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1

FRANCISCATTO, PRISCILA C. "Caracterizacao das qualidades de radiacao X segundo as recomendacoes da norma IEC 61267 no Laboratorio de Calibracao do IPEN." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9454.

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Deutsch, Erik R. (Erik Robertson) 1974. "Development of calibration standards for accurate measurement of geometry in microelectromechanical systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9945.

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Varghai, Kaveh Varghai. "The Production of Hydroxyapatite Standards, Used for Post CBCT Scan Hounsfield Unit Calibration." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1505842174493682.

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MOREIRA, EDSON G. "Preparo e caracterizacao de um material de referencia de mexiliao Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758)." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2010. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9529.

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BRANCACCIO, FRANCO. "Automatizacao de um sistema de medidas de correntes produzidas por camaras de ionizacao e aplicacao na calibracao do sup(18) F e sup(153) Sm." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2002. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11028.

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GALVAO, ANTONIO de S. "Desenvolvimento de amostras padrão de referência para difratometria." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10005.

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SILVA, ERIC A. B. da. "Caracterização e aplicação de duas câmaras de extrapolação em feixes padronizados de radiação X." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9974.

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8

Hudelot, Jean-Pascal. "Développement, amélioration et calibration des mesures de taux de réaction neutroniques : élaboration d'une base de techniques standards." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10076.

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Dans le cadre de l'amelioration et de la validation des formulaires de calcul neutronique, la mise au point de mesures integrales des grandeurs neutroniques est indispensable. Cette these consiste en la conception, l'amelioration et le developpement de mesures de taux de reaction neutroniques dans le but d'etablir une base de techniques standards. Deux axes de recherche sont abordes. Le premier concerne les mesures directes par chambres a fission. Il comporte une breve presentation des techniques de mesure employees puis une mise en oeuvre de ces dernieres a travers l'exemple de la mesure de temps de doublement sur le reacteur eole dans la configuration mistral 1. Puis l'on developpe deux types de dispositifs de calibration des chambres a fission : une colonne thermique placee au centre du reacteur minerve, et une cellule d'etalonnage basee sur l'utilisation en mode pulse d'un generateur de neutrons a haut flux avec discrimination de l'energie des neutrons par temps de vol. Le second dispositif permettra d'atteindre dans un futur proche une precision de 1% sur la masse des chambres a fission. Enfin, la necessite de ces etalonnages est illustree par des mesures d'indices de spectre dans les programmes mistral 1 (cur uo#2) et mistral 2 (cur mox) realises sur le reacteur eole. Chaque etude comprend la qualification des schemas de calcul realises avec le code mcnp (monte carlo n-particle). Le second axe aborde concerne le developpement d'une methode de mesure du taux de conversion modifie de l'#2#3#8u (rapport du taux de capture de l'#2#3#8u au taux de fission total) par spectrometrie gamma directement sur crayon combustible irradie. Dans le cadre des programmes mistral 1 et mistral 2, il comprend la description du banc de mesure, des resultats d'experience et d'etalonnage du spectrometre, ainsi que la qualification des calculs mcnp d'autoprotection neutronique et d'autoabsorption gamma. Il montre que des incertitudes de mesure meilleures que 1% sont atteintes. Il comporte egalement l'extension de cette technique a des mesures futures (interessantes dans le cadre de l'etude des systemes hybrides et de l'incineration des actinides mineurs) de taux de conversion modifies du #2#4#2pu (sur crayon mox) et du #2#3#2th (sur crayon thorium). Les simulations mcnp relatives a ces derniers points sont detaillees.
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SIQUEIRA, PATRICIA M. de. "Implantação do novo protocolo de dosimetria da AIEA no LCI/IPEN/CNEN." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2006. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11454.

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COSTA, ALESSANDRO M. da. "Metodos de calibracao e de intercomparacao de calibradores de dose utilizados em servicos de medicina nuclear." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1999. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10713.

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PEREIRA, MARISA F. F. "Redes de metrologia: um estudo de caso da rede de defesa e segurança do SIBRATEC." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26386.

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SANTANA, LUCIANA VIEIRA de. "Preparo, caracterização e uso de um material de referência para ensaios de proficiência para determinação de metais em tecido de peixe in natura." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10535.

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Chen, Yong. "New Calibration Approaches in Solid Phase Microextraction for On-Site Analysis." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/1285.

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Calibration methods for quantitative on-site sampling using solid phase microextraction (SPME) were developed based on diffusion mass transfer theory. This was investigated using adsorptive polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) and Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) SPME fiber coatings with volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene) as test analytes. Parameters that affected the extraction process (sampling time, analyte concentration, water velocity, and temperature) were investigated. Very short sampling times (10-300 s) and sorbents with a strong affinity and large capacity were used to ensure a 'zero sink' effect calibrate process. It was found that mass uptake of analyte changed linearly with concentration. Increase of water velocity increased mass uptake, though the increase is not linear. Temperature did not affect mass uptake significantly under typical field sampling conditions. To further describe rapid SPME analysis of aqueous samples, a new model translated from heat transfer to a circular cylinder in cross flow was used. An empirical correlation to this model was used to predict the mass transfer coefficient. Findings indicated that the predicted mass uptake compared well with experimental mass uptake. The new model also predicted rapid air sampling accurately. To further integrate the sampling and analysis processes, especially for on-site or <i>in-vivo</i> investigations where the composition of the sample matrix is very complicated and/or agitation of the sample matrix is variable or unknown, a new approach for calibration was developed. This involved the loading internal standards onto the extraction fiber prior to the extraction step. During sampling, the standard partially desorbs into the sample matrix and the rate at which this process occurs, was for calibration. The kinetics of the absorption/desorption was investigated, and the isotropy of the two processes was demonstrated, thus validating this approach for calibration. A modified SPME device was used as a passive sampler to determine the time-weighted average (TWA) concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air. The sampler collects the VOCs by the mechanism of molecular diffusion and sorption on to a coated fiber as collection medium. This process was shown to be described by Fick's first law of diffusion, whereby the amount of analyte accumulated over time enable measurement of the TWA concentration to which the sampler was exposed. TWA passive sampling with a SPME device was shown to be almost independent of face velocity, and to be more tolerant of high and low analyte concentrations and long and short sampling times, because of the ease with which the diffusional path length could be changed. Environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and ozone) had little or no effect on sampling rate. When the SPME device was tested in the field and the results compared with those from National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH) method 1501 good agreement was obtained. To facilitate the use of SPME for field sampling, a new field sampler was designed and tested. The sampler was versatile and user-friendly. The SPME fiber can be positioned precisely inside the needle for TWA sampling, or exposed completely outside the needle for rapid sampling. The needle is protected within a shield at all times hereby eliminating the risk of operator injury and fiber damage. A replaceable Teflon cap is used to seal the needle to preserve sample integrity. Factors that affect the preservation of sample integrity (sorbent efficiency, temperature, and sealing materials) were studied. The use of a highly efficient sorbent is recommended as the first choice for the preservation of sample integrity. Teflon was a good material for sealing the fiber needle, had little memory effect, and could be used repeatedly. To address adsorption of high boiling point compounds on fiber needles, several kinds of deactivated needles were evaluated. RSC-2 blue fiber needles were the more effective. A preliminary field sampling investigation demonstrated the validity of the new SPME device for field applications.
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QUEIROZ, CARLOS A. da S. "Terras raras: obtenção de padrões espectroquímicos, estudo dos carbonatos e síntese dos peroxicarbonatos - uma nova série de compostos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1996. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11631.

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ULRICH, JOAO C. "Preparação e caracterização de um material de referência de peixe." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10020.

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GUERRA, ALINE B. "Estabelecimento e controle de qualidade de feixes padroes de radiacao X para calibracao de instrumentos, nivel mamografia." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2001. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10849.

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OLIVEIRA, MERCIA L. "Desenvolvimento de um sistema de referencia e de uma metodologia para calibracao de aplicadores oftalmicos utilizados em braquiterapia." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2005. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11248.

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MOREIRA, EDSON G. "Aplicacao da analise por ativacao com neutrons ao estudo da composicao quimica de materiais metalicos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2002. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11037.

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BARROS, GUSTAVO A. S. J. "Projeto de um laboratorio integrado de calibracao de instrumentos no IPEN." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9372.

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ANTONIO, PATRICIA de L. "Estudo comparativo entre metodos de calibracao de aplicadores clinicos de radiacao beta." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9444.

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PETRONI, ROBSON. "Validação dos métodos de análise por ativação do Laboratório de Análise por Ativação Neutrônica do IPEN - CNEN/SP visando à produção de materiais de referência certificados." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2015. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/23829.

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Pettersson, Johan. "New concepts and techniques for quantification and trace analysis by gas chromatography." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kemi, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-44.

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In the first part of this thesis, strategies for avoiding systematic errors when quantifying the main components in mixtures of solvents has been developed (paper I). It is shown that variations in density caused by variations in sample composition and/or volume contraction need to be taken into account. In this way, quantification can be improved. The second part (paper II-V) describes a number of new methods for the analysis of organic trace components present in gaseous or aqueous samples, after an overview of the most commonly applied sample enrichment techniques has been given. For the enrichment of volatile trace compounds from gaseous samples, the concept of open tubular trapping has been further developed. A simplified procedure for preparing ultra-thick film, sorptive open tubular traps (OTTs) is described (paper III). The traps are coated with an irregular film of PDMS, and it is shown that the performance in terms of breakthrough volume is only marginally affected by the use of such traps. In paper IV, it is shown both experimentally and with a theoretical model that the enrichment capacity of OTTs can be significantly increased by increasing the inner diameter of the traps. A fully automated procedure for high-capacity sorption enrichment of trace organic analytes present in water is also reported (paper II). Time-based non-equilibrium extractions are feasible, enabling fast extractions that still allow sub-ppt limits of detection. The high flexibility of the automated system makes it possible to sample from process streams or off-line sources. Finally, the development of a new 2-dimensional precolumn-backflush method for the analysis of polar volatile trace analytes in water is described (paper V). This concept is based on the action of a hygroscopic salt which has a strong affinity for water, in a precolumn. Organic trace compounds, such as volatile alcohols or ketones show little retention on the precolumn and are eluted ahead of the bulk amount of the water onto a capillary column for subsequent high resolution separation. The residual water is removed from the system by backflushing the precolumn. The procedure allows the direct injection of aqueous sample volumes of at least 100 µl, and the pre-fractionation is accomplished within only a few minutes. Quantification limits for selected polar trace components were in the low ppb-region.
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MORCELLI, CLAUDIA P. R. "Determinacao de iridio em baixas concentracoes(sub ng gsup-1) em materiais geologicos por ativacao neutronica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1999. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10741.

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ANTONIO, PATRICIA de L. "Estabelecimento de padronização primária e de métodos relativos com o uso de técnicas luminescentes em dosimetria da radiação beta." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10621.

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VALLINOTO, PRISCILA. "Determinação de elementos essenciais e tóxicos em alimentos comerciais infantis por análise por ativação com neutrôns e espectrometria de absorção atômica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10505.

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SANTOS, CECILIA M. "A Influencia do padrao de calibracao e da composicao do residuo de amostras de agua na eficiencia de um contador proporcional para contagem alfa e beta total. Aplicacao no controle radiologico do IPEN-CNEN/SP." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2003. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11085.

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Arafat, Ousman Bechir. "Conception et réalisation des standards de calibrage pour des dispositifs 3-ports à 120°." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSES039/document.

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La caractérisation des composants hyperfréquences après leur fabrication, est généralement réalisée par la mesure de paramètres S à l’aide d’un analyseur vectoriel de réseau (VNA). La précision de mesure dépend étroitement de la qualité du calibrage de l’analyseur vectoriel, qui permet de corriger les erreurs inhérentes au système de mesure. Des composants particuliers, dits étalons ou standards, dont les paramètres sont complètement ou partiellement connus, sont mesurés lors de la procédure de calibrage afin de déterminer les erreurs systématiques du système. La réalisation d’un circulateur coplanaire (les trois ports sont à 120 degrés les uns des autres) travaillant autour de 40 GHz est l’un des axes de recherche du laboratoire depuis plusieurs années et la caractérisation des prototypes a toujours été un souci important. Le calibrage est réalisé avec un kit commercial, avec les pointes positionnées en face à face. La mesure des dispositifs CPW à accès orthogonaux ou obliques après un calibrage avec un ensemble de standards conventionnels (droits) peut engendrer des erreurs supplémentaires. L’objectif de notre travail est donc de concevoir un ensemble de standards à accès inclinés à 120 degrés permettant de calibrer l’analyseur vectoriel « 2-ports » en positionnant directement les pointes à 120 degrés. La méthode de calibrage TRL (THRU – REFLECT - LINE) a été choisie. Le travail à accomplir se résume comme suit : - faire une étude de simulation du nouveau kit de calibrage à concevoir ; - mettre en évidence l’effet des accès coudés sur les lignes de transmission des standards ; - proposer une méthode de calcul qui tient compte de ces effets lors de la procédure de calibrage ; - mesurer quelques échantillons réalisés afin de vérifier la validité de la procédure de calibrage proposée. Les résultats obtenus au cours de ce travail ont pu être validés expérimentalement et offrent de nouvelles perspectives pour la mesure des composants planaires à accès non conventionnels<br>Microwave components characterization after the fabrication steps is usually performed by measuring S parameters using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The measurement accuracy is highly dependent on the quality of the VNA calibration, which corrects the inherent errors in the measurement system. Specific components, called standards and whose parameters are completely or partially known, are measured during the calibration procedure to determine systematic errors of the system. Fabricating a coplanar circulator (the three ports are at 120 degrees position) functioning around 40 GHz is one of the laboratory’s research areas for several years and characterization of prototypes has always been a major concern. Usually, the calibration is made with a commercial kit ; probes are in face-to-face position. Measurements of CPW devices with orthogonal or bended accesses (120 degrees in our case) after VNA calibration with conventional (straight) set of standards may generate additional errors. The aim of our work is to design a set of standards with 120_ bended accesses allowing the calibration of the “2-ports” network analyzer. Therefore, probes are directly set at 120_ position. TRL (THRU - REFLECT -LINE) calibration procedure is chosen for the standards design. The work to be done is as follows : - to make a simulation study of the new calibration kit to design ; - to determine the bended accesses effects on the standards transmission lines ; - to propose a calculation method that takes account of these effects during the calibration procedure ; - to measure some fabricated samples to verify the validity of the proposed calibration procedure. The results of this research work have been experimentally validated and offer new perspectives for measuring planar components with unconventional accesses
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OLIVEIRA, JUNIOR OLIVIO P. de. "Preparação, caracterização e certificação de materiais de referência isotópicos de urânio." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2006. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11438.

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29

SEO, DANIELE. "Avaliação dos teores de Br, Cl, K, Mg, Mn e V em mexilhões Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758: Mollusca, Bivalvia) coletados no litoral do estado de São Paulo, Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2012. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9939.

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30

Siqueira, Patricia Mára de. "Implantação do novo protocolo de dosimetria da AIEA no LCI/IPEN/CNEN." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-27032012-084827/.

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A fim de implementar o novo código de prática da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica (AIEA) no Brasil, o Laboratório de Calibração de Instrumentos (LCI/IPEN) está realizando calibrações em termos de kerma no ar e em termos de dose absorvida na água, em feixes de 60Co. As razões ND,w/NK obtidas são comparadas com valores da literatura, obtendo-se concordância satisfatória. As diferenças entre os valores das razões CK (ND,w/NK) obtidas no presente trabalho e os valores da literatura são devidas a vários fatores. Estes fatores podem ser as variações entre as câmaras, que devem ser objeto de diferenças nas incertezas estimadas pelos PSDLs, e as diferenças nos padrões utilizados por cada Instituto de Metrologia Nacional (NMI) ou Laboratório de Dosimetria. No entanto, se forem conhecidas as razões entre cada NMI e o BIPM, para os padrões de kerma no ar e de dose absorvida na água, é possível a normalização das razões CK medidas para as razões equivalentes ao BIPM. Todos os resultados de razões CK obtidos foram convertidos para as razões equivalentes ao BIPM para facilitar a comparação. Neste trabalho é discutida a utilização da razão CK como parâmetro de controle de qualidade na verificação de resultados das calibrações rotineiras. Para avaliação dos procedimentos de calibração adotados no LCI, foram realizados testes de estabilidade a longo prazo com as câmaras de ionização padrões. Além disso, foi criado um banco de dados para armazenamento dos dados de calibração, com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade do procedimento de calibração.<br>In order to implement the new IAEA code of practice in Brazil the national calibration laboratories, the Laboratory of Instrument Calibration (LCI/IPEN) is calibrating clinical dosimeters in terms of both air kerma and absorbed dose to water in a 60Co gamma ray beam. The ND,w/NK ratios thus obtained are then compared with the literature values; a satisfactory agreement has been found. The differences between the CK values obtained in the present work and the literature values may be due to several components. These could be the chamber-to-chamber variations which may be subject to different estimated uncertainties by PSDLs, and the variations in the standards used by each National Metrology Institute (NMI) or Dosimetry Laboratory. However, since the ratio of both air kerma and absorbed dose to water standards for each NMI to those of the BIPM are known, it is possible to reduce the measured ratios to the expected BIPM equivalent ratios. All these CK results have been converted to the BIPM equivalent values to facilitate comparison. The use of the CK value as a and quality control parameter to verify the results of the routine calibrations is discussed in this work. The long term stability of wich standard ionization chamber was checked in order to evaluate the calibration procedures followed at LCI. Moreover, a database was created to store the calibration data aiming the quality improvement of the calibration procedure.
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31

BESSA, ANA C. M. de. "Intercomparação de câmaras de ionização em feixes padrões de raios X, níveis radioterapia, radiodiagnóstico e radioproteção." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2006. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11489.

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32

ALENCAR, DONIZETE A. de. "Avaliacao de integridade de revestimentos de combustiveis de reatores de pesquisa e teste de materiais utilizando o ensaio de correntes parasitas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2004. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11236.

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FUGA, ALESSANDRA. "Uso de liquens epifíticos no biomonitoramento da poluição atmosférica da região metropolitana de São Paulo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2006. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11482.

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MARQUES, ROGERIO A. "Estudo da resistência à corrosão do aço inoxidável ferrítico AISI 444 para aplicação como biomaterial." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2014. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26397.

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35

Figueiredo, Marcus Tadeu Tanuri de. "Análise dos procedimentos e critérios de implantação de feixes de raios X de referência ISO 4037 em baixas energias." CNEN - Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte, 2012. http://www.bdtd.cdtn.br//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=260.

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De acordo com os princípios da proteção radiológica, as práticas que envolvem radiações ionizantes devem ser planejadas e executadas de modo que os valores de doses individuais, o número de pessoas expostas e a probabilidade de exposições acidentais sejam tão baixos quanto razoavelmente exequíveis. Para tanto, faz-se necessário que na execução da dosimetria das radiações sejam utilizados medidores confiáveis de grandezas dosimétricas. Esta confiabilidade depende não só da calibração do medidor, mas também do seu desempenho em determinadas condições de teste. A International Standardization Organization (ISO), com o objetivo de promover a padronização e a coerência metrológica internacional, estabeleceu conjuntos de feixes de raios X de referência para calibração e testes de dosímetros, cuja implantação nos laboratórios de metrologia deve atender a requisitos técnicos específicos. Em baixas energias existem especificidades que precisam ser consideradas tanto na implantação dos feixes de referência quanto na sua utilização em calibração e testes. O presente trabalho faz uma análise dos procedimentos e critérios de implantação das radiações de referência ISO 4037, em baixas energias. Foram realizados experimentos que permitiram cálculos de parâmetros de caracterização dos feixes de referência do Laboratório de Calibração de Dosímetros do Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (LCD/CDTN). Alternativas às metodologias usuais de determinação da camada semirredutora foram estudadas. Espectros de feixes de referência foram simulados por meio de softwares e comparados com espectros medidos experimentalmente. Condições climáticas distintas foram reproduzidas em laboratório para análise dos seus efeitos sobre os parâmetros dos feixes. Incertezas em relação às medidas de parâmetros de implantação foram avaliadas. Os feixes de baixa energia, de acordo com os critérios da norma ISO 4037, foram considerados implantados, permitindo a revisão dos valores dos coeficientes de conversão de kerma no ar para grandezas operacionais de proteção radiológica.<br>According to the radiological protection principles, practices involving ionizing radiation must be planned and carried out under the guarantee that the values of individual doses, the number of people exposed to radiation and the probability of accidental exposures are as low as reasonably achievable. Therefore, radiation dosimetry is required to be done with reliable instruments designed for measuring dosimetric quantities. The reliability of the dosimetry depends on both the calibration of the dosimeter and its proper performance under certain test conditions. The International Standardization Organization (ISO), in order to promote international standardization and metrological coherency, established sets of reference X-ray beams for dosimeter calibration and typing-test; they are expected to be implemented in metrology laboratories in compliance with specific technical requirements. At low energies there are specific requirements that need to be considered in both the implementation of the reference beams and their use in calibration and testing. The present study is an analysis of the procedures and criteria for ISO 4037 reference radiation implementation, at low energies. In the Dosimeter Calibration Laboratory of the Development Center of Nuclear Technology (LCD / CDTN), experiments were performed for determining the X-ray reference radiation parameters. Alternatives to the usual methods for half-value layer determination were studied. Spectra of reference beams were simulated with software and compared with experimental measurements. Different climatic conditions were reproduced in the Laboratory for analysis of its influence on the determination of the beam parameters. Uncertainties in the measurements of studied parameters were evaluated. According to the ISO 4037 criteria, the low energy X-ray beams were considered to be implemented; they allowed the determination of the conversion coefficients from air kerma to the operational radiation protection quantities.
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36

Goavec, Anthony. "Conception d'un estimateur intégré en technologie CMOS de la densité spectrale de puissance pour l’auto-calibration des émetteurs radio impulsionnels ultra-large bande." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0052/document.

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Ce travail de thèse s’articule autour de la problématique du respect des gabarits spectraux d’émission imposés par les règlementations et les normes dans le domaine des émetteurs radio impulsionnels ultra-large bande. Le choix a été fait de réaliser un capteur in-situ venant extraire les informations nécessaires à une estimation sur puce de la densité spectrale de puissance. Un algorithme d’estimation embarqué peut alors permettre de détecter les gabarits violés et pouvoir rétroagir sur le dispositif. La grande diversité constatée parmi les règlementations et les normes en vigueur ainsi que dans les différentes architectures de générateurs d'impulsions a alors motivé la réalisation d'un système de calibration universel à tous les émetteurs par prise d'informations en sortie. Le manuscrit s'est alors employé à représenter une impulsion à partir de son enveloppe instantanée et de sa fréquence instantanée, ces deux grandeurs temporelles pouvant être extraites pour tout type d'impulsions. Il a été également proposé dans le chapitre une première technique de calibration basée sur la modification de l'enveloppe à des instants précis qui permet de faire rentrer le spectre dans le gabarit tout en maximisant l'occupation de celui-ci. Enfin, l'extraction de l'enveloppe instantanée et de la fréquence instantanée a été abordée en proposant une technique d'extraction par transposition de l'information en bande de base. La conception des dispositifs électroniques nécessaires a été présentée et ceux-ci ont été implémentés sur la même puce qu'un générateur d'impulsions dans le but de réaliser un démonstrateur qui a validé l'utilisation du système étudié<br>This thesis focusses on the power emission constraints defined by regulations and standards for every kinds of ultra-wide band impulse radio transmitters. In fact, these power emission constraints have to be respected all along the device life. Also, an integrated sensor able to extract the essential information for an on-chip estimation of the power spectral density has been realized. Then, an embedded algorithm is added to the system and detects if a power limit is broken. If necessary, it acts on the transmitter to solve the problem. In the first chapter, a large variety of power constraints shapes and several architectures of impulse generators have been observed and studied. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to realise a calibration system which would be universal to all impulse radio transmitters. After its extraction at the output of the transmitter, information have to be downconverted in order to reduce the constraints on conversion stage but without using a local oscillator and a mixer. A model for the impulse signal based on the instantaneous envelop and on the instantaneous frequency has been proposed in the second chapter. A new calibration method based on these two signals is also presented. The last chapter concentrates on detailing the extraction of the instantaneous envelop and the instantaneous frequency. The design of the electronic devices essential to this extraction is presented and a chip has been realised and the viability of the solution shown
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37

ALVES, LUANA F. N. "Determinação de metais em óleos lubrificantes utilizando a técnica de espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma induzido por laser." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26369.

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Barham, R. G. "Free-field reciprocity calibration of laboratory standard microphones." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294981.

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39

SANTOS, LUCAS R. dos. "Desenvolvimento de um protocolo de calibração utilizando espectrometria e simulação matemática, em feixes padrões de raios x." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2017. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/28026.

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Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-21T11:20:13Z No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-21T11:20:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>A calibração, por definição, é o processo pelo qual se estabelece uma relação entre valores de medição de um padrão, com as suas respectivas incertezas, e as indicações com as incertezas associadas do instrumento de medição a ser calibrado. Um protocolo de calibração descreve a metodologia a ser aplicada em um processo de calibração. O método escolhido para a obtenção deste protocolo foi o da espectrometria de feixe de raios X associada à simulação pelo método de Monte Carlo, fundamentado no fato de que ambos são considerados métodos absolutos na determinação de parâmetros de feixes de radiação. Neste trabalho foi utilizado o método de Monte Carlo utilizado para obter a função resposta do detector utilizada para a correção dos espectros obtidos do feixe primário de radiação X; deste modo foram calculadas as taxas de kerma destes feixes e comparadas aos valores obtidos com as câmaras de ionização padrão secundário do Laboratório de Calibração de Instrumentos do IPEN (LCI/IPEN). Foram obtidos os coeficientes de calibração para o sistema padrão com diferenças em relação ao fornecido pelo laboratório primário entre 1,3% e 15,3%. Os resultados obtidos indicaram a viabilidade do estabelecimento deste protocolo de calibração utilizando a espectrometria como padrão de referência, com incertezas relativas de 0,62% para k=1. As incertezas associadas ao método proposto foram satisfatórias, para um laboratório padrão secundário e comparáveis a um laboratório primário.<br>Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)<br>IPEN/T<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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40

Fuga, Alessandra. "Uso de líquens epifíticos no biomonitoramento da poluição atmosférica da região metropolitana de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-15052012-133838/.

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Devido aos crescentes problemas relacionados com a poluição atmosférica na região metropolitana de São Paulo que atingem o ambiente e a saúde das populações, toma-se de grande interesse o estabelecimento de metodologias tal como a de monitoramento da qualidade do ar usando organismos cosmopolitas. O biomonitoramento é um método experimental que permite avaliar a resposta de organismos vivos à poluição, oferecendo vantagens como custos reduzidos, eficiência no monitoramento de amplas áreas geográficas e de elementos químicos poluentes presentes em baixas concentrações no ambiente e acumulados no biomonitor ao longo de um período. No presente trabalho, o método de análise por ativação neutrônica foi aplicado à determinação de elementos acumulados em amostras do fungo liquenizado Canoparmelia texana coletadas em duas áreas distintas: (1) Parques Estaduais Carlos Botelho (PECB) e Intervales (PEI), área considerada não-poluída pertencente ao ecossistema de Mata Atlântica - SP e (2) área metropolitana de São Paulo em pontos localizados nas proximidades das estações automáticas de monitoramento da Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB). Os liquens coletados dos troncos de árvores foram previamente limpos, moídos e posteriormente irradiados com nêutrons do reator IEA- R1 juntamente com os padrões sintéticos dos elementos. A precisão e exatidão dos resultados analíticos foram avaliadas por meio das análises dos materiais certificados de referência IAEA-336 LICHEN e Mixed Polish Herbs (INCT-MPH-2). Os resultados obtidos nestes materiais de referência foram concordantes com os valores certificados e apresentaram, em geral, uma boa precisão com coeficientes de variação variando de 0,9 a 14,6%. Os resultados das análises de liquens indicaram que os elementos As, Co, Cr, Cs, La, Mo, Sb, Sc, Se e U estão presentes aos níveis de ng g-1, Ba, Br, Cl, Fe, K, Mn, Na, Rb e Zn aos niveis de mg g-1 e Ca aos níveis de &mu;g g-1. Por meio da aplicação das análises de cluster e de discriminate, aos resultados obtidos nas amostras coletadas em áreas com diferentes níveis de poluição, os pontos de amostragens foram agrupados segundo similaridades químicas no que diz respeito às suas composições elementares. Também foi observado que as amostras do PECB e do PEI separaram-se dos grupos e subgrupos formados pelas amostras da região metropolitana e este resultado indica a preservação das áreas consideradas não-poluídas. Os liquens coletados no PEI apresentaram, em geral, concentrações inferiores àquelas obtidas para a região metropolitana de São Paulo principalmente para os elementos relacionados com ações antrópicas. Os mapas de distribuição das concentrações de elementos permitiram a visualização e identificação de pontos que apresentam concentrações de elementos mais altas na região metropolitana. Estes mapas de distribuição também mostraram que a poluição na região metropolitana de São Paulo apresenta perfis diferentes devido às inúmeras fontes de emissão de poluentes. Os elementos determinados nos liquens da área metropolitana indicaram ser de origens industrial, veicular e do solo. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostraram a viabilidade do uso da C. texana na avaliação da poluição no biomonitoramento passivo de diversos elementos contaminantes presentes na atmosfera da região metropolitana de São Paulo.<br>Due to the increasing problems of atmospheric pollution in the Sao Paulo metropolitan region that affect the environment and human health the application of biomonitoring methodologies using cosmopolite organisms has now become relevant. Biomonitoring is a method to evaluate the response of live organisms to pollution. This method offers advantages such as reduced costs, efficient monitoring of large geographic areas and accumulated pollutants over a large period in which low concentrations of chemicals elements in the environment can be evaluated. In the present study, neutron activation analysis method was applied to determine elements accumulated in Canoparmelia texana lichenized fungi. Samples were collected in two distinct areas: Carlos Botelho (PECB) and Intervales (PEI) State Parks that are considered as non-polluted areas and that belong to the Atlantic Forest - SP ecosystem; and Sao Paulo city metropolitan region in sites near automatic monitoring stations of the Environmental Protection Agency of the State of Sao Paulo (CETESB). The lichens collected from the bark of the trees were properly treated, and irradiated with neutrons from IEA-R1 nuclear reactor along with synthetic standards of elements. The precision and the accuracy of the results were evaluated by the analyses of IAEA-336 LICHEN and Mixed Polish Herbs (INCT -MPH-2) certified reference materials. The results obtained for these materials were in accordance with the certified values and presented good precision with variation coefficients ranging from 0.9 to 14.6%. Results obtained for lichens showed that elements As, Co, Cr, Cs, La, Mo, Sb, Sc, Se and U are present at ng g-1 levels, Ba, Br, Cl, Fe, K, Mn, Na, Rb and Zn at &mu;g g-1 and Ca at mg g-1. By applying cluster and discriminant analyses to the results for the lichen samples from areas with different levels of pollution, the sampling sites were grouped according to their chemical similarities and their elemental composition. It was also observed that samples from PECB and PEI were separated from groups and subgroups formed by the samples from the metropolitan region. This result indicates the preservation of PECB and PEI areas considered non-polluted. The lichens collected in the PEI presented, in general, lower concentrations of the elements than those from the metropolitan region of São Paulo in regards to those elements related to anthropogenic actions. The distribution maps of element concentrations allowed identification of sites in the metropolitan region that present higher elemental concentrations. Furthermore the distribution maps also showed that the pollution in the metropolitan region presents different profiles due to many sources and different pollutant emissions. The probable sources of elements determined in lichens from the metropolitan region are industrial, vehicular and soil. Results obtained indicate that the C. texana species can be used as a passive biomonitor of element pollution in the Sao Paulo metropolitan area. This species is abundant in both polluted and non-polluted areas and thus allows to distinguish regions with distinct levels of pollution.
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RIBEIRO, JUNIOR IBERE S. "Determinação de fatores de interferência de produtos de fissão do urânio na análise por ativação neutrônica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2014. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11801.

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Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2014-11-10T11:38:41Z No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:38:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)<br>IPEN/D<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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42

Bysouth, Stephen R. "Standard and sample manipulation for calibration in flame atomic absorption spectrometry." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1988. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33128.

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This thesis describes a study of existing calibration methods and a comparison of them, with novel calibration and sample pre-treatment methods for flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) developed by the author. A comparison of commercially available curve fitting algorithms was carried out to show how concentration errors arise and vary, due to the use of different empirical models for the calibration curve. Novel online dilution manifolds were designed. Using flow injection and continuous flow techniques, different calibration procedures were developed to allow null methods of calibration to be used and to extend the calibration range. Methods of sample pre-treatment were developed, including online dissolution and species separation, using flow injection analysis techniques. Members of the atomic spectroscopy group of the Royal Society of Chemistry were surveyed to discover calibration practices used in commercial laboratories. Respondents were asked questions on sample type, treatment and presentation, and data reduction for calibration. During the research, several papers were published and lectures given on the topics described.
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43

Daniel, John Edward. "Development of enhanced multiport network analyzer calibrations using non-ideal standards." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001392.

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44

CINTRA, FELIPE B. de. "Desenvolvimento de um calorímetro com núcleo de água e de uma unidade de tratamento de líquidos para dosimetria de radiação gama." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/28034.

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Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-22T16:27:19Z No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-22T16:27:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Este trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um detector composto por um calorímetro com núcleo de água para dosimetria de feixes de 60Co e 137Cs com média intensidade. Além do calorímetro, foi também dimensionada a instrumentação, a metodologia de calibração e a medição de temperatura. O trabalho foi dividido em 4 etapas distintas: escolha do melhor projeto como base para desenvolvimento do calorímetro, dimensionamento de parâmetros e ajuste fino do projeto, construção e calibração. Durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi construída uma Unidade de Tratamento de Água que permite a produção da água que o calorímetro emprega. Em seguida foi construído o calorímetro em sí com os conceitos das etapas anteriores. O equipamento foi testado tanto nas instalações da GMR quanto no CTR do IPEN, obtendo taxas de dose na água com fontes de 137Cs e 60Co com diversas atividades (3,3 TBq, 15,54 TBq e 7 TBq) e em algumas distâncias. Foram obtidas taxas de dose que variavam de 2 mGy/s até 15 mGy/s, dependendo do tipo de fonte e SDD escolhida. O projeto contou com simulações de códigos como MCNP5 e FLUENT 14 e foram essenciais na construção do equipamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aprimorar a infraestrutura do LCI, desenvolvendo um detector que deverá aumentar a gama dos serviços prestados pelo LCI com um tipo de medição dosimétrica ainda inexistente no país.<br>Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)<br>IPEN/T<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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45

HILARIO, KATIA A. F. "Desenvolvimento de metodos de medida de atividade empregando sistemas de coincidencia para radionuclideos que desintegram pela dupla emissao beta sup(-) - beta sup(+) / captura eletronica - aplicacao na padronizacao do sup(192)Ir, sup(152)Eu e sup (186) Re." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2002. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11018.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:47:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07614.pdf: 6594444 bytes, checksum: 0bd72d3764d638a649ad00b67ff5aa44 (MD5)<br>Tese (Doutoramento)<br>IPEN/T<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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46

Jarvis, Duncan Robert. "Realization of the standard of sound pressure through the calibration of half-inch laboratory standard condenser microphones." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401888.

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47

Grossman, Hy. "A New Standard for Temperature Measurement in an Aviation Environment." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/604311.

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ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California<br>Accurate temperature measurement is an essential requirement in modern aircraft data acquisition systems. Both thermocouples and Platinum resistance temperature detectors (RTD) are used for this purpose with the latter being both more accurate and more repeatable. To ensure that only the sensor limits the accuracy of a temperature measurement, end-to-end system accuracy forward of the sensor, should be significantly greater than that of the sensor itself. This paper describes a new digital signal processing (DSP) based system for providing precision RTD based temperature measurements with laboratory accuracy in an aviation environment. Advantages of the new system include, true 3-wire RTD measurement, linear temperature output, on-board ultra-precision resistance standards and transparent dynamic calibration.
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48

Vojta, Jaroslav. "Kalibrace a návrh repase universálního měřícího mikroskopu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228188.

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This thesis is focused on laser measuring system. It describes comprehensively single components of laser system, its aplication within calibration, subsequent evaluation of results and performance of renovation of the microscope.
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49

Sutton, Gavin. "The development of a combustion temperature standard for the calibration of optical diagnostic techniques." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/1439.

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This thesis describes the development and evaluation of a high-temperature combustion standard. This comprises a McKenna burner premixed flame, together with a full assessment of its temperature, stability and reproducibility. I have evaluated three techniques for high-accuracy flame thermometry: Modulated Emission in Gases (MEG), Rayleigh scattering thermometry and photo-acoustic thermometry. MEG: Analysis shows that MEG is not usable in this application because the sharp spectral features of the absorption coefficient of gases are represented within MEG theory as an average absorption coefficient over the optical detection bandwidth. A secondary difficulty arises from the lack of high power lasers operating at wavelengths that coincides with molecular absorption lines in the hot gas. Rayleigh Scattering: Applying corrections for the temperature-dependence of the scattering cross-section, it has been possible to determine the temperature of the combustion standard with an uncertainty of approximately 1%. The temperature dependence of the scattering cross-section arises from changes in the mean molecular polarisability and anisotropy and can amount to 2% between flame and room temperatures. Using a pulse Nd-YAG laser operating at 532 nm and high linearity silicon detectors, the Rayleigh scattering experimental system has been optimised. Temperatures measured over a three-month interval are shown to be reproducible to better than 0.4% demonstrating the suitability of the McKenna burner as a combustion standard. Photo-Acoustic: By measuring the transit time of a spark-induced sound wave past two parallel probe beams, the temperature has been determined with an uncertainty of approximate 1%. Flame temperatures measured by the photo-acoustic and Rayleigh scattering thermometry system show good agreement. For high airflow rates the agreement is better than 1% of temperature, but for low airflow rates, photo-acoustic temperatures are approximately 3.6% higher than the Rayleigh temperatures. Further work is needed to understand this discrepancy.
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Krisciunas, Kevin. "RR lyrae stars and type Ia supernovae : discovery and calibration of astronomical standard candles /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5446.

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