from the decomposition of HA, such as tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP and β-TCP), tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and calcium oxide (CaO). The crystallinity of HA decreased with increasing spray power and stand-off distance (SOD). The percentage of all impurity phases increased with the spray power. The percentage of both TCP and TTCP decreased with the SOD while the CaO percentage increased. In addition, the percentage of ACP and CaO were higher in the interface than at the surface of the coating while the percentage of TCP and TTCP exhibited the opposite effect.

Abstract Magzoub, et al 20171 have proposed a method of converting calcium bentonite to sodium bentonite. The method will require a reactor for upscaling. The method involves preparation of soda ash solution, heating, mixing for at least 24 hours and finally removing impurities and drying out. Besun et al. 19972 have proposed a method that will require also a reactor facility to upscale. Starch has to be added in water then bentonite is added in a separate water solution. Both were mixed and heated to form a structure of bentonite-starch gel. The formed gel has 20% starch and 80% bentonite. Bentonite is used in different applications such as drilling fluid, leaching earth, and animal feed additive.3 Sodium bentonite is more attractive in applications such as drilling due to its high swelling and good fluid loss control which makes it always in high demand. 4 & 5 The objectives of this study are to investigate and characterize local calcium bentonite in Saudi Arabia and to find optimum method to activate it for application in drilling fluids and cementing. The characterization performed utilized XRF, XRD, and ESEM backscattered electron images along with EDS spectra for samples collected from different depths (5 meter and 7-meter samples). API testing including viscosity and fluid loss measurements were also conducted in the characterization phase. Activation was done utilizing cost effective additives such as soda ash. The activated bentonite was testing using standard testing procedures for drilling fluids and cementing such as rheology, fluid loss control, settling, compressive strength and thickening time tests. The characterization concluded that the samples consisted mainly of Na-montmorillonite with appreciable amounts of impurities of quartz, kaolinite, illite, albite, calcite, and hematite. Compared to API reference sample, the local bentonite samples had less Na-montmorillonite contents, which probably needs some treatments to improve their quality. From this characterization, we can tell that activation of the 7 meter will be easier than the 5-meter bentonite because the Sodium Montmorillonite content is higher. The activation effort was focused on the 7-meter local bentonite sample since it showed better properties in terms of viscosity build up and fluid loss control. A new cost-effective activation method was conducted compared to the previous methods in the literature. Soda ash is an important step to convert or to increase the Na/Ca ratio to ensure higher swelling capacity.