Books: 'Calculating time'

1

Calculating Time. Vero Beach, Florida: Rourke Educational Media, 2014.

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2

Seller, P. Some noise calculations for time invariant filters. Chilton: Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 1999.

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3

Zemanek, Heinz. Kalender und Chronologie: Bekanntes & Unbekanntes aus der Kalenderwissenschaft : ein Essay. 5th ed. München: Oldenbourg, 1990.

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4

Milner, Edward J. Time-partitioning simulation models for calculation on parallel computers. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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5

Milner, Edward J. Time-partitioning simulation models for calculation on parallel computers. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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6

Milner, Edward J. Time-partitioning simulation models for calculation on parallel computers. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.

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7

Quinn, Robert D. Real-time aerodynamic heating and surface temperature calculations for hypersonic flight simulation. Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1990.

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8

Quinn, Robert D. Real-time aerodynamic heating and surface temperature calculations for hypersonic flight simulation. Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1990.

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9

Quinn, Robert D. Real-time aerodynamic heating and surface temperature calculations for hypersonic flight simulation. Moffett Field, Calif: Ames Research Center, 1990.

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10

Vartiainen, Mika. Welding time models for cost calculations in the early stages of the design process. Lappeenranta, Finland: Lappeenranta University of Technology, 2000.

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11

Kim, S. W. Calculation of reattaching shear layers in divergent channel with a multiple-time-scale turbulence model. Cleveland, Ohio: Institute for Computational Mechanics in Propulusion, 1989.

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12

Zuev, Sergey, Ruslan Maleev, and Aleksandr Chernov. Energy efficiency of electrical equipment systems of autonomous objects. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1740252.

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When considering the main trends in the development of modern autonomous objects (aircraft, combat vehicles, motor vehicles, floating vehicles, agricultural machines, etc.) in recent decades, two key areas can be identified. The first direction is associated with the improvement of traditional designs of autonomous objects (AO) with an internal combustion engine (ICE) or a gas turbine engine (GTD). The second direction is connected with the creation of new types of joint-stock companies, namely electric joint-stock companies( EAO), joint-stock companies with combined power plants (AOKEU). The energy efficiency is largely determined by the power of the generator set and the battery, which is given to the electrical network in various driving modes. Most of the existing methods for calculating power supply systems use the average values of disturbing factors (generator speed, current of electric energy consumers, voltage in the on-board network) when choosing the characteristics of the generator set and the battery. At the same time, it is obvious that when operating a motor vehicle, these parameters change depending on the driving mode. Modern methods of selecting the main parameters and characteristics of the power supply system do not provide for modeling its interaction with the power unit start-up system of a motor vehicle in operation due to the lack of a systematic approach. The choice of a generator set and a battery, as well as the concept of the synthesis of the power supply system is a problem studied in the monograph. For all those interested in electrical engineering and electronics.

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13

Sharma, Rajeev K. Bharat's law & practice of Punjab VAT: Including new Punjab VAT rules & forms, very exhaustive alphabetical list of taxation of commodities, interest calculation, VAT calender, details of fee, time limits, FAQs. New Delhi: Bharat Law House, 2005.

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14

Ramberger, Günter. Structural bearings and expansion joints for bridges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed006.

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Bridge superstructures have to be designed to permit thermal and live load strains to occur without unintended restraints. Bridge bearings have to transfer forces from the superstructure to the substructure, allowing all movements in directions defined by the designer. The two functions -transfer the loads and allow movements only in the required directions for a long service time with little maintenance - are not so easy to fulfil. Different bearings for different purposes and requirements have been developed so, that the bridge designer can choose the most suitable bearing. By the movement of a bridge, gaps are necessary between superstructure and substructure. Expansion joints fill the gaps, allowing traffic loads tobe carried and allowing all expected displacements with low resistance. Expansion joints should provide a smooth transition, avoid noise emission as far as possible and withstand all mechanical actions and chemical attacks (de-icing) for a long time. A simple exchange of all wearing parts and of the entire expansion joint should be possible. The present volume provides a comprehensive survey of arrangement, construction and installation of bearings and expansion joints for bridges including calculation of bearing reactions and movements, analysis and design, inspection and maintenance. A long list of references deals with the subjects but also with aspects in the vicinity of bearings and expansion joints. This book is aimed at both students and practising engineers, working in the field of bridge design, construction, analysis, inspection, maintenance and repair.

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15

Back, Kerry E. Continuous-Time Topics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0015.

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The fundamental PDE for valuing cash flows or cash flow streams is explained. In a complete market, an investor’s optimal wealth satisfies the fundamental PDE, and this provides a means of calculating the optimal portfolio. Risk neutral probabilities and Girsanov’s theorem are explained. Jump processes, including Poisson processes, are introduced. The risk premium of an asset with jump risks depends on covariation of its continuous part with the continuous part of an SDF and the covariation of its discontinuous part with the discontinuous part of an SDF. Portfolio choice with internal habits is characterized. The ability of a representative investor model with an internal habit to explain the equity premium puzzle is discussed.

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16

Jinill, Kim, ed. Calculating and using second order accurate solutions of discrete time dynamic equilibrium models. Washington, D.C: Federal Reserve Board, 2003.

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17

A Student's Quick Guide to Understanding and Calculating Time Value of Money and its Applications. South-Western College Pub, 2006.

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18

Irons. The Long, Long Ride (Ml Sml UK) (Mathtales. Level 3, Measurement and geometry/calculating elapsed time). McGraw-Hill Education, 2001.

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19

Kalinichenko, Evgeny. Theory and methods for calculating the inertial-braking characteristics of a ship. «Scientific Route» OÜ, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/978-617-7319-30-5.

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One of the most serious problems of modern navigation is the accident rate that occurs due to inept or belated maneuvering of ships. As a result of accidents in the world, more than 200 ships die every year and every fourth receives significant damage. Full-scale tests show that the stopping distance of large-tonnage ships turn out to be much less permissible, and shipbuilders are able to significantly reduce the astern power of such ships, making them cheaper at the expense of safety. The low accuracy of inertial-braking characteristics is mainly due to unqualified field tests. Analysis of graphs and tables based on the results of such tests show that the spread in the values of inertial-braking characteristics for ships of the same type reaches 30%, and in some cases even more. In many tables and graphs, inertial-braking characteristics are expressed in relative values and are not suitable for direct use when maneuvering a ship. Finally, even when graphical and/or tabular maneuvering information is available on the navigating bridge, it is difficult to use it when maneuvering a ship at night. The research carried out by the author results in: - creation of an alternative computational method for determining the inertial-braking characteristics of the ship, suitable for use on any on-board computer; - development of an improved methodology for calculating the path and time of acceleration and braking of the ship in various ahead motion modes; - development of a methodology for taking into account the influence of a passing and opponent current on the length of the stopping distance of the ship; - development of methods for solving applied problems, ensuring a decrease in the accident rate of ships during maneuvering. The obtained methods include the development of theoretical foundations, mathematical models and comparison of the calculated inertial-braking characteristics of ships with the data of a full-scale experiment. For the first time, to derive the calculated formulas for the time and stopping distance, theorems are used on the change in the momentum and kinetic energy during accelerated and decelerated motion of the ship. In the course of the study, the problems of calculating and formalizing the inertial-braking characteristics of the ship are being comprehensively solved. For the first time, the hypothesis that the nature of the change in the thrust force of the propeller during reverse can be approximated by linear equations has been substantiated and confirmed. The general results are used to calculate the inertial-braking characteristics of specific ships.

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20

S, Kunz Karl, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Finite difference time domain calculations of antenna mutual coupling. University Park, PA: Electrical Engineering Dept. Pennsylvania State University, 1991.

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21

Cullen, Christopher. The Emperor’s Grand Inception, and the defeat of the Grand Clerk. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733119.003.0004.

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We now turn to the story of the great reform of the system of celestial calculation, li, that took place in 104 BCE. The decision to carry out a reform was driven by the emperor’s obsession with finding a way to escape death by becoming an ‘immortal’. The official astronomer, Sima Qian, appears to have been pushed aside in favour of experts drawn from outside the bureaucracy. Once the reform was concluded, disputes did not cease. Around 78 BCE it was claimed that the system set up in 104 BCE was fundamentally flawed. For the first time we see a detailed account of the use of systematic observation of the heavens to provide a basis for deciding whether a system of celestial calculation was correct. Finally, we examine attempts made under the late Western Han to give an account of how such calculations were made in past ages.

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22

Kreit, John W. Physiological Assessment of the Mechanically Ventilated Patient. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0009.

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This chapter reviews the tests that can be used to determine the type and severity of respiratory failure and the extent to which one or more of the components of normal ventilation and gas exchange have been compromised by disease. Physiological Assessment of the Mechanically Ventilated Patient describes the bedside procedures, measurements, and calculations that allow the assessment of gas exchange and respiratory mechanics in mechanically ventilated patients. Topics include co-oximetry and pulse oximetry, arterial blood gas measurements, venous admixture and shunt fraction, the dead space to tidal volume ratio, time- and volume-capnography, measurement of peak and plateau pressures, and calculation of respiratory system compliance and resistance.

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23

Ullmann-Margalit, Edna. Second-Order Decisions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802433.003.0003.

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People are often reluctant to make decisions by calculating the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action in particular cases. Knowing, in addition, that they may err, people and institutions often resort to second order strategies for reducing the burdens of, and risk of error in, first order decisions. They make a second order decision when they choose one from among such possible strategies. They adopt rules or presumptions; they create standards; they delegate authority to others; they take small steps; they pick rather than choose. Some of these strategies impose high costs before decision but low costs at the time of ultimate decision; others impose low costs both before and at the time of ultimate decision; still others impose low costs before decision while exporting to others the high costs at the time of decision.

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24

Lipscombe, Trevor Davis. Quick(er) Calculations. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852650.001.0001.

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Quick(er) Calculations describes tips, tricks, and techniques to enable the reader to add, subtract, multiply, divide, find square roots, and form squares more rapidly than before. There are over 600 examples on which readers can practice these skills. The text includes worked examples, drawn from historical time periods from the ancient world up to today, and mathematical techniques developed from civilizations ancient to modern, both Western and non-Western.

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25

Dignan, Jay. Simulation of flexible aircraft using real time aerodynamic calculations. 2005.

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26

Stamatoukos, Dimitrios. Simultaneous calculation of T1 and T2 relaxation times. 1996.

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27

Allen, Michael P., and Dominic J. Tildesley. How to analyse the results. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803195.003.0008.

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In this chapter, practical guidance is given on the calculation of thermodynamic, structural, and dynamical quantities from simulation trajectories. Program examples are provided to illustrate the calculation of the radial distribution function and a time correlation function using the direct and fast Fourier transform methods. There is a detailed discussion of the calculation of statistical errors through the statistical inefficiency. The estimation of the error in equilibrium averages, fluctuations and in time correlation functions is discussed. The correction of thermodynamic averages to neighbouring state points is described along with the extension and extrapolation of the radial distribution function. The calculation of transport coefficients by the integration of the time correlation function and through the Einstein relation is discussed.

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28

Allen, Michael P., and Dominic J. Tildesley. Quantum simulations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803195.003.0013.

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This chapter covers the introduction of quantum mechanics into computer simulation methods. The chapter begins by explaining how electronic degrees of freedom may be handled in an ab initio fashion and how the resulting forces are included in the classical dynamics of the nuclei. The technique for combining the ab initio molecular dynamics of a small region, with classical dynamics or molecular mechanics applied to the surrounding environment, is explained. There is a section on handling quantum degrees of freedom, such as low-mass nuclei, by discretized path integral methods, complete with practical code examples. The problem of calculating quantum time correlation functions is addressed. Ground-state quantum Monte Carlo methods are explained, and the chapter concludes with a forward look to the future development of such techniques particularly to systems that include excited electronic states.

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29

Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. 21. Capital allowances. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787686.003.0021.

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This chapter discusses the capital allowances system. Most businesses will need to acquire fixed assets for their operations, nearly all of which will depreciate in value over time due to wear and tear. While this depreciation may not be deducted from the business’s trading profits, certain limited types of fixed asset entitle a business to claim relief in the form of a capital allowance, which can be deducted when calculating taxable profits. The purpose of this allowance is to give tax relief for the depreciation in value of specific assets bought and owned for business use, by allowing the owner to write off their cost against the taxable income of the business. The amount which can be written off is calculated using a fixed formula. Relief is only available if the capital expenditure has been incurred in respect of the items of expenditure prescribed by the Capital Allowances Act 2001.

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30

Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. 21. Capital allowances. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823230.003.0021.

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This chapter discusses the capital allowances system. Most businesses will need to acquire fixed assets for their operations, nearly all of which will depreciate in value over time due to wear and tear. While this depreciation may not be deducted from the business’s trading profits, certain limited types of fixed asset entitle a business to claim relief in the form of a capital allowance, which can be deducted when calculating taxable profits. The purpose of this allowance is to give tax relief for the depreciation in value of specific assets bought and owned for business use, by allowing the owner to write off their cost against the taxable income of the business. The amount which can be written off is calculated using a fixed formula. Relief is only available if the capital expenditure has been incurred in respect of the items of expenditure prescribed by the Capital Allowances Act 2001.

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31

Sutton, David G., and Colin J. Martin. Diagnostic radiology—Facility. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0013.

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The exposure to radiation of staff and members of the public is restricted by seeking suitable compromises between the three basic elements of time, distance, and shielding. This chapter deals with the design of X-ray facilities to ensure that the distance and shielding elements are used appropriately. Criteria in the form of dose constraints for staff and the public based on the ALARP principle are used together with occupancies of adjacent areas to determine acceptable dose levels. Methods for calculating doses from workloads in terms of patient dose data are described. The results are then combined with the dose criteria to derive transmission requirements for protective barriers. Specific requirements for secondary scattered radiation and primary beams in radiography are considered. The methodology is described together with practical examples of room design for different X-ray techniques and elements of personnel radiation protection are discussed.

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32

Valdini, Melody E. The Inclusion Calculation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190936198.001.0001.

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Power-holders and gate-keepers in political parties and governments continue to be primarily men. How are they responding to the increasing numbers of women who are seeking leadership roles in politics? Are they angels who embrace equality and fling open the doors to power? Are they devils who block women at every turn? Are they powerless against the increasing tide of feminism and inadvertently succumbing to the push for power from women? Most likely, these male elites are primarily concerned with maintaining their own power, which drives their reaction to women’s political inclusion. The Inclusion Calculation examines women’s inclusion from the perspective of men in power and offers a novel approach to understanding differences in women’s descriptive representation. The book argues that with declining legitimacy it is valuable for male elites to “strategically feminize,” associating themselves or their party with women, because citizens will interpret the increased presence of women as meaning that the party or government is becoming more honest, cooperative, and democratic. Using a combination of case studies from Latin America, Europe, and Africa, as well as large-N analyses, the book provides evidence that male elites are more likely to increase the number of women candidates on party lists or adopt a gender quota when “feminizing” is advantageous to the political careers of men. Women’s exclusion from government, then, is not a product of their own lack of effort or ability but rather a rational action of men in power to keep their power.

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33

J, Luebbers Raymond, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Finite difference time domain calculation of transients in antennas with nonlinear loads. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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34

Morawetz, Klaus. Nonequilibrium Quantum Hydrodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0015.

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The balance equations resulting from the nonlocal kinetic equation are derived. They show besides the Landau-like quasiparticle contributions explicit two-particle correlated parts which can be interpreted as molecular contributions. It looks like as if two particles form a short-living molecule. All observables like density, momentum and energy are found as a conserving system of balance equations where the correlated parts are in agreement with the forms obtained when calculating the reduced density matrix with the extended quasiparticle functional. Therefore the nonlocal kinetic equation for the quasiparticle distribution forms a consistent theory. The entropy is shown to consist also of a quasiparticle part and a correlated part. The explicit entropy gain is proved to complete the H-theorem even for nonlocal collision events. The limit of Landau theory is explored when neglecting the delay time. The rearrangement energy is found to mediate between the spectral quasiparticle energy and the Landau variational quasiparticle energy.

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35

Yu, Ping, Scott John Dip Ed, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Time domain numerical calculations of unsteady vortical flows about a flat plate airfoil. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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36

J, Benson Thomas, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Calculation of a circular jet in crossflow with a multiple-time-scale turbulence model. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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37

Sapse, Anne-Marie, ed. Molecular Orbital Calculations for Biological Systems. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195098730.001.0001.

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Molecular Orbital Calculations for Biological Systems is a hands-on guide to computational quantum chemistry and its applications in organic chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology. With improvements in software, molecular modeling techniques are now becoming widely available; they are increasingly used to complement experimental results, saving significant amounts of lab time. Common applications include pharmaceutical research and development; for example, ab initio and semi-empirical methods are playing important roles in peptide investigations and in drug design. The opening chapters provide an introduction for the non-quantum chemist to the basic quantum chemistry methods, ab initio, semi-empirical, and density functionals, as well as to one of the main families of computer programs, the Gaussian series. The second part then describes current research which applies quantum chemistry methods to such biological systems as amino acids, peptides, and anti-cancer drugs. Throughout the authors seek to encourage biochemists to discover aspects of their own research which might benefit from computational work. They also show that the methods are accessible to researchers from a wide range of mathematical backgrounds. Combining concise introductions with practical advice, this volume will be an invaluable tool for research on biological systems.

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38

Zhou, Taomo. Migration in the Time of Revolution. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739934.001.0001.

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This book examines how two of the world's most populous countries interacted between 1945 and 1967, when the concept of citizenship was contested, political loyalty was in question, identity was fluid, and the boundaries of political mobilization were blurred. The book asks probing questions of this important period in the histories of the People's Republic of China and Indonesia. What was it like to be a youth in search of an ancestral homeland that one had never set foot in, or an economic refugee whose expertise in private business became undesirable in one's new home in the socialist state? What ideological beliefs or practical calculations motivated individuals to commit to one particular nationality while forsaking another? As the book demonstrates, the answers to such questions about “ordinary” migrants are crucial to a deeper understanding of diplomatic relations between the two countries. The book argues that migration and the political activism of the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia were important historical forces in the making of governmental relations between Beijing and Jakarta after World War II. It highlights the agency and autonomy of individuals whose life experiences were shaped by but also helped shape the trajectory of bilateral diplomacy. These ethnic Chinese migrants and settlers were, the book contends, not passively acted upon but actively responding to the developing events of the Cold War. The book bridges the fields of diplomatic history and migration studies by reconstructing the Cold War in Asia as social processes from the ground up.

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39

H, Beggs John, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Time domain scattering and radar cross section calculations for a thin, coated perfectly conducting plate. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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40

Low re multiple-time-scale turbulence model and calculations of steady and pulsating shear layers. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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41

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Low re multiple-time-scale turbulence model and calculations of steady and pulsating shear layers. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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42

Center, Lewis Research, ed. Calculations of steady and transient channel flows with a time-accurate L-U factorization scheme. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1991.

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43

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Low re multiple-time-scale turbulence model and calculations of steady and pulsating shear layers. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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44

Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center., ed. On the optimal use of fictitious time in variation of parameters methods with application to BG14. Houston, Tex: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 1991.

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45

Henriksen, Niels Engholm, and Flemming Yssing Hansen. Rate Constants, Reactive Flux. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0005.

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This chapter discusses a direct approach to the calculation of the rate constant k(T) that bypasses the detailed state-to-state reaction cross-sections. The method is based on the calculation of the reactive flux across a dividing surface on the potential energy surface. Versions based on classical as well as quantum mechanics are described. The classical version and its relation to Wigner’s variational theorem and recrossings of the dividing surface is discussed. Neglecting recrossings, an approximate result based on the calculation of the classical one-way flux from reactants to products is considered. Recrossings can subsequently be included via a transmission coefficient. An alternative exact expression is formulated based on a canonical average of the flux time-correlation function. It concludes with the quantum mechanical definition of the flux operator and the derivation of a relation between the rate constant and a flux correlation function.

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46

Lesnoff, Matthieu, Renaud Lancelot, Charles-Henri Moulin, Samir Messad, Xavier Juanès, and Christian Sahut. Calculation of Demographic Parameters in Tropical Livestock Herds: A discrete time approach with LASER animal-based monitoring data. Springer, 2016.

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47

L, Maples Anna, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. MPS solidification model: Final report, analysis and calculation of macrosegregation in a casting ingot. Huntsville, Ala: General Electric Co., Space Systems Division, Huntsville Center Operations, 1985.

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48

Ross G, Anderson. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation II: Arts 2.1.6–2.1.14—Acceptance, Art.2.1.8. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0024.

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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.8 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning acceptance of an offer within a fixed period of time and how such time is to be calculated. Art 2.1.8 stipulates that a period of acceptance fixed by the offeror begins to run from the time that the offer is dispatched. A time indicated in the offer is deemed to be the time of dispatch unless the circumstances indicate otherwise. In general, deadlines for acceptance may be either absolute or relative. Art 2.1.8 is concerned only with relative deadlines, for only relative deadlines leave anything for calculation. In cases where the offer has arrived but its date is manifestly wrong, it may be sufficient to lead evidence of the probability of the date of dispatch by working back from the date of delivery.

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49

Seidman, Laurence. Are We Ready for the Next Severe Recession? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190462178.003.0014.

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In early 2009, a majority in both houses of Congress and the president favored fiscal stimulus, but they were also worried about rising federal deficits and debt caused by the recession itself, and were therefore reluctant to propose a fiscal stimulus large enough to overcome the recession. As a consequence, the fiscal stimulus that was enacted and implemented was, according to the author’s calculations in early 2009, only a half of what was needed, and according to the author’s later calculations, a third of what was needed. This sobering experience shows that we are still not ready to combat a severe recession. So for the first time the author asked whether it would be possible to implement a large fiscal stimulus without any increase in government deficits and debt. Once the question was asked, it wasn’t long before an astonishingly simple way to do it emerged.

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50

Dyall, Kenneth G., and Knut Faegri. Introduction to Relativistic Quantum Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195140866.001.0001.

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This book provides an introduction to the essentials of relativistic effects in quantum chemistry, and a reference work that collects all the major developments in this field. It is designed for the graduate student and the computational chemist with a good background in nonrelativistic theory. In addition to explaining the necessary theory in detail, at a level that the non-expert and the student should readily be able to follow, the book discusses the implementation of the theory and practicalities of its use in calculations. After a brief introduction to classical relativity and electromagnetism, the Dirac equation is presented, and its symmetry, atomic solutions, and interpretation are explored. Four-component molecular methods are then developed: self-consistent field theory and the use of basis sets, double-group and time-reversal symmetry, correlation methods, molecular properties, and an overview of relativistic density functional theory. The emphases in this section are on the basics of relativistic theory and how relativistic theory differs from nonrelativistic theory. Approximate methods are treated next, starting with spin separation in the Dirac equation, and proceeding to the Foldy-Wouthuysen, Douglas-Kroll, and related transformations, Breit-Pauli and direct perturbation theory, regular approximations, matrix approximations, and pseudopotential and model potential methods. For each of these approximations, one-electron operators and many-electron methods are developed, spin-free and spin-orbit operators are presented, and the calculation of electric and magnetic properties is discussed. The treatment of spin-orbit effects with correlation rounds off the presentation of approximate methods. The book concludes with a discussion of the qualitative changes in the picture of structure and bonding that arise from the inclusion of relativity.

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Books on the topic 'Calculating time'

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