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Books on the topic 'Calculative strategies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Wilkinson, John Michael. Mental calculation in Key Stage 2: Strategies, attitudes, performance. Birmingham: University of Central England in Birmingham, 1998.

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2

A, Stockert Patricia, ed. Calculation of medication dosages: Practical strategies to ensure safety and accuracy. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.

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3

Thompson, Ian. Mental calculation strategies for the addition and substraction of 2-digit numbers. Newcastle: University of Newcastle, Department of Education, 1999.

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4

Authority, Qualifications and Curriculum. Teaching mental calculation strategies: Guidance for teachers at key stages 1 and 2. London: QCA, 1999.

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5

Nudo, Raffaele, ed. Lezioni dai terremoti: fonti di vulnerabilità, nuove strategie progettuali, sviluppi normativi. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-072-3.

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This book is a collection of the academic contributions presented at the conference entitled "Lessons from earthquakes: sources of vulnerability, new design strategies and regulatory developments" which was held at Chianciano Terme on 8 October 2010. The issues addressed are central to Seismic Engineering and comprise a wide range of arguments on both consolidated subjects and innovative aspects in the sector. Among these, appropriate attention is devoted to: analysis of the structural instability revealed on the occasion of seismic events and the lessons that can be drawn from the same; the procedures of assessment of the existing buildings, starting from the phase of monitoring and diagnostics through to the definition of the most opportune intervention techniques; the use of composite materials and alternative methods of seismic protection; non-linear field modelling relating to regular and non-regular structures; and finally, the development of the methods of calculation that have characterised the evolution of the regulatory codes.
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6

Wijers, Jean Paul, ed. Managing Authentic Relationships. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462988613.

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In an increasingly connected world, Strategic Relationship Management is a vital capability for successful organizations. The book Managing Authentic Relationships; Facing New Challenges in a Changing Context focuses on building and managing a strong network and reciprocal relationships for the entire organization by implementing a professional relationship management approach at strategic, tactical and operational level. Professional relationship management makes valuable and measurable contributions to the strategic goals of an organization by: Expanding the organization's strategy to a Relationship Management Strategy; Efficiently managing relationships and correctly mapping stakeholders; Embedding clear responsibility for relationship management throughout the organization; Measuring results and calculating the Return-on-Relationship; Developing strong networking skills and networkers who are able to act as eyes and ears for the organization; Organizing effective networking activities with measurable results. This book also offers a holistic view. Managing authentic relationships requires a shared understanding of what relationships are. It is impossible to develop successful relationship management without authentic relationships based on trust and reciprocity.
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7

Beckert, Jens, and Richard Bronk. An Introduction to Uncertain Futures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820802.003.0001.

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This chapter provides a theoretical framework for considering how imaginaries and narratives interact with calculative devices to structure expectations and beliefs in the economy. It analyses the nature of uncertainty in innovative market economies and examines how economic actors use imaginaries, narratives, models, and calculative practices to coordinate and legitimize action, determine value, and establish sufficient conviction to act despite the uncertainty they face. Placing the themes of the volume in the context of broader trends in economics and sociology, the chapter argues that, in conditions of widespread radical uncertainty, there is no uniquely rational set of expectations, and there are no optimal strategies or objective probability functions; instead, expectations are often structured by contingent narratives or socially constructed imaginaries. Moreover, since expectations are not anchored in a pre-existing future reality but have an important role in creating the future, they become legitimate objects of political debate and crucial instruments of power in markets and societies.
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8

Mental Math Strategies And Process Skills To Develop Mental Calculation. Frank Schaffer Publications, 2011.

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9

Mental Math Strategies And Process Skills To Develop Mental Calculation- Grade 5. Frank Schaffer Publications, 2011.

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10

Mental Math Strategies And Process Skills To Develop Mental Calculation: Grade 6. Frank Schaffer Publications, 2011.

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11

Mental Math Strategies And Process Skills To Develop Mental Calculation. Frank Schaffer Publications, 2011.

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12

Mental Math Strategies And Process Skills To Develop Mental Calculation: Grade 3. Frank Schaffer Publications, 2011.

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13

Boundy, Janice, and Patricia Stockert. Calculation of Medication Dosages: Practical Strategies to Ensure Safety and Accuracy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.

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14

Publications, Singapore Asian. Mental Math, Grade 4/Level 3: Strategies and Process Skills to Develop Mental Calculation. Carson-Dellosa Publishing, LLC, 2011.

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15

Publications, Singapore Asian. Mental Math, Grade 3/Level 2: Strategies and Process Skills to Develop Mental Calculation. Carson-Dellosa Publishing, LLC, 2011.

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16

Publications, Singapore Asian. Mental Math, Grade 7/Level 6: Strategies and Process Skills to Develop Mental Calculation. Carson-Dellosa Publishing, LLC, 2011.

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17

Publications, Singapore Asian. Mental Math, Grade 2/Level 1: Strategies and Process Skills to Develop Mental Calculation. Carson-Dellosa Publishing, LLC, 2011.

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18

Publications, Singapore Asian. Mental Math, Grade 5/Level 4: Strategies and Process Skills to Develop Mental Calculation. Carson-Dellosa Publishing, LLC, 2011.

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19

Ullmann-Margalit, Edna. Second-Order Decisions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802433.003.0003.

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People are often reluctant to make decisions by calculating the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action in particular cases. Knowing, in addition, that they may err, people and institutions often resort to second order strategies for reducing the burdens of, and risk of error in, first order decisions. They make a second order decision when they choose one from among such possible strategies. They adopt rules or presumptions; they create standards; they delegate authority to others; they take small steps; they pick rather than choose. Some of these strategies impose high costs before decision but low costs at the time of ultimate decision; others impose low costs both before and at the time of ultimate decision; still others impose low costs before decision while exporting to others the high costs at the time of decision.
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20

Maniatakis, Adonios. A study of the effectiveness of hedging a portfolio with stock index futures using different strategies and effectiveness calculation models. 1991.

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21

Mills, M. G. L., and M. E. J. Mills. Foraging success. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.003.0007.

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Foraging success for various demographic groups and females with different foraging strategies was measured by calculating overall and individual feeding rates in kg eaten/km moved. Overall and individual feeding rates were significantly higher for coalitions than single males. Females with large cubs had a significantly higher overall feeding rate than females at other times of their reproductive cycle, although lactating females had the highest individual feeding rate. Amongst females, springbok hunters had higher individual feeding rates than steenbok/duiker hunters or intermediates. However springbok hunting appeared to be energetically more costly. It would, therefore, seem that there are several strategies that female cheetahs can adopt in order to maximize foraging success. The overall mean consumption rate for all cheetahs in the southern Kalahari was calculated to be 3.0 kg/day.
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22

Zamarian, L., and Margarete Delazer. Arithmetic Learning in Adults. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.007.

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Neuroimaging has significantly contributed to our understanding of human learning by tracking the neural correlates underlying the acquisition of new expertise. Studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggest that the acquisition of arithmetic competence is reflected in a decrease of activation in frontal brain regions and a relative increase of activation in parietal brain regions that are important for arithmetic processing. Activation of the angular gyrus (AG) is related to fact learning, skilled retrieval, and level of automatization. fMRI investigations extend the findings of cognitive studies showing that behavioural differences between trained and untrained sets of items, between different arithmetic operations, and between different training strategies are reflected by specific activation patterns. fMRI studies also reveal inter-individual differences related to arithmetic competence, with low performing individuals showing lower AG activation when answering calculation problems. Importantly, training attenuates inter-individual differences in AG activation. Studies with calculation experts suggest that different strategies may be used to achieve extraordinary performance. While some experts recruit a more extended cerebral network compared with the average population, others use the same frontoparietal network, but more efficiently. In conclusion, brain imaging studies on arithmetic learning and expertise offer a promising view on the adaptivity of the human brain. Although evidence on functional or structural modifications following intervention in dyscalculic patients is still scarce, future studies may contribute to the development of more efficient and targeted rehabilitation programmes after brain damage or in cases of atypical numerical development.
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23

Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Respiratory monitoring. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0006.

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Pulmonary function tests in critical illness 90End-tidal CO2 monitoring 92Pulse oximetry 94Pulmonary function test results in critically ill patients can be important prognostically and guide ventilatory and weaning strategies. However, they are not straightforward to measure in mechanically ventilated patients and remain limited to dynamic volumes. Fortunately, most modern mechanical ventilators are able to calculate and display static and dynamic lung volumes, together with derived values for airway resistance, compliance and flow/volume/time curves. The ability to monitor these changes after altering ventilatory parameters has enabled more sophisticated adjustments of ventilation, to prevent potentially damaging mechanical ventilation....
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24

Andres, Michael, and Mauro Pesenti. Finger-based representation of mental arithmetic. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.028.

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Human beings are permanently required to process the world numerically and, consequently, to perform computations to adapt their behaviour and they have developed various calculation strategies, some of them based on specific manipulations of the fingers. In this chapter, we argue that the way we express physically numerical concepts by raising fingers while counting leads to embodied representations of numbers and calculation procedures in the adult brain. To illustrate this, we focus on number and finger interactions in the context of simple arithmetic operations. We show that the fixed order of fingers on the hand provides human beings with unique facilities to increment numerical changes or represent a cardinal value while solving arithmetic problems. In order to specify the influence of finger representation on mental arithmetic both at the cognitive and neural level, we review past and recent findings from behavioural, electrophysiological, and brain imaging studies. We start with anthropological and developmental data showing the role of fingers in the acquisition of arithmetic knowledge, then address the issue of whether number and finger interactions are also observed in adults solving arithmetic problems mentally. We suggest that arithmetic performance depends on the integrity of finger representations in children and adults. Finally, we overview the results of recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies showing a common brain substrate for finger and number representations during and after the acquisition of arithmetic skills.
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25

Brooker, Paul, and Margaret Hayward. Rational Business Leadership. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825395.003.0001.

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This chapter is an introduction to the book and to the rational type of inspirational leadership which inspires followers with confidence through capable use of appropriate rational means to achieve an objective. The chapter explains why the book focuses on a specialized version of this type of rational leadership, namely the version which uses a set of six rational methods as the appropriate means of developing business corporations: rapid and innovative adaptation; quantitative and strategic calculation; and diverse and institutionalized deliberation. The chapter also describes (1) the featuring of autobiographical material in all the examples to provide a leader’s-eye view; (2) the wide range of classic examples—iconic corporations—presented in the following chapters; (3) variations in selecting and emphasizing methods; and (4) versions of dual-leadership teamwork found among the examples.
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26

Leaver, Susannah, and Timothy Evans. Hypoxaemia in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0085.

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Hypoxaemia is a reduction in the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood below 8 kPa/60 mmHg. Hypoxaemia results from one, or several, or a combination of causes. Calculating the alveolar–arterial gradient can help to delineate the cause. Acute respiratory failure manifests in a number of ways, the most sensitive indicator being an increased respiratory rate. Diagnosis is dependent on a comprehensive history, examination in combination with appropriate blood tests, and imaging. Hypoxaemia is the final common pathway of a number of conditions and the exact cause may not be immediately apparent. Despite this, the same management principles apply. A trial of non-invasive ventilation can be used to support patients during respiratory failure who do not require immediate endotracheal intubation. However, it is recommended that this is instituted for a preset trial period (e.g. 1–2 hours) in an HDU/ICU setting where facilities for definitive airway management are available. Invasive ventilation aims to facilitate treatment of the underlying condition whilst minimizing side effects through lung protective ventilatory strategies.
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27

Brooker, Paul, and Margaret Hayward. Toyota: Ohno’s Toyota Production System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825395.003.0003.

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Taiichi Ohno was never CEO of Toyota—rather he was part of dual-leadership teams—but his pioneering version of ‘lean’ production made significant contributions to Toyota’s success and to global manufacturing. The chapter’s first section also describes the pioneering contribution of Toyota founder, Kiichiro Toyoda, who invented the notion of just-in-time production in the 1930s. In the 1950s–60s Ohno’s emphasis on innovative adaptation—his key rational method—to Japan’s distinctive car market and factory environments would lead to a new production system. It included the internationally famous ‘just-in-time’, ‘continuous flow’, and Kanban information-system aspects of his production system. Ohno also used both strategic and quantitative calculation, particularly in his grand strategy of reducing cost/waste in production. The final section on ‘Toyotaism versus Fordism’ echoes Chapter 2’s and describes a rivalry between the American and Japanese production systems.
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28

Brooker, Paul, and Margaret Hayward. McDonald’s: Kroc’s Grinding it Out. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825395.003.0004.

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Kroc established an iconic global fast-food empire even though he did not found his firm, McDonald’s, until in his fifties. An innovative franchising system was crucial to McDonald’s success, together with a two-dimensional marketing strategy which was quality and family oriented and stressed the formula QSC&V (Quality, Service, Cleanliness, and Value). While his emphasis was on innovative adaptation, strategic (marketing) calculation, and diverse deliberation, Kroc used all six of the rational methods. For example, he and his ‘numbers man’ Sonneborn created the leasing financial base for McDonald’s nation-wide expansion. Kroc’s emphasis on diverse deliberation included allowing his managers to argue with him as well as sell him policy proposals—often through informal deliberation. The final section describes his pioneering international joint-venture system that helped McDonald’s spread around the globe and be adapted to different cultures and markets worldwide.
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29

Brooker, Paul, and Margaret Hayward. Wal-Mart: Walton’s Made in America. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825395.003.0005.

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This chapter describes Walton’s use of all six rational methods as founder and developer of the largest retail corporation in the US: the Wal-Mart corporation. In the 1960s his rapid and innovative adaptive response to the rise of discount retailing became an innovative expansion system. Further, Walton’s use of diverse and institutionalized deliberation led to the pioneering use of technology which enabled such rapid expansion. This technology included computerization and a satellite-based communication system. Walton emphasized both quantitative and strategic calculation: cost-reduction was his overarching ‘grand’ strategy which included a specialized labour-relations strategy. The fourth section highlights Walton’s use of learning, in various forms and contexts, as an additional, seventh rational method. A final section examines how learning was used by a different leader, in a different country and a different industry: Marcel Dassault’s establishing of an aircraft-manufacturing corporation in France.
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30

Brooker, Paul, and Margaret Hayward. eBay: Whitman’s The Power Of Many. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825395.003.0007.

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Focusing on e-commerce and the Internet this chapter describes how Whitman used all seven rational methods in her scaling-up enhancement of eBay—the now iconic online-auction corporation. After describing eBay’s pre-Whitman era, the chapter examines her use of rational methods as a scaling-up CEO developing an early Internet, e-commerce start-up into a global corporation. Whitman emphasized learning and both quantitative and strategic calculation during this scaling up in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The final section compares the short-term scaling-up opportunities of eBay with the longer-term opportunities offered to Amazon’s founding leader, Bezos, as he diversified Amazon from online bookseller into wide-ranging online retailer and developer of high-tech products and services. This last section argues that Whitman made the most of the comparatively short-term opportunity offered by eBayism, just as Bezos has made the most of the longer-term opportunity offered by Amazonism.
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