Journal articles: 'Calculative comparison'

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Petretta, Ida. "The Question of Comparison." American Journal of Comparative Law 68, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 893–928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/avab003.

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Abstract Comparison is a key component of legal reasoning. We move merrily from like to like within the doctrine of precedent. We invoke comparison whenever we distinguish or apply a case. This Article begins by elucidating how comparison is present in law. The Article shows how law cannot function without comparison, and how the legal world skips over the central role comparison plays in these matters. The Article explores the literature on legal comparison and draws on insights from philosophy, comparative law, and anthropology to better understand comparison in practice. This Article argues that while we are entangled in the questions of sameness and difference, of finding the function and tying together, we are still not asking the question of comparison. What is function and how is it related to comparison? Inspired by James Tully’s writings, the Article explores the aspectival views of the legal world suggested by the different games of comparison. The Article draws on Stephen Mulhall’s work on Wittgenstein’s seeing as, aspect dawning, and aspect blindness to further ask about our relationship to comparison. The Article shows how mainstream comparisons are ontic comparisons that think togetherness through the comparatist. The comparatist steers the belonging together and (un)makes the meaning of all things in mainstream comparison. The argument builds on earlier work by Igor Stramignoni, showing how the Western legal tradition is within a kind of Heideggerian calculative thinking. The Article explores the possibility of other kinds of comparison through Stramignoni’s poetic comparisons. This Article calls on us to slow down our comparisons and begin to question comparison itself.

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Mannhold, Raimund, Karl P. Dross, and Roelof F. Rekker. "Drug Lipophilicity in QSAR Practice: I. A Comparison of Experimental with Calculative Approaches." Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 9, no. 1 (1990): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qsar.19900090105.

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Gargadennec, Sylvain, Gwenola Burgot, Jean-Louis Burgot, Raimund Mannhold, and Roelof F. Rekker. "log P Estimation of 1,2-Dithiole-3-thiones and 1,2-Dithiole-3-ones: A Comparison of Experimental and Calculative Approaches." Pharmaceutical Research 22, no. 6 (June 2005): 875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-005-4582-3.

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Zhang, Yan, Li Zhang, Xiu Ping Yao, Zhi Cheng Deng, and Yong Wang. "Calculation for Thermal Parameters of Steam in the Flow Passages of 1000MW Turbine under Variable Operating Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.835.

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Aiming at a high-power turbine of a certain 1000MW electric-generating unit, three calculation schemes were programmed to calculate the thermal parameters of steam in the flow passages. The comparison and analysis between the calculating results and the design values under the turbine rated load (TRL) verified the feasibilities of the calculation schemes. The thermal parameters of steam in flow passages under variable operating conditions were also obtained by the calculation. The calculating results could be the basic data needed by thermal stress analysis and life prediction of the turbine.

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Rong, Lei, and Jian Hui Cui. "Comparison between Vessel’s Displacements Calculated by Bonjean Curves and Hydrostatic Curves." Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (January 2013): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.35.

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Hydrostatic Curves is widely used to calculate vessel’s displacement by ship’s officers and surveyors. However, under some specific circumstances such as light ballast arrival condition, it is difficult to obtain an accurate figure of displacement by using Hydrostatic curves. At this time, Bonjean curves as an alternative can be employed in calculating vessel’s displacement. The procedures are introduced step by step to calculate the vessel’s displacement by Bonjean’s curves. The differences of calculation by two means are demonstrated on a specific bulk carrier and therewith the reasons are analyzed. Finally, the article appeals the detailed Bonjean curves shall be provided on board by shipyard for improving the accuracy of calculation.

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El Masri, Tarek, Matthäus Tekathen, Michel Magnan, and Emilio Boulianne. "Calibrating management control technologies and the dual identity of family firms." Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 14, no. 2 (June 19, 2017): 157–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qram-05-2016-0038.

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Purpose Family firms possess dual identities, being the family and the business, which can be segmented and integrated to various degrees. This study examines whether and how management control technologies are calibrated to fit into the dual identities of family firms. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative study of 20 family firms was conducted using semi-structured, in-depth interviews with owner-managers, drawings of mental maps and publicly available information. The notion of calibration was developed and used, with its three components of graduation, purpose and reference, as an organizing device for the interpretive understanding of the management control usage and its relation to family firms’ dual identities. Findings The study finds that the use of calculative, family-centric and procedural management controls – in sum the pervasive use of management control technologies – are associated with a professionalization of the family firm, a foregrounding of the business identity and a reduction of the disadvantageous side of familiness. In comparison, the pragmatic and minimal use of management control technologies are found to be associated with an emphasis on family identity. It transpires as liberating, engendering trust and unfolding a familial environment. Research limitations/implications Because results are derived from a qualitative approach, they are not generalizable at an empirical level. By showing how the use of management control technologies is calibrated with reference to family firms’ dual identities, the paper reveals the perceived potency of control technologies to affect the identity of firms. Practical implications The study reveals how family firms perceive management control technologies as strengthening their business identity while weakening their family identity. Thereby, this study provides an account of how management control technologies are expected to change the identity of firms. Originality/value This paper contributes to the management control and family business literatures because it uncovers how management control technologies are calibrated in reference to family firms’ dual identities. It shows that calculative, family-centric and procedural management controls are used to professionalize the firm and strengthen its business identity as well as to reduce the negative effects of the family identity. The paper also illustrates how the liberating force of using pragmatic and minimal control technologies can serve to give prominence to the family identity.

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Ghazali, Puspa Liza, Riaman Riaman, and Ristifani Ulfatmi. "Calculation of Value-at-Risk Variance-Covariance with the Approach of Simple Cash Portfolio, Factor Models and Cash Flow." Operations Research: International Conference Series 1, no. 1 (February 5, 2020): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47194/orics.v1i1.20.

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One way to calculate Value-at-Risk (VaR) is the variation-covariance method. The calculation of VaR covariance assumes stock data is normally distributed. The data needed to calculate VaR by the variance-covariance method is the covariance matrix of Bank Danamon and Bank Mandiri stock data. The main topics discussed in this paper are calculating VaR covariance with a simple cash portfolio approach, factor models and cash flow. For comparison of the use of the three approaches Backtesting, the backtest results indicate that the factor model is the best method.

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Bardawansyah, Aditya. "The Role Of The Lampung Provincial Financial Audit Agency In Determining State Losses." Administrative and Environmental Law Review 1, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/aelr.v1i2.2141.

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The Supreme Audit Agency is the institution that has the authority to calculate and determine state losses, but in its implementation, there are still requests for calculating state financial losses that have not been implemented. This study uses a normative juridical approach. Then it is analyzed qualitatively so that the results are obtained: First, the BPK-RI Representatives of Lampung Province have been given the trust by law enforcement officials to calculate and determine state losses, and the State Financial Loss Calculation Result Report submitted by BPK-RI is used as evidence in court as evidence regarding there is a state loss. Second, the methods used by BPK-RI in calculating state financial losses are by using several methods, namely the apple to apple comparison method, the production cost method, the comparison method between the contract value and the market price, the total loss, and the real cost method. The method used by BPK-RI Representatives of Lampung Province in calculating state losses is by using the simple cost method. This method is used by calculating the difference between the funds spent by the state to obtain goods/services from third parties, compared to the value of real expenditures incurred by the implementing party to provide goods/services to the state according to the agreed

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Klusák, Jan, Tomáš Profant, and Michal Kotoul. "A Comparison of Two Direct Methods of Generalized Stress Intensity Factor Calculations of Bi-Material Notches." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.409.

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The study of bi-material notches is becoming a topical problem as they can model geometrical or material discontinuities efficiently. Assessing the conditions for crack initiation in bimaterial notches makes it necessary to calculate the generalized stress intensity factors H. In contrast to the determination of the K factor for a crack in an isotropic homogeneous medium, for the ascertainment of a generalized stress intensity factor (GSIF) there is no procedure incorporated in the calculation systems. The calculation of these fracture mechanics parameters is not trivial and requires certain experience. Nevertheless, the accuracy of the H-factor calculation directly influences the reliability of the assessment of the singular stress concentrators. Direct methods of the estimation of H factors usually require choosing the length parameter entering into the calculation. Two types of direct methods of calculating the GSIFs are presented, tested and mutually compared. Recommendations for reliable estimation of H factors are suggested.

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Hamidian Jahromi, Alireza, and Hilda Mahmoudi. "Estimates of mortality following COVID-19 Infection; comparison between Europe and the United States." Immunopathologia Persa 7, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): e05-e05. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ipp.2021.05.

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While there have been so many speculations on calculating a more accurate estimate of COVID-19 mortality since the start of this pandemic, the complexity of the issue along with differences in reporting and testing systems has prevented accurate COVID-19 mortality calculations. Some non-controlled variables affect any mortality calculation which makes real estimation of the COVID-19 mortality extremely challenging and even impossible. Here we would like to re-calculate and compare the estimated COVID-19 mortality in Europe and the United States based on the currently available reported data.

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Ji, Cong, Zhi Nong Wei, Guo Qiang Sun, and Yong Hui Sun. "AC-DC Decoupling Algorithm of Optimal Power Flow with HVDC System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 1107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.1107.

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To calculate optimal power flow (OPF) with high voltage direct current (HVDC) system, AC-DC system variables are used to be optimized together. Since there are many HVDC variables, more formula derivation and coding of Jacobi matrix and Hessian Matrix are needed in the calculation. Considering DC system characteristic of OPF with HVDC system, a method of alternative iteration of AC-DC system is presented in this paper, which could take advantage of the existing AC system OPF program and extend to calculate OPF with HVDC system. Simulation and comparison results indicate that, the OPF calculating method of alternative iteration of AC-DC system presented in this paper has good convergence, strong adaptability and high accuracy

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Liu, Xiao, and Lei Zhao. "On the Stability Capacity of Steel Tube Filled with Steel-Reinforced Concrete Column Subject to Axial Compression." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 3177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3177.

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Steel tube filled with steel-reinforced concrete (STSRC) is a new kind of heavy load column, which made by inserting steel skeletons into the steel tube, then injecting the concrete to the tube. In order to study the combined column’s stability subject to axial compression, we use energy method and numerical methods analysis derives the formula of stability coefficient in which slenderness ratio as the main parameters. Using the 1/1000 column length as the initial deflection of the STSRC columns by FORTUNE calculation program, stability coefficient is produced through comparison and analysis between calculated results from quantile regression and that from ordinary least square regression respectively. According to the computer results and energy method, the formula for calculating the axial stability bearing capacity of STSRC was established. A good agreement between the calculation results and testing results illustrates, which is feasible to using the calculating formula to calculate the bearing capacity of STSRC

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Jan, Petrů, and Kalibová Jana. "Measurement and computation of kinetic energy of simulated rainfall in comparison with natural rainfall." Soil and Water Research 13, No. 4 (October 18, 2018): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/218/2016-swr.

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Rainfall characteristics such as total amount and rainfall intensity (I) are important inputs in calculating the kinetic energy (KE) of rainfall. Although KE is a crucial indicator of the raindrop potential to disrupt soil aggregates, it is not a routinely measured meteorological parameter. Therefore, KE is derived from easily accessible variables, such as I, in empirical laws. The present study examines whether the equations which had been derived to calculate KE of natural rainfall are suitable for the calculation of KE of simulated rainfall. During the experiment presented in this paper, the measurement of rainfall characteristics was carried out under laboratory conditions using a rainfall simulator. In total, 90 measurements were performed and evaluated to describe the rainfall intensity, drop size distribution and velocity of rain drops using the Thies laser disdrometer. The duration of each measurement of rainfall event was 5 minutes. Drop size and fall velocity were used to calculate KE and to derive a new equation of time-specific kinetic energy (KEtime – I). When comparing the newly derived equation for KE of simulated rainfall with the six most commonly used equations for KEtime – I of natural rainfall, KE of simulated rainfall was discovered to be underestimated. The higher the rainfall intensity, the higher the rate of underestimation. KE of natural rainfall derived from theoretical equations exceeded KE of simulated rainfall by 53–83% for I = 30 mm/h and by 119–275% for I = 60 mm/h. The underestimation of KE of simulated rainfall is probably caused by smaller drops formed by the rainfall simulator at higher intensities (94% of all drops were smaller than 1 mm), which is not typical of natural rainfall.

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Gur, O., and A. Rosen. "Comparison between blade-element models of propellers." Aeronautical Journal 112, no. 1138 (December 2008): 689–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000002669.

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Abstract Blade-element models are the most common models for the analysis of propeller aerodynamics, performance calculations and propeller design. In spite of their simplicity these models are very efficient and accurate. Blade-element models use the local induced velocities as an input thus they should be combined with another model in order to calculate these induced velocities. Various models are used for the calculation of the induced velocity, where the most popular ones include: momentum, simplified-momentum, lifting-line (prescribed and free wake), and vortex (McCormick and Theodorsen) models. The paper describes the various models, compares their results and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each one. The results indicate that the Bladeelement/simplified-momentum model offers very good accuracy together with high efficiency. For propeller performance calculations during steady axial flight, where most of the cross-sections do not experience stall, detailed and complicated models for calculating the induced velocities do not show advantages over the simple bladeelement/simplified-momentum model,

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Harris, Stuart A., and John H. Pedersen. "Comparison of three methods of calculating air temperature from electronic measurements." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 39, no. 2 (June 29, 1995): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/39/1995/203.

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Zhang, Yuyang, Yonggang Leng, Hao Zhang, Xukun Su, Shuailing Sun, Xiaoyu Chen, and Junjie Xu. "Comparative study on equivalent models calculating magnetic force between permanent magnets." Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing and Special Equipment 1, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jimse-09-2020-0009.

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PurposeAn appropriate equivalent model is the key to the effective analysis of the system and structure in which permanent magnet takes part. At present, there are several equivalent models for calculating the interacting magnetic force between permanent magnets including magnetizing current, magnetic charge and magnetic dipole–dipole model. How to choose the most appropriate and efficient model still needs further discussion.Design/methodology/approachThis paper chooses cuboid, cylindrical and spherical permanent magnets as calculating objects to investigate the detailed calculation procedures based on three equivalent models, magnetizing current, magnetic charge and magnetic dipole–dipole model. By comparing the accuracies of those models with experiment measurement, the applicability of three equivalent models for describing permanent magnets with different shapes is analyzed.FindingsSimilar calculation accuracies of the equivalent magnetizing current model and magnetic charge model are verified by comparison between simulation and experiment results. However, the magnetic dipole–dipole model can only accurately calculate for spherical magnet instead of other nonellipsoid magnets, because dipole model cannot describe the specific characteristics of magnet's shape, only sphere can be treated as the topological form of a dipole, namely a filled dot.Originality/valueThis work provides reference basis for choosing a proper model to calculate magnetic force in the design of electromechanical structures with permanent magnets. The applicability of different equivalent models describing permanent magnets with different shapes is discussed and the equivalence between the models is also analyzed.

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McKernan, Stuart. "The quantitative comparison of experimental and simulated diffraction contrast images." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010013688x.

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For many years the concept of quantitative diffraction contrast experiments might have consisted of the determination of dislocation Burgers vectors using a g.b = 0 criterion from several different 2-beam images. Since the advent of the personal computer revolution, the available computing power for performing image-processing and image-simulation calculations is enormous and ubiquitous. Several programs now exist to perform simulations of diffraction contrast images using various approximations. The most common approximations are the use of only 2-beams or a single systematic row to calculate the image contrast, or calculating the image using a column approximation. The increasing amount of literature showing comparisons of experimental and simulated images shows that it is possible to obtain very close agreement between the two images; although the choice of parameters used, and the assumptions made, in performing the calculation must be properly dealt with. The simulation of the images of defects in materials has, in many cases, therefore become a tractable problem.

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Salihu, Armend, and Fahri Marevci. "Chio’s-like Method for Calculating the Rectangular (non-square) Determinants: Computer Algorithm Interpretation and Comparison." European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 14, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 431–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29020/nybg.ejpam.v14i2.3920.

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In this paper, we present an approach for the calculation of rectangular determinants, where in addition to the mathematical formula, we also provide a computer algorithm for their calculation. Firstly, we present a method similar to Sarrus method for calculating the rectangular determinant of the order 2 × 3. Secondly, we present an approach for calculating the rectangular determinants of order m ×n by adding a row with all elements equal to one (1) in any row, as well as an application of Chio’s rule for calculating the rectangular determinants. Thirdly, we find the time complexity and comparison of the computer execution time of calculation of the rectangular determinant based on the presented algorithms and comparing them with the algorithm based on the Laplace method.

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Hu, Jiaju, Bin Zhang, Zhiwei Zong, Cong Liu, and Yixue Chen. "Verification of CENDL-3.2 Nuclear Data on VENUS-3 Shielding Benchmark by ARES Transport Code." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2021 (February 4, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6633366.

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The recently released CENDL-3.2 nuclear data library is deemed as an important achievement in the field of nuclear data research in China. To verify the applicability of the library to the shielding calculation of PWR and analyze the influence of multigroup cross-section parameters on the shielding calculation, ARES-MACXS module is used to process the MATXS format multigroup library based on CENDL-3.2 to generate multigroup working cross sections for PWR shielding calculation. VENUS-3 experimental facility has a clear and complete geometry. It is often used to test the ability of the advanced transport calculation method of calculating RPV fast neutron flux and to evaluate the accuracy of cross-section library. Different cross-section parameters are chosen for ARES to calculate VENUS-3 benchmark, and equivalent neutron flux of 58Ni(n,p)58Co, 115In(n,n′)115mIn and 27Al(n,α)24Na detectors is calculated according to the data provided by the benchmark report. The numerical results demonstrate that almost all the relative deviations between the calculated results and the experimental results are within 20%, which satisfies the requirement of shielding calculation. CENDL-3.2 is suitable for PWR shielding calculation. The comparison of various cross-section parameters results indicates that multigroup cross-section parameters have large effects on the transport calculation results.

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Sugalski, Karol. "Influence of the Symmetry Plane Boundary Condition on the Planing Multihull Calm Water Resistance Test. CFD to Towing Tank Comparison." New Trends in Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2018-0048.

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Abstract This article present results of the comparison between numerical simulation (utilising Computational Fluid Dynamics) and towing tank experiment of the multihull vessel. Effect of the symmetry plane boundary condition on the resistance has been investigated. Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes equations with k-ω turbulence model has been used to calculate resistance of the hull with two degrees of freedom (2-DOF). Calculation has been done using OpenFOAM software package. Governing equations of fluid motion, together with the concept of the mesh and boundary condition has been presented in the first section of this work. Conclusion about calculating resistance of the multihull vessels has been made, after short presentation of the results.

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Siswanto, Ahmad Nur. "Design and Build a Smartphone-Based Budget Coverage Area Link Application Module." Jurnal Jartel: Jurnal Jaringan Telekomunikasi 3, no. 2 (November 7, 2016): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jartel.v3i2.215.

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Coverage is needed to determine the amount of signal coverage that can be reached by the antenna at the base station. Therefore, in order to know the coverage area of ??a base station, a link budget coverage area application is needed. The purpose of making a link budget coverage area calculation application system at a base station is to assist in calculating the link budget to determine the coverage area of ??a base station and is also used as a learning module for mobile communication systems at State Polytechnic of Malang. The method of determining the coverage area is done in 2 ways, namely the calculation using the application and the drive test. The method of calculating the link budget coverage area used is 3 models, the Okumura-Hatta model is used to calculate the GSM system coverage area, the Cost-231 Hatta model for the DCS system, and the Walfisch Ikegami model for the UMTS 2100 system. measurement of the signal level around the base station area. The comparison of the coverage area between the measurement and calculation results is almost close to the difference in coverage of less than 100 m. Wherefrom the results of the drive test, the farthest range is 980 m with a signal level value of -91 dBm. Meanwhile, from the calculation side, the results obtained coverage of 1.06 km and 1.05 km with a signal level of -90 dBm

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Zuo, Jieyu, Yuan Gao, Nadia Bou-Chacra, and Raimar Löbenberg. "Evaluation of the DDSolver Software Applications." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/204925.

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When a new oral dosage form is developed, its dissolution behavior must be quantitatively analyzed. Dissolution analysis involves a comparison of the dissolution profiles and the application of mathematical models to describe the drug release pattern. This report aims to assess the application of the DDSolver, an Excel add-in software package, which is designed to analyze data obtained from dissolution experiments. The data used in this report were chosen from two dissolution studies. The results of the DDSolver analysis were compared with those obtained using an Excel worksheet. The comparisons among three different products obtained similarity factors(f2)of 23.21, 46.66, and 17.91 using both DDSolver and the Excel worksheet. The results differed when DDSolver and Excel were used to calculate the release exponent “n” in the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Performing routine quantitative analysis proved to be much easier using the DDSolver program than an Excel spreadsheet. The use of the DDSolver program reduced the calculation time and has the potential to omit calculation errors, thus making this software package a convenient tool for dissolution comparison.

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Daniš, Michal, and Jindřich Neruda. "Comparison of the Accuracy of Methods for Calculating the Volume of Standing European Beech Trees." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 68, no. 5 (2020): 821–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun202068050821.

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The paper presents results of the analysis of the accuracy of calculating the volume of standing trees, calculated according to the method used in forestry practice, based on the principle of full calipering of all marked trees with the following calculation of mean height and standing volume according to the method of uniform volume curves. This volume was compared with the exact method for calculating the volume of actual removals including small wood in the beech stands of Little Carpathians in the territory of Lesy Slovenskej republiky, š.p. (Forests of the Slovak Republic, State Enterprise), branch establishment in Smolenice. The values of marked felling (standing trees) and the values of removals including logging residues left on the site will be compared and the difference expressed in percent. The difference between the values in percent is fitted with the accuracy of calculated standing volume (marked logging) established by the author of the method for calculating uniform volume curves, i.e. Halaj. A model curve is chosen by means of the directly detected value of mean stand quantity (mean height, mean diameter, age, site class etc.). The system of uniform volume curves links up with these quantities and gives volumes of individual trees for all diameter classes and corresponding heights. The method of uniform volume curves is used in Slovakia to calculate the volume of marked logging. Results of the analysis show that the volume of standing trees calculated according to the method of uniform volume curves is in reality underestimated by about 5% as compared with the actual volume of processed wood mass including logging residues left on the site. Thus, the calculation inaccuracy in forestry practice is exceeded by the above mentioned 5% as compared with the permitted deviation established through the method of uniform volume curves. Solution of this problem is a proposal submitted to the National Forest Centre in Zvolen for the elaboration of volume tables for the new ecotype of European beech.

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Ildarkhanov, Radik. "The Calculation of the Fuel Cost for a Car." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 47, no. 4 (March 12, 2018): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.10553.

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The proposed formula derived considering the physical phenomena which occur during truck operation makes it possible to calculate fuel cost during the operation more accurately. The results of comparison of calculations by the proposed formula with test results tractors parties “TransEuroTest” are presented. The results of the calculation with the help of new formula differ from the experimentally obtained values of the fuel consumption of vehicles for not more than 1%. The average fuel consumption of tractors at an average speed is shown. The proposed formula for calculating the cost makes it easy to compare the fuel consumption of different vehicle options. The formula can also be used when evaluating the effect of vehicle weight on fuel consumption, which is impossible according to the well-known formulas.

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Palka, Ryszard, Konrad Woronowicz, and Jan Kotwas. "Current mode performance of a traction linear induction motor driven from the voltage converter." Transportation Systems and Technology 4, no. 3 suppl. 1 (November 19, 2018): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst201843s1105-114.

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Background: The paper deals with the modelling of a traction Linear Induction Motor (LIM) for public transportation. Typical problems arising from the electromagnetic finite element model development are described. The end effect causes asymmetry of phase impedances of the LIM. Because of that, if the LIM is supplied from the voltage inverter, which is usually the case, the phase currents become asymmetric. This causes performance calculation discrepancies in models that assume phase current symmetry. Aim: The aim of the paper is to develop a method for calculating the imbalanced three-phase LIM currents to precisely predict the LIM performance. Methods: Here, a method is developed to calculate the LIM phase current asymmetry by means of a self-developed electromagnetic finite element program – ELMAG, capable of adapting mesh generation based on Reynolds, Péclet and skin-depth numbers. Results: The calculated asymmetric currents are used in a real size traction LIM calculation in COMSOL, to derive the performance characteristics for comparison with the results achieved when supplying the LLIM with the symmetric three phase current. Conclusion: These results show that the natural asymmetry of the currents is an important factor that must be considered in appropriately calculating the LIM performance.

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Lu, Cheng, Yun-Wen Feng, and Cheng-Wei Fei. "Weighted Regression-Based Extremum Response Surface Method for Structural Dynamic Fuzzy Reliability Analysis." Energies 12, no. 9 (April 26, 2019): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091588.

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The parameters considered in structural dynamic reliability analysis have strong uncertainties during machinery operation, and affect analytical precision and efficiency. To improve structural dynamic fuzzy reliability analysis, we propose the weighted regression-based extremum response surface method (WR-ERSM) based on extremum response surface method (ERSM) and weighted regression (WR), by considering the randomness of design parameters and the fuzziness of the safety criterion. Therein, we utilize the ERSM to process the transient to improve computational efficiency, by transforming the random process of structural output response into a random variable. We employ the WR to find the efficient samples with larger weights to improve the calculative accuracy. The fuzziness of the safety criterion is regarded to improve computational precision in the WR-ERSM. The WR-ERSM is applied to perform the dynamic fuzzy reliability analysis of an aeroengine turbine blisk with the fluid-structure coupling technique, and is verified by the comparison of the Monte Carlo (MC) method, equivalent stochastic transformation method (ESTM) and ERSM, with the emphasis on model-fitting property and simulation performance. As revealed from this investigation, (1) the ERSM has the capacity of processing the transient of the structural dynamic reliability evaluation, and (2) the WR approach is able to improve modeling accuracy, and (3) regarding the fuzzy safety criterion is promising to improve the precision of structural dynamic fuzzy reliability evaluation, and (4) the change rule of turbine blisk structural stress from start to cruise for the aircraft is acquired with the maximum value of structural stress at t = 165 s and the reliability degree (Pr = 0.997) of turbine blisk. The proposed WR-ERSM can improve the efficiency and precision of structural dynamic reliability analysis. Therefore, the efforts of this study provide a promising method for structural dynamic reliability evaluation with respect to working processes.

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Davoudi, Mohammad, Ali Shabestani Monfared, and Mohammad Rahgoshay. "The comparison between 6 MV Primus LINAC simulation output using EGSnrc and commissioning data." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 17, no. 3 (January 21, 2018): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396917000747.

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AbstractIntroductionMonte Carlo calculation method is considered to be the most accurate method for dose calculation in radiotherapy. The purpose of this research is comparison between 6 MV Primus LINAC simulation output with commissioning data using EGSnrc and build a Monte Carlo geometry of 6 MV Primus LINAC as realistically as possible. The BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc (EGSnrc package) Monte Carlo model of the LINAC head was used as a benchmark.MethodsIn the first part, the BEAMnrc was used for the designing of the LINAC treatment head. In the second part, dose calculation and for the design of 3D dose file were produced by DOSXYZnrc. The simulated PDD and beam profile obtained were compared with that calculated using commissioning data. Good agreement was found between calculated PDD (1·1%) and beam profile using Monte Carlo simulation and commissioning data. After validation, TPR20,10, TMR and Spvalues were calculated in five different field.ResultsGood agreement was found between calculated values by using Monte Carlo simulation and commissioning data. Average differences for five field sizes in this approach is about 0·83% for Sp. for TPR20,10differences for field sizes 10×10 cm2is 0·29% and for TMR in five field sizes, the average value is ~1·6%.ConclusionIn conclusion, the BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc codes package have very good accuracy in calculating dose distribution for 6 MV photon beam and it can be considered as a promising method for patient dose calculations and also the Monte Carlo model of primus linear accelerator built in this study can be used as method to calculate the dose distribution for cancer patients.

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Yang, Hong Xia, and Zheng Rong Zhao. "Practical Calculation of Highway Foundation Settlement of the Yellow River Alluvial Plain." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.260.

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In order to solve the problem of great error in calculating the Yellow River alluvial plain highway’s foundation settlement with delamination summation-method and regulate formula method,we put forward the reason of calculating the final settlement by drilling standard penetration number.It is according to the principles of delamination summation-method and elastic theory method and it is combined with engineering prospecting tests results.Finally,we inference the empirical formula in calculating the final settlement by standard penetration number.The comparison of the calculation of the final settlement by drilling standard penetration number and the statistics by actual observation of jinan-heze expressway has proved the correctness of calculation formula.

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Schlesselmann, Dirk, Aleksandr Nikanorov, and Bernard Nacke. "Numerical Calculation of Temperature and Microstructure for Induction Surface Hardening." Applied Mechanics and Materials 698 (December 2014): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.698.251.

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In the present paper, a new numerical model for calculating martensite microstructure in induction surface hardening processes is introduced. It takes into account the heating as well as the quenching process and uses the temperature history of a work piece to calculate martensite formation. The calculation is based on an empirical equation found by Koistinen and Marburger [1].A comparison between the heat distribution within a work piece at the end of the heating process and the distribution of martensite after quenching is performed for different process parameters. Thus, it is determined, in which case the temperature distribution is sufficient to predict the hardened layer and in which case the microstructure has to be calculated to receive accurate results. The model is verified by comparing simulation results with different experiments.

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Gong, Wen-xue, Li-yan Wang, Jinsong Li, and Bing-hui Wang. "Displacement Calculation Method on Front Wall of Covered Sheet-Pile Wharf." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (December 24, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5037057.

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Covered sheet-pile wharves are widely used in port engineering, water conservancy, and civil engineering. This paper is based on the theory of earth pressure and the soil arching effect. According to the stress and deformation characteristics of the covered sheet-pile wharf, the formulas used to calculate the force and deformation of the front wall of a covered sheet-pile wharf under static loads are deduced. The accuracy of the theoretical derivation is verified by comparing actual measured stress and deformation data of Jingtang Port 32#. The comparison shows that when calculating the displacement of the section below the mud surface boundary, the results are in agreement with the in situ data. However, when calculating the displacement of the section above the mud surface boundary, if the anchorage point displacement is ignored because the anchorage point displacement is limited artificially, the calculated tension of the tie rod is relatively large. This leads to a significant decrease in the calculation result of the section above the mud surface boundary, which is very different from actual in situ measurement results. If anchorage point displacement is considered, the calculated tension of the tie rod is more accurate, and the calculation results of the front wall displacement are very close to in situ measurement results because the anchorage point displacement is assumed scientifically.

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Bibik, Vladislav L., Natalia Ivushkina, and Andrey Bibik. "Comparison of Two Methods of Cutting Temperature Calculation." Materials Science Forum 927 (July 2018): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.927.134.

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In this article comparison of two methods of the cutting temperature calculation is made: according to the theory of A.N. Reznikov and the theory of S.S. Silin. The values of the cutting temperature calculated according to both methods are compared to the experimental data provided by various authors. It is determined that both methods can be used for cutting temperature calculation, however they have some limitations. In particular, when making the calculations according to S.S Silin’s theory the parameter, characterizing the degree of plastic deformation of the metal machined should be not less than 0.4. When calculating the cutting temperature by Reznikov’s theory it is necessary to take into account the nature of the physical processes of cutting.

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Masumoto, Takayuki, Yosuke Yasuda, Naohisa Inoue, and Tetsuya Sakuma. "Fast Calculation of Far-Field Sound Directivity Based on Fast Multipole Boundary Element Method." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Acoustics 28, no. 04 (November 30, 2020): 1950024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591728519500245.

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A fast method for calculating sound radiation/reflection directivities at high resolution in the infinite far field is proposed with the use of the fast multipole boundary element method (FMBEM). This method calculates directivities using direction-dependent coefficients called outgoing coefficients, which are obtained in the calculation process of the matrix-vector products in the FMBEM. Since the outgoing coefficients are generally calculated for a large number of directions high-resolution directivities can be easily obtained with extremely small computational cost and minor modifications in the FMBEM program codes. It is confirmed via comparison with the numerical results using the conventional method that the proposed method can calculate directivities at infinity. Numerical results also show that the computational time for the proposed method is significantly shorter than that for the conventional method with no addition of the required memory.

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Hanesti, Elsi Mersilia. "BAGAIMANA KEUANGAN ISLAM MENGGUNAKAN FAKTOR DISKONTO DALAM CAPITAL BUDGETING DECISION?" El Dinar 6, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ed.v6i1.5748.

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In the conventional financial management, the method of calculating the capital budgeting decision using NPV and IRR, which both use the interest rate as one of its component count (as a discount factor). Then, how Islamic financial management sees this? With the research methods of literature study, this paper is about the financial outlook of Islam the methods of NPV and IRR as well as finding out what the proper method for capital budgeting decision. Results of the study were that in the process capital budgeting decision, the use of NPV and IRR methods are allowed (according Obaidullah, Prof. Shabir F.Ulgener, and Zarqa). The interest rate in the calculation only as a means of simplification and ease in the calculation. The use of a list of compound interest rate (compounded interest) is a tool to calculate the expected rate today and the future. It can be said that the Islamic finance uses a list of compound interest rate as a tool for simplify the calculation, just as a comparison level of opportunity cost in alternative investments. The level of interest in the calculation of these can be replaced with a comparator, such as: the return on the sukuk, the profit sharing ratio, and the return on investment or other real instruments in Islam.

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Belyaev, Aleksandr V., Alexey V. Dedov, Ilya I. Krapivin, Aleksander N. Varava, Peixue Jiang, and Ruina Xu. "Study of Pressure Drops and Heat Transfer of Nonequilibrial Two-Phase Flows." Water 13, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 2275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13162275.

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Currently, there are no universal methods for calculating the heat transfer and pressure drop for a wide range of two-phase flow parameters in mini-channels due to changes in the void fraction and flow regime. Many experimental studies have been carried out, and narrow-range calculation methods have been developed. With increasing pressure, it becomes possible to expand the range of parameters for applying reliable calculation methods as a result of changes in the flow regime. This paper provides an overview of methods for calculating the pressure drops and heat transfer of two-phase flows in small-diameter channels and presents a comparison of calculation methods. For conditions of high reduced pressures pr = p/pcr ≈ 0.4 ÷ 0.6, the results of own experimental studies of pressure drops and flow boiling heat transfer of freons in the region of low and high mass flow rates (G = 200–2000 kg/m2 s) are presented. A description of the experimental stand is given, and a comparison of own experimental data with those obtained using the most reliable calculated relations is carried out.

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Mamazhonovich, Makhkamov Yuldashali, and Mirzababayeva Sahiba Mirzaakbarovna. "To Calculation Of Bended Elements Working Under The Conditions Of Exposure To High And High Temperatures On The Lateral Force By A New Method." American Journal of Applied sciences 03, no. 05 (May 31, 2021): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume03issue05-33.

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The article presents a new method for calculating bending reinforced concrete elements made of conventional and heat-resistant concrete operating under conditions of high and high technological temperatures on the action of transverse forces. The advantage of the proposed calculation method over the method adopted in the current design standards based on a comparison of the calculation results of the experimental data is shown.

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Zhang, Zhou Wei, Jia Xing Xue, and Ya Hong Wang. "Calculation and Design Method Study of the Coil-Wound Heat Exchanger." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 850–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.850.

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A calculation method for counter-current type coil-wound heat exchanger is presented for heat exchange process. The numerical simulation method is applied to determine the basic physical parameters of wound bundles. By controlling the inlet fluid velocity varying in coil-wound heat exchanger to program and calculate the iterative process. The calculation data is analyzed by comparison of numerical result and the unit three dimensional pipe bundle model was built. Studies show that the introduction of numerical simulation can simplify the pipe winding process and accelerate the calculation and design of overall configuration in coil-wound heat exchanger. This method can be applied to the physical modeling and heat transfer calculation of pipe bundles in coil wound heat exchanger, program to calculate the complex heat transfer changing with velocity and other parameters, and optimize the overall design and calculation of spiral bundles.

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Bednár, Dávid, Martin Lištjak, Andrej Slimák, and Vladimír Nečas. "COMPARISON OF MCNP AND VISIPLAN DOSE-FIELD CALCULATIONS FOR MULTILAYER SHIELDING." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 186, no. 2-3 (December 2019): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz224.

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Abstract An important factor in calculation of quantities describing the radiation situation is the selection of a calculation code. In this article, the radiation situation for selected geometries with multilayer shields was judged. Calculations were carried out using deterministic code VISIPLAN and stochastic code MCNP5. Inter-comparison of calculations with experiment was done. The aim was to compare and evaluate the results achieved by the measurements and calculations, to analyze the methods of individual calculation codes and to discuss deviations in the results. Comparison of MCNP calculations and FH40G measurements shows that the relative deviations were ±20% for each shielding configuration. The results obtained by VISIPLAN code are strongly dependent on the selected buildup factor (BUF). However, in almost all cases, it appears that using Broder’s formula to calculate BUF for multilayer shields is a good approach to refine the calculation.

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Härtig, Frank, Harald Bosse, and Michael Krystek. "Recommendations for Unified Rules for Key Comparison Evaluation." Key Engineering Materials 613 (May 2014): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.613.26.

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Key comparison (KC) measurements are the backbone of validating the calibration and measurement capability (CMC) of national metrology institutes (NMIs) against each other. Recommendations providing procedures for the preparation and execution of KCs as well as supplementary comparisons are given. They are justified by mathematical reasoning and by aspects of practical use. Arguments and a formal description of calculating the key comparison reference value (KCRV) by its weighted mean based on the expanded measurement uncertainty expressed by a confidence level of 95 % will be presented. Moreover, it will be explained why the calculation of the normalized error relates to the weighted mean only and why its absolute value for the expanded measurement uncertainty shall be below 1 to pass the equivalence criterion (En) of comparability. A deeper discussion is given on how reference values and measurement results shall be treated if few individual measurement results differ significantly from the others. Finally, it will be explained how the proposed style of the graphical presentation of measurement results allows a clear visual interpretation of the comparison. Besides the formal description, numerical examples and diagrams are presented.

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KOSTYUSHIN, Kirill Vladimirovich, and Vladimir Andreevich SHUVARIKOV. "СРАВНЕНИЕ СХЕМ ТИПА «MUSCL» ДЛЯ РАСЧЕТА ТЕЧЕНИЙ ИДЕАЛЬНОГО ГАЗА В СОПЛАХ ЛАВАЛЯ." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Matematika i mekhanika, no. 54 (August 1, 2016): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988621/54/7.

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Hofmeister, Anne M. "IR reflectance spectra of natural ilmenite: comparison with isostructural compounds and calculation of thermodynamic properties." European Journal of Mineralogy 5, no. 2 (April 27, 1993): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/5/2/0281.

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Pozhueva, I., and Т. Levitskaya. "Stress-deformed state of the shell with a small initial deflection under the action of the end load." Innovative Materials and Technologies in Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering, no. 1 (September 14, 2021): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6885-2021-2-11.

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Purpose of work. Construction of method for calculating the stress-strain state of cylindrical shell with small initial deflection, to which an end load is applied, using the method of characteristics. Comparison of the calculation results of the obtained model with the works of other authors in this area. Research methods. For the calculation, the equations of motion of the Timoshenko type shell were used, taking into account both the shear deformation and inertia of rotation, and some nonlinear terms, to which the method of characteristics was applied. To obtain the equations of shell motion, the Hamilton-Ostrogradsky variational principle was used. Results method is proposed for calculating the stress-strain state of a cylindrical shell with a small initial deflection using characteristics. Comparative analysis of the calculation results with research in this area by other authors, which showed the effectiveness of the proposed method. Scientific novelty. The equations of the classical theory of shells, based on the Kirchhoff-Love hypotheses, which do not take into account the shear deformation and inertia of rotation, as well as linear equations of the Timoshenko type, have become widespread. In this work, a model of the stress-strain state of an axisymmetric shell with small initial deflections is constructed, taking into account both shear deformation and rotational inertia, and some nonlinear terms. Practical value. The proposed method can be used to calculate the stress-strain state of structures in which thin shells are present as elements, taking into account small initial deflection. This method makes it possible to study the influence of the characteristics of the initial deflection on the stress-strain state of the entire structure.

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JOHNSEN, WILLIAM A., and CHRISTOPHER A. BROWN. "COMPARISON OF SEVERAL METHODS FOR CALCULATING FRACTAL-BASED TOPOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION PARAMETERS." Fractals 02, no. 03 (September 1994): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x94000600.

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The objective of this work is to compare fractal-based, topographic characterization parameters calculated by several different fractal analysis methods. Four fractal characterization methods (compass, patchwork, box counting, and 2-point correlation) are systematically applied to five topographic data sets, which encompass a wide range of scale, and the results are compared. The compass and patchwork methods calculate similar values for the fractal dimension and smooth/rough crossover. The box and 2-point correlation methods calculate similar values for the fractal dimension. The compass and patchwork methods are capable of calculating the smooth/rough crossover.

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Uchida, H., S. Banba, M. Wada, K. Matsumoto, M. Ikeda, N. Naito, E. Tanaka, and M. Honjo. "Analysis of binding properties between 20 kDa human growth hormone (hGH) and hGH receptor (hGHR): the binding affinity for hGHR extracellular domain and mode of receptor dimerization." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 23, no. 3 (December 1, 1999): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0230347.

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It has recently been shown that 20 kDa human growth hormone (hGH) forms the 1:2 hGH:hGH receptor (hGHR) complex and expresses full agonistic activity, although it hardly forms the 1:1 GH:GHR complex as compared with 22 kDa hGH. To clarify this mechanism, we analyzed the mode of receptor dimerization of 20 kDa hGH using the intact form and mutants. Complex formation analysis between hGHR extracellular domain (hGHBP) and either site1 mutant (K157A) or site2 mutant (G105R) by gel-filtration showed that the site1 mutant apparently formed no 1:1 complex and that the site2 mutant formed only the 1:1 complex. Cell proliferation analysis revealed that the activity curve (vs ligand concentration) of 20 kDa hGH showed a bell-shaped pattern. This indicates that the receptor dimerization of 20 kDa hGH proceeds in a sequential manner. Based on this sequential binding we have produced a mathematical model for receptor dimerization as a function of [hGH], [hGHBP], K(d) values for the first hGHBP binding (K(d1)) and the second hGHBP binding (K(d2)). The result of 20 kDa hGH binding to (S201C) hGHBP immobilized on biosensor tip showed that the K(d1) value was 1. 6x10(-8) M. Adopting this value as a constant in the function described above, we have obtained calculative hGHR dimerization curves vs hGH concentration. Since the K(d2) value could not be experimentally determined, the curves were simulatively obtained with varied K(d2) values. The simulated curve pattern coincided with the experimental result of the cell proliferation in Ba/F3-hGHR when the value 2.5x10(-10) M was adopted as K(d2). In conclusion, although the affinity of 20 kDa hGH for the first hGHR binding is reduced to one-tenth, that for the second binding is increased ten-fold in comparison with those of 22 kDa hGH, indicating that 20 kDa hGH can be an effective hGH isoform in the presence of hGHBP.

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Ge, Yu Zhu, Xue Mei Lei, Yue Chun Zhang, and Ping Liu. "Influence Factors and Calculating Methods for Gear Windage Power Loss." Applied Mechanics and Materials 86 (August 2011): 602–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.86.602.

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Based on making some analyses and comparisons about influence factors and existing calculating methods for gear transmission windage loss, it gives practical area and application situation of these calculating methods in this paper. Also it presents some suggestions on some possible problems when calculation. The results can provide a basic reference and guidance to evaluate and optimize design for designer.

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Kristensen, Hans Otto. "Cargo Transport by Sea and Road--Technical and Economic Environmental Factors." Marine Technology and SNAME News 39, no. 04 (October 1, 2002): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2002.39.4.239.

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This paper presents the background for a method of calculating the energy demand for different ship types using only a relatively few, but important parameters. It is an empirical method, based on a statistical analysis of the main parameters of different ship types in order to establish representative relationships between the cargo capacity and the ship's main dimensions. On this basis, it has been possible to calculate the necessary propulsive power by using well-established empirical power prediction methods (Guldhammer & Harvald 1974, Oossanen 1980, Insel & Molland 1992). By combining the statistical analysis with a subsequent power prediction, it has been possible to develop a method which can calculate the energy consumption as a function of only three general parameters, namely the size of the ship (more precisely the capacity), the ship's speed and the average cargo utilization. Having established a method for the calculation of the ship's energy demand, it is relatively simple to calculate the exhaust emissions by using some well-established specific emission factors, i.e., figures for the exhaust emission per consumed energy unit (g/MJ). In the paper, a comparison with road transport is also presented, focusing on the energy demand and exhaust emissions per transport unit, i.e., per ton cargo per km. Finally, the energy and emission data are used for an economical evaluation of sea transport versus land transport. This is done by calculating the external costs to society caused by the negative effect of the different modes of transportation, i.e., costs due to air pollution, noise, accidents and congestion, which in total cover most of the external transport costs.

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Evdokimova, Tatiana, Valeriy Morozov, Eres Opbul, and Aleksey Khegai. "Experimental Diagrams of Fiber Concrete Straining under Tension and Compression and their Implementation in Calculation of Bearing Capacity of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Flexural Elements." Materials Science Forum 871 (September 2016): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.871.160.

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On the basis of experimental data, calculating diagrams of non-linear straining of fiber concrete under compression and tension were developed, which take into consideration the qualitative change in strength and stress-strain properties of the concrete matrix at its fiber reinforcement. The obtained diagrams are realized upon the bearing capacity calculation of fiber-reinforced concrete flexural elements. Calculation of fiber-reinforced beam was fulfilled according to the proposed approach and current regulatory documents. Comparison of calculation results was carried out, according to which the regulatory procedure gives an overstated result for its bearing capacity.

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Liu, Jing, Linfeng Wang, Zhifeng Shi, Wennian Yu, and Huifang Xiao. "A comparison investigation of the contact models for contact and vibration features of cylindrical roller bearings." Engineering Computations 36, no. 5 (June 10, 2019): 1656–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-11-2018-0516.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the contact models for contact and vibration features of cylindrical roller bearings (CRBs). CRBs are important parts of rotating machinery. The contact deformation between the roller and the raceway is an essential research topic for the CRBs. The contact deformation between the roller and the raceway can greatly affect vibration characteristics and fatigue life of the CRBs. In this investigation, six different methods are adopted to calculate the contact deformation, contact area width and contact stress between the roller and raceways of a CRB. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the contact deformations and the contact stiffnesses between the roller and the raceway of a CRB obtained by various well-known empirical methods (Lundberg’s, Palmgren’s, Houpert’s, Cheng’s and Hertzian methods) are directly compared with those by the finite element (FE) method. A two degree-of-freedom (2 DOF) dynamic model of the CRB is applied to investigate the effects of the contact stiffness obtained by different line contact deformation calculation methods on the vibration characteristics, such as the root mean square (RMS), the peak to peak (PTP), the crest factor and the kurtosis of the displacement, velocity and acceleration of the inner raceway. Findings The computational results show that different calculation methods for the contact deformations between rollers and raceways have significant effects on the vibrations of the CRB. It is found that that the differences of computational results obtained by Palmgren’s and Lundberg’s models with respect to the FE method are smaller than those by the other three methods, i.e. Houpert’s, Cheng’s and Hertzain models. The amplitude and peak frequency of the frequency response functions from Palmgren’s method are much more similar to those from the finite element method. The above results indicate that Palmgren’s method is a better calculation method for predicting the contact deformations and dynamics of the CRBs. Originality/value This work adopts six different methods to calculate the contact deformation, contact area width and contact stress between the roller and raceways of a CRB. Moreover, a vibration model of a CRB is used to investigate the effect of contact stiffness obtained by the above methods on the vibrations of the CRB. The works can give some guidance for the accurate analytical method for calculating the contact deformations between rollers and raceways and the vibrations of the CRB.

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Artamonova, Inna V., Igor G. Gorichev, and Evgeny B. Godunov. "Determining the Metal Corrosion Rate by Various Techniques and Comparison of the Results." Defect and Diffusion Forum 410 (August 17, 2021): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.410.142.

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The paper considers methods for calculating the rate of metals corrosion. A comparative analysis of the experimental data on the steel 10 corrosion rate in carbonate solutions with different pH values (6-12.5) and the concentration of carbonate ions on the disk electrode made of steel 10. The calculation of the corrosion rate by the gravimetric method and the method of polarization resistance is carried out. A detailed description of the calculating the corrosion rate stages index from experimental electrochemical data (I-E) obtained on the potentiostat IPC PRO is given. The advantages and disadvantages of the considered methods are indicated.

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Li, Yi Zhi, Liang Ming Hu, and Si Yi Fan. "New Method for the Structural Calculation of Concrete Rainwater Infiltration Design in City District." Advanced Materials Research 511 (April 2012): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.511.167.

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According to the shortage of common calculation methods-graphic and empirical formula method in city rainwater infiltration design calculation, a simple and feasible method called maximum method is proposed, then the detail description and comparison is given for the three kinds of calculation methods by a practical project. The calculation results have some difference between graphic method, maximum method and empirical formula method which has poor security. Maximum method and graphic method have the similar security, but maximum method makes the calculation simple by omitting a series of calculations and drawings. So, maximum method is recommended to calculate the rainwater infiltration design in city district.

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Benyoucef, Djilali, and Toufik Tahri. "Air molecule collision cross sections: calculation and validation." Canadian Journal of Physics 95, no. 4 (April 2017): 346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2016-0406.

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This work is a contribution to the calculation of the basic data used in the direct simulation Monte Carlo in dry air (80% N2 and 20% O2). The basic data of this modeling are the collision cross sections, which are calculated by using a semi-classical model based on the intermolecular interaction potentials of N2/N2, O2/O2, and N2/O2. To validate this data, we show a comparison between the measured dynamic viscosities reported in the literature for different temperatures and those calculated. Another comparison is performed between the calculation of the smooth cylinder drag coefficients and the measurements, which also have been presented in the literature. These two comparisons showed an excellent quantitative and qualitative agreement and therefore they confirm the calculated data validity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Calculative comparison'

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