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Books on the topic 'Cam phaser'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Xiang bian cai liao yu xiang bian chu neng ji shu. Ke xue chu ban she, 2009.

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2

Xiang bian cai liao yu xiang bian chu neng ji shu. Ke xue chu ban she, 2009.

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3

Cai liao xiang bian guo cheng wei guan zu zhi mo ni: Simulation for the materials microstructure evolution in phase transformation process. Guo fang gong ye chu ban she, 2010.

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4

1969-, Collins Paul, ed. To Ruhleben--and back: A great adventure in three phases. Collins Library, 2002.

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5

Montana. Dept. of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. [Environmental assessment for the Bannack Phase II Development Project]. The Dept., 1995.

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6

Heck, Dana B. Phase I, archeological investigations at the maintenance complex/park headquarters, Fort Necessity National Battlefield, Fayette County, Pennsylvania. John Milner Associates, 1992.

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7

Pierre, Maheu, ed. La mort, dernière étape de la croissance. Ed. du Rocher, 1997.

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8

La mort, dernière étape de la croissance. Pocket, 1993.

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9

International Conference on Displacive Phase Transformations and Their Applications in Materials Engineering (1996 University of Illinois). International Conference on Displacive Phase Transformations and Their Applications in Materials Engineering: In honor of Professor C.M. Wayman on the occasion of his retirement. TMS, 1998.

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10

David, Kessler, ed. Leçons de vie: Deux experts de la mort et des phases terminales nous révèlent les mystères de la vie. JC Lattès, 2002.

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11

Rau, Jochen. Phase Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595068.003.0008.

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At a phase transition two or more different phases may coexist, such as vapour and liquid. Phase transitions can be classified according to their order. A phase transition is of first order if going from one phase to the other involves a discontinuous change in entropy, and, thus, a finite amount of latent heat; higher-order phase transitions do not involve latent heat but exhibit other types of discontinuities. This chapter investigates the necessary conditions for the coexistence of phases, and how phases are represented in a phase diagram. The order of a phase transition is defined with the help of the Ehrenfest classification. The chapter discusses the Clausius–Clapeyron relation which, for a first-order phase transition, relates the discontinuous changes in entropy and volume. Finally, this chapter considers the Ising ferromagnet as a simple model which exhibits a second-order phase transition. It also introduces the notion of an order parameter.
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12

Kachelriess, Michael. Phase transitions and topological defects. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802877.003.0016.

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As the early universe cools down, it may perform transitions to phases with more and more broken symmetries. In a first-order phase transition, fields may be trapped in the false vacuum; the rate of the resulting tunneling process to the true vacuum is derived. Phase transitions can lead also to the formation of topological defects. Their structure and the reason for their stability are discussed.
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13

Luna, Paul. Technology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574797.003.0007.

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This chapter considers the technologies that emerged in the publishing trade between 1970 and 2004. OUP’s response to technological change can be considered in three phases. Initially the Press invested in the computerization of typesetting as both a cost- and time-saving measure. During the second phase, the Press introduced the efficient use of computers in book design and experimented with the sale of software and packaged electronic publications. The third phase witnessed the advent of the worldwide web, which allowed the Press to develop and exploit new methods of advertisement, sales, distribution, and publication. Throughout these phases, the Press demonstrated a consistent desire to reduce costs, protect intellectual property, and expand into new markets. Along with these developments in publication and distribution, the chapter briefly considers the impact of the computerization of administrative, editorial, and other office tasks.
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14

Zimmerman, Marc. U.S. Puerto Rican Literature. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036460.003.0003.

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This chapter discusses U.S. Puerto Rican literature, which can be divided into three phases, preceded by a kind of “pre-phase.” The pre-phase, extending from the last century, consists of exiles from the independence struggle against Spain. These include major intellectuals who mainly wrote about their Caribbean struggles and reflected critically on the New York experience of arriving Puerto Rican nationals. The first phase, extending from 1917 to 1945, is mainly of autobiographical and journalistic works expressing the efforts of first-generation migrants to adjust to U.S. life. The period of migration from 1945 to 1965 constitutes the second phase, when radical exile writers mainly wrote a literature of exile with hardly any bilingualisms and only limited reference to the migration experience. Lastly, the third phase “effectively draws together the firsthand testimonial of the ‘pioneer’ stage and the fictional, imaginative approach of the writers of the 1950s or 1960s.”
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15

Phase (Jesus) came closer to the gakseolyi: hangukpyeon (Korean edition). Seo Rosarang, 1996.

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16

I-394 phase III evaluation interim report. Strgar-Roscoe-Fausch, 1993.

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17

Ritzinger, Justin R. A New Cult for New Buddhists. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491161.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the development of the “Maitreya School” from the eve of its founding to its peak of activity in 1937. This occurred in two phases. In the first, the school was closely associated with Yogācāra and served as the “house cult” of Taixu’s seminaries, forming an important part of the educational and ritual lives of these institutions. In the second phase, the school came to be seen in more expansive terms as an all-inclusive teaching and pure land elements overshadow Yogācāra. In this phase, active propagation grew and Taixu’s students and associates began to assume a more prominent role. Liturgies were composed, lay associations were organized, and the landscape was inscribed with the cult.
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18

Vimalesvaran, Kavitha, and Michael Marber. Myocardial Remodelling after Myocardial Infarction. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0031.

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This chapter focuses on myocardial remodelling, a process that affects the heart’s shape, structure, and function, following myocardial injury (MI). Post-MI remodelling can be divided into three phases, with the first phase 0–72 hours beginning at the time of ischaemic injury, the second phase 72 hours to 6 weeks, and the third and last phase 6 weeks and beyond. During post-infarction remodelling, hypertrophy is an adaptive response that compensates for the increased load, reduces the effect of progressive dilatation, and balances contractile function. The chapter discusses the factors involved in ventricular remodelling and its association with heart failure progression. The effects of therapies designed to prevent or attenuate post-infarction left ventricular remodelling, with reference to the pathophysiological mechanisms involved, are then considered. Therapies specifically discussed include angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β‎-adrenoreceptor blockers, and aldosterone receptor antagonists.
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19

Bianconi, Ginestra. Classical Percolation, Generalized Percolation and Cascades. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0012.

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This chapter characterizes the robustness of multiplex and multilayer networks using classical percolation, directed percolation and antagonistic percolation. Classical percolation determines whether a finite fraction of nodes of the multilayer networks are connected by any type of connection. Classical percolation can be affected by multiplexity since the degree correlations among different layers can modulate the robustness of the entire multilayer network. Directed percolation describes the propagation of a disease requiring cooperative infection from different layers of the multiplex network. It displays a rich phase diagram including both continuous and discontinuous phase transitions. Antagonist percolation on a duplex network describes the competition between two layers and can give rise to hysteresis loops corresponding to phases that either one layer or the other can percolate Avalanches generated by the generalized Sandpile Model and Watts–Strogatz Model are also discussed, emphasizing their relevance for studying the stability of power grids and financial systems.
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20

Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Phase equilibria. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0015.

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This chapter extends the discussion of gas phase equilibria to phase equilibria. The central concept is the vapour pressure, and the key proof is that the criterion for phase equilibrium is the equality of the molar Gibbs free energies, or chemical potentials, of each phase. This then leads to the Clapeyron and Clausius-Clapeyron equations. A notable feature of this chapter is the discussion of non-ideal gases, answering the question “Given that, by definition, an ideal gas can never liquefy, what is it about a real gas that enables the gas to change phase into a liquid?”. A unique feature of this discussion is the rigorous analysis of the Gibbs free energy of a van der Waals gas under compression, and the proof of the ‘Maxwell construction’.
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21

Newell, Heather, ed. Nested phase interpretation and the PIC. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778264.003.0002.

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This chapter investigates phonological, morphological, and syntactic phenomena, aiming to demonstrate that the Phase Impenetrability Condition (Chomsky 2001) is epiphenomenal. The chapter therefore builds on the argumentation in Bošković (2007, 2014). It is demonstrated that the PIC cannot hold in the syntax, as the operations Merge (Late Adjunction), Move (post-spell-out movement), and Agree (long-distance Agree) can all be shown to cross phase boundaries. Morphological operations such as the anti-cyclic merger of morphemes (Late Adjunction) and spell-out of lower copies of a chain demonstrate the same permeability of the previously interpreted domains of phases. In the pure phonology, data displaying the effects of Phonological Merger (Newell and Piggott 2014) and Infixation demonstrate that phonological domains are not opaque for phonological operations, and that this transparency is not limited to phonological edges.
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22

Baloh, Robert W. Bárány’s Life in Uppsala and His Work with Lorente de Nó. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600129.003.0012.

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Lorente de Nó came to Uppsala, Sweden, in 1924 to work with Robert Bárány, with the goal of studying the central nervous system pathways of the vestibular nystagmus response. Bárány’s 1907 book described a patient with a lesion involving the reticular formation of the pons close to the abducens nucleus who could generate only the slow phase of nystagmus. With stimulation, the patient’s eyes slowly deviated to one side and became pinned. The patient also had a loss of voluntary eye movements. Bárány concluded that there must be separate centers in the brainstem for the production of the slow and fast phases of nystagmus. He speculated that the center for generating fast phases was in the reticular substance next to the abducens nucleus and that this component was under the influence of cortical control. Nó would go on to perform studies of these central pathways for generating nystagmus in rabbit.
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23

Vigne, Jean-Denis. Archaeozoological techniques and protocols for elaborating scenarios of early colonization and Neolithization of Cyprus. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.4.

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This paper summarizes some of the main results that have been obtained through the archaeozoological study of the large Cypriot Pre-Pottery Neolithic site of Shillourokambos, dated between 8300 and 7000 cal bc. It shows how the presence of the archaeozoologists in the field, as well as an original faunal-based critical approach of the relative chronology of the different phases of occupation of this site, can improve the quality of the archaeozoological contribution to the cultural history of the region. Special attention is also paid to the osteometric study of sexually dimorphic ungulates. The results concern the evolution of the system of exploitation of the animal resources during this important phase of the Near Eastern Neolithic transition. They also evidence the long-distance exchanges between early Neolithic villages and they indirectly document the early history of navigation in the eastern Mediterranean.
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24

A knowledge-based expert system to coordinate CAD/CAE with integration and test: Phase II, SBIR, final technical report for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Coherent Research, Inc., 1991.

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25

A knowledge-based expert system to coordinate CAD/CAE with integration and test: Phase II, SBIR, final technical report for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Coherent Research, Inc., 1991.

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26

A knowledge-based expert system to coordinate CAD/CAE with integration and test: Phase II, SBIR, final technical report for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Coherent Research, Inc., 1991.

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27

Wang, Alex L. Climate Change Policy and Law in China. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0028.

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This chapter outlines China’s developing climate change response. The nation is the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases and the largest consumer of energy. China’s engagement in the international climate change negotiations can be divided into three phases: a ‘learning’ phase from 1989 to 1995; a shift toward more active participation between 1995 and 2007; and more comprehensive engagement on climate change domestically and internationally around the time of the UN Climate Conference in Bali in 2007. Shortly before the conference, Chinese authorities announced for the first time a comprehensive National Climate Change Program. It presented a range of existing policies created earlier to address other energy and environmental issues.
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28

Mann, Peter. The Hamiltonian & Phase Space. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0014.

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This chapter discusses the Hamiltonian and phase space. Hamilton’s equations can be derived in several ways; this chapter follows two pathways to arrive at the same result, thus giving insight into the motivation for forming these equations. The importance of deriving the same result in several ways is that it shows that, in physics, there are often several mathematical avenues to go down and that approaching a problem with, say, the calculus of variations can be entirely as valid as using a differential equation approach. The chapter extends the arenas of classical mechanics to include the cotangent bundle momentum phase space in addition to the tangent bundle and configuration manifold, and discusses conjugate momentum. It also introduces the Hamiltonian as the Legendre transform of the Lagrangian and compares it to the Jacobi energy function.
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29

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Engineering specification and system design for CAD/CAM of custom shoes: Project ANG-1-875 : phase V, UMC involvement (January 1, 1989-June 30, 1989) : a report submitted to National Aeronautics & Space Administration, Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia. University of Missouri--Columbia, College of Engineering, 1989.

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30

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Engineering specification and system design for CAD/CAM of custom shoes: Project ANG-1-875 : phase V, UMC involvement (January 1, 1989-June 30, 1989) : a report submitted to National Aeronautics & Space Administration, Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia. University of Missouri--Columbia, College of Engineering, 1989.

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31

Opie, Lionel. Optimal Medical Therapy Post-AMI. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199544769.003.0006.

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• The management of an acute myocardial infarction can be divided into four phases: (a) The initial acute ischaemia causes severe prolonged chest pain when the patient is rushed to a Coronary or Intensive Care Unit; (b) Within the next few hours as ischaemia changes into infarction, the aim at this step is to restore blood flow in the occluded artery by thrombolysis or by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); (c) Next, the infarct is established and the left ventricle undergoes early remodeling; (d) Finally, follows the post-AMI post-hospital phase when continued left ventricular remodeling takes place• The therapeutic management of each of these steps can be optimized using appropriate medical therapy including antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapy, beta-blockers, ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, lipid-lowering drugs, aldosterone antagonists, omega-3 fatty acids and so on.
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32

Cates, M. Complex fluids: the physics of emulsions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789352.003.0010.

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These lectures start with the mean field theory for a symmetric binary fluid mixture, addressing interfacial tension, the stress tensor, and the equations of motion (Model H). We then consider the phase separation kinetics of such a mixture: coalescence, Ostwald ripening, its prevention by trapped species, coarsening of bicontinuous states, and the role of shear flow. The third topic addressed is the stabilization of emulsions by using surfactants to reduce or even eliminate the interfacial tension between phases; the physics of bending energy, which becomes relevant in the latter case, is then presented briefly. The final topic is the creation of long-lived metastable emulsions by adsorption of colloidal particles or nanoparticles at the fluid–fluid interface; alongside spherical droplets, these methods can be used to create a range of unconventional structures with potentially interesting properties that are only now being explored.
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33

Gray, Barbara, and Jill Purdy. Designing Multistakeholder Partnerships. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782841.003.0005.

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Designing partnerships for success is challenging. Many partnerships succumb to collaborative inertia; that is, they experience slow progress or truncate their efforts without any tangible outcomes. Factors that contribute to such inertia include distrust, framing conflicts, identity, process, and power differences. This chapter identifies several important process design issues that partnership leaders need to consider. Eight critical tasks that interveners can undertake to shift these forces in positive directions are introduced: Convening, managing the process, visioning, intervening in large groups, conflict handling, visioning to facilitate partners’ learning, gaining buy-in back home, and institution building. Detailed advice is offered for how partners should engage in each of these tasks to steer partnerships in positive directions. Factors that motivate and block collaborative efforts at each of four phases in a partnership’s life cycle are also explored and their appropriateness for each phase of a partnership’s life cycle is assessed.
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34

Pezo-Lanfranco, Luis Nicanor. Bioarqueologia e Antropologia Forense: Métodos de escavação, recuperação e curadoria de ossos humanos. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-376-3.

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This book presents a synthesis on the necessary methods and techniques for the correct excavation, recovery and conservation of human remains, as well as notions of sampling and analysis of bones, useful for an adequate study of funeral contexts in conventional (bio)archaeological research or forensic-anthropology. As this book was written primarily for archeology students and archeologists with little training in bone handling, the language is easy-to-follow. The book is divided into two sections that roughly correspond to the two phases in which the method of analysis of human bones can be divided. In the first section, we describe the Phase I or field work that includes recovery methods, from the prospection and identification of burial sites, excavation and recording, field-sampling techniques, to the packaging and transport of bones to the laboratory. In the second part of the book, Phase II or laboratory work, we describe the treatment that should be given to bones from their arrival to laboratory of analysis to the final storage. In this section, we show the methods of cleaning and preparation of bones for further analysis, some basic notions on restoration and conservation, and relevant information about sampling techniques and their scientific principles to obtain information from the examined individual. Along the text we emphasize the informative potential of each analysis from the bioarchaeological and anthropological-forensic viewpoint.
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35

Lochbihler, Bethany. Syntactic domain types and PF effects. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778264.003.0004.

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This chapter proposes a distinction between syntactic phases headed by C and D as final, in contrast to other non-final phases. Final phases act as stronger boundaries for head movement and provide final landing sites for A′-movement, but non-final phases, while still constituting spell-out domains, impose weaker boundaries. This chapter particularly investigates the phonological effects of final and non-final phases in Ojibwe, and the different processes that can apply at the spell-out of each type of domain. An analysis is provided for an ordering paradox between palatalization and apocope, which is claimed to be accounted for by reference to the syntactic structure and the timing of application of these processes at the spell-out of final or non-final phases.
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36

Matsumoto, Tamaki, Hiroyuki Asakura, and Tatsuya Hayashi. Premenstrual disorders: luteal phase recurrent enigmatic conditions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749547.003.0007.

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Up to 90% of women of childbearing-age experience at least some degree of a regular recurrence of various physical and mental symptoms during the days prior to menstruation, which usually subside following menstruation. The cluster of symptoms can alter behaviour and well-being and affect family, friends, and relationships at work. Despite its prevalence, however, research has not yet demystified this enigmatic condition, commonly known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)—severe PMS. Chapter 7 presents an exhaustive review that discusses the definition, diagnosis, prevalence, symptomatology, aetiopathogenesis, and therapeutic modalities of PMS/PMDD. It deliberates on the complex web of associated biopsychosocial factors. The discussion is further enhanced by presenting a real-life scenario of a sufferer with PMS who, in her dissatisfaction with the management provided, selected the option of surgical removal of her reproductive organs.
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37

Chen, Ji. Phase Analysis for Dyssynchrony by MPI and MUGA. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0022.

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Fourier phase analysis can be used to assess dyssynchrony from nuclear images, such as multi-gated acquisition (MUGA) radionuclide angiography, gated blood-pool SPECT, and gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. This chapter reviews the technical background of Fourier phase analysis with these imaging modalities and demonstrates how it measures ventricular dyssynchrony. The major clinical application of ventricular dyssynchrony assessment is to improve response to cardiac resynchronization (CRT) in patients with heart failure. This chapter introduces the current practice of CRT and the potential factors related to CRT response, and then reviews the clinical studies of the above phase analysis techniques for increasing CRT response.
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38

Weninger, Bernhard, and Lee Clare. 6600–6000 cal BC Abrupt Climate Change and Neolithic Dispersal from West Asia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0003.

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Recent advances in palaeoclimatological and meteorological research, combined with new radiocarbon data from western Anatolia and southeast Europe, lead us to formulate a new hypothesis for the temporal and spatial dispersal of Neolithic lifeways from their core areas of genesis. The new hypothesis, which we term the Abrupt Climate Change (ACC) Neolithization Model, incorporates a number of insights from modern vulnerability theory. We focus here on the Late Neolithic (Anatolian terminology), which is followed in the Balkans by the Early Neolithic (European terminology). From high-resolution 14C-case studies, we infer an initial (very rapid) west-directed movement of early farming communities out of the Central Anatolian Plateau towards the Turkish Aegean littoral. This move is exactly in phase (decadal scale) with the onset of ACC conditions (~6600 cal BC). Upon reaching the Aegean coastline, Neolithic dispersal comes to a halt. It is not until some 500 years later—that is, at the close of cumulative ACC and 8.2 ka cal BP Hudson Bay cold conditions—that there occurs a second abrupt movement of farming communities into Southeast Europe, as far as the Pannonian Basin. The spread of early farming from Anatolia into eastern Central Europe is best explained as Neolithic communities’ mitigation of biophysical and social vulnerability to natural (climate-induced) hazards.
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39

Isett, Philip. Transport Estimates. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.003.0017.

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This chapter derives estimates for quantities which are transported by the coarse scale flow and for their derivatives. It first considers the phase functions which satisfy the Transport equation, with the goal of choosing the lifespan parameter τ‎ sufficiently small so that all the phase functions which appear in the analysis can be guaranteed to remain nonstationary in the time interval, and so that the Stress equation can be solved. In order for these requirements to be met, τ‎ small enough is chosen so that the gradients of the phase functions do not depart significantly from their initial configurations. The chapter presents a proposition that bounds the separation of the phase gradients from their initial values in terms of b (b is less than or equal to 1, a form related to τ‎). Finally, it gathers estimates for relative velocity and relative acceleration.
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40

Golper, Thomas A., Andrew A. Udy, and Jeffrey Lipman. Drug dosing in acute kidney injury. Edited by William G. Bennett. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0364.

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Drug dosing in acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the broadest topics in human medicine. It requires an understanding of markedly altered and constantly changing physiology under many disease situations, the use of the drugs to treat those variety of diseases, and the concept of drug removal during blood cleansing therapies. Early in AKI kidney function may be supraphysiologic, while later in the course there may be no kidney function. As function deteriorates other metabolic pathways are altered in unpredictable ways. Furthermore, the underlying disorders that lead to AKI alter metabolic pathways. Heart failure is accompanied by vasoconstriction in the muscle, skin and splanchnic beds, while brain and cardiac blood flow proportionally increase. Third spacing occurs and lungs can become congested. As either kidney or liver function deteriorates, there may be increased or decreased drug sensitivity at the receptor level. Acidosis accompanies several failing organs. Protein synthesis is qualitatively and quantitatively altered. Sepsis affects tissue permeability. All these abnormalities influence drug pharmacokinetics and dynamics. AKI is accompanied by therapeutic interventions that alter intrinsic metabolism which is in turn complicated by kidney replacement therapy (KRT). So metabolism and removal are both altered and constantly changing. Drug management in AKI is exceedingly complex and is only beginning to be understood. Thus, we approach this discussion in a physiological manner. Critically ill patients pass through phases of illness, sometimes rapidly, other times slowly. The recognition of the phases and the need to adjust medication administration strategies is crucial to improving outcomes. An early phase involving supraphysiologic kidney function may be contributory to therapeutic failures that result in the complication of later AKI and kidney function failure.
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41

Sterelny, Kim. The Pleistocene Social Contract. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531389.001.0001.

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No human now gathers for himself or herself the essential resources for life: food, shelter, clothing and the like. Humans are obligate co-operators, and this has been true for tens of thousands of years; probably much longer. In this regard, humans are very unusual. In the living world more generally, cooperation outside the family is rare. Though it can be very profitable, it is also very risky, as cooperation makes an agent vulnerable to incompetence and cheating. This book presents a new picture of the emergence of cooperation in our lineage, developing through four fairly distinct phases. Our trajectory began from a baseline that was probably fairly similar to living great apes, who cooperate, but in fairly minimal ways. As adults, they rarely depend on others when the outcome really matters. This book suggests that cooperation began to be more important for humans through an initial phase of cooperative foraging generating immediate returns from collective action in small mobile bands. This established in our lineage about 1.8 million years ago, perhaps earlier. Over the rest of the Pleistocene, cooperation became more extended in its social scale, with forms of cooperation between bands gradually establishing, and in spatial and temporal scale too, with various forms of reciprocation becoming important. The final phase was the emergence of cooperation in large scale, hierarchical societies in the Holocene, beginning about 12,000 years ago. This picture is nested in a reading of the archaeological and ethnographic record, and twinned to an account of the gradual elaboration of cultural learning in our lineage, making cooperation both more profitable and more stable.
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42

Joshi, Khyati Y. Standing Up and Speaking Out. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037832.003.0008.

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This chapter focuses on the significance of race, ethnicity, and religion by discussing how and why a group of Hindus in Metro Atlanta came together to challenge Southern Christian normativity. As the development and growth of religious organizations helped Hindus develop a sense of their own potency in Metro Atlanta and elsewhere, the community has gone from a phase when merely being acknowledged felt like a victory to a phase of feeling, and ultimately expressing, anger and disappointment at inaccurate and disrespectful depictions of Hinduism. This trend can be expected to continue and grow as the community continues to expand and mature, and as new targets arise from the inevitable misunderstandings between the South's Hindu and mainstream communities.
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Huffaker, Ray, Marco Bittelli, and Rodolfo Rosa. Phenomenological Modelling. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782933.003.0009.

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Detecting causal interactions among climatic, environmental, and human forces in complex biophysical systems is essential for understanding how these systems function and how public policies can be devised that protect the flow of essential services to biological diversity, agriculture, and other core economic activities. Convergent Cross Mapping (CCM) detects causal networks in real-world systems diagnosed with deterministic, low-dimension, and nonlinear dynamics. If CCM detects correspondence between phase spaces reconstructed from observed time series variables, then the variables are determined to causally interact in the same dynamic system. CCM can give false positives by misconstruing synchronized variables as causally interactive. Extended (delayed) CCM screens for false positives among synchronized variables.
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Aveyard, Bob. Surfactants. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828600.001.0001.

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Characteristically, surfactants in aqueous solution adsorb at interfaces and form aggregates (micelles of various shapes and sizes, microemulsion droplets, and lyotropic liquid crystalline phases). This book is about the behaviour of surfactants in solution, at interfaces, and in colloidal dispersions. Adsorption at liquid/fluid and solid/liquid interfaces, and ways of characterizing the adsorbed surfactant films, are explained. Surfactant aggregation in systems containing only an aqueous phase and in systems with comparable volumes of water and nonpolar oil are each considered. In the latter case, the surfactant distribution between oil and water and the behaviour of the resulting Winsor systems are central to surfactant science and to an understanding of the formation of emulsions and microemulsions. Surfactant layers on particle or droplet surfaces can confer stability on dispersions including emulsions, foams, and particulate dispersions. The stability is dependent on the surface forces between droplet or particle surfaces and the way in which they change with particle separation. Surface forces are also implicated in wetting processes and thin liquid film formation and stability. The rheology of adsorbed films on liquids and of bulk colloidal dispersions is covered in two chapters. Like surfactant molecules, small solid particles can adsorb at liquid/fluid interfaces and the final two chapters focus on particle adsorption, the behaviour of adsorbed particle films and the stabilization of Pickering emulsions.
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Henry G, Burnett, and Bret Louis-Alexis. Part I Host States, Mining Companies, and Mining Projects, 4 Typology of Mining Projects. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757641.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses the classification of mining projects. Mining projects can be classified based on their state of advancement, for example, exploration phase development phase, production phase, or reclamation phase. Only 0.1 percent of all targets will result in a pre-feasibility study, few of which will ultimately result in a feasibility study and the construction and commercial exploitation of a mine. Another classification for mining projects relies on the types of metals or minerals encountered or produced at a mining project. The remainder of the chapter identifies the main types of metals or minerals commercially mined today, their main uses, annual production, and main producing countries. All these characteristics have a significant impact on the risk profile and profitability of a given mining project, and on the potential for disputes to arise.
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Kachelriess, Michael. Baryogenesis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802877.003.0022.

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This chapter shows that a baryon asymmetry can be generated only if the Sakharov conditions are satisfied. The required departure from thermal equilibrium can be realised either in first-order phase transitions or in out-of-equilibrium decays. Sphaleron transitions as a possible way to transfer a lepton into a baryon asymmetry are covered and the Boltzmann equation governing the baryon asymmetry generated in particle decays is derived. A brief review of baryogenesis during the electroweak phase transition is presented.
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Broome, Matthew, Paolo Fusar-Poli, and Philippe Wuyts. Conceptual and Ethical Issues in the Prodromal Phase of Psychosis. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, et al. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0046.

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Our focus in this chapter is to address some of the philosophical issues that arise in the scientific and clinical study of the prodromal phase of psychosis. We discuss issues from both metaphysics and philosophy of science as we all as those related to phenomenological approaches and clinical ethics. A clear challenge arises in considering how models of a continuum of psychosis and of schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder can be reconciled with a scientific understanding of the prodrome as a discrete constellation of signs and symptoms. Clinical and research work on the prodromal stage of psychosis also highlights ethical concerns. Demarcating a mental disorder and applying therapeutic interventions, based solely on risk estimation, should not be carried out lightly.
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Cross, Rob, and Roger Spencer. Sustainable Gardens. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097988.

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The third title in the CSIRO Gardening Guide series, Sustainable Gardens by Roger Spencer and Rob Cross shows how horticulture can contribute towards a more sustainable future. Written for home gardeners, professional horticulturists, landscapers, and all those passionate about cultivated landscapes, this book examines the steps we can take towards harmonising gardening activity with the cycles of nature. 
 Two outstanding botanists from the Royal Botanical Gardens in Melbourne, Roger and Rob have produced a genuine gardening bible for our times. They show how every gardener – both professional and amateur – can contribute positively to environmental stewardship. Gardens may be consumers of resources, but the negative effects of this consumption can be minimised and can be offset by some of the positive contributions gardens make.
 Roger and Rob explain the connections between human activity, resource depletion, and environmental degradation. They show how to conduct an audit of gardening practices, materials, and results so that every gardener can measure the impact he or she is having on nature. 
 They show: how to minimise the impacts on nature of our consumption of water, materials and energy in the garden; how to make gardens more environmentally friendly through design, construction and maintenance phases; the importance of biodiversity and how horticulture can help protect natural systems; and the role that gardening can play in alleviating the environmental impacts of food production.
 Checklists are provided so that gardeners can ensure they are taking the most sustainable path through each phase of gardening – design, construction, maintenance. The book ends with a guide round an existing garden that combines physical beauty with sustainability, and discusses future trends for sustainable horticulture. 
 In an increasingly urbanised world, parks and gardens are our main point of contact with nature. If we can maximise the environmental benefits of our gardens, public spaces and landscapes, we will make a huge contribution to sustainable living. This book if the first to show us how.
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Arolwg o drefniadau asesu'r Cwricwlwm Cenedlaethol: Y cam cyntaf - 1995 : adroddiad i Ysgrifennydd Gwladol Cymru = Review of National Curriculum assessment arrangements : first phase - 1995 : a report to the Secretary of State for Wales. Awdurdod Cwricwlwm ac Asesu Cymru, 1996.

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50

Stage loading versus progressive loading in cardiac rehabilitation functional evaluation: Comparison of the Bruce and Roy ramp treadmill protocols on post-Phase II CAD patients. 1995.

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