Relevant bibliographies by topics / Calibration methods

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Calibration methods'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Calibration methods"

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Chen, Gang, Hua Chen, Yu Bo Guo, and Dong Ye. "The Comparison of Two Stereo Vision Sensor Calibration Methods." Advanced Materials Research 317-319 (August 2011): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.397.

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This paper presents and comparison two stereo vision sensor calibration methods: Volume template based calibration method and the calibration based on virtual stereo pattern. First method use a premade volume template. Second method use a group of random spatial points that are formed by an infrared LED moved with the probe of CMM. Two methods adopt an ideal pin-hole model that ignores the nonlinear distortion of the cameras. Through compare two calibratioin methods, we can draw conclusion that the first method can be applide to stereo sensor calibration in measurement field and the second method could gain higher calibrating precision.
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Ona, Egil, Valerie Mazauric, and Lars Nonboe Andersen. "Calibration methods for two scientific multibeam systems." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 6 (May 8, 2009): 1326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp125.

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Abstract Ona, E., Mazauric, V., and Andersen, L. N. 2009. Calibration methods for two scientific multibeam systems. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1326–1334. The new Simrad scientific multibeam systems, the MS70 sonar and the ME70 echosounder, each transmit over many electronically formed beams with centre frequencies spanning from 70 to 120 kHz. Calibrations of these systems are therefore more complex than for conventional split-beam echosounder systems. Two large tungsten-carbide spheres (75 and 84 mm diameter) were designed and manufactured to facilitate accurate field calibrations over the entire operational bandwidth. These are heavy and therefore stable when suspended beneath a ship, and have target strengths much larger than those of biological targets potentially within the measurement volume. This paper presents procedures for calibrating each system in the field and the results from two such experiments. Detailed inspections of the results for individual beams indicate that minor adjustments in the described procedures might further improve the reported calibration accuracy.
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Jessen, W., S. Wilbert, B. Nouri, N. Geuder, and H. Fritz. "Calibration methods for rotating shadowband irradiometers and evaluation of calibration duration." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 10 (October 6, 2015): 10249–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-10249-2015.

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Abstract. Resource assessment for Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) needs accurate Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) measurements. An option for such measurement campaigns are Rotating Shadowband Irradiometers (RSIs) with a thorough calibration. Calibration of RSIs and Si-sensors in general is complex because of the inhomogeneous spectral response of such sensors and incorporates the use of several correction functions. A calibration for a given atmospheric condition and air mass might not work well for a different condition. This paper covers procedures and requirements for two calibration methods for the calibration of Rotating Shadowband Irradiometers. The necessary duration of acquisition of test measurements is examined in regard to the site specific conditions at Plataforma Solar de Almeria (PSA) in Spain. Data sets of several long-term calibration periods from PSA are used to evaluate the deviation of results from calibrations with varying duration from the long-term result. The findings show that seasonal changes of environmental conditions are causing small but noticeable fluctuation of calibration results. Certain periods (i.e. November to January and April to May) show a higher likelihood of particularly adverse calibration results. These effects can partially be compensated by increasing the inclusions of measurements from outside these periods. Consequently, the duration of calibrations at PSA can now be selected depending on the time of the year in which measurements are commenced.
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Silvestrov, I. S., V. F. Fateev, and R. A. Davlatov. "Methods of metrological support of space gravity gradiometers." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 1 (January 2020): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-1-5-10.

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An analysis is made of the known methods for calibrating and evaluating the parameters of implemented space gradiometers. There are 4 main stages: laboratory assessment of amendments, assessment of amendments during operation, assessment of amendments from independent data, calibration. A description of each step is provided. Two methods for calibrating space gradiometers are proposed: based on a complex of calibration sites and an onboard stand. The principles of building elements of a complex of calibration sites are investigated and their structure is formed. The analysis of the possibility of using the onboard mass on board the spacecraft for calibrating the space gradiometer is carried out. The main parameters of the onboard stand are highlighted. Scope: determination of metrological characteristics of space gravitational gradiometers.
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Jessen, Wilko, Stefan Wilbert, Bijan Nouri, Norbert Geuder, and Holger Fritz. "Calibration methods for rotating shadowband irradiometers and optimizing the calibration duration." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 4 (April 12, 2016): 1601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1601-2016.

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Abstract. Resource assessment for concentrated solar power (CSP) needs accurate direct normal irradiance (DNI) measurements. An option for such measurement campaigns is the use of thoroughly calibrated rotating shadowband irradiometers (RSIs). Calibration of RSIs and Si-sensors is complex because of the inhomogeneous spectral response of these sensors and incorporates the use of several correction functions. One calibration for a given atmospheric condition and air mass might not be suitable under different conditions. This paper covers procedures and requirements of two calibration methods for the calibration of rotating shadowband irradiometers. The necessary duration of acquisition of test measurements is examined with regard to the site-specific conditions at Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA) in Spain. Seven data sets of long-term test measurements were collected. For each data set, calibration results of varying durations were compared to its respective long-term result. Our findings show that seasonal changes of environmental conditions are causing small but noticeable fluctuation of calibration results. Calibration results within certain periods (i.e. November to January and April to May) show a higher likelihood of deviation. These effects can partially be attenuated by including more measurements from outside these periods. Consequently, the duration of calibrations at PSA can now be selected depending on the time of year in which measurements commence.
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Sun, Cong, Haibo Liu, Mengna Jia, and Shengyi Chen. "Review of Calibration Methods for Scheimpflug Camera." Journal of Sensors 2018 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3901431.

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The Scheimpflug camera offers a wide range of applications in the field of typical close-range photogrammetry, particle image velocity, and digital image correlation due to the fact that the depth-of-view of Scheimpflug camera can be greatly extended according to the Scheimpflug condition. Yet, the conventional calibration methods are not applicable in this case because the assumptions used by classical calibration methodologies are not valid anymore for cameras undergoing Scheimpflug condition. Therefore, various methods have been investigated to solve the problem over the last few years. However, no comprehensive review exists that provides an insight into recent calibration methods of Scheimpflug cameras. This paper presents a survey of recent calibration methods of Scheimpflug cameras with perspective lens, including the general nonparametric imaging model, and analyzes in detail the advantages and drawbacks of the mainstream calibration models with respect to each other. Real data experiments including calibrations, reconstructions, and measurements are performed to assess the performance of the models. The results reveal that the accuracies of the RMM, PLVM, PCIM, and GNIM are basically equal, while the accuracy of GNIM is slightly lower compared with the other three parametric models. Moreover, the experimental results reveal that the parameters of the tangential distortion are likely coupled with the tilt angle of the sensor in Scheimpflug calibration models. The work of this paper lays the foundation of further research of Scheimpflug cameras.
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Bhatt, Rajendra, David R. Doelling, Benjamin R. Scarino, Arun Gopalan, Conor O. Haney, Patrick Minnis, and Kristopher M. Bedka. "A Consistent AVHRR Visible Calibration Record Based on Multiple Methods Applicable for the NOAA Degrading Orbits. Part I: Methodology." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 11 (November 2016): 2499–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0044.1.

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AbstractThe 35-yr NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) observation record offers an excellent opportunity to study decadal climate variability, provided that all participating AVHRR instruments are calibrated on a consistent radiometric scale. Because of the lack of onboard calibration systems, the solar imaging channels of the AVHRR must be vicariously calibrated using invariant Earth targets as a calibrated reference source. The greatest challenge in calibrating the AVHRR dataset is the orbit degradation of the NOAA satellites, which eventually drift into a terminator orbit several years after launch. Therefore, the invariant targets must be characterized over the full range of solar zenith angles (SZAs) sampled by the satellite instrument.This study outlines a multiple invariant Earth target calibration approach specifically designed to account for the degrading NOAA orbits. The desert, polar ice, and deep convective cloud (DCC) invariant targets are characterized over all observed SZAs using NOAA-16 AVHRR measurements, which are referenced to the Aqua MODIS Collection 6 calibration via direct transfer of the MODIS calibration to the NOAA-16 AVHRR instrument using simultaneous nadir overpass (SNO) observations over the North Pole. The multiple invariant target calibrations are combined using the inverse of their temporal variance to optimize the resulting calibration stability. The NOAA-18 AVHRR gains derived using the desert, polar ice, and DCC targets, as well as from SNO, were found consistent within 1%, thereby validating that the Aqua MODIS calibration is effectively transferred to the reference calibration targets. The companion paper, Part II, applies the methodology across the AVHRR record to derive the sensor-specific calibration coefficients.
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Mlcek, Jiri, Lukas Dvorak, Kvetoslava Sustova, and Katarzyna Szwedziak. "Accuracy of the FT-NIR Method in Evaluating the Fat Content of Milk Using Calibration Models Developed for the Reference Methods According to Röse-Gottlieb and Gerber." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 99, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 1305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.16-0107.

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Abstract The study examined the effect of the choice of reference method on the functionality and reliability of calibrations in near-IR (NIR) spectroscopy intended for measuring the fat content in raw cow's milk. The fat content in the milk samples was evaluated using methods according to either Röse-Gottlieb or Gerber. The same samples were then subjected to analysis on an Antaris FT-NIR spectrometer. Using a partial least-squares algorithm, calibration models were created for both methods from the values measured. The calibration models show very good values of standard error of calibration: 0.133 for the Gerber method and 0.095 for the Röse-Gottlieb method. These calibrations were subsequently used to analyze 30 new samples of cow's milk of undefined fat content, and the differences in the values were evaluated using statistical paired t-test to a median value at a probability level of α = 0.05. No statistically significant differences were found. It was revealed that the reference method used for calibrating the device evaluating the fat content in raw cow's milk has no effect on the functionality and reliability of the calibration model.
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Taylor, Douglas C. A., Vivek Pawar, Denise Kruzikas, Kristen E. Gilmore, Ankur Pandya, Rowan Iskandar, and Milton C. Weinstein. "Methods of Model Calibration." PharmacoEconomics 28, no. 11 (November 2010): 995–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11538660-000000000-00000.

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Emery, Keith A., and Carl R. Osterwald. "Solar cell calibration methods." Solar Cells 27, no. 1-4 (October 1989): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6787(89)90054-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Calibration methods"

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Andersson, Greger. "Novel nonlinear multivariate calibration methods /." Stockholm : Tekniska högsk, 1998. http://www.lib.kth.se/abs98/ande0528.pdf.

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Weining, Wang. "Adaptive methods for risk calibration." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16585.

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Dieser Artikel enthält vier Kapitel. Das erste Kapitel ist berechtigt, '''' lokalen Quantil Regression"und seine Zusammenfassung: Quantil Regression ist eine Technik, bedingte Quantil Kurven zu schätzen. Es bietet ein umfassendes Bild über ein Antwort-Kontingent auf erklärenden Variablen. In einem Rahmen flexible Modellierung ist eine besondere Form der bedingten Quantil-Kurve nicht von vornherein festgelegt. Dies motiviert eine lokale parametrische anstatt einer globalen feste Modell passend Ansatz. Eine nichtparametrische Glättung Schätzung der bedingte Quantil Kurve erfordert, zwischen lokalen Krümmung und stochastische auszugleichen Variabilität. In den ersten Essay empfehlen wir eine lokale Modellauswahl Technik, die eine adaptive Schätzung der bedingte bietet Quantil-Regression-Kurve bei jedem Entwurf-Punkt. Theoretische Ergebnisse behaupten, dass das vorgeschlagene adaptive Verfahren als führt gut als Orakel die würde das Risiko der lokalen Abschätzung für die Aufgabenstellung minimieren. Wir veranschaulichen die Leistung der Trolle.
This article includes four chapters. The first chapter is entitled ``Local Quantile Regression", and its summary: Quantile regression is a technique to estimate conditional quantile curves. It provides a comprehensive picture of a response contingent on explanatory variables. In a flexible modeling framework, a specific form of the conditional quantile curve is not a priori fixed. This motivates a local parametric rather than a global fixed model fitting approach. A nonparametric smoothing estimate of the conditional quantile curve requires to balance between local curvature and stochastic variability. In the first essay, we suggest a local model selection technique that provides an adaptive estimate of the conditional quantile regression curve at each design point. Theoretical results claim that the proposed adaptive procedure performs as good as an oracle which would minimize the local estimation risk for the problem at hand. We illustrate the performance of the procedure by an extensive simulation study and consider a couple of applications: to tail dependence analysis for the Hong Kong stock market and to analysis of the distributions of the risk factors of temperature dynamics.
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Kim, Seon Joo Pollefeys Marc. "Radiometric calibration methods from image sequences." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2019.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Feb. 17, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Computer Science." Discipline: Computer Science; Department/School: Computer Science.
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Esquivel, Sandro [Verfasser]. "Eye-to-Eye Calibration - Extrinsic Calibration of Multi-Camera Systems Using Hand-Eye Calibration Methods / Sandro Esquivel." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1073150615/34.

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Wiegand, Michael J. "Comparison of unconstrained and constrained calibration methods." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26935.

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Approved for public release: Distribution is unlimited
The idea of using a passive end point motion constraint to calibrate robot manipulators is of particular interest because no measurement equipment is required. The accuracy attained using this method is compared to the accuracy attained by an unconstrained calibration using computer simulated measurements. A kinematic model is established for each configuration using the Denavit- Hartenberg methodology. The kinematic equations are formulated and are used in the computer simulated calibration to determine the actual kinematic parameters of the manipulator. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of measurement noise and the number of experimental observations on the accuracy of parameter identification. Robot calibration
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Ward, Matthew. "Automatic-calibration methods for internal combustion engines." Thesis, University of Bath, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418598.

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Uudelepp, Oscar. "Positional calibration methods for linear pipetting robot." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för elektroteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-414666.

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This thesis aims to investigate and develop two positional calibration methods that can be applied to a linear pipetting robot. The goal of the calibration is to detect displacements that have been made to objects that are located in the the robot’s reference system and try to estimate their new position. One of the methods utilizes the pressure system that is mounted on the robot’s arm. The pressure system was able to detect surfaces by blowing air through a pipette against desired surfaces. Positional information of targeted objects are acquired by using the surface detection feature against an extruded square landmark that acts as a reference for estimating displacements.  The other method uses a barcode scanning camera by using its images to detect and retrieve positional information on Aruco markers. Estimation of the targeted object is done by tracking the movement of the Arucos position and orientation. Tests were made in order to analyse the performance of both methods and to verify that the requirement of 0.1 mm accuracy and precision could be obtained. The tests were limited to analysing the methods performance on stationary targets to guarantee that the methods did not detect incorrect displacements. It was found that the camera method could fulfill the requirement when it came to estimating XY-coordinates  by using multiple images and placing the Aruco marker within a reasonable distance to the targeted object. However, the camera method was not accurate when it came to estimating the Z-coordinates of objects. As for the pressure method, it was able to fulfill the requirement when it came to estimating Z-coordinates, but its ability to estimate the XY-coordinates of an object was not sufficient. A recommendation would be combine both methods so that they can compensate each other by using the camera method for estimating the XY-coordinates and the pressure method for estimating the Z-coordinates.
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Ostrowski, Kamil. "Optimal dynamic calibration methods for powertrain controllers." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2014401/.

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Emission legislation for passenger cars has become more stringent and the increasing demand for reduced fuel consumption has resulted in the introduction of complex new engine and after-treatment technologies involving significantly more control parameters. Vehicle manufacturers employ a time consuming engine parameter calibration process to optimise vehicle performance through the development of engine management system control maps. The traditional static calibration methods require an exponential increase in calibration time with additional calibration parameters and control objectives. To address this issue, this thesis develops and investigates a novel Inverse Optimal Behaviour Based Dynamic Calibration methodology and its application to diesel engines. This multi-stage methodology is based on dynamic black-box modelling and dynamic system optimisation. Firstly the engine behaviour is characterized by black-box models, based on data obtained in a rapid data collection process, for accurate dynamic representation of a subject engine. Then constrained dynamic optimisation is employed to find the optimal input-output behaviour. Finally the optimal input-output behaviour is used to identify feedforward dynamic controllers. The current study applies the methodology to an industrial state-of-the-art WAVERT model of a 1.5 litre Turbo EU6.1 Diesel engine acting as a virtual engine. The approach directly yields a feedforward controller in a nonlinear polynomial structure which can either be directly implemented in the engine-management system or converted to a dynamic or static look-up table format. The results indicate that the methodology is superior to the conventional static calibration approach in both computing efficiency and control performance. A low-cost Transient Testing Platform is presented in this work to carry out transient data collection experiments on a steady-state dynamometer with application to non-linear engine and emissions modelling using State Space Neural Networks. This modelling technique is shown to be superior to the polynomial models and achieves similar performance to non-linear autoregressive with exogenous input neural (NARMAX) network models. Numerical Dynamic Programming is investigated in a simplified engine calibration problem for a virtual engine to potentially improve the dynamic calibration optimisation stage. In a second study the novel dynamic calibration methodology is applied to the airpath control of a 3.0L Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) turbocharged Diesel engine utilizing a direct optimisation approach and State Space Neural Network models. A complete experimental application of the methodology is demonstrated in a vehicle where the vehicle-implemented calibration is obtained in a one-shot process solely from data obtained from the fast dynamic dynamometer testing. The results obtained demonstrate the potential of this methodology for the rapid development of efficient dynamic feedforward controllers based on limited data from the engine test bed.
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Rodríguez, Cuesta Mª José. "Limit of detection for second-order calibration methods." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9013.

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Analytical chemistry can be split into two main types, qualitative and quantitative. Most modern analytical chemistry is quantitative. Popular sensitivity to health issues is aroused by the mountains of government regulations that use science to, for instance, provide public health information to prevent disease caused by harmful exposure to toxic substances. The concept of the minimum amount of an analyte or compound that can be detected or analysed appears in many of these regulations (for example, to discard the presence of traces of toxic substances in foodstuffs) generally as a part of method validation aimed at reliably evaluating the validity of the measurements.

The lowest quantity of a substance that can be distinguished from the absence of that substance (a blank value) is called the detection limit or limit of detection (LOD). Traditionally, in the context of simple measurements where the instrumental signal only depends on the amount of analyte, a multiple of the blank value is taken to calculate the LOD (traditionally, the blank value plus three times the standard deviation of the measurement). However, the increasing complexity of the data that analytical instruments can provide for incoming samples leads to situations in which the LOD cannot be calculated as reliably as before.

Measurements, instruments and mathematical models can be classified according to the type of data they use. Tensorial theory provides a unified language that is useful for describing the chemical measurements, analytical instruments and calibration methods. Instruments that generate two-dimensional arrays of data are second-order instruments. A typical example is a spectrofluorometer, which provides a set of emission spectra obtained at different excitation wavelengths.

The calibration methods used with each type of data have different features and complexity. In this thesis, the most commonly used calibration methods are reviewed, from zero-order (or univariate) to second-order (or multi-linears) calibration models. Second-order calibration models are treated in details since they have been applied in the thesis.

Concretely, the following methods are described:
- PARAFAC (Parallel Factor Analysis)
- ITTFA (Iterative Target Transformation Analysis)
- MCR-ALS (Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares)
- N-PLS (Multi-linear Partial Least Squares)

Analytical methods should be validated. The validation process typically starts by defining the scope of the analytical procedure, which includes the matrix, target analyte(s), analytical technique and intended purpose. The next step is to identify the performance characteristics that must be validated, which may depend on the purpose of the procedure, and the experiments for determining them. Finally, validation results should be documented, reviewed and maintained (if not, the procedure should be revalidated) as long as the procedure is applied in routine work.

The figures of merit of a chemical analytical process are 'those quantifiable terms which may indicate the extent of quality of the process. They include those terms that are closely related to the method and to the analyte (sensitivity, selectivity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, ...) and those which are concerned with the final results (traceability, uncertainty and representativity) (Inczédy et al., 1998). The aim of this thesis is to develop theoretical and practical strategies for calculating the limit of detection for complex analytical situations. Specifically, I focus on second-order calibration methods, i.e. when a matrix of data is available for each sample.

The methods most often used for making detection decisions are based on statistical hypothesis testing and involve a choice between two hypotheses about the sample. The first hypothesis is the "null hypothesis": the sample is analyte-free. The second hypothesis is the "alternative hypothesis": the sample is not analyte-free. In the hypothesis test there are two possible types of decision errors. An error of the first type occurs when the signal for an analyte-free sample exceeds the critical value, leading one to conclude incorrectly that the sample contains a positive amount of the analyte. This type of error is sometimes called a "false positive". An error of the second type occurs if one concludes that a sample does not contain the analyte when it actually does and it is known as a "false negative". In zero-order calibration, this hypothesis test is applied to the confidence intervals of the calibration model to estimate the LOD as proposed by Hubaux and Vos (A. Hubaux, G. Vos, Anal. Chem. 42: 849-855, 1970).

One strategy for estimating multivariate limits of detection is to transform the multivariate model into a univariate one. This strategy has been applied in this thesis in three practical applications:
1. LOD for PARAFAC (Parallel Factor Analysis).
2. LOD for ITTFA (Iterative Target Transformation Factor Analysis).
3. LOD for MCR-ALS (Multivariate Curve Resolution - Alternating Least Squares)

In addition, the thesis includes a theoretical contribution with the proposal of a sample-dependent LOD in the context of multivariate (PLS) and multi-linear (N-PLS) Partial Least Squares.
La Química Analítica es pot dividir en dos tipus d'anàlisis, l'anàlisi quantitativa i l'anàlisi qualitativa. La gran part de la química analítica moderna és quantitativa i fins i tot els govern fan ús d'aquesta ciència per establir regulacions que controlen, per exemple, nivells d'exposició a substàncies tòxiques que poden afectar la salut pública. El concepte de mínima quantitat d'un analit o component que es pot detectar apareix en moltes d'aquestes regulacions, en general com una part de la validació dels mètodes per tal de garantir la qualitat i la validesa dels resultats.

La mínima quantitat d'una substància que pot ser diferenciada de l'absència d'aquesta substància (el que es coneix com un blanc) s'anomena límit de detecció (limit of detection, LOD). En procediments on es treballa amb mesures analítiques que són degudes només a la quantitat d'analit present a la mostra (situació d'ordre zero) el LOD es pot calcular com un múltiple de la mesura del blanc (tradicionalment, 3 vegades la desviació d'aquesta mesura). Tanmateix, l'evolució dels instruments analítics i la complexitat creixent de les dades que generen, porta a situacions en les que el LOD no es pot calcular fiablement d'una forma tan senzilla. Les mesures, els instruments i els models de calibratge es poden classificar en funció del tipus de dades que utilitzen. La Teoria Tensorial s'ha utilitzat en aquesta tesi per fer aquesta classificació amb un llenguatge útil i unificat. Els instruments que generen dades en dues dimensions s'anomenen instruments de segon ordre i un exemple típic és l'espectrofluorímetre d'excitació-emissió, que proporciona un conjunt d'espectres d'emissió obtinguts a diferents longituds d'ona d'excitació.

Els mètodes de calibratge emprats amb cada tipus de dades tenen diferents característiques i complexitat. En aquesta tesi, es fa una revisió dels models de calibratge més habituals d'ordre zero (univariants), de primer ordre (multivariants) i de segon ordre (multilinears). Els mètodes de segon ordre estan tractats amb més detall donat que són els que s'han emprat en les aplicacions pràctiques portades a terme.

Concretament es descriuen:

- PARAFAC (Parallel Factor Analysis)
- ITTFA (Iterative Target Transformation Analysis)
- MCR-ALS (Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares)
- N-PLS (Multi-linear Partial Least Squares)

Com s'ha avançat al principi, els mètodes analítics s'han de validar. El procés de validació inclou la definició dels límits d'aplicació del procediment analític (des del tipus de mostres o matrius fins l'analit o components d'interès, la tècnica analítica i l'objectiu del procediment). La següent etapa consisteix en identificar i estimar els paràmetres de qualitat (figures of merit, FOM) que s'han de validar per, finalment, documentar els resultats de la validació i mantenir-los mentre sigui aplicable el procediment descrit.

Algunes FOM dels processos químics de mesura són: sensibilitat, selectivitat, límit de detecció, exactitud, precisió, etc. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és desenvolupar estratègies teòriques i pràctiques per calcular el límit de detecció per problemes analítics complexos. Concretament, està centrat en els mètodes de calibratge que treballen amb dades de segon ordre.

Els mètodes més emprats per definir criteris de detecció estan basats en proves d'hipòtesis i impliquen una elecció entre dues hipòtesis sobre la mostra. La primera hipòtesi és la hipòtesi nul·la: a la mostra no hi ha analit. La segona hipòtesis és la hipòtesis alternativa: a la mostra hi ha analit. En aquest context, hi ha dos tipus d'errors en la decisió. L'error de primer tipus té lloc quan es determina que la mostra conté analit quan no en té i la probabilitat de cometre l'error de primer tipus s'anomena fals positiu. L'error de segon tipus té lloc quan es determina que la mostra no conté analit quan en realitat si en conté i la probabilitat d'aquest error s'anomena fals negatiu. En calibratges d'ordre zero, aquesta prova d'hipòtesi s'aplica als intervals de confiança de la recta de calibratge per calcular el LOD mitjançant les fórmules d'Hubaux i Vos (A. Hubaux, G. Vos, Anal. Chem. 42: 849-855, 1970)

Una estratègia per a calcular límits de detecció quan es treballa amb dades de segon ordre es transformar el model multivariant en un model univariant. Aquesta estratègia s'ha fet servir en la tesi en tres aplicacions diferents::
1. LOD per PARAFAC (Parallel Factor Analysis).
2. LOD per ITTFA (Iterative Target Transformation Factor Analysis).
3. LOD per MCR-ALS (Multivariate Curve Resolution - Alternating Least Squares)

A més, la tesi inclou una contribució teòrica amb la proposta d'un LOD que és específic per cada mostra, en el context del mètode multivariant PLS i del multilinear N-PLS.
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Charbachi, Peter, and Filippo Ferrario. "Methods for Automatic Hydraulics Calibration in Construction Equipment." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Inbyggda system, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-40341.

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In this thesis we investigate the problem of automatic calibration and control of hydraulic components in the domain of construction equipment. Methods that are able to remove a costly manual approach in favour of an automatic one are investigated and evaluated. The thesis aims to investigate what methods are available in achieving this goal as well as evaluate the performance and applicability of such methods in the domain of construction equipment. The literature indicates that a great focus is put on learning a model of the plant at run time in order to provide accurate control. Common approaches to the problem are the Recursive Least Square method and PID controllers for non-linear systems, but other methods are also present, such as the Nodal Link Perceptron Network (NLPN). The methods chosen to be compared are the existing method of manually calibrating two set points for start and end current and interpolating between them; the use of a PI controller with a static line inverse model; a PI controller with a static curve inverse model; a PI controller with an NLPN adaptive inverse model and lastly, a completely NLPN based control strategy. The methods were implemented in Matlab Simulink and evaluated in simulations based on data collected from real wheel loaders in the construction equipment domain, produced by Volvo CE. The simulations are performed on data from three machines and were evaluated twice for the adaptive methods in order to evaluate how well the methods improved. The results were then evaluated in terms of average absolute error, as well as a discussion of the behaviour shown in the plots. The evaluations indicate that the most effective method for control is the PI controller using a static line inverse model. The method produces the smallest average error of both actions evaluated, lifting and lowering of the boom, while the complete NLPN solution provide the worst results.
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Books on the topic "Calibration methods"

1

Wiegand, Michael J. Comparison of unconstrained and constrained calibration methods. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1991.

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Tormod, Næs, ed. Multivariate calibration. Chichester [England]: Wiley, 1989.

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Tormod, Naes, ed. Multivariate calibration. Chichester: Wiley, 1991.

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Hackl, Christoph. Calibration and Parameterization Methods for the Libor Market Model. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04688-0.

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Palmiter, Larry S. SUNDAY calibration: Informal progress report. Seattle, WA: Ecotope, 1998.

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Beverage, Joseph P. Comparison of flume and towing methods for verifying the calibration of a suspended-sediment sampler. Minneapolis, Minn: [U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.

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Beverage, Joseph P. Comparison of flume and towing methods for verifying the calibration of a suspended-sediment sampler. Minneapolis, Minn: [U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.

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Beverage, Joseph P. Comparison of flume and towing methods for verifying the calibration of a suspended-sediment sampler. Minneapolis, Minn: [U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.

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Ban, Jae-Chun. Data sparseness and online pretest item calibration/scaling methods in CAT. Iowa City, Iowa: ACT, Inc., 2002.

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Millard, Robert C. CTD calibration and processing methods used at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Woods Hole, Mass: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Calibration methods"

1

Duffy, Frank H., Vasudeva G. Iyer, and Walter W. Surwillo. "Calibration and Calibration Methods." In Clinical Electroencephalography and Topographic Brain Mapping, 42–45. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8826-5_6.

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Walker, R. Craig. "Calibration Methods." In Very Long Baseline Interferometry, 141–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2428-4_8.

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Crépey, Stéphane. "Calibration Methods." In Springer Finance, 243–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37113-4_9.

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Xu, Jie. "Model Calibration." In Simulation Foundations, Methods and Applications, 27–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64182-9_3.

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Schlösser, Magnus. "Comparison of Calibration Methods." In Accurate Calibration of Raman Systems, 171–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06221-1_7.

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Ke, Xizheng, and Pengfei Wu. "Adaptive Optics Calibration Methods." In Optical Wireless Communication Theory and Technology, 117–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7901-8_4.

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Warnock, Rachel. "Molecular Clock Calibration." In Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, 1–11. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6326-5_80-1.

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Climent, Miguel-Ángel, Sture Lindmark, and Lars-Olof Nilsson. "Calibration Techniques." In Methods of Measuring Moisture in Building Materials and Structures, 27–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74231-1_4.

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Sun, Ne-Zheng, and Alexander Sun. "Statistical Methods for Parameter Estimation." In Model Calibration and Parameter Estimation, 107–39. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2323-6_4.

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Gardiner, Brian G. "Spectroradiometer Calibration Methods and Techniques." In Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, 119–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03375-3_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Calibration methods"

1

Helder, Dennis L. "Comparison of MSS relative radiometric calibration methods." In Recent Advances in Sensors, Radiometric Calibration, and Processing of Remotely Sensed Data. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.161570.

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Skilling, John. "Calibration and Interpolation." In Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods In Science and Engineering. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2423290.

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Rolfes, Ilona. "Microwave Free Space Calibration Methods." In 2004 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cpem.2004.305446.

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Wang, Long, and Yufeng Xu. "Calibration Methods of Chlorine Analyzer." In 5th International Conference on Advanced Design and Manufacturing Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icadme-15.2015.295.

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Masory, Oren, and Arturo L. Aguirre. "Sensor calibration methods: performance study." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Steven K. Rogers, Eustace L. Dereniak, P. McGeehin, Donald B. Carlin, David B. Kay, and Robert E. Sampson. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.21200.

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Currie, M. "Calibration of SIL determination methods." In IET Seminar on SIL Determination: Principles and Practical Experience. IEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20070811.

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Currie, M. "Calibration of SIL determination methods." In IEE Seminar on SIL Determination: Principles and Practical Experience. IEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20060531.

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Kliment, P., M. Šmíd, and G. Porrovecchio. "UNFILTERED TRAP-BASED PHOTOMETER CALIBRATION." In CIE 2021 Conference. International Commission on Illumination, CIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25039/x48.2021.po19.

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LED-based light sources have replaced massively traditional sources. The metrology traceability chains realised in leading European NMIs utilise the absolutely calibrated broadband radiometers (three-element silicon trap detectors) for calibrating primary photometers. Specific spectral properties of white LED allow to apply the trap detectors directly as new primary photometers. The unfiltered technique (Dӧnsberg at al., 2014) is used and the calibration of spectral irradiance responsivity is needed. We have a long experience in detector-based spectral irradiance responsivity calibrations declared by particular CMC’s published in BIPM KCDB. The aim of this work was to revise the uncertainty budget in order to reduce the measurement uncertainties for specific application of calibration of the trap-based unfiltered primary photometers UPP. The two calibration methods were used to analyse the occasional back-reflection effect of the UPP front aperture. The measurement was performed using our reference spectral responsivity facility in spectral range 350 nm – 900 nm.
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Franken, Arnoud R. C., and Paul C. Ivey. "Accelerating the Calibration of Multi-Hole Pressure Probes by Applying Advanced Computational Methods." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53434.

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The miniature multi-hole pneumatic pressure probe is widely regarded as a cost-effective, easy-to-use and accurate method for performing two- or three-dimensional flow field measurements in turbomachinery. The major downside to the use of these probes is that the influence of fabrication imperfections on probe characteristics necessitates an extensive and highly time-intensive and, therefore, costly calibration of each individual probe. Unless these probes can be fabricated to such standards that make individual probe calibrations superfluous, the only way to significantly reduce the time and costs associated with probe calibration is to shorten the calibration process. The latter is only possible if all essential information can be obtained from less calibration data. This paper describes a novel approach to the calibration of a series of multi-hole pressure probes in which advanced computational methods are used to make this possible. By exploiting the key features of a probe’s characteristic this approach requires only a fraction of the size of a conventional calibration database for the accurate modeling of the relationships between port pressures and flow conditions. As a result, calibration time and costs can be reduced without the sacrifice of quality.
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Hagan, Denise, Degui Gu, and Xia-Lin Ma. "Spectral Calibration of the CrIS Instrument On-Orbit." In Adaptive Optics: Methods, Analysis and Applications. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/aopt.2011.jwa22.

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Reports on the topic "Calibration methods"

1

Wright, Nathan L., Joseph A. Pellettiere, and Chris B. Albery. Birdstrike Fragment Capture Calibration Methods. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada437250.

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Wei-Yin, Loh. Bootstrap Calibration, Model Selection and Tree-Structured Methods. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada344443.

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Delker, Collin. Evaluation of Guardbanding Methods for Calibration and Product Acceptance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1855029.

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Van Buskirk, Caleb Griffith. Comparing Single-Point and Multi-point Calibration Methods in Modulated DSC. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1364559.

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Padalino, S. [Calibration methods for neutron diagnostics at Omega]. DOE/NLUF final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/656756.

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Wemhoff, A., A. Burnham, B. de Supinski, J. Sexton, and J. Gunnels. Methods for Calibration of Prout-Tompkins Kinetics Parameters Using EZM Iteration and GLO. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/898464.

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Diwan, Milind V. Statistics of the Charge Spectrum of Photo-Multipliers and Methods for Absolute Calibration. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1592161.

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Diwan, Milind. Statistics of the Charge Spectrum of Photo-Multipliers and Methods for Absolute Calibration. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1561237.

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Myers, S. C. Methods of travel-time residual declustering for the knowledge base calibration and integration tool (KBCIT). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15006177.

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Emery, K. A., D. Waddington, S. Rummel, D. R. Myers, T. L. Stoffel, and C. R. Osterwald. SERI results from the PEP 1987 Summit Round Robin and a comparison of photovoltaic calibration methods. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6265570.

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