Academic literature on the topic 'Calcutta International Exhibition (1883)'

The exhibition of decorative and industrial arts that was held in Jaipur in 1883 under the patronage of Maharaja Sawai Madho Singh II (1880–1922) brought together the work of artists and craftsmen from many regions of India, but gave special treatment to the neighbouring states of Rajasthan, and to the pupils of Jaipur's own recently established School of Art. It led to the establishment of a permanent museum of industrial arts in Jaipur, which still exists and continues to hold many of the original exhibits. One of many ambitious exhibitions that followed in the wake of the Great Exhibition of 1851, the Jaipur Exhibition was the first such to be held in an Indian state, coinciding with the International Exhibition in Calcutta and preceding the Indian and Colonial Exhibition in London of 1886.

The goal of this article is first of all to describe the reception of exhibitions of Polish interwar art in the foreign press. I pay closer attention to those of exhibitions that were most prestigious and acclaimed, such as the Venice Biennale, where representatives of Polish art were juxtaposed with other countries’ pavilions and judged in comparison to them. It was the time of the battle against the radical avant-garde, accused of bringing art to a state of impasse, stagnation, or even slow agony. Most exhibitions of Polish art abroad were organized by Mieczysław Treter (1883–1943) a philosopher and art historian, but also an exhibition curator and director of TOSSPO (the Association for the Promotion of Polish Art Abroad), who faced a very difficult task trying to fulfil his mission to promote Polish art through exhibitions. He had to take into account this artistic climate and the dynamically changing situation on the art market, and respond to the expectations of foreign critics, who would examine the art of particular nations with the focus on manifestations of national style. On the other hand, he had to consider the opinions of the Polish artists and critics as well as pressures from the ministry and Polish diplomats

Fish and other water edible animals are the most numerous wild creatures that still are perceived as natural resource. Their individuality in perception by humans is mostly not recognised. In this paper I would like to discuss how fish were displayed and perceived at the World Fairs and specialised Fisheries Exhibitions that were quite numerous between 1880 and the beginning of the First World War. Among them the Great International Fisheries Exhibition in London in 1883 was the most significant and abundant and provided much material that remains not well studied by historians. Many fishing nations provided booklets and other materials for the exhibitions; the reception of the displays was discussed in scientific and popular publications and public media that included also visual materials. Why did fish become the object of such interest to the general public? What kind of stories were different nations and regions trying to tell through these displays and publications? How did fish link and divide people, especially the experts? Fisheries, as a sector of the economy, united archaic technologies and culture with the call for progress and modernisation. In addition, interest was concentrated around animals from whom humans felt removed at a large distance but who mystified them by their diversity in shape, colours, movement and, finally, taste.

The second half of the nineteenth century was a period of rapid change in the natural sciences in Britain, reflecting changes in social conditions and improvements in education. A growing number of naturalists were becoming socially conscious and aware of the need for a proper study of the sea and its products, following the success of the ‘Challenger’ Expedition of 1872–6. In 1866 the Royal Commission on the Sea Fisheries, which included among its officers Professor T. H. Huxley, one of the new breed of professional scientists, had reported that fears of over-exploitation of the sea-fisheries were unfounded, and had recommended doing away with existing laws regulating fishing grounds and closed seasons. Nevertheless, the rising trade in fresh fish carried to towns by rail or by fast boats (fleeting), and the consequent increase in size and number of registered fishing vessels, was causing widespread concern, and there were reports from all round the coasts about the scarcity of particular fish, especially soles. This concern was expressed at the International Fisheries Exhibition in London in 1883, a conference called to discuss the commercial and scientific aspects of the fishing industry, attended by many active and first-rank scientists. However, in his opening address Professor Huxley discounted reports of scarcity of fish, and repeated the views of the Royal Commission of 1866: that, with existing methods of fishing, it was inconceivable that the great sea fisheries, such as those for cod, herring and mackerel, could ever be exhausted.

A different name than English literature, ‘Anglo-Indian Literature’, was given to the body of literature in English that emerged on account of the British interaction with India unlike the case with their interaction with America or Australia or New Zealand. Even the Indians’ contributions (translations as well as creative pieces in English) were classed under the caption ‘Anglo-Indian’ initially but later a different name, ‘Indo-Anglian’, was conceived for the growing variety and volume of writings in English by the Indians. However, unlike the former the latter has not found a favour with the compilers of English dictionaries. With the passage of time the fine line of demarcation drawn on the basis of subject matter and author’s point of view has disappeared and currently even Anglo-Indians’ writings are classed as ‘Indo-Anglian’. Besides contemplating on various connotations of the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ the article discusses the related issues such as: the etymology of the term, fixing the name of its coiner and the date of its first use. In contrast to the opinions of the historians and critics like K R S Iyengar, G P Sarma, M K Naik, Daniela Rogobete, Sachidananda Mohanty, Dilip Chatterjee and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak it has been brought to light that the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ was first used in 1880 by James Payn to refer to the Indians’ writings in English rather pejoratively. However, Iyengar used it in a positive sense though he himself gave it up soon. The reasons for the wide acceptance of the term, sometimes also for the authors of the sub-continent, by the members of academia all over the world, despite its rejection by Sahitya Akademi (the national body of letters in India), have also been contemplated on. 
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Resumen Se presenta la participación de la Comisión del Mapa Geológico de España en la Exposición Nacional de Minería, Artes Metalúrgicas, Cerámica, Cristalería y Aguas Minerales, celebrada en Madrid en 1883. Se trató de un evento que suscitó gran interés nacional e internacional, resultado de la invitación realizada por el Ministerio de Fomento para que empresas y organismos oficiales presentasen sus logros e innovaciones más recientes. La convocatoria alcanzó una gran repercusión, y a ella acudieron incluso empresas e instituciones europeas de gran prestigio. La Comisión del Mapa Geológico utilizó esta exposición como plataforma para ratificar la continuidad de la institución ante sus superiores administrativos, a la vez que para dar a conocer a la sociedad los grandes avances alcanzados en el conocimiento del suelo patrio y en la construcción del mapa geológico, en una época de afirmación de la identidad nacional. Abstract The participation of the Commission for the Geological Map of Spain in the National Exhibition of Mining, Metallurgical Arts, Ceramics, Glassware and Mineral Waters is here presented. It was held in Madrid in 1883, and it aroused great national and international interest, as a result of the invitation made by the Ministry of Development for companies and official institutions to present their recent products and innovations. The call reached great repercussion, and it was even attended by European companies and institutions of great prestige. The Geological Map Commission used this exhibition as a platform to support to the ministry the continuity of the institution, as well as to spread to society the great advances that had been made in the knowledge of the ground constitution and in the construction of the geological map, at a time when national identity was being promoted.