Academic literature on the topic 'Calcium carbonate industry'
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Journal articles on the topic "Calcium carbonate industry"
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Zou, Zhaoyong, Wouter J. E. M. Habraken, Galina Matveeva, Anders C. S. Jensen, Luca Bertinetti, Matthew A. Hood, Chang-yu Sun, et al. "A hydrated crystalline calcium carbonate phase: Calcium carbonate hemihydrate." Science 363, no. 6425 (January 24, 2019): 396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav0210.
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As one of the most abundant materials in the world, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, is the main constituent of the skeletons and shells of various marine organisms. It is used in the cement industry and plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and formation of sedimentary rocks. For more than a century, only three polymorphs of pure CaCO3—calcite, aragonite, and vaterite—were known to exist at ambient conditions, as well as two hydrated crystal phases, monohydrocalcite (CaCO3·1H2O) and ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O). While investigating the role of magnesium ions in crystallization pathways of amorphous calcium carbonate, we unexpectedly discovered an unknown crystalline phase, hemihydrate CaCO3·½H2O, with monoclinic structure. This discovery may have important implications in biomineralization, geology, and industrial processes based on hydration of CaCO3.
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Kumasaka, Tetsuo, Kazuhisa Shimono, and Hiroichi Tanaka. "Precipitated calcium carbonate for paper industry." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 44, no. 10 (1990): 1067–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.44.1067.
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SCHABEL, SAMUEL, HANS-JOACHIM PUTZ, UDO HAMM, ANTJE KERSTEN, BRIGITTE BOBEK, GEORG HIRSCH, and DENNIS VOSS. "Calcium carbonate in the paper industry - blessing for coated papermaking and curse for recycling processes." November 2014 13, no. 11 (December 1, 2014): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj13.11.47.
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Calcium carbonate provides good optical properties to graphic paper and is relatively inexpensive. Therefore, the use of calcium carbonate for the production of paper has steadily increased. But the high amount of calcium carbonate in paper for recycling and the closure of water circuits leads to a high concentration of calcium ions in the process water of paper mills. The consequence can be undesired precipitation and deposition of calcium carbonate in machines and plant components of the mills. Enhanced knowledge about the precipitation potential of calcium carbonate is needed to avoid or reduce undesired precipitation and deposition. The potential can be described using the Langelier saturation index (LSI). Our investigations showed that a deposition of calcium carbonate only happens if the LSI value is higher than 0.5. An LSI value above 0.5 often exists in process water that is treated in a biological effluent treatment plant. Reasons for such values are the increase in hydrogen carbonate concentration (m-alkalinity) by carbon dioxide production and the increase of the pH value by reduction of fatty acids. With the knowledge about the precipitation potential of calcium carbonate in a process water line, suitable measures could be implemented.
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Li, Qi, Yan Xin Chen, and Yan Fei Yao. "Research on a "Green" Industry Chain of Phosphate Fertilizer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 665 (October 2014): 538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.665.538.
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In the production of phosphate fertilizer, large amounts of phosphorus gypsum can be produced, which can be used for the preparation of ammonium sulfate. In which process, a large number of secondary emissions-calcium carbonate residue can be produced as well, whose main mineral composition was CaCO3. Calcium carbonate residue can be conversion to high activity Lime by roasting at high temperature. This research used high solid/gas ratio suspended roasting technology to deal with calcium carbonate residue, and built a calcium carbonate residue test preparation of active lime production line with Wengfu Group at 2011,earned product with 97.7% CaCO3 apparent decomposition rate,59% CaO content and with high activity(160s to 180s).Relative to the traditional roasting device such as rotary kiln and shaft kiln, suspended roasting has a better thermal efficiency (4402kJ/kg), which can be used for large-scale industrial production. And this process will not generate new secondary emissions,thus we can get a complete "green" phosphate fertilizer industry chain.
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DOELLE, KLAUS, and JOHN J. AMAYA. "Application of calcium carbonate for uncoated digital printing paper from 100% eucalyptus pulp." January 2012 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj11.1.51.
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Increasing the filler content in paper to reduce the cost of materials is an ongoing effort among papermakers. Selecting the proper calcium carbonate additive for each type of paper is the key to achieving this goal. Calcium carbonate is the most widely used filler material in the paper industry. On average, it is applied at levels of 18% to 30%. Quality requirements of each type of paper vary widely, according to use; understanding the effect that different types of calcium carbonate have on paper properties allows producers to choose the best filler for each use. Given that the market for uncoated digital printing paper is expected to grow, this study focused on selecting the optimal calcium carbonate for the production of uncoated digital printing paper made from 100% eucalyptus pulp. In this study, 13 varieties of calcium carbonates were used to prepare handsheets for the detailed analyses of structural, optical, and strength properties. The samples included nine varieties of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) (two rhombic and seven scalenohedral, covering a particle size range from 1.2 μm to 2.9 μm) and four varieties of ground calcium carbonate (GCC) (three anionic and one cationic, with a particle size range of 0.7 μm to 1.5 μm). From the results of this study, we determined that the optimal calcium carbonate for uncoated digital printing paper made from eucalyptus pulp is scalenohedral PCC with a particle size of 1.9 μm, because of its positive effects on caliper, stiffness, brightness, and opacity.
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Ganendra, Giovanni, Willem De Muynck, Adrian Ho, Eleni Charalampous Arvaniti, Baharak Hosseinkhani, Jose Angel Ramos, Hubert Rahier, and Nico Boon. "Formate Oxidation-Driven Calcium Carbonate Precipitation by Methylocystis parvus OBBP." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 15 (May 16, 2014): 4659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01349-14.
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ABSTRACTMicrobially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) applied in the construction industry poses several disadvantages such as ammonia release to the air and nitric acid production. An alternative MICP from calcium formate byMethylocystis parvusOBBP is presented here to overcome these disadvantages. To induce calcium carbonate precipitation,M. parvuswas incubated at different calcium formate concentrations and starting culture densities. Up to 91.4% ± 1.6% of the initial calcium was precipitated in the methane-amended cultures compared to 35.1% ± 11.9% when methane was not added. Because the bacteria could only utilize methane for growth, higher culture densities and subsequently calcium removals were exhibited in the cultures when methane was added. A higher calcium carbonate precipitate yield was obtained when higher culture densities were used but not necessarily when more calcium formate was added. This was mainly due to salt inhibition of the bacterial activity at a high calcium formate concentration. A maximum 0.67 ± 0.03 g of CaCO3g of Ca(CHOOH)2−1calcium carbonate precipitate yield was obtained when a culture of 109cells ml−1and 5 g of calcium formate liter−1were used. Compared to the current strategy employing biogenic urea degradation as the basis for MICP, our approach presents significant improvements in the environmental sustainability of the application in the construction industry.
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Lima, R. S. C., Marcus Vinícius Lia Fook, Thiago Bizerra Fideles, A. C. B. M. Fook, Sara Verusca de Oliveira, and W. P. F. Barbosa. "Characterization of the Snail’s Carapace Collected at Coast of Brazilian’s State of Paraíba." Key Engineering Materials 396-398 (October 2008): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.396-398.141.
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Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is a ceramic of strong economic potential, given the versatility of its application in industry in many different areas. Protective shells of marine snails of the Brazilian coast were analyzed in this study, to verify the content of calcium carbonate available in this type of material. The samples were collected at Bessa´s Beach located in the João Pessoa’ coast Capital of Paraíba state, northern Brazil. The collection occurred during the month of February 2008; the sample was processed into powder and it was examined by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Infrared Spectroscopy with Fourier Trasformating (FTIR). The material was also submitted to heat treatment at 110°C and characterized by same techniques. The results confirmed the presence of a high content of calcium carbonate in the samples (over 95%,) which has not changed with the heat treatment used. It was presents the morphologies calcite and aragonite with prevalence of the second, both showing high levels of crystallinity. From the results obtained, calcium carbonate of the coast Paraíba has a potential application like bioceramic.
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Chen, Jian Xin, Quan Sun, Teng Jiao Liu, Joachim Ulrich, and Lei Xie. "Polymorphic Changes of Calcite Carbonate Sediment in Aqueous Solution." Advanced Materials Research 549 (July 2012): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.549.113.
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Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is abundant in nature, and is also an important material applied in industry as pigment, filler material, etc. It is a challenge to control the desired CaCO3 properties for industry applications. In this study, three typical morphologies of CaCO3, calcite, aragonite and vaterite were prepared. The crystallization temperature and addition of acrylic-acrylate-sulfosalt copolymer play a significant effect on the polymorph change of CaCO3 sediment. Higher temperature promoted the formation of aragonite, while more additives tended to form the vaterite. The x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analysis confirmed the formation of CaCO3 with various polymorphs.
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Chen, Ze Li, and Hua Jing Zhu. "Study of Preparation and the Influencing Factors of Chrysanthemum-Shaped Calcium Carbonate Applied to Paper Industry." Advanced Materials Research 621 (December 2012): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.621.111.
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This paper describes the precipitated calcium carbonate filler applied to paper industry, which was prepared by adding a specific crystal control agent. And a series of influencing factors in carbonation process was studied, such as carbonization temperature, concentration of milk of lime, carbon dioxide concentration and the crystal shape control dosage. Therefore the optimum conditions for preparation of chrysanthemum-shaped crystalline calcium carbonate were determined.
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Shafiu Kamba, Abdullahi, Maznah Ismail, Tengku Azmi Tengku Ibrahim, and Zuki Abu Bakar Zakaria. "Synthesis and Characterisation of Calcium Carbonate Aragonite Nanocrystals from Cockle Shell Powder (Anadara granosa)." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/398357.
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The synthesis of pure calcium carbonate nanocrystals using a high pressure homogeniser (HPH) via a microemulsion system produced uniform nanosized particles, which were characterised using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The identified particles were aragonite polymorphs with a rod shape and were approximately 50 nm in size. The aragonite polymorph of calcium carbonate was prepared from biogenic materials, cockle shells, and exhibited unique characteristics (i.e., a higher density than that of calcite), which makes it biocompatible and potentially suitable for applications in the medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and paint industries. The methods adopted and the nonionic surfactant used in the synthesis of calcium carbonate nanocrystalline aragonite polymorphs were environmentally friendly and can be scaled up for industrial production. The sources are naturally available materials that are by-products of the seafood industry, which offers an opportunity for exploitation in numerous industrial applications.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Calcium carbonate industry"
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Ramiah, Vernon. "Tailored glycopolymers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1485.
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Thesis (PhD (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.The synthesis of glycopolymers with various comonomers as prepared via the RAFT process is investigated. The macro-RAFT agent poly(3-O-methacryloyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-glucofuranose) (PMAlpGlc) was prepared by polymerization of the glycomonomer with cumyl phenyl dithioacetate as the chain transfer agent. Chain extension with styrene or methyl acrylate or acrylic acid afforded novel diblock copolymers, (PMAlGlc-b-poly[styrene] or PMAGlc-b-poly[methyl acrylate] or PMAlGlc-b-poly[acrylic acid]), with predetermined molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. The poly(acrylic acid) based glycopolymer was used to modify the surface of CaCO3, forming what will be referred to as a ‘sugar-coated CaCO3’ particle. This surface modifying effect was evaluated in depth; a schematic study of the effect of reaction temperature, pH, reaction time and glycopolymer concentration on CaCO3 crystallization was carried out. The analytical techniques Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to verify that these ‘sugar-coated CaCO3’ particles have an increased adherence to cellulose compared to ‘non sugar-coated’ particles. A series of polymer configurations comprising various ratios of glycomoiety to poly(acrylic acid) was prepared. The effect of this polymer series on CaCO3 crystallization was evaluated and the ideal polymer configuration and its optimum synthesis conditions (i.e. reaction pH, temperature, time and polymer concentration) that gave maximum adherence of the ‘sugar-coated CaCO3’ particle onto cellulose were identified. The ability of these poly(acrylic acid) based glycopolymers to increase the interaction between CaCO3 and cellulose was then evaluated. This was done by simply mixing all three substrates, i.e. glycopolymer, cellulose and CaCO3 together. Analysis by TGA, SEM and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) revealed both the ideal polymer configuration that favoured increased adherence of the CaCO3 to cellulose and the optimum reaction conditions required for application and testing. In addition to studying the interaction between cellulose and CaCO3, the amphiphilic nature of the glycopolymers was determined. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) confirmed that coreshell particles were prepared and that these particles are solvent exchangeable (in the case of styrene and methyl acrylate glyco-blocks) or pH exchangeable (in the case of acrylic acid glyco-blocks).
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Hoteit, Ali. "Etude expérientale des mécanismes de capture de Co² par cycle calcium en lit fluidisé circulant." Mulhouse, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MULH0832.
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Les travaux menés dans cette thèse en partenariat avec le département R&D d'ALSTOM POWER BOILERS, CEMEX et l'ADEME, concernent l'étude expérimentale de différents phénomènes associés à la capture de CO2 par la chaux en lit fluidisé circulant. La taille des particules, la température et la concentration en CO2 du milieu ont une influence sur la réaction de calcination du calcaire. La réaction de carbonatation de la chaux formée n'est pas totale. Au cours des cycles successifs de calcination/carbonatation, les taux de carbonatation obtenus avec la chaux hydratée sont toujours plus élevés que ceux obtenus avec la chaux vive. Sous des conditions continuellement réductrices, la décomposition des sulfates présents dans les cendres de lit n'est pas totale. Cette décomposition est totale sous des cycles réduction/oxydation. Une modélisation du phénomène de calcination a permis de déterminer les constantes de vitesse intrinsèques de calcination et de carbonatationThe work undertaken in this Thesis in partnership with department R&D of ALSTOM POWER BOILERS, CEMEX and the ADEME, relates to the experimental study of various phenomena associated to CO2 capture under circulating fluidized bed conditions. The size of particles, temperature and the CO2 concentration have an influence on the limestone calcination reaction. The reaction of carbonation of lime is not total. During successive cycles of calcination/carbonatation, the rate of carbonation obtained with hydrated lime is increasingly higher than that obtained with the lime. Under continuously reducing conditions, the decomposition of sulphates present in the bed ashes is not total. This decomposition is total under reduction/oxydation cycles. A modeling of calcination allowed to determine the intrinsic kinetic constants of calcination and carbonation
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ARAUJO, MARIANA S. de. "Utilização de resíduos de catalisador (ECAT) e cinzas da casca de arroz (CCA) na elaboração de vidros silicatos soda-cal destinados a embalagem." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26381.
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Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
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Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Bogonuk, Claude. "Gels polymères : latex et charges minérales : RMN, gonflement et réponses mécaniques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10198.
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Ce travail concerne les proprietes des gels de latex polystyrene-poly(acrylate de butyle-acide carboxylique) a l'etat pur et ceux additionnes de kaolin ou de carbonate de calcium. En vue d'explorer la structure des films de latex, nous avons fait appel a plusieurs methodes d'investigations: extraction de chaines libres, le gonflement, la relaxation magnetique nucleaire et la viscoelasticite. Chaque etat de gelification, caracterise par des parametres physico-chimiques, est identifie par une variable pertinente, fonction du taux d'acide carboxylique. De plus, la variation de la fraction de gel avec cette variable a ete decrite dans le cadre de la theorie de percolation. La caracterisation de ces gels complexes repose egalement sur l'analyse de la texture du reseau. Nous avons clairement mis en evidence que l'etat de gonflement a l'equilibre des milieux latex est assimile a un ensemble de systemes fonctionnalises aux extremites a la concentration de recouvrement. La rmn a permis d'affiner la description du reseau. En effet, par une analyse detaillee des signaux rmn, nous avons degage deux parametres fondamentaux: le premier est directement relie aux taux de gel, le second rend compte de l'anisotropie des mouvements d'isomerisation des unites monomeres. De plus, leur comparaison nous renseigne sur l'etat de coalescence des films de latex en temperature. Tous les resultats experimentaux conduisent finalement a une description globale et coherente de la structure statistique des etats de gelification de nos milieux
Books on the topic "Calcium carbonate industry"
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Carvalho, Eduardo Augusto de. Caulim e carbonato de cálcio: Competição na indústria de papel. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil: Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Centro de Tecnologia Mineral, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Calcium carbonate industry"
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Bhushan, Brij, Upasana Grover, Siby John, and Varinder S. Kanwar. "Feasibility of Using Paper Industry Sludge Containing Calcium Carbonate in Manufacturing Bricks." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 15–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7480-7_2.
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Alves de Oliveira, Herbet, and Cochiran Pereira dos Santos. "Limestone Clays for Ceramic Industry." In Clay Science and Technology. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92506.
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Limestone clays are used in the ceramic segment in the manufacture of bricks, ceramic tiles, and in the production of cement, among others. Limestone can be present in soils in pure form or as a contaminant, but always from marine environments. The limestone after burning can present a high loss of mass (35–45%), which can cause serious problems with the sintering of ceramic products such as bricks, tiles. The calcium or magnesium carbonate once dissociated forms calcium oxide (CaO) and releases carbon dioxide (CO2). CaO in contact with water subsequently experiences very high expansions that can cause cracks in the materials. Researchers have studied procedures to inhibit limestone action on clays as well as to set the correct temperature for firing. In this chapter, examples of clays with different percentages of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that are used in the ceramic segment and their characteristics will be given.
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Skinner, H. Catherine W., Malcolm Ross, and Clifford Frondel. "Health Effects of Inorganic Fibers." In Asbestos and Other Fibrous Materials. Oxford University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195039672.003.0006.
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It has become fashionable to start discussions of disease related to fibrous inorganic materials by referring to Pliny the Younger (A.D. 61-114), who commented in a letter on the sickness of slaves who worked with asbestos. His observation was forgotten, as evidenced by the fact that during the Middle Ages, Paracelsus (1493–1541) as well as Agricola (1494–1556) wrote extensively on “miner’s disease” without mentioning asbestos. Later, Zenker (1867) coined the word pneumo(no)coniosis to describe the diseases endemic to coal and iron miners. Differential diagnosis of the pulmonary disorders, tuberculosis, silicosis, pneumonia, and other lung disease was attempted thereafter, although the varieties were often confused even by experienced physicians. The industry that provided asbestos to modern society started at about this same time (in the 1870s). The first indication of pulmonary disorder in an asbestos worker came in an autopsy report of fibrosis by Dr. Montague- Murray at Charing Cross Hospital, London, in 1899–1900 (Peters and Peters, 1980). By 1902 asbestos was included in the list of dusts considered injurious by the Lady Inspector of Factories, Adelaide Anderson (Oliver, 1902). Auribault (1906) appears to have been the first to note high mortality in workers in an asbestos mill and weaving establishment, but he attributed their illness to calcium carbonate dust rather than asbestos. Scarpa (1908) believed the pulmonary disease of 30 asbestos workers was caused by tuberculosis, and Fahr (1914), who published the case of a female asbestos worker who died of “pleuro-pneumonia . . . with a large number of crystals in pulmonary tissue of a peculiar nature,” was clearly somewhat mystified at the presence of nonbiological materials. It was Cooke (1924, 1927, 1929) who first defined asbestos as a specific etiologic agent in pulmonary fibrosis. He described extensive fibrosis with thickened pleura and adhesions to the chest wall and pericardium in asbestos workers and noted the presence of abundant mineral matter (“curious bodies”), but also tubercular lesions. The term asbestosis was used in the 1927 publication. Pancoast and Pendergrass (1925) argued that the fibrosis seen in asbestos workers was a result of ad-mixed silica and an expression of “asbestosilicosis,” signifying uncertain etiology of the observed symptoms, a view that survivied into the 1930s (Lynch and Smith, 1935).
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Murtaza, Ghulam, Muhammad Saqib, Saifullah, Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Naveed, and Abdul Ghafoor. "Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts Through Treatment and Management of Low Quality Water for Irrigation in Pakistan." In Environmental and Agricultural Informatics, 1181–98. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9621-9.ch053.
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The Indus Plains of Pakistan are situated in arid to semi-arid climate where monsoon rains are erratic and mostly fall in the months of July and August. These rains are not only insufficient to grow even a single crop without artificial irrigation but also cause flood havoc very frequently that is associated with the climate change. The Indus river transports water for agriculture, industry and domestic usage within the basin and downstream. The Indus Basin is among the few basins severely affected by global warming and resulting climate change. The alteration in temporal and spatial patterns of rainfall has resulted in unexpected drought and floods. About 70 to 80% of total river flows occur in summer season due to snow melt and monsoonal rainfalls. Lack of storage reservoirs has decreased the ability to regulate flood water as well as its potential use during the drought season along with cheap hydro-electricity generation. The sedimentation in the system has limited the storage capacity of the existing three reservoirs by 28%. Consequently carry over capacity of these storage structures is only 30 days compared to 120 to 220 days in India and 900 days in Colorado Basin. Pakistan is facing shortage of good quality water due to competition among agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, this scenario will continue rather will further aggravate in future. According to the climate change scenario, the warming is reflected in the river-flow data of Pakistan, especially during the past 2-3 decades. To bridge the gap between fresh water availability and demand, ground water is being pumped to meet the irrigation requirements of crops. The pumped ground water (70-80%) is brackish and could become a sustainability issue in the long run. The prolonged agricultural uses of such water will deteriorate soils, crops and human living environments. Water quality parameters usually considered include electrical conductivity (EC) for total soluble salts, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) reflect the sodicity hazards. In order to limit or even to eliminate adverse effects of such waters, certain treatment and/or management options are considered as important pre-requisites. For bringing down high concentration of total soluble salts, dilution with good quality water is the doable practice. To decrease high SAR of irrigation water, a source of calcium is needed, dilution (with good quality water) will decrease SAR by the square root times of the dilution factor, while use of acids will be cost-intensive rather may adversely impact the soil health. For high RSC, dilution with low CO32-+HCO3- water will serve the purpose, addition of Ca-salts will raise Ca2++Mg2+ to bring a decrease in water RSC, while acids will neutralize CO32-+HCO3- to lower water RSC. Gypsum is the most economical and safe amendment while acids could also decrease RSC but at higher relative cost. City wastewater and seed priming in aerated gypsum solution is also presented. Such practices at small and/or large scale surely will help a lot to sustain the food security and the environment in the days to come where climate change has to be experienced round the world. Therefore, a well-coordinated program is necessary to create awareness among different sections of the society including the policy makers, general public, organizations, industrialists and farmers.
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Murtaza, Ghulam, Muhammad Saqib, Saifullah, Muhammad Zia-ur Rehman, Muhammad Naveed, and Abdul Ghafoor. "Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts through Treatment and Management of Low Quality Water for Irrigation in Pakistan." In Reconsidering the Impact of Climate Change on Global Water Supply, Use, and Management, 84–101. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1046-8.ch006.
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The Indus Plains of Pakistan are situated in arid to semi-arid climate where monsoon rains are erratic and mostly fall in the months of July and August. These rains are not only insufficient to grow even a single crop without artificial irrigation but also cause flood havoc very frequently that is associated with the climate change. The Indus river transports water for agriculture, industry and domestic usage within the basin and downstream. The Indus Basin is among the few basins severely affected by global warming and resulting climate change. The alteration in temporal and spatial patterns of rainfall has resulted in unexpected drought and floods. About 70 to 80% of total river flows occur in summer season due to snow melt and monsoonal rainfalls. Lack of storage reservoirs has decreased the ability to regulate flood water as well as its potential use during the drought season along with cheap hydro-electricity generation. The sedimentation in the system has limited the storage capacity of the existing three reservoirs by 28%. Consequently carry over capacity of these storage structures is only 30 days compared to 120 to 220 days in India and 900 days in Colorado Basin. Pakistan is facing shortage of good quality water due to competition among agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, this scenario will continue rather will further aggravate in future. According to the climate change scenario, the warming is reflected in the river-flow data of Pakistan, especially during the past 2-3 decades. To bridge the gap between fresh water availability and demand, ground water is being pumped to meet the irrigation requirements of crops. The pumped ground water (70-80%) is brackish and could become a sustainability issue in the long run. The prolonged agricultural uses of such water will deteriorate soils, crops and human living environments. Water quality parameters usually considered include electrical conductivity (EC) for total soluble salts, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) reflect the sodicity hazards. In order to limit or even to eliminate adverse effects of such waters, certain treatment and/or management options are considered as important pre-requisites. For bringing down high concentration of total soluble salts, dilution with good quality water is the doable practice. To decrease high SAR of irrigation water, a source of calcium is needed, dilution (with good quality water) will decrease SAR by the square root times of the dilution factor, while use of acids will be cost-intensive rather may adversely impact the soil health. For high RSC, dilution with low CO32-+HCO3- water will serve the purpose, addition of Ca-salts will raise Ca2++Mg2+ to bring a decrease in water RSC, while acids will neutralize CO32-+HCO3- to lower water RSC. Gypsum is the most economical and safe amendment while acids could also decrease RSC but at higher relative cost. City wastewater and seed priming in aerated gypsum solution is also presented. Such practices at small and/or large scale surely will help a lot to sustain the food security and the environment in the days to come where climate change has to be experienced round the world. Therefore, a well-coordinated program is necessary to create awareness among different sections of the society including the policy makers, general public, organizations, industrialists and farmers.
Conference papers on the topic "Calcium carbonate industry"
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K. Scherbakova, Valeria, and Alla A. Krasnoshtanova. "OBTAINING MICROPARTICLES OF CALCIUM CARBONATE LOADED WITH MICROBIAL LIPASE." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/09.
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At present, lipases of animal and microbial origin are increasingly used in human practice, namely in cheese production, milk chocolate production, confectionery industry, dry egg powder, production of flour, leather industry (for degreasing wool, bristles, leather), silk production, washing agents, as well as biodiesel. However, the practical use of lipase is limited by its low stability, reduced storage activity, and inability to reuse. One way to overcome these disadvantages is to microencapsulate the enzyme into various carriers. One promising carrier is calcium carbonate, characterized by ease of production and low cost. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to select the conditions for including lipase in the calcium carbonate microparticles. As the subject of the investigation, lipase of bacteria p. Pseudomonas fluorescens with activity of 27 u/mg was used in the work. This paper compares two methods of including protein molecules in carbonate microparticles: adsorption in pores (previously prepared carrier microparticles are added to the protein solution) and microencapsulation (formation of microparticles occurs simultaneously with inclusion of protein molecules). For both ways the capacity of microparticles of a carbonate of calcium by a bacterial lipase was determined and it was established that the maximum capacity equal was 0.2 mg/mg was reached when using a method of adsorption in pores. The specific activity of lipase in this case is 5.21 units/mg. The dynamics of bacterial lipase release from carbonate microparticles has been investigated. It has been found that within 90 minutes the degree of lipase release from microparticles does not exceed 28%, and the decrease in its specific activity does not exceed 10%. This fact suggests a higher prolongation of the action of lipase included in calcium carbonate microparticles compared to native. The operational stability of the bacterial lipase included in the calcium carbonate microparticles was evaluated as compared to native lipase. It was found that the temperature optimum did not occur, it remained at 37 ° C, but the operating stability increased in the lower temperature area. The optimum pH shifted from the slightly alkaline (pH 8.0) towards the neutral (pH 7.0), wherein in the region of alkaline pH values the operational stability of the microencapsulated lipase significantly increases. Microencapsulation of bacterial lipase into carbonate microparticles has been shown to increase storage stability by a factor of twice that of native.
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Sabri, Siti Noorzidah Mohd, Rohaya Othman, and Anuar Othman. "Morphology and phase identification of synthesized precipitated calcium carbonate from acetylene gas industry waste." In ADVANCED MATERIALS FOR SUSTAINABILITY AND GROWTH: Proceedings of the 3rd Advanced Materials Conference 2016 (3rd AMC 2016). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5010515.
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Mohamed, Rahmah, Mohd Muizz Fahimi Mohamed, Mohd Nurazzi Norizan, and Raja Roslan Raja Mohamed. "Physical and morphological properties of filled calcium carbonate/kenaf fibre/rice husk polypropylene hybrid composite." In DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FOR INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (ICOME 2017). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5047197.
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Escobar, Mariano Martin, Adrián Di Paolo, and Analía Vazquez. "Carbon Dioxide Uptake by Concrete Modified With Carbon Nanotube." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11475.
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CO2 emission from fossil fuel fired power plants contributed 30% of global emissions in 1990. In the same year, the cement industry contributed about 5% of the total. According to Kyoto Protocol, a tremendous effort is required to reduce the carbon dioxide emission. One potential technology in CO2 mitigation responses is the use of concrete products as carbon sink through the early age fast curing. The cement compounds C3S and C2S are instantaneously carbonized into calcium carbonate and silica gel, once cement is mixed with water and exposed to the carbon dioxide gas. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of adding carbon nanotubes in cement paste matrix on the capacity as CO2 sink. Adiabatic temperature was determined for different carbon nanotubos content on the cement paste. The microstructure was studied by scanning electronic microscopy. The calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide content were determined by a thermogravimetric analysis. The storage modulus was measured for the specimens of cement paste before and after the immersion in CO2. Carbon nanotubes act as nuclear agent of the calcium carbonate and increase the maximum temperature and decrease the time of hydration. The incorporation of carbon nanotubes to Portland cement paste could modify the transport properties of the matrix. In fact, it was shown that interfacial interactions between the hydration products and multi-walled carbon nanotubes occur; and it was observed the insertion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes between the hydration products.
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Kunanz, Hartwig, and Sylvia Wölfel. "Scale Removal with Ultrasonic Waves." In SPE International Oilfield Scale Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169770-ms.
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Abstract Today, ultrasound is a widely used technology for a number of industrial applications, from processing liquids and slurries, cleaning of optical lenses and jewellery, purification of water, enhancement of mechanical and physical properties of metals, welding, dispersing, humidifiers, to material testing. In the oil and gas industry the ultrasonic technology is typically used for measurement applications. This paper describes first test and research results using ultrasonic waves to remove scaling in the borehole. So far most standard scaling treatments involve the use of chemicals. With ultrasonic treatment, it may be possible to reduce or even substitute the chemical applications. This transgression from a chemical to a physical cleaning process would most likely save costs and reduce the environmental impact. Scaling from calcium carbonate, gypsum/anhydrite or barium/strontium sulfate is considered a major issue with oil and gas production, causing the industry enormous efforts on prevention and removal. To assess the usability of ultrasound for scaling removal, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted, starting with gypsum due to its easy handling and continuing with the more critical calcium carbonate scaling. The cleaning effects could be proven and the main factors influencing the ultrasonic cleaning efficiency could be identified in the laboratory. This paper will present and discuss the findings so far and will give an outlook on future research issues with ultrasonic scale removal.
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Lima, Vivianne Cristina Ferreira, Marco Antonio Ribeiro de Almeida, Florence Leal Machado, and Valter Antonio Monteiro Branco. "Saturation Index Prediction Based on Taguchi Approach and Multiple Linear Regression in Oil Wells." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23106.
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During the productive phase of an oil well, there may be jointly production of groundwater, called formation water, which has different dissolved salts which may, during production, form a solid phase (precipitate), causing partial or total obstruction of the well, due to scaling of precipitation. The main inorganic scales in oil industry are: calcium sulfate (CaSO4), barium sulfate (BaSO4), strontium sulfate (SrSO4) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The carbonate is precipitated due to changes in temperature, pressure and water flow associated with oil. These variations happen due to fluid displacement which originally are in equilibrium conditions to the flow conditions. As the removing process is extremely expensive and often irreversible, mathematical tools are used to predict the saline scale. This work will present three methods: software Multiscale, Multiple Linear Regression and Taguchi Approach. Those methods will help predict saline scales of CaCO3, by calculating saturation index. The other salts will not be used in this monograph. After realization of the experiments, comparing the values found in the calculation of the CaCO3 saturation index using the three methods, satisfactory results are obtained when the pressure ranges up to 20% of the experimental pressure, with a reduction in the number of experiments, using the method known as Taguchi Approach.
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Viana, Tania, Sara Biscaia, Henrique A. Almeida, and Paulo J. Bártolo. "PCL/Eggshell Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20213.
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Eggshell (ES) is one of the most common biomaterials in nature. For instance, the ES represents 11% of the total weight of a hen’s egg and it is composed of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, tricalcium phosphate and organic matter. Hen ES are also a major waste product of the food industry worldwide. Recently, ES have been used for many applications such as coating pigments for inkjet printing paper, catalyst for biodiesel synthesis, bio-fillers for polymer composites and matrix lipase immobilization. It is also considered a natural biomaterial with high potential for the synthesis of calcium enriched implants that may be applied in tissue engineering applications, such as bone regeneration. The aim of this research regards the production of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds enriched with hen ES powder for bone regeneration applications, using an extrusion-based process called Dual-Bioextruder. The main objective is to investigate the influence of the addition of ES powder on the PCL matrix. For this purpose the structures were characterised regarding morphological and chemical properties. Morphological images of the PCL scaffolds enriched with hen ES, demonstrated the interconnectivity of the pores within the scaffold and revealed that the addition of the ES powder combined with the screw rotation velocity has a large influence on the resulting filament diameter and consequently on the porosity of the scaffolds.
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Mamauod, Siti Nur Liyana, Noor Amira Nabillah Ab Rahim, Nur Raihan Mohamed, and Ahmad Zafir Romli. "Synergistic effect of hybrid nanofiller (nano-calcium carbonate/nano-silicone dioxide) on the tensile and impact properties of modified epoxy resin (EP/CTBN) composites." In DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FOR INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (ICOME 2017). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5047161.
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Coca Suaznabar, Paola Adriana, Kazuo Miura, and Celso Kazuyuki Morooka. "Verifying Production Losses due to Petroleum Flow Improving Well Intervention and Design." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54820.
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The purpose of this research is to identify in the literature: causes, factors, case study descriptions and adopted solutions for production losses regarding the petroleum flow in offshore oil wells. Those facts will be organized and structured to identify potential zones of intervention for planning the well maintenance during well design phase to avoid production losses. This paper focuses on four offshore regions: Campos Basin, Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, and West Africa. These regions represent the most significant share of offshore oil production in the world. Data set available in the last thirty five years through academic, technical and governmental reports in the literature were the basis of this study. The procedure was accomplished in three steps: (1) data research (2) analysis of the data (3) guidelines establishment. The main cause of production loss regarding the petroleum flow is the solids deposition in the well/line system, such as hydrates, asphaltenes, wax, scales (barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, and naturally occurrence radioactive material), and calcium naphthenates. In this work the superposition of graphics (hydrate curve, wax appearance temperature, asphaltene onset pressure, and saturation index) resulted in a region free of solids deposition, denominated as “flow assurance envelope”. The main expected result is to propose a guideline to be used during the well design phase in order to minimize and facilitate the well intervention. The main contributions of this paper to the oil industry are the identification of potential zones of intervention due to solids deposition in the well/line system, the foresight of well intervention before the beginning of the oilfield production, and finally, possibilities to improve the well or intervention design.
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Gamal, Hany, Salaheldin Elkatatny, Saad Al-Afnan, and Mohamed Bahgat. "Toward Developing Non-Corrosive Acid System for Complex Scales Removal." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21400-ms.
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Abstract Oil and gas industry deals with fluid streams with different ions and concentrations that might cause scale precipitation. The scale precipitation, will thereafter, affect the fluid flow characteristics. Many problems will be raised by the scale deposition that affects the overall petroleum production. This paper aims to develop a non-corrosive acid system with high dissolution efficiency for field complex scales. The paper provided a series of lab analysis that covers the compositional analysis for the collected scale sample, and evaluating the developed acid system for compatible and stable properties, dissolution efficiency, and the corrosive impact. A field scale sample that has a composite chemical composition of calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, kaolinite, barium sulfate, magnetite, and halite with different weight percentages by employing the diffraction of X-ray technology. Developing the new scale dissolver was achieved by specific compositional study for the organic acids to achieve high dissolution efficiency and low corrosive impact for the field treatment operations. The study results showed the successful scale removal for the developed dissolver at 160 and 210 °F by dissolution efficiency 100 % for 5 hours. The fluid showed a stable and compatible performance with low rate of solids precipitation after the scale treatment (2.3 %). The developed dissolver has a pH of 9. The corrosion test was conducted without any scale inhibitors and the results showed the low corrosion effect by 0.0129 lbm/ft2. The obtained successful results will help to dissolve such complex field scales, maintain the well equipment, and maintain the petroleum production from scale issues.