Relevant bibliographies by topics / California. Division of Criminal Law

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'California. Division of Criminal Law'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "California. Division of Criminal Law"

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Campbell, Michael C. "Criminal disenfranchisement reform in California." Punishment & Society 9, no. 2 (April 2007): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474507074748.

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Lazorak, Bogdan, and Nazar Zabolotskyy. "OIL LAW AND CRIMINAL VIOLATIONS IN "SKHIDNYTSIA CALIFORNIA"." Problems of humanities. History, no. 6/48 (April 27, 2021): 224–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24919/2312-2595.6/48.228492.

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Summary. The purpose of the article – is to study the most secret criminal environment of "Skhidnytsia California" – one of the most remote centres of oil extraction attracting the attention of hundreds of well-known financial swindlers in the Habsburg Empire as well as organized criminal groups. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematics, objectivity as well as methods of historiographical analysis and synthesis. The scientific novelty of the article is an attempt to research criminal offenses that took place in the Skhidnytsia area. Conclusions. The analyzed problem has attracted scientific interest. The historians tried to show that in the XIX – early XX centuries oil became the subject of blatant controversy in society, the cause of global crises, numerous wars, international exile, instant wealth and a source of profit for the criminal world, which managed to organize an effective web of grey economy around the oil business less associated with the indigenous population of the province. The authors show that organized criminal groups appeared in the vicinity of Skhidnytsia in the early twentieth century and they were engaged exclusively in robbery of the local population, robbery of oil rigs, branches of savings banks, etc. In particular, many thefts were directly related to oilfield equipment, which was very expensive and sold in Skhidnytsia specialty stores. Many facts have been found which indicate to the existence of unwritten customary law among "industrial gangs" mainly based on the principle of silence and blood revenge. The authors raced that increased of brine production, shadow capital accumulation, clandestine transit, money laundering, fire losses, employee irresponsibility, unpaid wages and hundreds of other precedents were the source of litigation, which in turn were a living field for the fashionable legal business, which against the background of the oil industry, and even more so the rigid tax system was increasingly adapted to industrial conditions of "Skhidnytsia California".
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Weller, Charles D. "Criminal Antitrust." Antitrust Bulletin 61, no. 4 (November 17, 2016): 599–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x16677783.

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In the crucible of defending a criminal antitrust case working with outstanding criminal defense lawyers soon after the Supreme Court revolutionized sentencing law by holding the Constitution requires the jury, not the judge, to decide key sentencing fact issues in Booker and related cases led to areas of criminal constitutional law outside the usual purview of antitrust. This unusual mix of law and people combined to create the discovery of five new constitutional defenses contrary to long-accepted practice in criminal antitrust that can be asserted to the Antitrust Division early in an antitrust criminal investigation, in motions to dismiss an indictment, before or at a charging conference and otherwise: (1) The standard antitrust practice of the judge, not the jury, deciding the “naked agreement” element of a per se crime is unconstitutional. (2) The standard per se antitrust jury instruction that conclusively presumes the statutory restraint of trade element of the crime is unconstitutional. (3) The standard antitrust practice where the antitrust division, not the grand jury, decides the “naked agreement” element is unconstitutional. (4) “Naked agreement” facts are “essential facts” that must be included in the indictment or the indictment is defective and unconstitutional. (5) All per se crimes are common law court created crimes, and thus unconstitutional because only Congress can create crimes.
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Child, John, and Jonathan Rogers. "Criminal Law Reform Now." Journal of Criminal Law 81, no. 4 (August 2017): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018317705771.

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The principal aim of this article is to introduce a new criminal law reform initiative: The Criminal Law Reform Now Network (CLRN Network). The article begins in Part 1 by setting the scene for law reform in this jurisdiction, exposing and discussing four major challenges that await any would-be reformer or network: 1) The Political Red Line, 2) The Political Preference for Simple Headlines, 3) The Political Indifference to Principles of Criminalisation, and 4) The Division Between Academics and Practitioners. From here, in Part 2, we introduce the ambitions and processes envisaged for the new CLRN Network. Launched in 2017, the mission of the CLRN Network is to facilitate collaboration between academics and other legal experts to gather and disseminate comprehensible proposals for criminal law reform to the wider community. The aim is to include members of the public and mainstream media as well as legal professionals, police, policymakers and politicians. Proposals from the CLRN Network might require legislation, but will not be restricted to such projects. Reforms which public bodies such as the Home Office, Police or CPS could bring about by internal policies may be included, as well as reforms which require the support of some of the judiciary, bearing in mind the proper judicial constraints on law making. The CLRN Network will be ready to consult with and make suggestions to anyone who has the power to bring about reform.
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Basysta, Iryna. "Classifying Actions in Sentencing Based on the Classifying Criterion “Repeated”: Correlation between Criminal Procedural and Criminal Law Aspects." NaUKMA Research Papers. Law 6 (February 15, 2021): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-2607.2020.6.3-11.

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Presently, different judicial divisions of the Criminal Cassation Court of the Supreme Court offer varying legal conclusions concerning the possibility to classify the actions of a person when sentencing based on the criterion of classification “repeated” varies. This conclusion follows from the analysis of the judicial Decree as of December 11, 2019 (Proceeding No. 51-4204 км 19, Сase No. 274/2956/17) of the Third judicial division of the Criminal Cassation Court, the Decree of the First judicial division of the Cassation Criminal Court as of July 10, 2018 (Proceeding No. 51-2475 км 18, Case No. 545/3663/16-к), and of the Decree as of February 27, 2019 (Proceeding No. 51-5205 км 18, Case No. 695/136/17) of the Second judicial division of the Criminal Cassation Court.Due to such a state of affairs, the already amalgamated division of the Criminal Cassation Court of the Supreme Court was making its own decision in Case No. 591/4366/18 (Proceeding No. 51-1122 кмо 20) on September 14, 2020. Yet, my opinion is that not all arguments and statements of facts provided in this decree can be agreed on without questions.In the process of the research, it was proved that the situation of the judge’s practicing their discretion powers concerning merging criminal proceedings into one proceeding (according to the requirements of Article 334 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine) is the only exceptional situation that provides for, in absence of the court’s guilty verdict in “the first criminal proceeding,” which for the legal classification of the repeated offence must take a legal effect, using the criterion of classifying the actions of the accused as “repeated” in the “next criminal proceeding.” Otherwise, we should be discussing violation of the constitutional foundation of presumption of innocence in the criminal proceeding and a securing proof of guilt.
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Yablonsky, Lewis. "Whatever Happened to Synanon? The Birth of the Anticriminal Therapeutic Community Methodology." Criminal Justice Policy Review 13, no. 4 (December 2002): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088740302237802.

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This article describes a criminal/addict treatment approach that began in California and is now used around the world. The methodology uses the therapeutic energy and knowledge of ex-criminal/drug addicts.
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Öberg, Jacob. "Trust in the Law? Mutual Recognition as a Justification to Domestic Criminal Procedure." European Constitutional Law Review 16, no. 1 (March 2020): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019620000036.

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EU law – Mutual recognition as a justification for EU competence – EU competence in domestic criminal procedure – Test and intensity of judicial review of EU criminal law legislation – Relationship between mutual trust and mutual recognition – Federalism and division of powers between the member states and the EU – Mutual recognition as a constraint to EU action – Presumption of Innocence Directive – Victims’ Rights Directive – Exercise of EU competence in domestic criminal procedure – Justifications for EU action in criminal procedure – Evidence-based legislation in the field of criminal procedure – Mutual trust as a legal and sociological concept – National courts’ compliance with EU law – European arrest warrant
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Fu, H. L. "Criminal Defence in China: The Possible Impact of the 1996 Criminal Procedural Law Reform." China Quarterly 153 (March 1998): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000002976.

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Criminal procedure in China had been governed by the 1979 Criminal Procedure Law (CPL 1979). This was amended in 1996 (the Amendment). In many aspects, the Amendment introduces important changes to the previous procedures and significantly redistributes the existing division of powers within the criminal justice system. It restricts police power and the prosecution's discretion. It enhances the position of the court and differentiates the role of judges. It also offers more protection for the rights of the accused and enhances the position of defence lawyers in the criminal process in substantive and procedural aspects. Consequently criminal lawyers are expected to play a more active and meaningful role in criminal defence.
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Jackson, John, and Sean Doran. "Judge and Jury: Towards a New Division of Labour in Criminal Trials." Modern Law Review 60, no. 6 (November 1997): 759–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.00115.

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Nichols, Nancy B., and Robert C. Richardson. "Criminal Investigations of Taxpayer Fraud." ATA Journal of Legal Tax Research 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jltr.2006.4.1.44.

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Under the voluntary tax system in the United States, taxpayers are responsible for fully and accurately reporting and paying the amount of taxes owed. Voluntary tax compliance is reinforced through various programs including the document matching program, Internal Revenue Service (IRS) civil audits, and criminal prosecution. The Criminal Investigation (CI) division of the IRS is responsible for enforcing the criminal statutes. This article investigates the role of CI in tax compliance and analyzes the results of 598 published tax crime cases from 2000 through 2004. The results indicate that CI must increase its focus on cash economy small businesses. Additional recommendations include the expansion of tax withholding to nonemployee compensation and including payments to small businesses in the document matching program to reinforce the voluntary compliance system.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "California. Division of Criminal Law"

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Jones, Bennett. "The End Game of California's Juvenile Justice System: The Case for Complete Realignment and the Elimination of the Division of Juvenile Justice." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/794.

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The juvenile justice system was originally set up under the philosophy that juveniles are inherently different than adults and therefore should not be subject to same harsh punishment as adult criminals. Rehabilitative treatment methods became the center of the juvenile justice system in order to reduce recidivism rates and help reintegrate youths back into society as smoothly as possible. This philosophy changed early in the 21st century, and many states began treating youth offenders in ways similar to adult offenders, with a particular increase in direct files of juveniles to adult court. After about a decade of harsh punishment, the system once again reverted back to the rehabilitative model. California did so through several legislative reforms; however these reforms have not been as successful as they should have been, and the system is still in a state of disarray. California is currently balancing a failing state juvenile justice system while trying to simultaneously support realignment efforts to the county level. After evaluating the failures of Division of Juvenile Justice and the capacity of the counties, it is evident that counties are not only physically equipped to take on the increased responsibility but are much better suited to do so financially. To best uphold the original goals of the juvenile justice system and the rehabilitative model, California should move to close the Division of Juvenile Justice and completely realign all responsibility to the counties. Keeping juveniles close to their communities creates stronger ties, more continuity of treatment, and reduces the likelihood a youth will reoffend. By tailoring treatment to the individual on a local level, problems such as mental illness, substance abuse, and anger management, can be directly targeted and solved. Intervening at first arrest with effective treatment programs is crucial to decreasing the chance that a juvenile will become a career adult criminal. These juveniles are the future of society; focusing on the rehabilitation of these youths will not only increase community safety but will also produce healthy, productive citizens to contribute to the economy.
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Dargue, Paul. "Decision-making in the England and Wales Court of Appeal Criminal Division : a quantitative analysis." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2016. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/33939/.

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This thesis analyses the development, methodology, and results of a quantitative study of the decision-making of the England and Wales Court of Appeal (Criminal Division). The Court of Appeal plays an important constitutional role, and the impartiality of the judges is central to its legitimacy. Drawing upon research from the Empirical Legal Studies (ELS) research community, this thesis explores the question of the Court of Appeal’s impartiality. As an incomplete measurement of impartiality, a sample of the Court of Appeal’s decisions has been analysed. A dataset of all murder and rape appeals against conviction decided between 2006 and 2010 has been created. A range of factual, demographic, and legal variables have been collected from each of these 472 appeals against conviction, utilising quantitative content analysis. It has been determined, utilising binary logistic regression analysis, whether the variables under analysis are predictors of the outcome of appeals against conviction. Almost all of the variables analysed showed only a limited ability to predict the outcomes of appeals. Moreover, this study finds support for the legal model of judicial decision-making. A variable designed to capture impartial decision-making had the strongest association with the outcome of appeals. However, a small number of factual and demographic variables are shown to be predictors of outcomes. There is insufficient evidence to doubt the impartiality of the Court of Appeal, but the emergence of these patterns in the data warrants further investigation. This conclusion is important to users and observers of the Court, to whom the impartiality, and so legitimacy, of the Court’s decision-making is essential.
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Nwasike, Ugochukwu N. "The Intended and Unintended Effects of Civil Gang Injunctions in California." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/942.

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The state of California has one of the largest and most violent gang populations in the United States. Although there have been a variety of anti-gang measures and policies enacted by local and state governments, none have been more effective than the Civil Gang Injunction (CGI). This civil action prohibits certain street gangs, and their members, from participating in activities that would otherwise be considered lawful. In order to obtain an injunction a prosecutor must demonstrate to the court that the gang is engaged in ongoing criminal conduct and represents a public nuisance to a geographically defined area. When a neighborhood is under an injunction, not only is police presence in the area increased but officers are also given more freedom to investigate and apprehend gang members who are suspected to be in violation of the terms. As this thesis will argue, injunctions, when used correctly, have proven to be an effective weapon in diminishing the influence of territorial street gangs on community well-being. When used incorrectly, however, they often only provide a temporary fix to a long-lasting problem. They also have been known to contribute to an increase in crime in neighboring areas, an increased number of wrongful arrests, and in some cases they have promoted criminality amongst young people. To explore the efficacy of injunctions, this thesis will focus on three empirical studies that cover a period from 1993 to 2003, when the rates of gang-related violence were at an all-time high and injunctions became the primary tool for City and District Attorneys to combat the nuisance. Two of these studies argue that injunctions have a positive impact on violent crime statistics, whereas the third concludes that they do not. By comparing these conflicting pieces of quantitative evidence, this thesis aims to gauge the actual effect of injunctions on crime rates and weigh the perceived benefits of this measure against its unintended negative effects.
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Tuttle, Kimberly. "An Analysis of California Drug Courts: Why Drug Treatment Programs Should Have Teeth." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2124.

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Since the passing of Proposition 47 in California in 2014, drug court programs across the state have invariably undergone changes. In my thesis, I evaluate the drug court programs of three counties in Southern California: Orange County, Los Angeles County, and Riverside County. Through a qualitative analysis of the drug court programs in these counties, via interviews, data collection, and courtroom observation, I provide insight into the functionality of each county's program, as well as an analysis of the effects of Proposition 47. This paper aims to address the key factors involved in maintaining a functional and successful drug court system.
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Stein, Madeline. "A Philosophical Analysis of California Determinate Sentencing, Three Strikes, and Realignment." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1110.

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This thesis explores the relationship between philosophy and policy in the context of three California policies, Determinate Sentencing, Three Strikes, and Realignment. The philosophy portion includes theories of retribution, deterrence, and rehabilitation, focusing on the tensions and conflicts within them.
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Cortez, Mario Martin. "Cross cultural relations in law enforcement." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1505.

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Whitehead, Anita. "Privatization of Southern California local detention facilities." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2084.

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Domingue, Jean-Laurent. "Nurses’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Documentation Practices in a Context of HIV Criminalization: A Secondary Subgroup Analysis of Data from California, Florida, New York, and Texas Nurses." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35570.

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Under international legal norms, HIV criminalization is considered to be an overly broad use of criminal law. In the United States, at least 33 states have HIV-specific criminal laws. Data from California, Florida, New York, and Texas nurses provided exemplars from different HIV-related criminal law approaches and the impact of those laws on nurses’ practices. Nurses who cared for patients who expressed fears or concerns about HIV criminalization or patients who had been arrested for HIV-related crimes were more likely to correctly identify the presence or absence of HIV-specific laws in the states where they practised, when compared to nurses who did not care for such patients. Lack of knowledge about HIV-related criminal laws may erode the nurse-patient relationship. Jurisdiction specific education should be created and offered to nurses in order to address this knowledge gap and protect the dignity of people living with HIV.
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Murch, Patrick Frank. "Development of a curriculum for a 24-hour introduction to criminal justice course." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1773.

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This project analyzed the materials and training currently being taught in a 8 hour history and principles of law enforcement course at the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department Training Academy, in conjunction with San Bernardino Valley College.
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Cavanaugh, Angelina. "California's narcotic registration program: Legislation in need of revision." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2370.

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Books on the topic "California. Division of Criminal Law"

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Witkin, B. E. California criminal law. 2nd ed. San Francisco, Calif. (3250 Van Ness Ave., San Francisco 94109): Bancroft-Whitney Co., 1988.

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L, Epstein Norman, Witkin B. E. 1904-, and Witkin B. E. 1904-, eds. California criminal law. 2nd ed. San Francisco, Calif. (3250 Van Ness Ave., San Francisco 94109): Bancroft-Whitney Co., 1988.

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Witkin, B. E. California criminal law. 3rd ed. [San Francisco, Calif.]: Witkin Legal Institute, 2000.

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L, Epstein Norman, and Witkin Legal Institute, eds. California criminal law. 3rd ed. [San Francisco]: The Institute, 2000.

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Witkin, B. E. California criminal law. 4th ed. [San Francisco]: Witkin Legal Institute, 2012.

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West's California criminal law. San Francisco, Calif: West Pub., 1995.

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Hunt, Derald D. California criminal law manual. 7th ed. Edina, MN: Burgess Pub., 1989.

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E, Gagen William, ed. California criminal discovery. 4th ed. Newark, NJ: LexisNexis, 2008.

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Pipes, Douglas. California criminal discovery. 3rd ed. Newark, NJ: LexisNexis, 2003.

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E, Gagen William, ed. California criminal discovery. 2nd ed. Charlottesville, Va: LEXIS Law Pub., 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "California. Division of Criminal Law"

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Kruse, Corinna. "The Criminal Investigation Division." In Social Life of Forensic Evidence, 53–69. University of California Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520288386.003.0004.

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Kapley, David J., and John R. Cooke. "Trends in Antistalking Legislation." In Stalking. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195189841.003.0014.

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This chapter examines antistalking statutes in the United States and abroad. All state and the federal governments have adopted legal mechanisms to address stalking. These enactments attest to the growing awareness of stalking with its associated suffering and economic losses. The statutes are remarkable for both their innovation and their diversity, as different jurisdictions have chosen a wide variety of approaches. In the United States, this variety can be attributed in part to the division of law-making power inherent in federalism, as well as linked to the challenging nature of a problem whose characteristics and effects are just now coming into focus. International legal strategies also vary. In both U.S. and international statutes, criminal law is most often invoked, but civil remedies are increasing. The latter includes injunctions and protection orders, as well as civil rights of action, notice provisions, stalker surveillance, stalker registries, victim compensation, and mental health evaluations and treatment. The murder of the television actress Rebecca Schaeffer in 1989 drew a great deal of media attention to the problem of stalking; in 1990 California became the first state to adopt an antistalking law. The movement progressed rapidly: by 1996, all 50 state legislatures and the U.S. Congress had passed antistalking legislation. There is considerable variation in the existing antistalking laws. Academic commentators have raised questions concerning the constitutionality of these laws under the state and federal constitutions. Early concerns were that limiting a stalker’s contact with his victim might unreasonably intrude on the stalker’s First Amendment rights of free speech and assembly. Statutes were criticized as being vague and overbroad in limiting these rights (Faulkner & Hsiao, 1993). In general, however, state courts have not been receptive to such claims (see, e.g., Bouters v. State, 1995). For example, the Supreme Court of Montana upheld the constitutionality of that state’s antistalking statute against an argument that the law violated the defendant’s free speech rights, finding that the law was not unconstitutionally vague since certain undefined terms had an accepted common usage (State v. Martel, 1995).
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Greenberg, David F. "Punishment, Division of Labor, and Social Solidarity." In The Criminology of Criminal Law, 283–362. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315131535-13.

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Collins, John J. "Torah as Law." In Invention of Judaism. University of California Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520294110.003.0006.

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In the wake of the Maccabean revolt, the literature from the land of Israel takes a halakic turn, which is evident in Jubilees, the Temple Scroll, and the Dead Sea Scrolls. While the Law was the basis of common Judaism, it was also the basis of sectarian division.
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Herring, Jonathan. "R (Monica) v DPP [2018] EWHC 3508 (QB), Queen’s Bench Division." In Essential Cases: Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780191897665.003.0027.

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Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (Monica) v DPP. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
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Herring, Jonathan. "R (Monica) v DPP [2018] EWHC 3508 (QB), Queen’s Bench Division." In Essential Cases: Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780191883712.003.0026.

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Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (Monica) v DPP. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
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Herring, Jonathan. "R (Monica) v DPP [2018] EWHC 3508 (QB), Queen’s Bench Division." In Essential Cases: Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780191926419.003.0031.

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Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (Monica) v DPP. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
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Oleson, James C. "Discussion and Conclusion." In Criminal Genius. University of California Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520282414.003.0008.

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This chapter reviews the core findings of the study, describes some of its key limitations, and identifies some of its strengths. The chapter also discusses the wider implications of the work. The link between IQ and crime is contentious, because it has fundamental implications for criminal justice and public policy. If IQ is unrelated to crime and everyone has the same propensity to follow or defy the law, crime is a choice and punishment operates as a price for antisocial behavior. But if IQ differences mean that it is harder for some people to follow the law than others, then claims of “equal justice under law” are harder to sustain. And if social interventions cannot change IQ, difficult questions of when and how to absolve defendants of criminal culpability must be confronted.
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Simester, A. P. "Structure and Nomenclature." In Fundamentals of Criminal Law, 26–50. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853145.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses criminal law’s structure and working doctrines, offering some preliminary remarks about how the major legal doctrines relate to the principles identified in the previous chapter. In terms of the basic framework, it is conventional these days for common lawyers to divide up the law of crimes into three rather broad groupings: actus reus (the so-called ‘external’ or ‘physical’ elements of the crime); mens rea (the defendant’s mental state or, sometimes, the lack of it); and defences. The master question for criminal liability then becomes one of concurrence—is there a moment in time at which the actus reus and mens rea requirements of the offence are simultaneously satisfied, and there are no defences available? However, this threefold division is not clean, and the contents of each part are not independent of one another. The chapter presents a rough structural sketch of the criminal law.
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"his spouse; a child under the age of 10; or the intended victim; see further s 2 of the 1977 Act. 2 In Practice Note [1977] 2 All ER 540, Lord Widgery CJ at the sitting of the court announced the following practice direction made after consultation with the judges of the Queen’s Bench Division:." In Sourcebook Criminal Law, 500–508. Routledge-Cavendish, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843143093-121.

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