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1
Zou, Zhaoyong, Wouter J. E. M. Habraken, Galina Matveeva, Anders C. S. Jensen, Luca Bertinetti, Matthew A. Hood, Chang-yu Sun, et al. "A hydrated crystalline calcium carbonate phase: Calcium carbonate hemihydrate." Science 363, no. 6425 (January 24, 2019): 396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav0210.
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As one of the most abundant materials in the world, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, is the main constituent of the skeletons and shells of various marine organisms. It is used in the cement industry and plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and formation of sedimentary rocks. For more than a century, only three polymorphs of pure CaCO3—calcite, aragonite, and vaterite—were known to exist at ambient conditions, as well as two hydrated crystal phases, monohydrocalcite (CaCO3·1H2O) and ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O). While investigating the role of magnesium ions in crystallization pathways of amorphous calcium carbonate, we unexpectedly discovered an unknown crystalline phase, hemihydrate CaCO3·½H2O, with monoclinic structure. This discovery may have important implications in biomineralization, geology, and industrial processes based on hydration of CaCO3.
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Kumasaka, Tetsuo, Kazuhisa Shimono, and Hiroichi Tanaka. "Precipitated calcium carbonate for paper industry." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 44, no. 10 (1990): 1067–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.44.1067.
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SCHABEL, SAMUEL, HANS-JOACHIM PUTZ, UDO HAMM, ANTJE KERSTEN, BRIGITTE BOBEK, GEORG HIRSCH, and DENNIS VOSS. "Calcium carbonate in the paper industry - blessing for coated papermaking and curse for recycling processes." November 2014 13, no. 11 (December 1, 2014): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj13.11.47.
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Calcium carbonate provides good optical properties to graphic paper and is relatively inexpensive. Therefore, the use of calcium carbonate for the production of paper has steadily increased. But the high amount of calcium carbonate in paper for recycling and the closure of water circuits leads to a high concentration of calcium ions in the process water of paper mills. The consequence can be undesired precipitation and deposition of calcium carbonate in machines and plant components of the mills. Enhanced knowledge about the precipitation potential of calcium carbonate is needed to avoid or reduce undesired precipitation and deposition. The potential can be described using the Langelier saturation index (LSI). Our investigations showed that a deposition of calcium carbonate only happens if the LSI value is higher than 0.5. An LSI value above 0.5 often exists in process water that is treated in a biological effluent treatment plant. Reasons for such values are the increase in hydrogen carbonate concentration (m-alkalinity) by carbon dioxide production and the increase of the pH value by reduction of fatty acids. With the knowledge about the precipitation potential of calcium carbonate in a process water line, suitable measures could be implemented.
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Li, Qi, Yan Xin Chen, and Yan Fei Yao. "Research on a "Green" Industry Chain of Phosphate Fertilizer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 665 (October 2014): 538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.665.538.
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In the production of phosphate fertilizer, large amounts of phosphorus gypsum can be produced, which can be used for the preparation of ammonium sulfate. In which process, a large number of secondary emissions-calcium carbonate residue can be produced as well, whose main mineral composition was CaCO3. Calcium carbonate residue can be conversion to high activity Lime by roasting at high temperature. This research used high solid/gas ratio suspended roasting technology to deal with calcium carbonate residue, and built a calcium carbonate residue test preparation of active lime production line with Wengfu Group at 2011,earned product with 97.7% CaCO3 apparent decomposition rate,59% CaO content and with high activity(160s to 180s).Relative to the traditional roasting device such as rotary kiln and shaft kiln, suspended roasting has a better thermal efficiency (4402kJ/kg), which can be used for large-scale industrial production. And this process will not generate new secondary emissions,thus we can get a complete "green" phosphate fertilizer industry chain.
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DOELLE, KLAUS, and JOHN J. AMAYA. "Application of calcium carbonate for uncoated digital printing paper from 100% eucalyptus pulp." January 2012 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj11.1.51.
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Increasing the filler content in paper to reduce the cost of materials is an ongoing effort among papermakers. Selecting the proper calcium carbonate additive for each type of paper is the key to achieving this goal. Calcium carbonate is the most widely used filler material in the paper industry. On average, it is applied at levels of 18% to 30%. Quality requirements of each type of paper vary widely, according to use; understanding the effect that different types of calcium carbonate have on paper properties allows producers to choose the best filler for each use. Given that the market for uncoated digital printing paper is expected to grow, this study focused on selecting the optimal calcium carbonate for the production of uncoated digital printing paper made from 100% eucalyptus pulp. In this study, 13 varieties of calcium carbonates were used to prepare handsheets for the detailed analyses of structural, optical, and strength properties. The samples included nine varieties of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) (two rhombic and seven scalenohedral, covering a particle size range from 1.2 μm to 2.9 μm) and four varieties of ground calcium carbonate (GCC) (three anionic and one cationic, with a particle size range of 0.7 μm to 1.5 μm). From the results of this study, we determined that the optimal calcium carbonate for uncoated digital printing paper made from eucalyptus pulp is scalenohedral PCC with a particle size of 1.9 μm, because of its positive effects on caliper, stiffness, brightness, and opacity.
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Ganendra, Giovanni, Willem De Muynck, Adrian Ho, Eleni Charalampous Arvaniti, Baharak Hosseinkhani, Jose Angel Ramos, Hubert Rahier, and Nico Boon. "Formate Oxidation-Driven Calcium Carbonate Precipitation by Methylocystis parvus OBBP." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 15 (May 16, 2014): 4659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01349-14.
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ABSTRACTMicrobially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) applied in the construction industry poses several disadvantages such as ammonia release to the air and nitric acid production. An alternative MICP from calcium formate byMethylocystis parvusOBBP is presented here to overcome these disadvantages. To induce calcium carbonate precipitation,M. parvuswas incubated at different calcium formate concentrations and starting culture densities. Up to 91.4% ± 1.6% of the initial calcium was precipitated in the methane-amended cultures compared to 35.1% ± 11.9% when methane was not added. Because the bacteria could only utilize methane for growth, higher culture densities and subsequently calcium removals were exhibited in the cultures when methane was added. A higher calcium carbonate precipitate yield was obtained when higher culture densities were used but not necessarily when more calcium formate was added. This was mainly due to salt inhibition of the bacterial activity at a high calcium formate concentration. A maximum 0.67 ± 0.03 g of CaCO3g of Ca(CHOOH)2−1calcium carbonate precipitate yield was obtained when a culture of 109cells ml−1and 5 g of calcium formate liter−1were used. Compared to the current strategy employing biogenic urea degradation as the basis for MICP, our approach presents significant improvements in the environmental sustainability of the application in the construction industry.
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Lima, R. S. C., Marcus Vinícius Lia Fook, Thiago Bizerra Fideles, A. C. B. M. Fook, Sara Verusca de Oliveira, and W. P. F. Barbosa. "Characterization of the Snail’s Carapace Collected at Coast of Brazilian’s State of Paraíba." Key Engineering Materials 396-398 (October 2008): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.396-398.141.
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Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is a ceramic of strong economic potential, given the versatility of its application in industry in many different areas. Protective shells of marine snails of the Brazilian coast were analyzed in this study, to verify the content of calcium carbonate available in this type of material. The samples were collected at Bessa´s Beach located in the João Pessoa’ coast Capital of Paraíba state, northern Brazil. The collection occurred during the month of February 2008; the sample was processed into powder and it was examined by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Infrared Spectroscopy with Fourier Trasformating (FTIR). The material was also submitted to heat treatment at 110°C and characterized by same techniques. The results confirmed the presence of a high content of calcium carbonate in the samples (over 95%,) which has not changed with the heat treatment used. It was presents the morphologies calcite and aragonite with prevalence of the second, both showing high levels of crystallinity. From the results obtained, calcium carbonate of the coast Paraíba has a potential application like bioceramic.
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Chen, Jian Xin, Quan Sun, Teng Jiao Liu, Joachim Ulrich, and Lei Xie. "Polymorphic Changes of Calcite Carbonate Sediment in Aqueous Solution." Advanced Materials Research 549 (July 2012): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.549.113.
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Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is abundant in nature, and is also an important material applied in industry as pigment, filler material, etc. It is a challenge to control the desired CaCO3 properties for industry applications. In this study, three typical morphologies of CaCO3, calcite, aragonite and vaterite were prepared. The crystallization temperature and addition of acrylic-acrylate-sulfosalt copolymer play a significant effect on the polymorph change of CaCO3 sediment. Higher temperature promoted the formation of aragonite, while more additives tended to form the vaterite. The x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analysis confirmed the formation of CaCO3 with various polymorphs.
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Chen, Ze Li, and Hua Jing Zhu. "Study of Preparation and the Influencing Factors of Chrysanthemum-Shaped Calcium Carbonate Applied to Paper Industry." Advanced Materials Research 621 (December 2012): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.621.111.
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This paper describes the precipitated calcium carbonate filler applied to paper industry, which was prepared by adding a specific crystal control agent. And a series of influencing factors in carbonation process was studied, such as carbonization temperature, concentration of milk of lime, carbon dioxide concentration and the crystal shape control dosage. Therefore the optimum conditions for preparation of chrysanthemum-shaped crystalline calcium carbonate were determined.
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Shafiu Kamba, Abdullahi, Maznah Ismail, Tengku Azmi Tengku Ibrahim, and Zuki Abu Bakar Zakaria. "Synthesis and Characterisation of Calcium Carbonate Aragonite Nanocrystals from Cockle Shell Powder (Anadara granosa)." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/398357.
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The synthesis of pure calcium carbonate nanocrystals using a high pressure homogeniser (HPH) via a microemulsion system produced uniform nanosized particles, which were characterised using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The identified particles were aragonite polymorphs with a rod shape and were approximately 50 nm in size. The aragonite polymorph of calcium carbonate was prepared from biogenic materials, cockle shells, and exhibited unique characteristics (i.e., a higher density than that of calcite), which makes it biocompatible and potentially suitable for applications in the medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and paint industries. The methods adopted and the nonionic surfactant used in the synthesis of calcium carbonate nanocrystalline aragonite polymorphs were environmentally friendly and can be scaled up for industrial production. The sources are naturally available materials that are by-products of the seafood industry, which offers an opportunity for exploitation in numerous industrial applications.
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Kalafati, K., and G. E. Christidis. "REPLACEMENT OF Ti02 PIGMENT BY CaC03 FROM CEFALONIA IN EMULSION PAINTS." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16716.
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The purpose of this work is to show that calcium carbonate from the chalky limestone deposits of Minies in Kefalonia, exploited by IONIAN KALK S.A., is a suitable raw material for paint industry and especially in emulsion (water based) paints. The deposit is characterized by a high calcium carbonate content (>99 %), high whiteness and low yellowness, by negligible content of heavy metals and low contents of MgO (<0.15 %), Si02 (<0.05 %) andFe203 (<0.01 %). This research was based on determination of the optical and mechanical properties of the emulsion white water based paints, which included calcium carbonate from the Kefalonia limestone deposits. The calcium carbonate replaced Ti02 pigment in various proportions. It is concluded that this product can be utilized not only as inert filler and extender but may have more functional application acting simultaneously as pigment. Replacement of TiO2 pigment by calcium carbonate may reach 50% without deteriorating the optical and mechanical properties significantly. Hence calcium carbonate from this deposit offers excellent optical properties to paints, reduces sufficiently their production cost and replaces a great part of the proportion of titanium dioxide, which is currently used as white pigment.
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Natarova, E. S., and Y. M. Nehcesova. "Dispersed filler based on synthetic calcium carbonate – requirements for applications quality." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 83, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2021-1-303-308.
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The introduction of fillers into various materials improves its technological, physical and mechanical properties, and leads to a decrease in cost. The main areas of application of natural and synthetic calcium carbonate as highly dispersed fillers are: the construction industry, the production of Portland cement, mineral fertilizers, glass, paper, polymer composite materials, paints and varnishes, and rubbers. A promising direction at present is the use of production by-products as fillers, for example, conversion calcium carbonate - a waste product from the production of a complex mineral fertilizer - nitroammophoska. However, its use in the above areas is limited by the content of water-soluble nitrogen-containing impurities, impurities of heavy metals, strontium carbonate, phosphates, etc. The analysis of scientific, technical and patent literature on methods of purification of conversion calcium carbonate has been carried out. These methods are based on the extraction of impurities from the initial product of calcium carbonate production - a melt of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate by precipitation with various reagents, followed by the isolation of an insoluble precipitate (impurities) and processing of the purified melt into calcium carbonate and nitroammofoska. A method is proposed for the extraction of acid-tonic-soluble iron-containing impurities from the initial calcium nitrate melt in order to obtain a cleaner by-product - conversion calcium carbonate, which will expand the scope of its application. An effective method is to dilute the initial calcium nitrate melt with a 60% solution of ammonium nitrate to a calcium content of 12-13%, followed by the isolation of an acid-insoluble precipitate in a vacuum filter, conversion of the purified calcium nitrate solution with ammonium carbonate and separation of the resulting suspension in a drum filter. The described method can reduce the amount of iron-containing impurities by more than 50%.
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Battu, Desianto Payung, Jamaluddin Jamaluddin, and Fathony Akbar Praktikno. "Material Analysis Supporting Cement Industry Muara Dua Area South Oku Regency South Sumatera." Jurnal Geomine 8, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33536/jg.v8i1.526.
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Material cement industry are mostly formed by carbonate and silica. Geology of Muara Dua area was contain those material used in cement industry. Mineralogy of carbonate this area mostly formed by Calcium (Ca) contained on Calcite (CaCO3), Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) while Silica, Alumina, Iron Oxide element found as SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO on rock. Research area mostly generated by tectonically complex where the sedimentation mostly controlled the existence of material using in cement industry. Three analysis method were conducted which are Geological Mapping to describe macro petrology, Petrography analysis to determine mineralogy microscopic and Geochemical method using XRF to identified chemical mineralogy of rock. Limestone is one of lithology unit that develop on research area where known as Packstone to Wackestone (Petrography) while "Calcitic Limestone” to “Marly Limestone” classification from Geochemical analysis (XRF). Another material such as Silica and trass material are definitely found on this research area to support cement industry. Element for support cement industry that exist on Muara Dua area formed due to sedimentation process that effected by tectonic and volcanic.
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Marras, Graziella, Augusto Bortolussi, Giampaolo Siotto, Marco Surraco, and Nicola Careddu. "Reduction of Marble Waste Landfills through the Enhancement of CaCO3." Key Engineering Materials 848 (June 2020): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.848.145.
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The purpose of this research is to show how to reduce the amount of landfilled marble waste/scraps by collecting and re-purposing the marble microfine sawdust, which is produced after the sawing and processing of carbonate dimension stones. Our ultimate goal is to identify alternative uses, rather than landfilling. The current solution so far preferred - landfill - does not fully meet sustainable development criteria. Our reduction strategy is based on a regulatory framework which identifies waste, by-product and end of waste status clearer. After a careful characterization, the marble sawdust can be reused and marketed for industrial applications, that employ micronized calcium carbonate, as a new material. During the first few years of study, the research focused on the construction industry (i.e. concrete – plaster - brick), by assessing the extensive use of marble sludge. The building industry is able to incorporate and reuse waste materials deriving from different industries, although, in this way, such material would be regarded as of poor quality. The current trend is to add high economic value to this waste. Since product specifications for calcium carbonate vary depending on its application, a comparison with the paper - rubber - and tyre calcium carbonate requirements is described herein and, in addition, the final results of the tests carried out on marble sawdust in tyre mixtures are also reported in detail.
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Rojas Álvarez, Oscar Eduardo, María Inés Nicolás Vázquez, Jose Oñate-Garzón, and Carlos A. Arango. "Validation by Molecular Dynamics of the Major Components of Sugarcane Vinasse, On a Surface of Calcium Carbonate (Calcite)." Molecules 26, no. 8 (April 18, 2021): 2353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082353.
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There is ongoing interest in the alcohol industry to significantly reduce and/or add value to the liquid residue, vinasse, produced after the distillation and rectification of ethanol from sugar cane. Vinasse contains potassium, glycerol, and a protein component that can cause environmental issues if improperly disposed of. Currently, some industries have optimized their processes to reduce waste, and a significant proportion of vinasse is being considered for use as an additive in other industrial processes. In the manufacture of cement and asphalt, vinasse has been used in the mixtures at low concentrations, albeit with some physical and mechanical problems. This work is the first molecular approximation of the components of the sugar cane vinasse in an industrial context, and it provides atomic details of complex molecular events. In the current study, the major components of sugar cane vinasse, alone or complexed on the surface of calcium carbonate, were modeled and simulated using molecular dynamics. The results showed that the protein component, represented by the mannoprotein Mp1p, has a high affinity for forming hydrogen bonds with potassium and glycerol in the vinasse. Additionally, it provides atomic stability to the calcium carbonate surface, preserving the calcite crystalline structure in the same way potassium ions interact with the carbonate group through ion–dipole interactions to improve the cohesion of the modeled surface. On the contrary, when the glycerol molecule interacts with calcium carbonate using more than two hydrogen bonds, it triggers the breakdown of the crystalline structure of calcite expanding the ionic pair.
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M. Lahuri, H., N. H. Berahim, M. S. Onn, M. G.M. Noh, and R. Othman. "Effect of Methane on the Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate via Carbonation Process." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.14 (December 24, 2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27523.
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Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) is synthetic calcium carbonate that has high purity of more than 98 wt% of CaCO3 content. Owing to its unique characteristic whereby its shape and size can be controlled to tailor to various applications, PCC has seen great demands in many industries such as paper, paint, plastic, food, ceramics, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and many others. PCC can be synthesized via various methods and the most often used method in industry is via carbonation process. This process has caught interest of the oil and gas industry for utilizing existing carbon dioxide waste from plant processes. Precipitation of PCC is carried out using hydrated lime under various conditions at different gas purity (1 mol% CH4 + 99 mol% CO2 , 40 mol% CH4 + 60 mol% CO2 ), different gas flowrate, and different stirring rate. All experiments are carried out using 1 litre of ionic solution at ambient conditions. All samples are characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Particle Size Distribution, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). FESEM analysis shows different surface morphology for different methane content with calcite formation. The particle size for all PCC produced at different parameters are comparable at the range 5-9 microns depending on the mixing rate used whereas XRF results indicate very high purity of CaCO3 of more than 99 wt%.
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M. Lahuri, H., N. H. Berahim, M. S. Onn, M. G.M. Noh, and R. Othman. "Effect of Methane on the Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate via Carbonation Process." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.14 (December 24, 2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27524.
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Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) is synthetic calcium carbonate that has high purity of more than 98 wt% of CaCO3 content. Owing to its unique characteristic whereby its shape and size can be controlled to tailor to various applications, PCC has seen great demands in many industries such as paper, paint, plastic, food, ceramics, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and many others. PCC can be synthesized via various methods and the most often used method in industry is via carbonation process. This process has caught interest of the oil and gas industry for utilizing existing carbon dioxide waste from plant processes. Precipitation of PCC is carried out using hydrated lime under various conditions at different gas purity (1 mol% CH4 + 99 mol% CO2 , 40 mol% CH4 + 60 mol% CO2 ), different gas flowrate, and different stirring rate. All experiments are carried out using 1 litre of ionic solution at ambient conditions. All samples are characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Particle Size Distribution, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). FESEM analysis shows different surface morphology for different methane content with calcite formation. The particle size for all PCC produced at different parameters are comparable at the range 5-9 microns depending on the mixing rate used whereas XRF results indicate very high purity of CaCO3 of more than 99 wt%.
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da Silva, Rosana Pereira, Giovanna Sayuri Domingues Kawai, Fabio Ramos Dias de Andrade, Vinicius Danilo Nonato Bezzon, and Humberto Gomes Ferraz. "Characterisation and Traceability of Calcium Carbonate from the Seaweed Lithothamnium calcareum." Solids 2, no. 2 (May 6, 2021): 192–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/solids2020013.
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Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) from the seaweed Lithothamnium calcareum is a suitable dietary supplement for the prevention of osteoporosis, due to its chemical composition. This study compared CaCO3 from L. calcareum to CaCO3 from oyster shell and inorganic minerals that are already used in the pharmaceutical industry. The Rietveld refinement of the XRD showed that the mineral fraction of L. calcareum is composed of aragonite (50.3 wt%), magnesian calcite (45.3 wt%), calcite (4.4 wt%), comin contrast to oyster shell and inorganic minerals, which contain only calcite. The morphology of L. calcareum carbonate particles is granular xenomorphic, which is distinct from the scalenohedral form of inorganic calcite and the fibrous and scale-like fragments of oyster shell. The crystal structures of aragonite and magnesian calcite, present in L. calcareum, have higher contents of oligoelements than the pure calcite in other materials. The isotopic composition (stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen) is heavy in the CaCO3 from L. calcareum (δ13C = 1.1‰; δ18O = −0.1‰) and oyster shell (δ13C = −4‰; δ18O = −2.8‰) in marked contrast to the much lighter isotopic composition of inorganic mineral CaCO3 (δ13C = −19.2‰; δ18O = −26.3‰). The differences indicated above were determined through principal component analysis, where the first and second principal components are sufficient for the clear distinction and traceability of CaCO3 sources.
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Stanienda, Katarzyna. "Strontium and Barium in the Triassic Limestone of the Opole Silesia Deposits." Archives of Mining Sciences 61, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2016-0003.
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Abstract This article presents the results of studies of strontium and barium content in Triassic (Muschelkalk) carbonate rock samples taken from the area of the Polish part of the Germanic Basin (the area of Opole Silesia). Sr and Ba were determined in the rocks of all formations of the Lower Muschelkalk - Gogolin Beds, Górażdże Beds, Dziewkowice (Terebratula) Beds and Karchowice Beds. Strontium and barium are chemical elements characteristic for aragonite carbonate phase. Aragonite is unstable calcium carbonate phase which is transformed such as high-Mg calcite into low magnesium calcite during diagenesis. So as Sr and Ba indicate the presence of aragonite in the primary carbonate material. Now these elements concentrate in low-Mg calcite crystal structure. The Triassic rocks of Lower Muschelkalk which are mined in different quarries of the Opole Silesia area are mainly built of low-Mg calcite with lower amounts of high-Mg calcite, protodolomite, ordered dolomite and huntite. There are smaller addition of non-carbonate minerals - quartz, chalcedony, muscovite, feldspars and iron minerals. The presence of Sr and Ba now bound in a structure of low-Mg calcite will indicate the occurrence of aragonite in the primary carbonate material. The Triassic rocks from the area of Opole Silesia were studied to determine the rocks enriched in Sr and Ba. Selected rock samples were examined using ICP AES spectrometry, XRF analysis and microprobe measurements. The results of studies show that strontium and barium occur in rocks of all Lower Muschelkalk formations. The lowest contents of these elements were determined in rocks of Gogolin Beds, higher - in rocks of other formations. The results of studies show that Sr and Ba concentrate in low-Mg calcite which dominates in Lower Muschelkalk rocks. Limestone built mainly of low-Mg calcite or “pure” calcite without substitution of other elements, especially Mg, Fe, Si and Al could be applied in lime industry or in other branches of industry, where pure quality raw material, without substitutions is needed.
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Wang, Jian, Yaowei Xu, Zhijie Wang, Jianpeng Sun, and Min Liu. "Optimization of the microstructure of carbonized lime mud by sodium polyacrylate." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 34, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2019-0020.
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Abstract Lime mud (LM) is a by-product originated from the causticization process of papermaking industry. Microscopic structural changes of LM in carbonization process lead to defects on its performance. Regulating the growth of calcium carbonate obtained from the carbonization process and preventing its influence on the surface microstructure of LM has become the key to achieve the self-digestion of this solid waste. In this study, microscopic structural changes of LM co-carbonized with sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) were investigated. The results showed that, compared with traditional carbonation, the microstructure of LM co-carbonized with PAAS was changed remarkably. The newly calcium carbonate formed in the carbonization process would be solidified and coated on the LM surface. Then LM co-carbonized with PAAS would have a smaller specific surface area, pore volume and pore size, which significantly improved its application performance when it was used as paper filler. In addition, a potential technique for improving the surface microstructure of calcium carbonate particle was proposed.
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Yan, Qiu Hui, and Hong Na Wang. "Calculation and Optimization of Molten Salt for Solar High Temperature Heat Storage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.62.
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The development of energy saving technologies is very actual issue of present day. One of perspective directions in developing these technologies is the thermal energy storage in various industry branches. To meet the requirement of high temperature of solar heat transfer and thermal storage, this paper calculated several sets of data for lots of pure salts and salt mixtures. The results show that, comparing with the ternary carbonate salt (potassium carbonate (0.7) - sodium carbonate (0.1) -potassium chloride (or sodium chloride)), the ternary chloride salt (potassium chloride (0.037) - calcium chloride (0.5) - sodium chloride) is more perspective.
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Yue, Guan Hua, Li Min Shang, Li Ping Wang, and Li Li Feng. "The Influences of Main Ingredients of the Reclaimed Water on Calcium Carbonate Scale in Recycling Cooling System." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 1554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.1554.
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The main risk of reclaimed water reused in industry is to control fouling. The main ingredients in reclaimed water form the chemical scale which is one of the main components of the fouling in the recycling cooling system. The main chemical scale of reclaimed water is carbonate scale (calcite). In this paper, by using the actual reclaimed water which reused as make-up water in Beijing Thermal Power Plant to simulate the 4 times concentrate ratio recycling water to study the influence of main ingredients of reclaimed water such as pH，soluble silica, the most content of anions and cations on carbonate scale. The experimental results show that pH, soluble silica, calcium ion and alkalinity have greater influence on scale inhibition, but magnesium ion, chloride ion and sulfate ion have smaller influence on scale inhibition.
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van Langerak, E. P. A., H. V. M. Hamelers, and G. Lettinga. "Influent calcium removal by crystallization reusing anaerobic effluent alkalinity." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 6-7 (September 1, 1997): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0609.
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Waste waters from the waste paper industry and landfill leachates contain high calcium concentrations. Treatment of those waste waters in an anaerobic system will lead to extensive precipitation of calcium carbonates. Problems due to accumulation of calcium carbonate in anaerobic reactors can be avoided by applying a crystallization reactor to remove calcium from the influent. This solution, however, is expensive due to the need to dose alkalinity. In this paper, the possibility of reusing the produced alkalinity by recirculating anaerobic effluent was investigated. Calculations and experiments were carried out to investigate to what extent calcium could be removed from the influent. Experiments were carried out in a 4.5 1 UASB reactor and a 0.8 1 crystallization reactor, seeded with sand. The influent contained up to 1800 mg.l−1 calcium and the substrate was acetic acid. Removal of calcium from the influent could be successfully accomplished. Recirculation of the anaerobic effluent supplied sufficient bicarbonate alkalinity for crystallization. Consequently, no extra chemicals (i.e. Na2CO3 and/or NaOH) were needed. A chemical equilibrium model, with adapted pseudo solubility products, is a very useful tool to determine the proper recycle ratio of effluent for optimal performance.
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Marinković, Aleksandar, Nataša Tomić, Marija Vuksanović, Maja Gajić-Kvaščev, and Milutin Milosavljević. "Optimization of the process of calcium-carbonate dispersion stabilization for paper industry needs." Tehnika 73, no. 6 (2018): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika1806762m.
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Islam, Kh Nurul, A. B. Z. Zuki, M. E. Ali, Mohd Zobir Bin Hussein, M. M. Noordin, M. Y. Loqman, H. Wahid, M. A. Hakim, and Sharifa Bee Abd Hamid. "Facile Synthesis of Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles from Cockle Shells." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/534010.
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A simple and low-cost method for the synthesis of calcium carbonate nanoparticles from cockle shells was described. Polymorphically, the synthesized nanoparticles were aragonites which are biocompatible and thus frequently used in the repair of fractured bone and development of advanced drug delivery systems, tissue scaffolds and anticarcinogenic drugs. The rod-shaped and pure aragonite particles of30±5 nm in diameter were reproducibly synthesized when micron-sized cockle shells powders were mechanically stirred for 90 min at room temperature in presence of a nontoxic and nonhazardous biomineralization catalyst, dodecyl dimethyl betaine (BS-12). The findings were verified using a combination of analytical techniques such as variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VPSEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray analyser (EDX). The reproducibility and low cost of the method suggested that it could be used in industry for the large scale synthesis of aragonite nanoparticles from cockle shells, a low cost and easily available natural resource.
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Hallenberger, M., L. Reuning, and J. Schoenherr. "Dedolomitization Potential of Fluids from Gypsum-to-Anhydrite Conversion: Mass Balance Constraints from the Late Permian Zechstein-2-Carbonates in NW Germany." Geofluids 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1784821.
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The Zechstein-2-Carbonates represent one of the most prolific hydrocarbon systems of Central Europe. Carbonate reservoir quality is primarily controlled by mineralogy, with dolomite representing moderate-to-good porosities and calcite commonly representing low porosities. Current models suggest that this calcite is the result of a basin-wide phase of dedolomitization. The calcium (Ca) source for the dedolomites is thought to be derived from the fluids liberated during gypsum-to-anhydrite conversion. We present an easy-to-use and generally applicable template to estimate the dedolomitization potential of these fluids. Depending on reaction stoichiometry, salinity, and temperature, we estimate that between 2.8⁎10−3 m3 and 6.2⁎10−3 m3 of calcite may replace dolomite for each m3 of anhydrite created. Within the constraints dictated by the environment of the late Permian Zechstein basin, we estimate that about 5⁎10−3 m3 of dedolomite is created for each m3 of anhydrite. Mass balance constraints indicate that fluids derived from gypsum-to-anhydrite conversion account for less than 1% of the observed dedolomite in most of the studied industry wells from northern Germany.
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Engin, Merve, and Celil Atik. "The impact of zeolite filler on ageing and mechanical failure of paper." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 33, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2018-3047.
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Abstract The choice of the filler type for paper materials has been a qualitative discussion. The mineral precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) is used in considerable quantities in the pulp and paper industry as filler. However, alternative filler materials have been researched for improving the properties of paper. In this work, a domestic zeolite (clinoptilolite) filler was used separately and mixed with precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) fillers. Indeed, the objective of our approach was to explore the structural and mechanical properties of handsheets having filler content affected as a function of accelerated ageing. The results confirmed that the mixed furnish of zeolite and PCC fillers provides positive and synergistic effect on the mechanical properties of ageing handsheets at the low content.
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Kremer, Dario, and Hermann Wotruba. "Separation of Products from Mineral Sequestration of CO2 with Primary and Secondary Raw Materials." Minerals 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10121098.
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Rising levels of greenhouse gases (GHG) in our atmosphere make it necessary to find pathways to reduce the amount of GHG, especially emissions of CO2. One approach is carbon capture and utilization by mineralization (CCUM). With this technology, it is possible to bind CO2 chemically from exhaust gas streams in magnesium or calcium silicates. Stable products of this exothermic reaction are carbonates and amorphous silica. Being amongst the biggest emitters of CO2, the cement industry has to find ways to reduce emissions. Geological mapping in Europe has been carried out to find suitable feedstock material, mainly olivines but also slags, to perform lab‑scale carbonation tests. These tests, conducted in a 1.5 L autoclave with increased pressure and temperature, have been scaled up to a 10 L and a 1000 L autoclave. The outcomes of the carbonation are unreacted feed material, carbonate, and amorphous silica, which have to be separated to produce substitutes for the cement industry as pozzolanic material (amorphous silica) or a value‑added product for other applications like paper or plastics (magnesite/calcite with bound anthropogenic CO2). Therefore, a process for the separation of ultrafine carbonation product was developed, consisting mainly of classification and flotation.
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Chuo, Sing Chuong, Sarajul Fikri Mohamed, Siti Hamidah Mohd Setapar, Akil Ahmad, Mohammad Jawaid, Waseem A. Wani, Asim Ali Yaqoob, and Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim. "Insights into the Current Trends in the Utilization of Bacteria for Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation." Materials 13, no. 21 (November 5, 2020): 4993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214993.
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Nowadays, microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has received great attention for its potential in construction and geotechnical applications. This technique has been used in biocementation of sand, consolidation of soil, production of self-healing concrete or mortar, and removal of heavy metal ions from water. The products of MICP often have enhanced strength, durability, and self-healing ability. Utilization of the MICP technique can also increase sustainability, especially in the construction industry where a huge portion of the materials used is not sustainable. The presence of bacteria is essential for MICP to occur. Bacteria promote the conversion of suitable compounds into carbonate ions, change the microenvironment to favor precipitation of calcium carbonate, and act as precipitation sites for calcium carbonate crystals. Many bacteria have been discovered and tested for MICP potential. This paper reviews the bacteria used for MICP in some of the most recent studies. Bacteria that can cause MICP include ureolytic bacteria, non-ureolytic bacteria, cyanobacteria, nitrate reducing bacteria, and sulfate reducing bacteria. The most studied bacterium for MICP over the years is Sporosarcina pasteurii. Other bacteria from Bacillus species are also frequently investigated. Several factors that affect MICP performance are bacterial strain, bacterial concentration, nutrient concentration, calcium source concentration, addition of other substances, and methods to distribute bacteria. Several suggestions for future studies such as CO2 sequestration through MICP, cost reduction by using plant or animal wastes as media, and genetic modification of bacteria to enhance MICP have been put forward.
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Uchiyama, Hirotaka. "FMT-IJ: Marketable Composite of Calcium Carbonate and Silica Directed for the Inkjet Industry." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 56, no. 6 (2002): 834–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.56.834.
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Sant'Anna, S. S., D. A. Souza, C. F. Carvalho, and M. I. Yoshida. "Morphological and thermal analyses of flexible polyurethane foams containing commercial calcium carbonate." Eclética Química 33, no. 2 (2008): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-46702008000200008.
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One filler often utilized in flexible polyurethane foams is calcium carbonate (CaCO3) because it is non-abrasiveness, non-toxicity and facilitated pigmentation. However, it is observed that the excess of commercial CaCO3 utilized in industry possibly causing permanent deformations and damaging the quality of the final product. The effect of different concentrations of commercial CaCO3, in flexible foams, was studied. Different concentrations of CaCO3 were used for the synthesis of flexible polyurethane foams, which were submitted to morphological and thermal analyses to verify the alterations provoked by the progressive introduction of this filler.
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Sant'Anna, Sabrina Sá, D. A. Souza, Cornélio De Freitas Carvalho, and Maria Irene Yoshida. "Morphological and thermal analyses of flexible polyurethane foams containing commercial calcium carbonate." Eclética Química Journal 33, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v33.2.2008.p55-60.
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One filler often utilized in flexible polyurethane foams is calcium carbonate (CaCO3) because it is non-abrasiveness, non-toxicity and facilitated pigmentation. However, it is observed that the excess of commercial CaCO3 utilized in industry possibly causing permanent deformations and damaging the quality of the final product. The effect of different concentrations of commercial CaCO3, in flexible foams, was studied. Different concentrations of CaCO3 were used for the synthesis of flexible polyurethane foams, which were submitted to morphological and thermal analyses to verify the alterations provoked by the progressive introduction of this filler.
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Munawaroh, Fatimatul, Laila Khamsatul Muharrami, Triwikantoro Triwikantoro, and Zaenal Arifin. "CALCIUM OXIDE CHARACTERISTICS PREPARED FROM AMBUNTEN’S CALCINED LIMESTONE." Jurnal Pena Sains 5, no. 1 (May 2, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/jps.v5i1.3836.
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<pre>Calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are widely used in industry. CaO and CaCO3 can be synthesized or derived from limestone. The purpose of this study to determine the characteristics of CaO calcined limestone from Ambunten Sumenep. Lime in calcined at 850 ° C for 6 hours. Characterization of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was conducted to determine the chemical composition of limestone, X-ray diffraction test (XRD) to find the lime crystalline phase and FTIR test to determine the absorption of wave number. XRF test results showed that the limestone chemical composition consisted of Ca of 95.37% as the dominant element, Mg of 4.1%, Fe 0.17% and Y by 0.39%. The XRD test results showed that the limestone crystal phase is ankerite (Ca [Fe, Mg] [CO3] 2) and after the calcined phase calcination is vaterite (Ca [OH] 2), calcite (CaO) and calcite (CaCO3). While the FTIR test results show that the CaO spectra are seen at 3741.24, 1417.12 and 874.14 cm</pre><sup>-1</sup><pre>.</pre>
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Chen, Wei-Sheng, Cheng-Han Lee, and Hsing-Jung Ho. "Purification of Lithium Carbonate from Sulphate Solutions through Hydrogenation Using the Dowex G26 Resin." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 2252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112252.
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Purification of lithium carbonate, in the battery industry, is an important step in the future. In this experiment, the waste lithium-ion batteries were crushed, sieved, leached with sulfuric acid, eluted with an extractant, and finally sulphate solutions were extracted, through selective precipitation. Next, sodium carbonate was first added to the sulphate solutions, to precipitate lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). After that, lithium carbonate was put into the water to create lithium carbonate slurry and CO2 was added to it. The aeration of CO2 and the hydrogenation temperature were controlled, in this experiment. Subsequently, Dowex G26 resin was used to remove impurities, such as the calcium and sodium in lithium carbonate. Moreover, the adsorption isotherms, described by means of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, were used to investigate the ion-exchange behaviors of impurities. After removing the impurities, the different heating rate was controlled to obtain lithium carbonate. In a nutshell, this study showed the optimum condition of CO2 aeration, hydrogenation temperature, ion-exchange resin and the heating rate to get high yields and purity of lithium carbonate.
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Lu, Haiping, Amy T. Kan, and Mason B. Tomson. "Effects of Monoethylene Glycol on Carbonate Equilibrium and Calcite Solubility in Gas/Monoethylene Glycol/NaCl/Water Mixed Systems." SPE Journal 15, no. 03 (May 27, 2010): 714–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/121562-pa.
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Summary Monoethylene glycol (MEG), HOCH2CH2OH, is an important raw material with numerous industry applications, which include polyester synthesis, automobile antifreeze, coolant, and aircraft anti-icer. In the oil and gas industry, MEG is commonly used as a gas-hydrate inhibitor, which can prevent the formation of gas hydrate during natural-gas production. However, common gas-hydrate inhibitors have the adverse effects of lowering the solubility of mineral salts and causing a higher risk of scale formation. Despite the importance of scale problems with MEG in oil production, there have been few investigations on the solubility of mineral salt in MEG/brine solutions. In our research, experiments have been conducted on carbonate equilibrium and calcite solubility at 2–70°C, 0- to 6.5-m (m = molality) ionic strengths, and 0–99.67 wt% MEG. A self-consistent activity model based on the Pitzer theory to calculate the effect of salt and a Born-type equation were used to model the effect of MEG. MEG activity coefficients with respect to dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2), sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate (NaHCO3), and calcium are determined as a function of temperature, ionic strength, and mole fraction of MEG in mixed solvent.
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SANTOS, ROBERTA O., SIMONE C. TRINDADE, LUANA H. MAURER, ANDRIELY M. BERSCH, CLAUDIA K. SAUTTER, and NEIDI G. PENNA. "Physicochemical, Antioxidant and Sensory Quality of Brazilian Blueberry Wine." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 88, no. 3 (August 4, 2016): 1557–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201620140491.
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ABSTRACT Currently, Rio Grande do Sul state is the main producer of blueberry in Brazil. Practically all production is commercialized in fresh state and only a small portion is subject to processing. The blueberry wine making process is an alternative to expand the beverage industry and offers to the consumer a value-added product as well as a new market for Brazilian blueberry producers. The objectives of this study were to produce wines from blueberries and to evaluate the effect of deacidification (with calcium carbonate) and chaptalization (with glucose syrup or sucrose) on physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant content, and sensory parameters. Samples were analyzed for total soluble solids, pH, total titratable acidity, total sugar content, alcohol content, monomeric and total anthocyanin, total flavonols, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP methods. The use of calcium carbonate caused a reduction in total titratable acidity, while the use of glucose syrup resulted in wines with low alcohol content. The blueberries wine from Climax and Aliceblue cultivars had higher content of anthocyanin when produced with glucose syrup. The use of calcium carbonate and glucose syrup also provided wines more appreciated by tasters in relation to color. With regard to flavor, George and Aliceblue were the cultivars with lower preference under the control treatments (without carbonate and sugar). The presence of phenolic compounds may have provided a positive influence on wine flavor, once the more preferred wines presented the greater phenolic content.
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Yu, M., M. A. A. Mahmoud, and H. A. A. Nasr-El-Din. "Propagation and Retention of Viscoelastic Surfactants Following Matrix-Acidizing Treatments in Carbonate Cores." SPE Journal 16, no. 04 (July 7, 2011): 993–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/128047-pa.
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Summary Viscoelastic surfactants have been used extensively in the field. They have the ability to form long rod-like micelles with an increase in pH and calcium concentration, which results in increasing the viscosity and elasticity of partially spent acids. There is ongoing debate in the industry about whether the gel generated by these surfactants causes formation damage, especially in dry-gas wells. The objectives of the present study are to quantitatively determine surfactant retention in calcite cores and assess the benefits of using mutual solvents to break the surfactant gel formed inside the cores. Coreflood tests were performed using Pink Desert limestone cores (1.5 in. in diameter and 20 in. in length). The cores were injected with a surfactant-based acid that contained 15 wt% HCl, 7 vol% viscoelastic surfactant, and 0.3 vol% corrosion inhibitor. Coreflood tests were conducted at a constant injection flow rate ranging from 1.5 to 40 cm3/min. Surfactant and calcium concentrations were measured in the injected acid and core effluent. Mutual solvent (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) was used in several tests to break surfactant gel. Propagation of viscoelastic surfactants in linear calcite cores was found to be a function of flow rate. Surfactant lagged calcium in the core effluent samples, especially at low flow rates. The volume of acid needed to break through the core and the amount of surfactant retained varied with acid injection rate, and exhibited a minimum at 10 cm3/min. A significant amount of surfactant was retained in the cores. Injection of 2 pore volumes (PV) of 10 vol% mutual solvent removed only 20% of the surfactant injected. Based on these results, there is a need to use internal breakers when surfactant-based acids are used in dry-gas wells or water injectors.
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Andrianov, Alexey, and Zhanna Govorova. "Study of various organophosphonate additives as calcium carbonate inhibitors for reverse osmosis." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000001.
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Various chemical additives are used in water treatment industry, among them – precipitation inhibitors for reverse osmosis membrane facilities. The development and synthesis of new inhibitor formulas and the study of their effectiveness is still an urgent task for many researchers working in this field. The relationship between the structure of phosphonate scale inhibitors and their effectiveness in preventing of calcium carbonate precipitation was studied. Two classes of tetraphosphonate and diphosphonate inhibitors that possess systematic structural similarities and differences have been tested on the laboratory membrane unit. All chemicals were tested at doses of 1 and 5 mg/L. The results showed that the antiscalant efficiency for both groups of inhibitors increases with elongation of methylene chain, but the longest compounds have a sharp drop in inhibition efficiency.
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Solihin and Eko Sulistiyono. "Synthesis of Magnesium Carbonate Using Indonesian Dolomite." Advanced Materials Research 1112 (July 2015): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1112.546.
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Magnesium carbonate is important material used in certain industries. It is used as raw materials for drug making in pharmacy, as filler in painting industry, as raw material for magnesium metal making, as nutrient element in fertilizer, etc. Natural source of magnesium carbonate in Indonesia is mainly in the form of dolomite mineral. The larger deposit of dolomite in Indonesia is located in East Java. Through a series of unit process that consist of roasting, carbonation, and nucleation, the dolomite from East Java Indonesia has been converted into ultra fine grain magnesium carbonate. Since the process does not utilize harmful compound and does not produce harmful waste, it can be classified as environmental friendly process. Roasting process was operated at temperature range of 600 – 1000 °C. It is found that dolomite can be converted to magnesium and calcium oxide at this range of temperature. The mean particle size of magnesium carbonate obtained through this process is around 1.073 micron.
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Ermilova, Elizaveta, and Zagira Kamalova. "The influence of complex additives based on calcined clays and carbonate fillers on hydration products composition of blended cement stone." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127404004.
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One of the most effective and recognizable way to solve energy and resource consumption problems in cement industry is the development of blended Portland cement with different combinations of mineral additives. The development of complex additives based on combination of calcined clays and limestone is one of the promising directions. The aim of this work was to study the influence of complex additives based on calcined kaolinitic clay with kaolinite content of 80 % and limestone with calcite content of 99 % on the blended cement stone hydration products at the age of 28 days. Using X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry the composition of blended cement stone hydration products was studied. It is established that the introduction of 20 % of the complex additive based on calcined clay and limestone leads to a significant decrease of the portlandite content, increase in the number of new growths in form of low-calcium hydrosilicates and calcium hidrocarboalumosilicates, stabilization of ettringiteand calcium hydrocarbosilicates in amorphous phase, that significantly increases the compressive strength. This effect was amplified due to the additional alumina provided by calcined clay reaction.
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Rostika, Ike, Nina Elyani, Evi Oktavia, and Rina Masriani. "PENINGKATAN MUTU BAHAN PENGISI KERTAS GROUND CALCIUM CARBONATE MELALUI MODIFIKASI DENGAN TAMARIND KERNEL POWDER (QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF GROUND CALCIUM CARBONATE AS FILLER IN PAPERMAKING THROUGH MODIFICATION WITH TAMARIN KERNEL POWDER)." JURNAL SELULOSA 7, no. 01 (September 11, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25269/jsel.v7i01.168.
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Ground Calcium Carbonate (GCC) as the filler required in paper making that is intended to reduce production costs thus providing a profit opportunity for the paper industry. However the usage of GCC affected decreasing of paper strength and effectiveness of sizing process. In order to reduce the negative effect, this research has been conducted through the modification of filler using Tamarind Kernel Powder (TKP) which is a natural polymer obtained from local tamarind seeds. The results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, showed that TKP contained 64-68% xylose, glucose, maltose and arabinose. Filler modification was conducted with mixing the TKP into CaCO3 and addition of cationic polyacrylamide and sodium polyphosphate dispersant at composition ratio of 100: 0.4 : 0.1: 1.0. Filler application with added the retention aid of cationic polyacrylamide 0.1%, resulted the filler retention value on sheet of 26.9 %. The modified filler shows an increase in filler stability and is easy to form emulsions when compared to commercial fillers. Modification of GCC filler with higher number of TKP usage gives increased filler retention value on sheets, improved sheet formation properties and optical properties.ABSTRAKGround Calcium Carbonat (GCC) sebagai bahan pengisi (filler) dalam pembuatan kertas untuk mengurangi biaya produksi sehingga memberikan peluang keuntungan bagi industri kertas, namun peningkatan jumlah GCC dapat berpengaruh pada menurunnya kekuatan kertas dan efektivitas proses pendarihan. Untuk mengurangi pengaruh negatif telah dilakukan penelitian modifikasi filler menggunakan Tamarind Kernel Powder (TKP) yang merupakan polimer alami dari bahan lokal biji asam jawa. Hasil analisis kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT) menunjukkan bahwa TKP mengandung silosa 64-68 %, glukosa, maltosa, dan arabinosa. Modifikasi filler dilakukan dengan mencampurkan TKP ke dalam CaCO3 dengan penambahan poliakrilamida kationik dan dispersan natrium polifosfat pada komposisi 100 : 0,4 : 0,1 : 1,0. Aplikasi filler dengan penambahan zat peretensi 0,1 % poliakrilamida kationik diperoleh nilai retensi filler pada lembaran 26,9 %. Filler yang termodifikasi menunjukkan peningkatan stabilitas filler dan mudah membentuk emulsi jika dibandingkan dengan filler komersial. Modifikasi filler GCC dengan jumlah TKP yang lebih tinggi memberikan peningkatan nilai retensi filler pada lembaran, peningkatan formasi dan sifat optik lembaran.
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Seesanong, S., C. Laosinwattana, K. Chaiseeda, and B. Boonchom. "A Simple and Rapid Transformation of Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) Shells to Calcium Carbonate, Monocalcium and Tricalcium Phosphates." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 11 (September 28, 2019): 2522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.22173.
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This study was designed to manage golden apple snail shells, the wastes created in large amount daily from the consumption of the meat of golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) shells by transforming them to advanced compounds; calcium carbonate (CaCO3), monocalcium phosphate monohydrate [Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O], and tricalcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2]. They were successfully prepared by a rapid, simple, environmentally benign method using easily available and low-cost instrument. All synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray powder diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy to confirm the identities with the standard materials. The reproducibility and low-cost method suggest that it could be used in industry for a large-scale production of calcium carbonate, monocalcium phosphate monohydrate and tricalcium phosphate from golden apple snail shells as a replacement of natural mineral resources and be a good way to manage these shell wastes.
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Yasui, Shinji, Tadashi Shojo, Goichi Inoue, Kunihiko Koike, Akihiro Takeuchi, and Yoshio Iwasa. "Gas-Solid Reaction Properties of Fluorine Compounds and Solid Adsorbents for Off-Gas Treatment from Semiconductor Facility." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/329419.
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We have been developing a new dry-type off-gas treatment system for recycling fluorine from perfluoro compounds present in off-gases from the semiconductor industry. The feature of this system is to adsorb the fluorine compounds in the exhaust gases from the decomposition furnace by using two types of solid adsorbents: the calcium carbonate in the upper layer adsorbs HF and converts it to CaF2, and the sodium bicarbonate in the lower layer adsorbs HF and SiF4and converts them to Na2SiF6. This paper describes the fluorine compound adsorption properties of both the solid adsorbents—calcium carbonate and the sodium compound—for the optimal design of the fixation furnace. An analysis of the gas-solid reaction rate was performed from the experimental results of the breakthrough curve by using a fixed-bed reaction model, and the reaction rate constants and adsorption capacity were obtained for achieving an optimal process design.
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Kazemi Kamyab, Hadi, Peter Nielsen, Peter Van Mierloo, and Liesbeth Horckmans. "Carbstone Pavers: A Sustainable Solution for the Urban Environment." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 6418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146418.
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To reduce CO2 emissions from the building industry, one option is to replace cement in specific applications with alternative binders. The Carbstone technology is based on the reaction of calcium- and magnesium-containing minerals with CO2 to form carbonate binders. Mixes of carbon steel slag and stainless-steel slag, with tailored particle size distributions, were compacted with a vibro-press and subsequently carbonated in an autoclave to produce carbonated steel slag pavers. The carbonated materials sequester 100–150 g CO2/kg slag. Compressive and tensile splitting strength of the resulting pavers were determined, and the ratio was found to be comparable to that of concrete. The environmental performance of the Carbstone pavers, with an average tensile splitting strength of 3.6 MPa, was found to be in compliance with Belgian and Dutch leaching limit values for construction materials. In addition, leaching results for a concrete mix made with aggregates of crushed Carbstone pavers (simulating the so-called “second life” of pavers) demonstrate that the pavers can be recycled as aggregates in cement-bound products after their product lifetime.
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Dwijaya, Made Subekti, Muhammad Satrio Utomo, Syafira Nur Ajeng Ramadhanti, Fendy Rokhmanto, Ibrahim Purawiardi, Galih Senopati, Aprilia Erryani, and Inti Mulyati. "Deposisi Kalsium Karbonat pada Ti-6Al-6Mo[CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITION ON TI-6AL-6MO]." Metalurgi 36, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/metalurgi.v36i1.583.
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Osseointegration is one of important property in development of implant materials for orthopedic applications. While biocompatible metallic materials such as titanium alloys should already have adequate biocompatibility properties as implant materials, their osseointegration property could be further improved by bioceramic coating. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and hydroxyapatite are two major bioceramics in bones that can be utilized to improve the osseointegration property of metallic implant materials. Current challenge on bioceramic coating of metallic implant materials is to obtain coating method that is facile and economically feasible for implementation in the industry. Here we propose a simple and straightforward method to deposit calcium carbonate on Ti-6Al-6Mo. We utilize two common biomimetic solutions, the phosphate buffer saline (Dulbecco’s PBS) and supersaturated calcification solution (SCS) to induce the calcium carbonate formation on the Ti-6Al-6Mo surface. Microstructural and elemental observations by scanning electron microscope (SEM) – energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) has shown the presence of calcium carbonate on the surface of the Ti-6Al-6Mo immersed in SCS. Moreover, the crystallography analysis by x-ray diffraction (XRD) also confirmed the formation of calcium carbonate on the surface of Ti-6Al-6Mo. We also studied the proposed method on pure Ti (>95%) as comparison and similar outcomes were also observed. The effect on duration of immersion was also accounted in current setting. The outcomes of immersion duration for 7 and 10 days were not significantly different. ABSTRAKOsseointegrasi adalah salah satu properti penting dalam pengembangan material untuk aplikasi implan tulang. Meskipun material logam biokompatibel seperti paduan titanium sudah memiliki properti biokompatibel bawaan yang sudah mencukupi sebagai material implan tulang, sifat osseointegrasi -nya masih dapat ditingkatkan dengan pelapisan biokeramik. Kalsium karbonat (CaCO3) dan hidroksiapatit adalah dua biokeramik utama pada tulang yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan sifat osseointegrasi pada material implan. Tantangan saat ini pada pelapisan biokeramik pada material implant adalah memperoleh metode pelapisan yang mudah diterapkan dan ekonomis untuk selanjutnya diterapkan di industri. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sebuah metode yang sederhana untuk mendeposisi kalsium karbonat pada permukaan Ti-6Al-6Mo. Kami menggunakan dua larutan biomimetik yang sudah secara luas digunakan, yaitu Dulbecco’s PBS (phosphate buffer saline) dan SCS (supersaturated calcification solution) untuk membuat pembentukan kalsium karbonat pada permukaan Ti-6Al-6Mo. Pengamatan struktur mikro dan elemental dengan scanning electron microscope (SEM) - energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) menunjukkan keberadaan deposit kalsium karbonat pada permukaan Ti-6Al-6Mo. Lebih lanjut, analisa kristalografi dengan difraksi x-ray (XRD) juga menguatkan keberadaan deposit kalsium karbonat pada permukaan Ti-6Al-6Mo. Kami juga mempelajari metode yang diajukan pada Ti murni (>95%) sebagai perbandingan dan diperoleh hasil yang serupa. Pengaruh durasi perendaman juga diamati dalam penelitian ini. Hasil dari imersi dengan durasi 7 dan 10 hari tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan
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Bunkholt, Ingjerd, and Rolf Arne Kleiv. "The colouring effect of pyrrhotite and pyrite on micronised calcium carbonate slurries for the paper industry." Minerals Engineering 52 (October 2013): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2013.04.020.
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Torne, Sangmesh, A. Sheela, and N. C. Sarada. "Investigation of the Role of the Alkalizing Agent in Sodium Alginate Liquid Anti-reflux Suspension." Current Drug Therapy 15, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574885514666190103140951.
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Background: Anti-reflux formulation is one of the popular formulations across the globe in the pharmaceutical industry used specifically for the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. But, this formulation is less explored with respect to research. Anti-reflux formulation has challenges to show its antacid functionality, which could have synergies in the management of refluxes in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Alkalizing agents act as antacid and improve the acid neutralization capacity in the anti-reflux formulation, and can be used appropriately as they affect raft strength beyond certain (optimum) limits. Objective: The objective of this work is to investigate the significance of alkalizing agent in sodium alginate based on oral liquid anti-reflux suspension for the management of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Methods: In the present study, the formulation was prepared using sodium alginate along with different alkalizing agents like calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate at different levels. The formulation was further studied for in-vitro characterization like pH, viscosity, Acid Neutralization Capacity (ANC), thickness, formation speed, flotation, and raft strength. Results: The formulation with a higher level of calcium carbonate as the alkalizing agent showed a positive effect on the acid neutralization capacity (20.83mEq) and raft strength (16.95g) as well. Whereas, the formulation with a higher level of sodium bi-carbonate (4.01%) showed improved acid neutralization (22.31mEq) but showed a negative effect on raft strengths (10.08g). Conclusion: Based on the study, the optimum levels include 5% sodium alginate, 1.6% calcium carbonate and 2.67% sodium bicarbonate to achieve good liquid suspension formulation possessing good acid neutralization capacity as well as raft strength.
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Duncan, Shona M., Malek Alkasrawi, Raghu Gurram, Fares Almomani, Amy E. Wiberley-Bradford, and Eric Singsaas. "Paper Mill Sludge as a Source of Sugars for Use in the Production of Bioethanol and Isoprene." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 4662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184662.
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Paper mill sludge (PMS) solids are predominantly comprised of cellulosic fibers and fillers rejected during the pulping or paper making process. Most sludges are dewatered and discharged into landfills or land spread at a cost to the mill; creating large economic and environmental burdens. This lignocellulosic residual stream can be used as a source of sugars for microbial fermentation to renewable chemicals. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of converting mill sludge to sugars and then fermentation to either isoprene or ethanol. Chemical analysis indicated that the cellulosic fiber composition between 28 to 68% and hemicellulose content ranged from 8.4 to 10.7%. Calcium carbonate concentration in the sludge ranged from 0.4 to 34%. Sludge samples were enzyme hydrolyzed to convert cellulose fibers to glucose, percent conversion ranged from 10.5 to 98%. Calcium carbonate present with the sludge resulted in low hydrolysis rates; washing of sludge with hydrochloric acid to neutralize the calcium carbonate, increased hydrolysis rates by 50 to 88%. The production of isoprene “very low” (190 to 470 nmol) because the isoprene yields were little. Using an industrial yeast strain for fermentation of the sludge sugars obtained from all sludge samples, the maximum conversion efficiency was achieved with productivity ranging from 0.18 to 1.64 g L−1 h−1. Our data demonstrates that PMS can be converted into sugars that can be fermented to renewable chemicals for industry.
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SONG, SHUNXI, MEIYUN ZHANG, ZHIRUN YUAN, JIAN WANG, JUNMIN SUN, and YONGHAO NI. "The potential of fly ash-based calcium silicate as paper filler: Physical properties and printability." October 2014 13, no. 10 (November 1, 2014): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj13.10.49.
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The development and application of low-cost and high-performance fillers by the paper industry is one of the most interesting aspects of filler technology. A novel calcium silicate, a byproduct, known as fly ashbased calcium silicate (FACS), from the value-added use of fly ash of coal-fired power plants, can be used as paper filler. To simulate the industrial papermaking process, a dynamic sheet former was used to evaluate the effect of FACS on the physical properties and printability of calendered paper. The results were compared with those of commonly used fillers, i.e., ground calcium carbonate (GCC) and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). FACS-filled paper delivered a higher bulk than GCC-filled or PCC-filled papers at a given paper roughness. In addition, use of the original FACS exerted less influence on the tensile and tear strength of the filled paper. Printing quality tests indicated that at the same print density, the ink demand of FACS-filled paper was higher than that of GCC-filled or PCC-filled papers, but lower print through was obtained at the same amount of ink transferred to paper. The paper sheets containing the original FACS exhibited better surface strength than PCC-filled sheets. The results support the potential use of FACS as a low-cost filler for fine paper production.
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Mohd Sabri, Siti Noorzidah, Rohaya Othman, Nasharuddin Isa, and Anuar Othman. "New Approach of Synthesizing Mineral Product from Industrial Waste." Key Engineering Materials 694 (May 2016): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.694.195.
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A new approach of using industrial waste to produce synthetic mineral product was studied in this paper. A synthetic mineral product which is precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) was synthesized by using ionic sucrose solution method, whereby sucrose solution acts as promoter to increase the production of the PCC. Carbide lime, a waste from acetylene gas industry was used as starting material and first dissolved in the sucrose solution. The concentrations of the sucrose solution were varied from 5to 15 °Brix. The effect of the sucrose solution concentration was studied by using multiple characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Florescence (XRF) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The XRD and XRF results had proven that the synthesized PCC was calcium carbonate with > 98% purity. The morphologies of the PCC were observed by FESEM in which cubical shape was formed at 5 to 12 °Brix and grain shape at 13 to 15 °Brix. The distribution of the PCC particles was observed to be homogenous. The yield of the PCC increased as the Brix values increased.