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Journal articles on the topic 'Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 June 2025

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1

Oravcová, Kristína, and Vladimír Danielik. "Corrosion of metals in zinc nitrate hexahydrate and calcium chloride hexahydrate." Acta Chimica Slovaca 11, no. 1 (2018): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2018-0008.

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Abstract Materials used for heat accumulation are substances with the phase change at temperatures below 80 °C. In such substances, a high amount of energy can be stored due the phase change. Because of possible corrosion of the heat container components, it is necessary to know their resistance in the given medium. In this work, the corrosion of aluminum, copper and carbon steel was studied in two liquid media: zinc nitrate hexahydrate and calcium chloride hexahydrate. Corrosion tests have shown that steel is the least resistant to corrosion in both media. Aluminum has been proved as the most durable material in zinc nitrate hexahydrate media. On the other hand, pitting corrosion on aluminum occurred in the calcium chloride hexahydrate making it unsuitable for the use in this media. From the comparison of two studied PCMs follows that zinc nitrate hexahydrate is a more aggressive medium in comparison with calcium chloride hexahydrate. From the point of view of corrosion, zinc nitrate hexahydrate is not suitable for heat accumulation when using the studied metals. When using the calcium chloride hexahydrate as PCM, copper is suitable as a construction material; aluminum and carbon steel show pitting corrosion.

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2

Feilchenfeld, H., J. Fuchs, F. Kahana, and S. Sarig. "The melting point adjustment of calcium chloride hexahydrate by addition of potassium chloride or calcium bromide hexahydrate." Solar Energy 34, no. 2 (1985): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(85)90181-1.

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3

Guo, Yafei, Daolin Gao, Xiaoping Yu, Chi Ma, Shanping Chen, and Tianlong Deng. "Thermal energy storage using calcium chloride hexahydrate." Thermal Science 22, no. 6 Part B (2018): 3035–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170119135g.

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4

Zhu, Xiao Qin, Jin Hu, Hui Yuan Zhao, and Wei Huan Li. "Phase Transformation Temperature Adjustment of Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.386.

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Phase change temperature adjustment of calcium chloride hexahydrate added small quantity of barium hydroxide and strontium chloride hexahydrate was researched. The experimental results demonstrated that, its phase change temperature adjustment could be achieved by means of adding excess water, and its suitable adjustment range of phase change temperature was 21.76°C-26.16°C as the proportion of the added excess water was 0-10% by weight. According to the calculation equation gained by the theoretical regression of the experimental results, its phase change temperature with different proportions of excess water may be forecasted during the suitable adjustment range of phase change temperature. This characteristic is of important application value for temperature control in greenhouse or air conditioning etc.

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5

Guion, J., M. Laugt, and M. Teisseire. "Calcium chloride hexahydrate-ammonium chloride binary solutions: a DSC study." Thermochimica Acta 138, no. 1 (1989): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(89)87239-9.

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6

Zhu, Xiao Qin, Jin Hu, Jian Sheng Lu, Jia Lin Sun, Yu Fen Yang, and N. Ben-Abdallah. "Heat Storage Performance of a PCM Heat Exchanger with Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1074–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1074.

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Calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2·6H2O) is an important inorganic phase change material used for heat storage at lower storage temperature. Heat storage in a PCM heat exchanger is an effective means of energy conservation or recovery in many engineering applications. A study was made on heat storage performance of a PCM heat exchanger with staggered tube bank in which there are full of calcium chloride hexahydrate solution. The experimental measurements of its heat storage and discharging performances during the heating/cooling cycle were carried out at a given rate of air flow. The analyses and discussion of its experimental results were also made. Its prospect in the industrial applications as heat energy storage was forecasted.

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7

Fezei, Radouanne, Halim Hammi, and Adel M’nif. "Extractive process for preparing high purity magnesium chloride hexahydrate." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 18, no. 1 (2012): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq110815049f.

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This paper refers a method for the preparation of magnesium chloride hexahydrate (bischofite) from Sebkha el Melah of Zarzis Tunisian natural brine. It is a five-stage process essentially based on crystallization by isothermal evaporation and chemical precipitation. The two first steps were dedicated to the crystallization of sodium chloride and potassiummagnesium double salts, respectively. Then, the resulting liquor was desulfated using calcium chloride solution. After that another isothermal evaporation stage was implemented in order to eliminate potassium ions in the form of carnallite, KCl.MgCl2.6H2O. At the end of this step, the recovered solution primarily composed of magnesium and chloride ions was treated by dioxan in order to precipitate magnesium chloride as MgCl2.6H2O.C4H8O2. This compound dried at constant temperature of 100?C gave good quality magnesium chloride hexahydrate. Besides this salt, the various by-products obtained from the different treatment stages are also useful.

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8

Zhu, Xiao Qin, Zhao Sheng Cao, Jin Hu, Jing Hua Chang, Hai Yang Ni, and Ting Zhou Li. "Experimental Research on Thermal Energy Storage of a New Type of PCM Heat Exchange Tube." Applied Mechanics and Materials 320 (May 2013): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.320.104.

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Thermal energy storage performance of a new type of PCM heat exchange tube was researched, in which its main body was based on the traditional structure of a double-tube exchanger and was full of PCM (calcium chloride hexahydrate) in the annular area between the inner tube and the outer tube. The hot air at the temperature of 40°C was chosen as a fluid medium, and the temperature measurements of the test points were made at the inlet and the outlet of this new type of PCM heat exchange tube. The experimental results showed that, this new type of PCM heat exchange tube could store thermal energy from the hot air by means of PCM (calcium chloride hexahydrate) in the annular area, whose performance laid good foundations for its engineering applications for recovery and utilizations of greenhouses, air conditioning and industrial afterheat or waste heat etc.

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9

Feilchenfeld, Hans, and Sara Sarig. "Calcium chloride hexahydrate: a phase-changing material for energy storage." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development 24, no. 1 (1985): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i300017a024.

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10

Tozhiev, R. R., O. S. Bobokulova, and H. Ch Mirzakulov. "PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING BISHOFITE FROM RAPE OF LAKES KARAUMBET AND BARSAKELMES." EurasianUnionScientists 6, no. 6(75) (2020): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.6.75.868.

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The process of obtaining bischofite from Karaumbet and Barsakelmes brine by its two-stage steaming with an intermediate release of sodium chloride was studied. At the same time, calcium and sulfate ions of brine have been removed by precipitation with soda ash and its waste - distiller liquid. The individuality of magnesium chloride hexahydrate has also been confirmed by X-ray and IR spectroscopic methods of analysis. The composition and quality of 6-aqueous magnesium chloride meets the requirements of State Standard 7759-73 for commercial bischofite.

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11

Brandstetter, A. "On the stability of calcium chloride hexahydrate in thermal storage systems." Solar Energy 41, no. 2 (1988): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(88)90135-1.

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12

Li, Xiang, Yuan Zhou, Hongen Nian, et al. "Phase change behavior of latent heat storage media based on calcium chloride hexahydrate composites containing strontium chloride hexahydrate and oxidation expandable graphite." Applied Thermal Engineering 102 (June 2016): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.03.098.

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13

Zhu, Xiao Qin, Jin Hu, Yu Fen Yang, Zhao Sheng Cao, Jian Sheng Lu, and Jia Lin Sun. "Thermal Energy Discharge Characteristics of a PCM Heat Exchanger with Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 1815–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.1815.

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Calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2•6H2O) is an important inorganic phase change material used for thermal energy storage or discharge at lower storage temperature. Thermal energy discharge characteristics of a new type of PCM heat exchanger were investigated after thermal energy storage, in which its main body is based on the traditional structure of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, and is full of PCMs (CaCl2•6H2O) in the tubes. The cold air of 16-17°C with different velocities flowed through the PCM heat exchanger, the temperature distributions of all the test points were measured by means of the experimetal system. The experimental results showed that, since the latent heat of phase transition in the tubes was so large during the process of thermal energy discharge, the time intervals of air temperature that maintained beyond 20°C at the outlet of the PCM heat exchanger were respectively 594min and 717min when the mass velocities of the cold air were 0.132 kg/s and 0.096kg/s, which is one of the important characteristics in the structure of this type of PCM heat exchanger. It can be used in the situations of temperature control or maintenance at the certain temperature, such as greenhouses, air conditioning etc.

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14

Li, Chuanchang, Mu Li, and Yaxi Li. "Tailored calcium chloride hexahydrate as a composite phase change material for cold storage." Journal of Energy Storage 56 (December 2022): 105798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105798.

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15

Filipska, A. M., and N. I. Hudz. "Methodological aspects of the acid hemodialysis concentrates development." Acta Medica Leopoliensia 26, no. 4 (2020): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25040/aml2020.04.072.

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The aim of this paper is to develop a scientifically based methodology for the development of acid concentrates in order to perform purposefully organized research on the implementation of these concentrates into industrial manufacture. Material and Methods. Methodological concept of acid concentrates development. The objects of the study are liquid acid concentrates for hemodialysis containing sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride hexahydrate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, acetic acid and glucose. Methods of the study included bibliosemantic analysis, systematization of theoretical and practical material, and generalization of data. Results and Discussion. The methodology of the development of acid concentrates for hemodialysis is substantiated. To ensure the effectiveness and safety of the concentrates, it is necessary to theoretically and experimentally justify all pharmaceutical factors that affect the quality of the concentrates (active substances, solvent, technological processes, and packaging materials). The methodology of development of acid concentrates consists of the following stages of research: information retrieval, technological, analytical, and biological. The methodological concept is based on the implementation of the combination of marketing, technological, pharmacotechnological, physicochemical, chemical. and biopharmaceutical studies that ensure compliance of the developed products with medical, biological and pharmaceutical requirements for quality and safety of concentrates for renal replacement therapy. Conclusion.The authors developed and substantiated the methodology and drew up a plan of experimental research on the elaboration of the acid concentrates for renal replacement therapy in order to organize their industrial manufacture. Keywords: chronic kidney disease, methodology of pharmaceutical development, concentrates for hemodialysis

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16

Zhang, Yongyichuan, and Xuelai Zhang. "Thermal properties of a new type of calcium chloride hexahydrate-magnesium chloride hexahydrate/expanded graphite composite phase change material and its application in photovoltaic heat dissipation." Solar Energy 204 (July 2020): 683–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.05.037.

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17

Carlsson, Bo. "Phase change behaviour of some latent heat storage media based on calcium chloride hexahydrate." Solar Energy 83, no. 4 (2009): 485–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2008.09.004.

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18

Schmit, H., D. Rudaleviciene, C. Rathgeber, and S. Hiebler. "Calorimetric Investigation of Two Factors Influencing the Maximum Storage Capacity of Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 660 (December 4, 2019): 012076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/660/1/012076.

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19

Shahbaz, K., I. M. AlNashef, R. J. T. Lin, M. A. Hashim, F. S. Mjalli, and M. M. Farid. "A novel calcium chloride hexahydrate-based deep eutectic solvent as a phase change materials." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 155 (October 2016): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.06.004.

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20

Malin, Minna, Joni Korventausta, Ville Meretoja, and Jukka Seppälä. "Elastic Ceramic-Polymer Scaffold with Interconnected Pore Structure: Preparation and In Vitro Reactivity." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.395.

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A series of ceramic-polymer scaffolds were studied for bone tissue engineering applications. These applications require bone reactivity as well as suitable scaffold properties and structure. Bioactive glass (BAG) and sol-gel derived silicas were chosen for ceramic components of the scaffolds, and crosslinked poly(ε-caprolactone/D,L-lactide) copolymers with monomer ratios 90/10 and 70/30 were used as polymer matrices. Scaffolds were prepared by photo-curing crosslinkable oligomers in the presence of the ceramic component and porosity producing salt. Scaffolds with 60-80 vol-% continuous phase macroporosity were obtained by using calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2⋅6H2O), and were further tested in simulated body fluid (SBF). The ceramics remained highly reactive during scaffold preparation resulting in in vitro calcium phosphate formation.

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21

Winnett, W. Kevin, and Charles P. Nash. "Rigid-Ion-Model Treatment of the Vibrational Spectra of Calcium and Strontium Chloride Hexahydrate Crystals." Applied Spectroscopy 42, no. 1 (1988): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702884428626.

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Single-crystal Raman spectra at 77 K in the 80–3500 cm−1 range are reported for CaCl2 · 6H2O(D2O) and SrCl2 · 6H2O(D2O). Excellent fits to the experimental spectra were obtained with the use of a thirteen-parameter force field based on the rigid-ion model supplemented with stretching and bending force constants for the water molecules and selected short-range force constants in the Bravais cell. The libration frequencies of both the bridging (four-coordinate) and the terminal (three-coordinate) water molecules were found to depend almost exclusively on their partial charges.

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22

Tyagi, V. V., and D. Buddhi. "Thermal cycle testing of calcium chloride hexahydrate as a possible PCM for latent heat storage." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 92, no. 8 (2008): 891–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2008.02.021.

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23

Ren, S. J., J. Charles, X. C. Wang, et al. "Corrosion testing of metals in contact with calcium chloride hexahydrate used for thermal energy storage." Materials and Corrosion 68, no. 10 (2017): 1046–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.201709432.

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24

Zhu, Feng, Wenxuan Hu, Jian Cao, Biao Liu, Yifeng Liu, and Chao Chang. "Probe material choice for nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry (NMRC) measurements of the nano-scale pore size distribution of unconventional reservoirs." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 37, no. 1 (2018): 412–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598718802475.

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Nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry is a newly developed technique that can characterize the pore size distribution of nano-scale porous materials. To date, this technique has scarcely been used for the testing of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs; thus, their micro- and nano-scale pore structures must still be investigated. The selection of the probe material for this technique has a key impact on the quality of the measurement results during the testing of geological samples. In this paper, we present details on the nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometric procedure. Several types of probe materials were compared during the nuclear testing of standard nano-scale porous materials and unconventional reservoir geological samples from Sichuan Basin, Southwest China. Gas sorption experiments were also carried out on the same samples simultaneously. The KGT values of the probe materials octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and calcium chloride hexahydrate were calibrated using standard nano-scale porous materials to reveal respective values of 149.3 Knm and 184 Knm. Water did not successfully wet the pore surfaces of the standard controlled pore glass samples; moreover, water damaged the pore structures of the geological samples, which was confirmed during two freeze-melting tests. The complex phase transition during the melting of cyclohexane introduced a nuclear magnetic resonance signal in addition to that from liquid in the pores, which led to an imprecise characterization of the pore size distribution. Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and calcium chloride hexahydrate have been rarely employed as nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometric probe materials for the testing of an unconventional reservoir. Both of these materials were able to characterize pore sizes up to 1 μm, and they were more applicable than either water or cyclohexane.

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25

Zhang, Xinxing, Xiang Li, Yuan Zhou, et al. "Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate/Diatomite/Paraffin as Composite Shape-Stabilized Phase-Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage." Energy & Fuels 32, no. 1 (2017): 916–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b02866.

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26

Kimura, Hiroshi, and Junjiro Kai. "Mixtures of calcium chloride hexahydrate with some salt hydrates or anhydrous salts as latent heat storage materials." Energy Conversion and Management 28, no. 3 (1988): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(88)90021-0.

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27

Zou, Ting, Wanwan Fu, Xianghui Liang, et al. "Preparation and performance of modified calcium chloride hexahydrate composite phase change material for air-conditioning cold storage." International Journal of Refrigeration 95 (November 2018): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.08.001.

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28

Thakkar, Jay, Nicholas Bowen, Allen C. Chang, Peter Horwath, Margaret J. Sobkowicz, and Jan Kośny. "Optimization of Preparation Method, Nucleating Agent, and Stabilizers for Synthesizing Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate (CaCl2.6H2O) Phase Change Material." Buildings 12, no. 10 (2022): 1762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101762.

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This study investigates improvements in low-cost latent heat storage material calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2.6H2O). Its melting point is between 25 and 28 °C, with relatively high enthalpy (170–190 J/g); however, this phase change material (PCM) shows supercooling and phase separation. In CaCl2.6H2O incongruent melting causes lower hydrates of CaCl2 to form, which affects the overall energy storage capacity and long-term durability. In this work, PCM performance enhancement was achieved by adding SrCl2.6H2O as a nucleating agent and NaCl/KCl as a stabilizer to prevent supercooling and phase separation, respectively. We investigated the PCM preparation method and optimized the proportions of SrCl2.6H2O and NaCl/KCl. Thermal testing for 25 cycles combined with DSC and T-history testing was performed to observe changes in enthalpy, phase transitions and supercooling over the extended period of usage. X-ray diffraction was used to verify crystalline structure in the compounds. It was found that the addition of 2 wt.% of SrCl2.6H2O reduced supercooling from 12 °C to 0 °C compared to unmodified CaCl2.6H2O. The addition of 5 wt.% NaCl or KCl proved to effectively suppress separation and the melting enthalpy achieved was 169 J/g–178 J/g with congruent melting over 25 cycles, with no supercooling and almost no reduction in the latent heat.

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29

Fu, Lulu, Qianhao Wang, Rongda Ye, Xiaoming Fang, and Zhengguo Zhang. "A calcium chloride hexahydrate/expanded perlite composite with good heat storage and insulation properties for building energy conservation." Renewable Energy 114 (December 2017): 733–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.07.091.

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30

Li, Xiang, Yuan Zhou, Hongen Nian, et al. "Advanced Nanocomposite Phase Change Material Based on Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate with Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles for Thermal Energy Storage." Energy & Fuels 31, no. 6 (2017): 6560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b00851.

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31

Schmit, Henri, Dovile Rudaleviciene, Christoph Rathgeber, and Stefan Hiebler. "Influence of basic raw materials on the maximum storage capacity of the phase change material calcium chloride hexahydrate." Journal of Energy Storage 27 (February 2020): 101064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2019.101064.

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32

Yang, Jeong Min, and Jeong Soo Kim. "The microencapsulation of calcium chloride hexahydrate as a phase-change material by using the hybrid coupler of organoalkoxysilanes." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 135, no. 6 (2017): 45821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.45821.

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33

Ben Khedher, N. "Numerical Study of the Thermal Behavior of a Composite Phase Change Material (PCM) Room." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 2 (2018): 2663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1824.

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In this study, thermal performance of building walls integrated with phase change materials (PCM) was evaluated in terms of indoor temperature reduction and heat transfer time delay. PCM was incorporated as thin layer placed longitudinally within walls. The thermal performance of a room with and without PCM was evaluated numerically. The developed model is based on the enthalpy formulation for PCM melting and solidification, which is solved by an implicit finite difference method. The effect of PCM type on heat gain indoors was studied. Three phase change materials (n-octadecane, n-eicosane and calcium chloride hexahydrate) were tested in hot weather. Results showed that octadecane is the best in ensuring an indoor temperature close to 27 °C for the test room. Moreover, optimal thickness of the PCM layer within the walls is critical for heat transfer reduction and management and should be carefully chosen.

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34

Putri, Risky Afandi, Ahmad Swandi, Annisa Rahman, Radhiah Anggraeni, Inge Magdalena Sutjahja, and Daniel Kurnia. "The Effect of Electrode Gap on the Nucleation of CaCl2.6H2O by using Sharp End Copper Electrode." Indonesian Review of Physics 2, no. 2 (2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/irip.v2i2.1183.

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The performance of the calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2.6H2O) to store the sensible and latent heats is mainly determined by its nucleation or liquid to the solid phase transition. This is due to the barrier that has to be overcome when the material undergoes the nucleation process with a reduction in the entropy value. This material, with melting temperature around 29.8 °C, can be used as the thermal energy storage for building applications in tropical areas such as Indonesia, in order to reduce the electrical energy for aircond (AC) machines. In this paper, we report the results of an experimental study for the effect of the electrical field to the supercooling degree and time period for a phase transition. The variation in the magnitude of the electrical field was achieved by variation in the gap of the electrode for sharp end electrodes (cathode and anode), for the commonly sold copper electrode.

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35

Styś-Maniara, Marta, and Rafał Porowski. "INORGANIC SALT HYDRATES AS PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS (PCM) FOR THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE IN SOLAR INSTALLATIONS." Structure and Environment 14, no. 4 (2022): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30540/sae-2022-018.

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The authors present a general idea of using inorganic salt hydrates in solar installations. A key role in this selection is played by thermophysical parameters, so the authors review their test methods and in turn characterize them for the most promising salt hydrates. Next, the authors describe the advantages and disadvantages of inorganic salt hydrates and indicate possibilities for their improvement. The use of salt hydrate converters in PV installations significantly improves the efficiency of photovoltaic modules. We show that at least 18 salt hydrates are promising for solar applications with the best ones being Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dodecahydrate, Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate and Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate. The selection of a test method for determining the thermophysical parameters of salt hydrates should be individual depending on the research objective. Comparing the methods presented, we believe that it is the DSC and DTA methods that provide the most accurate and repeatable results.

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36

Yuan, Kunjie, Yan Zhou, Wanchun Sun, Xiaoming Fang, and Zhengguo Zhang. "A polymer-coated calcium chloride hexahydrate/expanded graphite composite phase change material with enhanced thermal reliability and good applicability." Composites Science and Technology 156 (March 2018): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.12.021.

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37

Watanabe, Yasuyuki, and Izumi Hirasawa. "Relationship between Degree of Melting Point Depression of Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate Melt and Amount of Additives in the Melt." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 43, no. 2 (2017): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.43.129.

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Bishimbayev Valikhan Kozykeyevich,, Nowak Izabela,, Issayeva Akmaral Umurbekovna,, Leska Boguslawa,, and Tleukeyeva Assel Yerzhanovna,. "FTIR- SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DZHAKSY-KLYCH DEPOSIT SALTS." NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 5, no. 443 (2020): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-170x.123.

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Kazakhstan is a country with an arid climate, where a number of salt lakes are located, where industrial production of edible salt is carried out. Due to the increase in the volume of salt production for export needs and the possibility of expanding the scope of its use for medical and cosmetic purposes, new layers and deposits of salt are being developed. The purpose of this study was to refine the characteristics of Dzhaksy-Klych Deposit salts using FTIR spectroscopy. The objects of the study were samples of salt-containing raw materials selected from different sites of Dzhaksy-Klych Deposit. Based on the conducted research, it can be predicted that when the Aral sea turns into a chloride salt lake, the main sediment will be sodium chloride, with additional formation of salt deposits from sodium sulfate, calcium or magnesium. The results obtained provide useful information about the mineralogical composition of the Aral sea region salts, which complements the knowledge about the composition of minerals. The results of FTIR analyses show that the samples of salts of lake Dzhaksy -Klych are represented by the following compositions: halite, astrakhanite, hexahydrate, gypsum, mirabilite, and the absence of toxic substances in the studied salt samples confirms their suitability for use in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes.

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39

Barhemmati-Rajab, Nastaran, and Weihuan Zhao. "Investigation into boron nitride nanoparticle effects on thermal properties of calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2·6H2O) as a phase change material." MRS Communications 8, no. 04 (2018): 1439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2018.210.

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40

Watanabe, Yasuyuki. "Interrelation between Degree of Melting Point Depression and That of Latent Heat Decrease in the System of Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 43, no. 4 (2017): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.43.306.

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41

Lazaar, Mariem, Salwa Bouadila, Sami Kooli, and Abdelhamid Farhat. "Conditioning of the tunnel greenhouse in the north of Tunisia using a calcium chloride hexahydrate integrated in polypropylene heat exchanger." Applied Thermal Engineering 68, no. 1-2 (2014): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.04.014.

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Aggarwal, ShaliniD, Anamika Borkar, Nikhil Borse, and Aneesha Acharya. "Comparative evaluation of fluoro calcium phosphosilicate, calcium sodium phosphosilicate, and strontium chloride hexahydrate containing dentifrice for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity: A randomized single-blind study." Journal of International Oral Health 11, no. 6 (2019): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jioh.jioh_228_19.

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Ghiloufi, Imed, Jaber El Ghoul, Abu-Eliz Modwi, Ibrahim AlShunaifi, and Lassaad El Mir. "Removal of Lead (II) Ion from Aqueous Solution Using Ga-Doped ZnO and Ca-Doped ZnO Nanopowder." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 74, no. 7 (2019): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2018-0443.

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AbstractThe present work investigates the performance of Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) and Ca-doped ZnO (CZ) nanopowders as an efficient nanomaterials for the removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions. The sol–gel method was used to synthesise the nanoparticles from zinc acetate dihydrate. To incorporate Ca and Ga in ZnO, adequate quantities of calcium chloride hexahydrate and gallium nitrate hydrate were added to ZnO, and supercritical drying conditions of ethyl alcohol were used. Different Ca and Ga concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 at.%) were used to synthesise CZ and GZO. The structural and morphological properties of the as-prepared nanoparticles were determined using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Batch-mode experiments were used to remove lead from aqueous solution and to determine the adsorption equilibrium isotherms of lead ions using ZnO doped by 3 at.% of weight of Ca (CZ3) and Ga (GZO3). The effects of temperature, contact time, and pH on the removal of lead ions from aqueous solution by CZ3 and GZO3 were studied.

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Shaito, Ali, Mohammad Hammoud, Fadel Kawtharani, Ali Kawtharani, and Hilal Reda. "Power Enhancement of a PV Module Using Different Types of Phase Change Materials." Energies 14, no. 16 (2021): 5195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165195.

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Photovoltaic (PV) systems are well-known systems that convert solar energy into electrical energy. Increases in operating temperature induce a drop in conversion efficiency and, thus, in the output power produced by the panel. This paper investigates the effectiveness of using Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in cooling PV modules. Due to its high storage density with limited temperature fluctuations, the latent heat storage in a PCM is an important factor. This depends on the thermophysical properties of PCMs such as the melting point, specific heat capacity, latent heat, density, etc. This paper aims to make a comparison between four types of PCM with different melting points and physical properties. Indoor experimental studies were performed using five prototypes. A halogen lamp was used as a solar simulator to ensure that experiments were carried out under the same irradiance. The first prototype was the reference, which consisted of a PV panel, a stand, and an electric circuit without PCMs. Four other prototypes were investigated, consisting of a PV panel with a container added at the rear face, with each having different types of PCM: sodium sulfate decahydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic dodecahydrate, decanoic acid, and calcium chloride hexahydrate, respectively. The results clearly show the effect of PCMs’ properties on PV temperature profile and power generation.

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Li, Yong, Qianru Liu, Yanfeng Liu, et al. "Calcium chloride hexahydrate/nano-SiO2 composites as form-stable phase change materials for building energy conversation: The influence of pore size of nano-SiO2." Energy and Buildings 208 (February 2020): 109672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109672.

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Tan, Xiaoling, Hongen Nian, Jinhong Li, Yongquan Zhou, Fayan Zhu, and Xiang Li. "Modified Calcium Chloride Hexahydrate Lotus Root Starch/Expanded Graphite Shape-Stabilized Composite Phase Change Materials: Enhanced Heat Storage, Improved Heat Transfer, and Suppressed Supercooling Behavior." Energy & Fuels 35, no. 18 (2021): 15126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c01845.

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Degues, Kananda de Matos, Mateus Gonçalves Cypriano, Ketlin Barros Coelho, et al. "Assessment of PCM-Impregnated Zeolite as a Matrix for Latent Heat Storage." Materials Science Forum 912 (January 2018): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.912.87.

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In the context of energy economy and thermal comfort, phase change materials (PCMs) have many useful applications. In this study, type A zeolite was tested as a matrix for impregnating obtaining a PCM-impregnated zeolite. A sample of type A zeolite was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The porosity was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Following that, an apparatus was mounted for vacuum impregnation to incorporate calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2.6H2O), which is a PCM, in the pores of the zeolite. The impregnation and the retention of the phase change material in zeolites were assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) to simulate thermal cycles testing to determine the thermal behavior of the compound. The results of the XRD and FTIR analyses showed that CaCl2.6H2O remains in the zeolite phase after the impregnation and the thermal cycling performed on the material shows that there is a positive influence on the thermal behavior of the impregnated material. Varying the amount of the studied PCM between 0 and 30 wt%, different grout boards were constructed. The thermal behavior of the PCM-impregnated zeolite compared to the reference material (pure zeolite) showed an effective temperature difference (38.1 to 33.9 °C), which can lead to significant energy savings.

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Maurois, Pierre, Nicole Pages, Pierre Bac, et al. "Threshold to N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced seizures in mice undergoing chronic nutritional magnesium deprivation is lowered in a way partly responsive to acute magnesium and antioxidant administrations." British Journal of Nutrition 101, no. 3 (2008): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508006752.

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Magnesium deficiency may be induced by a diet impoverished in magnesium. This nutritional deficit promotes chronic inflammatory and oxidative stresses, hyperexcitability and, in mice, susceptibility to audiogenic seizures. Potentiation by low-magnesium concentrations of the opening of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor/calcium channel in in vitro and ex vivo studies, and responsiveness to magnesium of in vivo brain injury states are now well established. By contrast, little or no specific attention has been, however, paid to the in vivo NMDA receptor function/excitability in magnesium deficiency. The present work reports for the first time that, in mice undergoing chronic nutritional deprivation in magnesium (35 v. 930 parts per million for 27 d in OF1 mice), NMDA-induced seizure threshold is significantly decreased (38 % of normal values). The attenuation in the drop of NMDA seizure threshold (percentage of reversal) was 58 and 20 % upon acute intraperitoneal administrations of magnesium chloride hexahydrate (28 mg magnesium/kg) and the antioxidant ebselen (20 mg/kg), respectively. In nutritionally magnesium-deprived animals, audiogenic seizures are completely prevented by these compound doses. Taken as a whole, our data emphasise that chronic magnesium deprivation in mice is a nutritional in vivo model for a lowered NMDA receptor activation threshold. This nutritional model responds remarkably to acute magnesium supply and moderately to acute antioxidant administration.

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Lengsfeld, Kristin, Moritz Walter, Martin Krus, Sandra Pappert, and Christian Teicht. "Innovative Development of Programmable Phase Change Materials and Their Exemplary Application." Energies 14, no. 12 (2021): 3440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123440.

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The research project Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence “Programmable Materials” aims to develop new materials that can change their properties according to defined boundaries. This article describes the development and use of a novel programmable phase change material (PCM) for latent heat storage applications. At the moment, these PCMs have a programmable trigger mechanism incorporated that activates the crystallization of the material as a reaction to a defined stimulus so that the stored heat is released. In future development stages, programmability is to be integrated on the material level. The latent heat storage that is based on PCMs can be recharged by using the energy of the sun. As an example, for a possible application of such a material, the use of a novel programmable PCM in greenhouses to support heating energy reduction or to reduce the risk of frost is explained. Using the hygrothermal simulation tool WUFI® Plus, the effects in greenhouse constructions without and with commercially available or novel programmable PCMs are calculated and presented in the present article. The calculations are based on the material data of calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2-6H2O), as this material serves as a basic material for the development of programmable PCM compositions. The results of the simulations show a positive impact on the indoor temperatures in greenhouses in view of the risk of frost and the reduction of heating energy. Thus, the vegetation period can be extended in combination with a lower energy load. By an eligible actuation mechanism, an inherent material system for temperature control can be created.

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Khetib, Yacine, Ahmad Aziz Alahmadi, Ali Alzaed, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Goshtasp Cheraghian, and Mohsen Sharifpur. "Numerical study of the effect of graphene nanoparticles in calcium chloride hexahydrate -based phase change material on melting and freezing time in a circular cavity with a triangular obstacle." Journal of Energy Storage 43 (November 2021): 103243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103243.

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