Journal articles: 'Calcium chlorate'

1

Li, Yan, Tiefu Xu, Chongwei Cui, and Yingxue Li. "The adsorption of chlorite and chlorate by calcium carbonate in a drinking water pipe network." Desalination and Water Treatment 53, no. 7 (October 28, 2013): 1881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.856347.

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Li, Lian Fang, Wei Min Wang, Chang Xing Liao, Yi Yi Zhou, and Jia Hao Gong. "Studies on Treatment of Waste Fountain Solution from Sheet-Fed Offset Printing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 731 (January 2015): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.731.321.

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This article explores treatment method of waste fountain solution from sheet-fed offset printing. First calcium chlorate is used to have a oxidation treatment for the waste water, then it is dealt with composite coagulants polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and cation polyacrylamide (CPAM) under different pH value. The results show that quality of the waste fountain solution could reach the national second-grade standard of sewage comprehensive discharge through the above treatment (GB 8978--1996) when treating with 0.7 g/L calcium hypochlorite and then sinking with PAC 4.0 g/L, CPAM 75.0 mg/L under the pH value of 8.0 for about 10 minutes. With the optimum treatment conditions removal rates of COD, ammonia nitrogen, phosphate and hexavalent chromium are above 90%, 94%, near to 98% and above 99% respectively.

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Hu, Yufeng, Shengwei Shi, Yanguang Zhang, Quanguo Zhou, Lixiang Wang, Dongge Ma, and Xinglin Li. "Efficient sodium chlorate/calcium/aluminum cathode for polymer light-emitting diodes." Thin Solid Films 489, no. 1-2 (October 2005): 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.05.017.

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Khamdamova, Sh Sh. "INTERACTION OF COMPONENTS IN WATER SYSTEM WITH CALCIUM DI-UREA-CHLORATE AND UREA PHOSPHATE." PROCEEDINGS OF UNIVERSITIES APPLIED CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 7, no. 2 (June 2017): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2017-7-2-9-15.

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Khamdamova, Sh Sh. "Solubility in ternary aqueous systems including calcium chlorate and diethanolamine (triethanolamine) at 25°C." Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 62, no. 11 (November 2017): 1520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036023617110092.

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KOTULA, A. W., and A. K. SHARAR. "Presence of Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O:5,27 in Slaughter Pigs." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.3.215.

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The tonsils, tongue, mesenteric lymph nodes, cecal contents, and feces from 50 slaughter pigs were evaluated for the presence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica. The cecal contents and feces of two pigs were positive (4%) with the pathogenic serotype O:5,27, biotype 3, whereas all other pigs were negative for pathogenic serotypes of Y. enterocolitica. The pathogenic serotypes were isolated from the cecal contents and feces using the stomacher sampling method. The cold enrichment in phosphate buffered saline and plating in Cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin medium. No pathogenic serotypes were recovered using the swab sampling technique, enrichment in Irgasan-ticarcillin-chlorate, and plating in modified Salmonella-Shigella deoxycholate-calcium chloride medium. The isolation of only 4% positive pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in our sampling of pigs in one production unit provides some encouragement that detection and control procedures might be effectively implemented to reduce or eliminate serotype O:5,27 from that herd.

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Sritontip, C., Y. Khaosumain, S. Changjaraja, and R. Poruksa. "EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM CHLORATE, SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE AND CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE ON FLOWERING AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN 'DO' LONGAN." Acta Horticulturae, no. 665 (January 2005): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.665.31.

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Wang, Xiao Shu, Min Zhou, Hao Bo Hou, Wei Xin Wang, and Yan Shao. "Study on Preparation of High-Strength Gypsum by FGD Gypsum." Advanced Materials Research 878 (January 2014): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.878.292.

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With the enlarging of industrial desulfurization, the amount of FGD gypsum is increasing rapidly. The preparation of alpha-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-HH) is one of the biggest concerns for FGD gypsum reclamation. The influence of mixed chlorate solution of Mg-Ca-Na concentrations (5-30 wt%) and FGD gypsum concentrations (5-30 wt%) by hydrothermal salt solution method at atmospheric were investigated at temperatures (75-99°C) within a reaction time of 4h and a pH value of neutral. The results showed that 20 wt%, 20 wt% and 97°C was respectively optimal parameter of salt media concentration, FGD gypsum concentration and temperature. Products obtained from the dehydration process of optional experimental conditions with mixed crystal modifier were characterized based on relevant standards in this study. The results showed that α-HH had integrity crystal structure, 2h flexural strength and oven dry compressive strength were 5.34MPa and 30.21MPa, which had meet the industry standards of α30 grade.

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Habes, Chahrazed, Günther Weber, and Caroline Goupille. "Sulfated Glycoaminoglycans and Proteoglycan Syndecan-4 Are Involved in Membrane Fixation of LL-37 and Its Pro-Migratory Effect in Breast Cancer Cells." Biomolecules 9, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9090481.

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Initially characterized by its antimicrobial activities, LL-37 has also been shown to significantly contribute to tumor development. On breast cancer cell lines, LL-37 increases intracellular calcium via the TRPV2 channel and their migration via the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling. Its all-d enantiomer d-LL-37 induces similar effects, which excludes a protein-protein interaction of LL-37 in a classic ligand-receptor manner. Its net charge of +6 gave rise to the hypothesis that the peptide uses the negative charges of sulfoglycans or sialic acids to facilitate its attachment to the cell membrane and to induce its activities. Whereas several vegetal lectins, specifically attaching to sialylated or sulfated structures, blocked the activities of LL-37 on both calcium increase and cell migration, several sialidases had no effect. However, the competitive use of free sulfated glycoaminoglycans (GAGs) as chrondroitin and heparin, or treatment of the cell surface with chondroitinase and heparinase resulted in an activity loss of 50–100% for LL-37. Concordant results were obtained by blocking the synthesis of GAGs with 4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-d-xyloside, and by suppression of glycan sulfatation by sodium chlorate. Using a candidate approach by suppressing proteoglycan synthesis using RNA interference, syndecan-4 was shown to be required for the activities of LL-37 and its binding to the cell surface. This leads to the conclusion that syndecan-4, by means of sulfated GAGs, could act as a receptor for LL-37.

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Brundavanam, Ravi Krishna, Derek Fawcett, and Gérrard Eddy Jai Poinern. "Synthesis of a bone like composite material derived from waste pearl oyster shells for potential bone tissue bioengineering applications." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 6 (May 27, 2017): 2454. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20172428.

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Background: Hydroxyapatite is generally considered a viable substitute for bone in a number of medical procedures such as bone repair, bone augmentation and coating metal implants. Unfortunately, hydroxyapatite has poor mechanical properties that make it unsuitable for many load bearing applications.Methods: In the present work various grades of finely crushed Pinctada maxima (pearl oyster shell) were combined with a nanometer scale hydroxyapatite powder to form novel composite materials. A comparative study was made between the various powder based composites synthesized. The crystalline structure and morphology of the various powder based composites were investigated using X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The composite materials were also evaluated and characterized.Results: Manufactured hydroxyapatite powders were composed of crystalline spherical/granular particles with a mean size of 30 nm. Also produced were hydroxyapatite and finely crushed calcium carbonate from Pinctada maxima (pearl oyster shell) powder mixtures. Hydroxyapatite coatings produced on Pinctada maxima nacre substrates were investigated and their surface characteristics reported.Conclusions: Pinctada maxima nacre pre-treated with sodium hypo chlorate before hydroxyapatite deposition produced a superior coating and could be used for bone tissue engineering. But further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to validate the biocompatibility and long term stability of this composite coating.

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ZHAO, TONG, and MICHAEL P. DOYLE. "Reduction of Campylobacter jejuni on Chicken Wings by Chemical Treatments." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.4.762.

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Eight chemicals, including glycerol monolaurate, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, lactic acid, sodium benzoate, sodium chlorate, sodium carbonate, and sodium hydroxide, were tested individually or in combination for their ability to inactivate Campylobacter jejuni at 4°C in suspension. Results showed that treatment for up to 20 min with 0.01% glycerol monolaurate, 0.1% sodium benzoate, 50 or 100 mM sodium chlorate, or 1% lactic acid did not substantially (≤0.5 log CFU/ml) reduce C. jejuni populations but that 0.1 and 0.2% hydrogen peroxide for 20 min reduced C. jejuni populations by ca. 2.0 and 4.5 log CFU/ml, respectively. By contrast, treatments with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% acetic acid, 25, 50, and 100 mM sodium carbonate, and 0.05 and 0.1 N sodium hydroxide reduced C. jejuni populations by >5 log CFU/ml within 2 min. A combination of 0.5% acetic acid plus 0.05% potassium sorbate or 0.5% acetic acid plus 0.05% sodium benzoate reduced C. jejuni populations by >5 log CFU/ml within 1 min; however, substituting 0.5% lactic acid for 0.5% acetic acid was not effective, with a reduction of C. jejuni of <0.5 log CFU/ml. A combination of acidic calcium sulfate, lactic acid, ethanol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and polypropylene glycol (ACS-LA) also reduced C. jejuni in suspension by >5 log CFU/ml within 1 min. All chemicals or chemical combinations for which there was a >5-log/ml reduction of C. jejuni in suspension were further evaluated for C. jejuni inactivation on chicken wings. Treatments at 4°C of 2% acetic acid, 100 mM sodium carbonate, or 0.1 N sodium hydroxide for up to 45 s reduced C. jejuni populations by ca. 1.4, 1.6, or 3.5 log CFU/g, respectively. Treatment with ACSLA at 4°C for 15 s reduced C. jejuni by >5 log CFU/g to an undetectable level. The ACS-LA treatment was highly effective in chilled water at killing C. jejuni on chicken and, if recycled, may be a useful treatment in chill water tanks for poultry processors to reduce campylobacters on poultry skin after slaughter.

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12

Neal, C. "The mineralogy and chemistry of fine-grained sediments, Morphou Bay, Cyprus." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 5 (October 31, 2002): 819–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-819-2002.

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Abstract. The mineralogy and chemistry of the less than 20μm fraction of marine sediments at Morphou Bay, north-west Cyprus, are presented to characterise fine-grained sediment supplies from basic and ultrabasic rocks of the Troodos Massif within a typological setting. The sediments comprise a mixture of smectite, illite, kaolinite and iron rich chlorite. They also contain amorphous iron oxides/hydroxides, calcite (with some magnesium substitution for calcium) and an amphibole. Spatial patterns in mineralogy occur: the near-shore sediments are rich in smectite, chlorite, amphibole and amorphous iron oxides/hydroxides, while the offshore sediments are rich in illite and calcite. The sediments are calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminium and potassium bearing, due to the presence of significant amounts of calcite (for Ca), clay minerals and aluminium and iron oxides/hydroxides. Potassium is present within the micaceous mineral illite, but it is also contained within other phases that are difficult to pinpoint. Statistical analysis reveals that the chemical composition of the sediments broadly follows the mineralogy with the dominant feature being related to spatial changes in the mineralogy. The patterns of change reflect a three component mix of clay-sized sediment types: (1) localised lithogenous sources rich in smectite with subsidiary amounts of amorphous iron oxides/hydroxides and amphibole, from Cyprus, the Troodos in particular, (2) illite rich and smectite chlorite and chlorite bearing material of lithogenous origin from other parts of the eastern Mediterranean and (3) calcite, mainly of marine origin. Keywords: smectite, illite, chlorite, kaolinite, calcite, sediments, Morphou Bay, Troodos, Cyprus, Mediterranean, calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, silicon, phosphorus.

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13

Pu, Shi Kun, Yao Zhong Lan, Yan Jun Li, and Zhong Hui Zhang. "Recovery Gemanium from Pulverized Fuel Ash through the Method of H₂SO₄-NH₄F-NaClO₃ - Leaching-Tannin Precipitation." Advanced Materials Research 669 (March 2013): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.669.377.

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This paper will conduct a systematic study on method of recovering Ge from pulverized fuel ash in Lincang prefecture, Yunnan province. Details are like this, in view of the fact that Ge contained in pulverized fuel ash is wrapped up by a lot of Silica, Cao, magnesium oxide and is difficult to react with hydrochloric acid, so, first, have the pulverized fuel ash grinded to 200 meshes; then, ammonium fluoride should be put into 85-90°Cdilute sulphuric acid solution to produce hydrogen fluoride so as to destroy silicon dioxide and calcium oxide contained in the pulverized fuel ash. Meanwhile, dilute sulphuric acid solution dissolves magnesium oxide, by doing so, Ge will be released to react with sulfuric acid and produce Sulfuric acid Ge, and Ge will go into the solution；as for low state Ge（e.g,GeO,GeS）contained in the pulverized fuel ash which is difficult to be dissolved by sulfuric acid, sodium chlorate will be used as a kind of oxidant to change bivalence Ge into tetravalence Ge, then dissolve it into the solution, after the liquid-solid separation, sulfuric acid leaching solution rich in Ge will be obtained. Then, tannic acid will be used as precipitant to recover Ge from the leaching solution, and Ge concentrate will be produced through distillation and roasting. After this, put Ge concentrate on hydrochloric acid distillation to get germanium tetrachloride, After going through strenuous evaporation, distillation and hydrolysis, germanium dioxide with high purity will be yield. This paper has conducted conditional tests and discussion on the process parameters which will influence recovery Ge from pulverized fuel ash, including the dosage of Sulfuric acid, ammonium fluoride, sodium chlorate ,tannic acid and extraction time to find out the prior controlling condition of Ge recovery，under this prior condition, Ge leaching rate is as high as 84%，and tannic sinking Ge rate is as high as 98%. The pulverized fuel ash, after recovering Ge, can be used to backfill the mine pit, besides, most of the lixivium after recovering Ge can be recycled, and the rest of it will be released after neutralized up to the standard by lime. This process enjoys the following quality: high Ge recovery rate, less time used during the process ,less consumption of auxiliary material, easier to control the process, avoiding the potential pollution on the environment and lower cost involved in it, therefore, which is a kind of efficient and economic process of recovering Ge from pulverized fuel ash.

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Yoshida, Naoto, Eiji Higashimura, and Yuichi Saeki. "Catalytic Biomineralization of Fluorescent Calcite by the Thermophilic Bacterium Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 21 (September 17, 2010): 7322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01767-10.

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ABSTRACT The thermophilic Geobacillus bacterium catalyzed the formation of 100-μm hexagonal crystals at 60°C in a hydrogel containing sodium acetate, calcium chloride, and magnesium sulfate. Under fluorescence microscopy, crystals fluoresced upon excitation at 365 ± 5, 480 ± 20, or 545 ± 15 nm. X-ray diffraction indicated that the crystals were magnesium-calcite in calcite-type calcium carbonate.

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Giuffrè, Laura, Anne-Sophie Cordey, Natacha Monai, Yanik Tardy, Marc Schapira, and Olivier Spertini. "Monocyte Adhesion to Activated Aortic Endothelium: Role of L-Selectin and Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans." Journal of Cell Biology 136, no. 4 (February 24, 1997): 945–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.136.4.945.

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This study examines the role of L-selectin in monocyte adhesion to arterial endothelium, a key pathogenic event of atherosclerosis. Using a nonstatic (rotation) adhesion assay, we observed that monocyte binding to bovine aortic endothelium at 4°C increased four to nine times upon endothelium activation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. mAb-blocking experiments demonstrated that L-selectin mediates a major part (64 ± 18%) of monocyte attachment. Videomicroscopy experiments performed under flow indicated that monocytes abruptly halted on 8-h TNF-α–activated aortic endothelium, ∼80% of monocyte attachment being mediated by L-selectin. Flow cytometric studies with a L-selectin/IgM heavy chain chimeric protein showed calcium-dependent L-selectin binding to cytokine-activated and, unexpectedly, unactivated aortic cells. Soluble L-selectin binding was completely inhibited by anti–L-selectin mAb or by aortic cell exposure to trypsin. Experiments with cycloheximide, chlorate, or neuraminidase showed that protein synthesis and sulfate groups, but not sialic acid residues, were essential for L-selectin counterreceptor function. Moreover, heparin lyases partially inhibited soluble L-selectin binding to cytokine-activated aortic cells, whereas a stronger inhibition was seen with unstimulated endothelial cells, suggesting that cytokine activation could induce the expression of additional ligand(s) for L-selectin, distinct from heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Under flow, endothelial cell treatment with heparinase inhibited by ∼80% monocyte attachment to TNF-α–activated aortic endothelium, indicating a major role for heparan sulfate proteoglycans in monocyte–endothelial interactions. Thus, L-selectin mediates monocyte attachment to activated aortic endothelium, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans serve as arterial ligands for monocyte L-selectin.

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Hadiko, Gunawan, Yong Sheng Han, Masayoshi Fuji, and Minoru Takahashi. "Effect of Magnesium Ion on the Precipitation of Hollow Calcium Carbonate by Bubble Templating Method." Key Engineering Materials 317-318 (August 2006): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.317-318.65.

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Hollow calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles were synthesized by bubbling CO2 in the solution of calcium chloride (CaCl2) with the presence of ammonia at room temperature. In this method, CO2 bubble, besides as reactant, has an important role as a template for forming hollow particles. The precipitation was carried out by controlling the precipitation condition, such as pH, flow rate and additives. Hollow calcium carbonate particles were precipitated with the major crystal phase of vaterite. An interesting finding is that magnesium ion (Mg2+) can suppress the transformation of vaterite to calcite by inhibiting the growth of the calcite.

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Fedorov, Anatolii, Yurii Chekryshkin, and Aleksei Gorbunov. "Studies of Recycling of Poly(vinyl chloride) in Molten Na, Ca ‖ NO3, OH Systems." ISRN Chemical Engineering 2012 (May 22, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/768134.

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The interaction of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with components of molten inorganic systems at the temperature range 200–500°C was studied by a combination of thermogravimetric and differential-thermal methods. The results of this study show that the melts of alkali and alkaline-earth metal nitrates can be used for utilization of wastes of halogen-containing polymeric materials. It was established that unique solid products of interaction of PVC with components of the Ca(NO3)2–Ca(OH)2 mixes are ecologically safe calcium chloride and carbonate. Their formation proceeds in three stages including reactions of PVC dehydrochlorination, interactions of formed hydrocarbon residue and hydrogen chloride with calcium hydroxide and calcium nitrate, oxidation of the hydrocarbon residue, and carbonation of calcium hydroxide. A scheme for the oxidative degradation of PVC and for the binding of chlorine and carbon from the polymer in the reactions with components of Ca(NO3)2–NaNO3 and Ca(NO3)2–Ca(OH)2 mixtures was suggested, involving a series of consecutive and parallel reactions.

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Honjou, Nobumitsu, and David R. Yarkony. "On the reaction calcium(1S) + molecular chlorine (1.SIGMA.g+) .fwdarw. calcium chloride (CaCl)(X2.SIGMA.+) + atomic chlorine(2P)." Journal of Physical Chemistry 89, no. 13 (June 1985): 2919–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100259a043.

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19

Koishina, G. M., E. E. Zholdasbay, M. B. Kurmanseitov, E. B. Tazhiev, and A. A. Argyn. "Study on the behavior of zinc and associated metal-impurities in the process of chlorinating roasting of dross." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 318, no. 3 (September 12, 2021): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2021/6445.30.

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In this work the issue of processing of dross with preliminary separation of the metal part from the oxide one is reviewed. Based on a comparative analysis of the results of known works it is shown that this approach can be quite effective if a technology is developed for the separate processing of the oxide part to obtain a commercial product. The authors of this work proposed carrying out chlorinating roasting under oxidizing conditions with various chlorine-containing reagents as one of the effective ways of processing the oxide part of the dross. Based on the thermodynamic analysis of the reactions of interaction between the components of the oxide part of the dross and calcium and ammonium chlorides, the principal possibility of obtaining pure zinc oxide, suitable for use as mineral additives in animal feed has been shown. As a result of thermodynamic calculations of the reactions of interaction of impurity metals with calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, the values of Gibbs free energy and reaction rate constants were determined in the temperature range 973 and 1373 K. It has been established that under the conditions of roasting the oxide part of the dross with both calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, a high degree of sublimation of impurity metals from the dross in the form of their chlorides into dust is achieved. It has been shown that roasting the oxide part of the dross using ammonium chloride is more efficient than with calcium chloride.

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&NA;. "Calcium chloride." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1264 (August 2009): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912640-00032.

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&NA;. "Calcium chloride." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 358 (July 1991): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199103580-00020.

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&NA;. "Calcium chloride." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 540 (March 1995): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199505400-00012.

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&NA;. "Calcium chloride." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 546 (April 1995): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199505460-00013.

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&NA;. "Calcium chloride." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1171 (September 2007): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200711710-00022.

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Joshi, Neelu, Amita Jain, and Karan Arya. "Alleviation of Salt Stress in Cucumis Sativus L. Through Seed Priming with Calcium Chloride." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 11 (October 1, 2011): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/nov2013/8.

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Ma, Jian Min, Yong Hong Liu, Hang Li, and Zhi Fei Liu. "Research on Surface Corrosion of the Adaptive Expandable Inner Bracing Screen." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 1260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1260.

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The surface corrosion mechanism of the adaptable and expandable inner bracing screen is introduced, experiment and analysis was made for the surface corrosion with the effect of temperature, chloride ion, calcium ion, pH value, this offer help to the application of adaptable and expandable sand control screen. The results show that surface corrosion rate is expedited with the temperature increase during 30 °C～80 °C, it reach the highest spot at 80 °C and then declined. The screen surface occur dot-corrosion easily in solution which contain chlorine ion, corrosion rate decline with the concentration increase of chlorine ion. Calcium ion can restrain the screen surface corrosion rate. Corrosion rate is decline with the pH value increase during the pH value of 3～6.

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Ignatkina, V. A., E. D. Shepeta, L. A. Samatova, and V. A. Bocharov. "Improvement of the technological effects of flotation of lean fine disseminated scheelite ores." Izvestiya Vuzov. Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Universities' Proceedings Non-Ferrous Metallurgy), no. 5 (October 25, 2019): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2019-4-5-4-13.

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The paper describes the results of studying ways to improve the contrast of calcite and scheelite technological properties using water glass combined with aluminum, zinc, iron, magnesium sulphate salts, a mixture of water glass and calcium chloride, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), combinations of sodium oleate with low-polar compounds (neonol, fatty isoalcohols), liquid phase and oleate ultrasound treatment. The monomineralic fraction of calcite floated by mechanical cell demonstrated that the minimum recovery of calcite is achieved by combining the Fe(II) salt and water glass (3(4) : 1). When f loating lean sheelite ore with a high carbonate modulus on domestic water, the combined use of water glass and CaCl2 reduces the floatability of calcium. Calcium chloride added to water glass on recycling water leads to a certain increase in the rough concentrate yield (13.8 to 14.1 %) with a significant decrease of WO3 recovery to the finished selection concentrate (72.7 to 53.3 %) and a deterioration in the concentrate quality. Replacement of water glass with CMC did not show satisfactory results. Ultrasonic treatment of pulp, liquid phase, collector leads to a certain increase in the calcite floatability, possibly due to the higher liquid phase temperature and increased proportion of the oleate ionic form. The use of neonols in the reagent scheme of flotation of scheelite-containing ore with a high carbonate modulus found no evidence of a decrease in the flotatability of calcite obtained when studying monomineralic calcite fractions unlike fatty isoalcohols that provided better concentrates in the selection cycle in comparison with a single oleate.

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Schwandt, Carsten, and Derek J. Fray. "The Electrochemical Reduction of Chromium Sesquioxide in Molten Calcium Chloride under Cathodic Potential Control." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 62, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2007): 655–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2007-10-1115.

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Electrochemical polarization and reduction experiments are reported which were performed with a three-terminal cell and a molten salt electrolyte consisting of calcium chloride with additions of calcium oxide. Employing a metal cathode, a graphite anode and a pseudo-reference electrode also made from graphite, polarization measurements were carried out with the aim to validate the performance of the pseudo-reference electrode and to assess the stability of the electrolyte. Using a chromium sesquioxide cathode in conjunction with a graphite anode and a graphite pseudo-reference electrode, electrochemical reduction experiments were conducted under potentiostatic control. The key results are: a graphite pseudo-reference electrode has been shown to be appropriate in the present type of molten salt electrochemical experiments that take place on a time scale of many hours; the conversion of chromium oxide into chromium metal has been accomplished under cathodic potential control and in the absence of calcium metal deposition; a significant amount of calcium oxide in the calcium chloride has been found necessary to preclude anodic chlorine formation throughout the entire experiment; a considerable overpotential has been identified at the anode.

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Cote', Charles J., Lambertus J. Drop, Alfred L. Daniels, and David C. Hoaglin. "Calcium Chloride Versus Calcium Gluconate." Anesthesiology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198704000-00003.

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Schneider, A. F., D. S. Almeida, A. N. Moraes, L. C. A. Picinin, V. Oliveira, and C. E. Gewehr. "Chlorinated drinking water for lightweight laying hens." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 68, no. 6 (December 2016): 1690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-8795.

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ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of chlorine in drinking water of laying hens on zootechnical performance, eggs shell quality, hemogasometry levels and calcium content in tibia. 144 Hy-Line laying hens, 61 weeks old, were used distributed in 24 metabolism cages. They were subjected to water diets, for a period of 28 days, using sodium hypochlorite as a chlorine source in order to obtain the following concentrations: 5ppm (control), 20ppm, 50ppm, and 100ppm. Their performance was evaluated through water consumption, feed intake, egg production and weight, egg mass, feed conversion. Shell quality was measured by specific gravity. At the end of the experiment, arterial blood was collected for blood gas level assessment and a poultry of each replicate was sacrificed to obtain tibia and calcium content measurement. There was a water consumption reduction from 20ppm of chlorine and feed intake reduction in poultry receiving water with 100ppm of chlorine. The regression analysis showed that the higher the level of chlorine in water, the higher the reduction in consumption. There were no differences in egg production and weight, egg mass, feed conversion, specific gravity, tibia calcium content, and hemogasometry levels (hydrogenionic potential, carbon dioxide partial pressure, oxygen partial pressure, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide total concentration, anion gap and oxygen saturation). The use of levels above 5ppm of chlorine is not recommended in the water of lightweight laying hens.

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Bognár, Erzsébet, Gabriella Hellner, Andrea Radnóti, László Somogyi, and Zsolt Kemény. "Effect of Different Chlorine Sources on the Formation of 3-Monochloro-1,2-Propanediol and 2-Monochloro-1,3-Propanediol Fatty Acid Esters during Frying." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 64, no. 4 (September 19, 2019): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.14137.

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Several studies indicated that chlorine salts provoke 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol fatty acid esters (3-MCPD-FE) and 2-monochloro-1,3- propanediol fatty acid esters (2-MCPD-FE) formation in oils during frying. The amount of MCPD strongly depends on the type and the amount of chlorine salt. Food raw materials, additives themselves may contain several chlorine compounds, providing precursors for 2- and 3-MCPD-FE formation during frying. Then, the fat uptake can cause measurable concentrations in the fried food as well. This paper aims at screening chlorine compounds occurring in food industry. Influence of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), ferric chloride (FeCl3) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) on the formation of MCPD-FE was investigated, mimicking frying conditions (175-180 °C, atmospheric pressure), applying high oleic sunflower oil as frying medium. 2-MCPD-FE and 3-MCPD-FE were determined by using an indirect method based on alkaline-catalyzed transesterification and GC-MS analysis. As expected, the reference sample without using any chlorine salt resulted only slight increase in 3-MCPD-FE concentration, and no increase in 2-MCPD-FE concentration. In case of the stable salts minor formation was observed. At as high as 3 % dosage of NaCl and KCl 1.6 and 2.4 mg/kg 3-MCPD-FE generated, respectively. Adding CaCl2, NH4Cl and FeCl3 resulted in very strong MCPD-FE formation by both isomers (2- and 3-MCPD-FE) in this increasing order. 0.1 % FeCl3 generated 70 mg/kg 2-MCPD-FE and 238 mg/kg 3-MCPD-FE by the end of 8-hour heating.

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Tarasova, Nataliia, Irina Animitsa, and Anzhelika Galisheva. "Synthesis, Structure and Transport Properties of Novel Chlorine-Doped Perovskite Based on Ba₂CaNbO_5.5." Materials Science Forum 917 (March 2018): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.917.88.

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The chlorine-doped complex oxide Ba2CaNbO5.475Cl0.05based on barium calcium niobate was synthesized using the solid state method. It was found that the introduction of chloride ions leads to the increase of the cell volume. Structure and electrical properties have been investigated. Electrical conductivities were measured by varying the temperature in dry (pH2O=3.5·10-5atm) and wet (pH2O=2·10-2atm) air. The composition Ba2CaNbO5.475Cl0.05is capable to dissociative dissolution of water vapor and can exhibit proton transport. Chlorine doping increases the conductivity of matrix compound Ba2CaNbO5.5, the difference between un-and chlorine-doped samples is up to one order of magnitude at low temperatures.

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Kim, Gwangmok, and Sangwon Park. "Chloride Removal of Calcium Aluminate-Layered Double Hydroxide Phases: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 2797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062797.

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Chlorine is a critical element with respect to the use of fossil fuel, recycling of industrial wastes, and water purification. Chlorine could form toxic chemical compounds, corrode pipe systems and boilers, and contaminate surface and ground waters. Calcium aluminate-layered double hydroxides are one of the most promising materials to remove chlorides due to the chemisorption mechanism, since the phases have positively charged interlayers. Many studies on the synthesis and the characterization of calcium aluminate-layered double hydroxides have been extensively conducted, whereas few studies have been conducted on the chloride removal characteristics of the phases. The state-of-the-art studies on the synthesis methods and the structural characteristics of CaAl-LDH phases, the underlying mechanism on the removal of chlorides, and the potential removal rate and the capacity in the present study were thoroughly reviewed.

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34

Spertini, O., A. S. Cordey, N. Monai, L. Giuffrè, and M. Schapira. "P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 is a ligand for L-selectin on neutrophils, monocytes, and CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells." Journal of Cell Biology 135, no. 2 (October 15, 1996): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.135.2.523.

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Selectins play a critical role in initiating leukocyte binding to vascular endothelium. In addition, in vitro experiments have shown that neutrophils use L-selectin to roll on adherent neutrophils, suggesting that they express a nonvascular L-selectin ligand. Using a L-selectin/IgM heavy chain (mu) chimeric protein as an immunocytological probe, we show here that L-selectin can bind to neutrophils, monocytes, CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors, and HL-60 and KG-1 myeloid cells. The interaction between L-selectin and leukocytes was protease sensitive and calcium dependent, and abolished by cell treatment with neuraminidase, chlorate, or O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase. These results revealed common features between leukocyte L-selectin ligand and the mucin-like P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1), which mediates neutrophil rolling on P- and E-selectin. The possibility that PSGL-1 could be a ligand for L-selectin was further supported by the ability of P-selectin/mu chimera to inhibit L-selectin/mu binding to leukocytes and by the complete inhibition of both selectin interactions with myeloid cells treated with mocarhagin, a cobra venom metalloproteinase that cleaves the amino terminus of PSGL-1 at Tyr-51. Finally, the abrogation of L- and P-selectin binding to myeloid cells treated with a polyclonal antibody, raised against a peptide corresponding to the amino acid residues 42-56 of PSGL-1, indicated that L- and P-selectin interact with a domain located at the amino-terminal end of PSGL-1. The ability of the anti-PSGL-1 mAb PL-1 to inhibit L- and P-selectin binding to KG-1 cells further supported that possibility. Thus, apart from being involved in neutrophil rolling on P- and E-selectin, PSGL-1 also plays a critical role in mediating neutrophil attachment to adherent neutrophils. Interaction between L-selectin and PSGL-1 may be of major importance for increasing leukocyte recruitment at inflammatory sites.

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35

Zi, Jingbin, Daoyang Ma, Zia Rahman, Xuebin Wang, Hao Li, and Shengming Liao. "Effects of temperature and additives on ash transformation and melting of high-alkali-chlorine coal." Thermal Science 24, no. 6 Part A (2020): 3501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200313271z.

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The high contents of sodium and chlorine in Shaerhu coal aggravate severe slag-ging ash deposition and corrosion in boilers. Adding proper additives is an effec-tive way to reduce slagging ash deposition and corrosion. Based on the experi-mental study, this paper investigated the effect of combustion temperature, types of additives, and its amount on the ash transformation and melting of high sodium chloride Shaerhu coal. The ash melting characteristics, elemental compositions and mineral compositions of the ash produced under different conditions were characterized. Results showed that the contents of calcium, magnesium, and sul-phur in the coal ash varied slightly with the temperature increasing. Chlorine and sodium released rapidly from coal at 550-815?C and 550-700?C, respectively. At 1050?C, calcium silicate was observed as the main component of the ash. The addition of different additives had no significant effect on chlorine and sodium capture. The addition of silicon species lowered the ash fusion temperatures, while the aluminum had an opposite effect. To prevent the furnace from slagging, a high aluminum additive is proposed to be adopted.

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Kim, Ji Hwan, Doug Youn Lee, and Sang Bae Lee. "Novel Antibacterial Calcium Phosphate Cement." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 791–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.791.

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The antibacterial brushite-forming calcium phospahte cements (CPC) were prepared using an equimolar mixture of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) with chlorine dioxide (ClO2) generating powders (sodium chlorite and mixed acid activator). The effect of ClO2 on cement setting time, compressive strength, and antibacterial property of novel antibacterial CPC was investigated. The use of 0.3M citric acid solutions as liquid phase enabled final setting times of 5~10 min. The setting time of antibacterial cement systems was prolonged with increasing the amount of antibiotic used. Dry compressive strength was found to be in the range between 9~15 MPa and increased with addition of ClO2 generating powders. Wet compressive strength was slightly decreased compared to dry compressive strength after immersion of cement samples in water for 24 h. The antimicrobial potency of the different cement formulations was investigated using the agar diffusion method. The acidic brushite cement itself showed the inhibitory effect for Streptococcus mutans. The inhibition zone was increased with the amount of ClO2 generating powders. These results indicate that our novel antibacterial CPC have the great potential to avoid the development of infections for preventive antibiotic therapy.

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37

Matta Machado Paixão, J. M. "Calcium Solubility in Molten Calcium Chloride." ECS Proceedings Volumes 1994-13, no. 1 (January 1994): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/199413.0156pv.

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38

&NA;. "Calcium chloride/digoxin." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 673 (October 1997): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199706730-00012.

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39

McNeill, D. M., J. R. Roche, C. R. Stockdale, and B. P. McLachlan. "Nutritional strategies for the prevention of hypocalcaemia at calving for dairy cows in pasture-based systems." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 7 (2002): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01100.

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This review considers the current literature on the macro-mineral nutrition of the soon-to-calve, or transition, dairy cow. Calcium is the main focus, since milk fever (clinical hypocalcaemia) appears to be the most common mineral-related problem faced by the transition cow Australia-wide. The importance of minimising calcium intake and optimising the balance of the key dietary electrolytes, sodium, potassium, sulfate, and chloride, in the weeks before calving is highlighted. Excess dietary potassium can, in some situations, induce milk fever, perhaps even more effectively than excess calcium. Excess sodium remains under suspicion. In contrast, excess dietary chlorine and, to a lesser extent, sulfur can improve the ability of the cow to maintain calcium homeostasis. Diets that promote either a hypomagnesaemia or hyperphosphataemia have also the potential to precipitate milk fever at calving. Current prevention strategies focus on the use of forages with moderate to low levels of calcium, potassium, and sodium, and also rely on or utilise addition of chloride and sulfate in the form of 'anionic' feeds. Anionic salts are one example of an anionic feed. However, legitimate questions remain as to the effectiveness of anionic salts in pasture-feeding systems. The causes and prevention of milk fever are considered from the perspective of the variety of Australian feedbases. Impediments to the use of anionic feeds in Australia feeding systems are outlined. The potential for improving maternal reserves of calcium around calving to reduce the risk of milk fever is also discussed.

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40

Cheng, Liang, Natalia Afur, and Mohamed A. Shahin. "Bio-Cementation for Improving Soil Thermal Conductivity." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 10238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810238.

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A promising technology for renewable energy is energy piles used to heat and cool buildings. In this research, the effects of bio-cementation via microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) using mixed calcium and magnesium sources and the addition of fibres on the thermal conductivity of soil were investigated. Firstly, silica sand specimens were treated with cementation solutions containing different ratios of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride to achieve maximum thermal conductivity improvement. Three treatment cycles were provided, and the corresponding thermal conductivity was measured after each cycle. It was found that using 100% calcium chloride resulted in the highest thermal conductivity. This cementation solution was then used to treat bio-cemented soil samples containing fibres, including polyethylene, steel and glass fibres. The fibre contents used included 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% of the dry sand mass. The results show that the glass fibre samples yielded the highest thermal conductivity after three treatment cycles, and SEM imaging was used to support the findings. This research suggests that using MICP as a soil improvement technique can also improve the thermal conductivity of soil surrounding energy piles, which has high potential to effectively improve the efficiency of energy piles.

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Al-Bamarny, Sarfaraz Fatah Ali, and Azad Hassan Yonis. "Influence of Cultivars‚ Calcium Chloride and Periods on Fruit Storage Behavior of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 17, no. 4 (May 31, 2015): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10426.

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Schlüter, Jochen, Thomas Malcherek, Dieter Pohl, and Christof Schäfer. "Vondechenite, a new hydrous calcium copper chloride hydroxide, from the Bellerberg, East-Eifel volcanic area, Germany." Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 195, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njma/2018/0082.

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43

Suzuki, Hiroshi, Keiko Fujioka, Naoki Sawa, Ruri Hidema, and Yoshiyuki Komoda. "ICOPE-15-1053 Heat and mass transfer characteristics in a calcium chloride/hollow silica particle composite." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2015.12 (2015): _ICOPE—15——_ICOPE—15—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2015.12._icope-15-_37.

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44

Iizuka, Yoshinori, Takayuki Miyake, Motohiro Hirabayashi, Toshitaka Suzuki, Sumito Matoba, Hideaki Motoyama, Yoshiyuki Fujii, and Takeo Hondoh. "Constituent elements of insoluble and non-volatile particles during the Last Glacial Maximum exhibited in the Dome Fuji (Antarctica) ice core." Journal of Glaciology 55, no. 191 (2009): 552–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214309788816696.

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AbstractIn order to find environmental signals based on the dust and calcium-ion concentrations in ice cores, we determine the constituent elements of residue particles obtained after melting ice samples. We have designed a sublimating system that operates at −45°C, below the eutectic temperatures of major salts. This system permits us to obtain a great many non-volatile particles. After studying the non-volatile particles, we immersed them in water to remove soluble particles and compounds. We thereby analyzed a total of 1272 residue particles (from the melted sample), 2418 non-volatile particles (after sublimation) and 1463 insoluble particles taken from five sections of Last Glacial Maximum ice from the Dome Fuji (Antarctica) ice core. Their constituent elements were determined by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and compared to the dust, calcium-ion and sodium-ion concentrations measured by ion chromatography. Our results indicate that >99.9% of the insoluble particles contain silicon but no sulfur, nitrogen or chlorine. A significant number of the non-volatile particles, however, contain sulfur and chlorine. We conclude that insoluble dust consists mostly of silicate, that almost all calcium ions originate from calcium sulfate and that almost all sodium ions originate from sodium sulfate and sodium chloride.

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Sokerina, N. V., N. N. Zykin, S. N. Shanina, O. V. Valyaeva, S. I. Isaenko, and M. Yu Sokerin. "Formation conditions of host rocks and veins productive deposits of the Astrakhan gas-condensate field." Доклады Академии наук 484, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-5652484183-86.

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This study examines one- (gas) and two-phase (aqueous solution–gas) inclusions in the calcite of the Cheremshanskian Horizon of the Bashkirian stage at a depth of 4,215–4,217 m in the Pravoberezhnaya-1 well. Homogenizing temperature is within 100–134 °C, which is likely close to the temperature of mineral formation. Calcite vein formation involves calcium bicarbonate fluid enriched in Mg chloride. It was established the calcite inclusions contain carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen sulfide. The gas composition of the inclusions in limestone is distiuguished of its high carbon dioxide concentration but rather low methane and hydrogen sulfide concentration.

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Putri, Aulina Reza, Wiwik Rahayu, and Puspita Lisdiyanti. "Effect of urease enzyme and clay mixture in shear strength properties of sand." MATEC Web of Conferences 280 (2019): 04014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928004014.

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The utilization of environmentally friendly materials in soil stabilization has grown in the last decade. Recent studies have shown that adding urease enzyme in calcium chloride and urea solution will improve the shear strength properties of sand. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the usage of clay to improve the performance of calcite produced in the mixture of urease enzyme and calcium chloride-urea solution. This mixture is then mixed manually with the clay-sand mixture and its effect is further tested using a direct shear test conducted at every two weeks of curing. The test is carried out to determine the development of the shear strength properties of the stabilized sand. The results from the test show that there is a rise in the cohesion value of the sand due to the addition of the clay mixture.

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Sun, Yan Li, Jian Wei Lin, Hong Huang, Wei Ying Zhang, and Dan Dan Ma. "Simultaneous Removal of Ammonium and Phosphate from Aqueous Solution by Calcium Chloride-Modified Zeolite." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 1581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.1581.

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Abstract. In this study, the simultaneous adsorption characteristics of ammonium and phosphate from aqueous solution by calcium chloride-modified zeolite were investigated. Results showed that the adsorption kinetic data of ammonium and phosphate onto the calcium chloride-modified zeolite could be well described by a pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption equilibrium data of ammonium onto the calcium chloride-modified zeolite fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model better than the Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The phosphate removal efficiency of calcium chloride-modified zeolite increased with the initial concentration of ammonium in aqueous solution. The ammonium removal efficiency of calcium chloride-modified zeolite increased with increasing solution pH from 7.0 to 9.0, but decreased with increasing solution pH from 9.0 to 10.0. The phosphate removal efficiency of calcium chloride-modified zeolite increased dramatically with increasing solution pH from 7.0 to 9.0, but decreased with increasing solution pH from 9.0 to 10.0. The mechanism for the adsorption of ammonium onto the calcium chloride-modified zeolite was ions exchange, and the mechanism for the removal of phosphate by the calcium chloride-modified zeolite was chemical precipitation.

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Li, Xiaogang, Ling Jin, Jing Ling, and Zhongchun Jiang. "(326) Foliar Applications of 6-BA, Potassium Phosphate, and Calcium Chloride Affect Pear Fruit Quality." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1065B—1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1065b.

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Foliar application of hormones and nutrients can improve fruit quality, but specific conditions for applying hormones and nutrients may vary among fruit species. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of 6-BA, potassium phosphate (monobasic), and calcium chloride on fruit weight, palatability, and storage quality of 8-year-old pear trees, cv. Hosui. Foliar applications of 1 mg·L-1 6-BA, 0.3% potassium phosphate, 0.3% calcium chloride, or 0.3% potassium phosphate + 0.3% calcium chloride were made at 20-day intervals from June until maturity. All foliar applications increased average fruit weight over the control (distilled water). 6-BA or the combination of potassium phosphate and calcium chloride increased fruit weight more than did potassium phosphate or calcium chloride alone. Fruit palatability, measured as the ratio of sugar content to acid content, was significantly lower in 6-BA, potassium phosphate, and calcium chloride treatments than in the control. All treatments increased vitamin C content over the control. Fruit storage quality in calcium chloride or calcium chloride + potassium phosphate treatments was superior to that in the control. Potassium phosphate alone and 6-BA treatments had no effects on fruit storage quality. We conclude that foliar applications of 0.3% potassium phosphate + 0.3% calcium chloride or 1 mg·L-1 6-BA can increase average fruit weight and improve fruit palatability.

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Gunn, RH. "Shallow groundwaters in weathered volcanic, granitic and sedimentary rocks in relation to dryland salinity in southern New South Wales." Soil Research 23, no. 3 (1985): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9850355.

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Soils affected by secondary salinization were studied in six areas on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. All the salt-affected areas are underlain by, or occur in close proximity to, deeply weathered volcanic, granitic and sedimentary rocks which commonly contain stores of soluble salts, dominantly sodium chloride. The chemical composition of shallow groundwaters in the areas was monitored by piezometers for periods of up to two years. Water levels in the piezometers responded rapidly to rainfall, but the ionic composition of the waters generally remained fairly uniform. All waters are dominated by sodium chloride; those with the highest contents occurred in volcanic and granitic rocks, followed by Ordovician sediments and the lowest contents were in Silurian sediments. The chlorine contents in samples of weathered rocks follow a similar sequence. Electron microprobe analyses indicate that the chlorine-bearing minerals in the unaltered rocks are principally biotite, hornblende and potassium, sodium and calcium feldspars. No salt-affected soils were found in areas underlain by unweathered rocks.

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Sasithorn, Nongnut, Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit, and Lenka Martinová. "Preparation of Silk Fibroin Nanofibres by Needleless Electrospinning Using Formic Acid-Calcium Chloride as the Solvent." Applied Mechanics and Materials 848 (July 2016): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.848.203.

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In this study, silk nanofibre sheets were prepared by a needleless electrospinning from silk fibroin in a mixture of formic acid and calcium chloride. The influences of the concentration of calcium chloride on the properties of spinning solution, morphology of the silk electrospun fibres and the spinning performance of the spinning process were examined. The results show that calcium chloride can improve the solubility of silk fibroin in formic acid. The morphology of electrospun fibres was characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), which indicates that the morphology of obtained fibres was influenced by the weight ratio of silk fibre to calcium chloride in the spinning solution. It was observed that the concentration of calcium chloride in the spinning solution influenced the diameter of the silk electrospun fibres, with an increase in the concentration of calcium chloride increasing the diameters of the electrospun fibres. The silk nanofibres had diameters ranging from 440 to 1900 nm. However, increasing the concentration of calcium chloride in the spinning solution had a less influence on the spinning performance of electrospinning process.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Calcium chlorate'

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