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Academic literature on the topic 'Cambodge – épidémiologie'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cambodge – épidémiologie"
Delaire, C., M. Mas, A. Herla, A. Desiles, and B. Sam. "Mortalité néonatale et suivi des grossesses au Cambodge : enquête épidémiologique." Archives de Pédiatrie 15, no. 5 (June 2008): 845–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-693x(08)71936-5.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Cambodge – épidémiologie"
Duong, Veasna. "Dengue in Cambodia : epidemiology, molecular evolution, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnostic and markers of severity." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20231/document.
Full textDengue infection, caused by one of the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world with an estimated 50-100 million cases annually. In Cambodia, dengue is hyperendemic and all four serotypes are circulating. The active hospital-based surveillance has been established in 2000 and provided important insights in the understanding of the epidemiological profile and of the DENV evolution. The dynamic of evolution of DENV is characterized by complex patterns of lineage turnovers within each serotype, with lineages increasing and decreasing in frequency through time. Dengue manifests in various clinical forms - from asymptomatic to severe form with shock syndrome - and is sometimes difficult to differentiate from other febrile diseases. We have evaluated the performance of a recent diagnostic tool (NS1 antigen detection) - developed to identify dengue at a very early stage on the infection - depending on various clinical and biological patterns. Additionally, genome-wide expression analysis has characterized a large amount of gene signatures specific to dengue shock syndrome which could be used as prognostic markers as well as potential targets for drug design
Buchy, Philippe. "Le virus HSN1 au Cambodge." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077125.
Full textH5N1 virus was firstly discovered in Cambodia in December 2003. A study of human infections shows that the virus is responsible for systemic infections and can be recovered in blood and rectum. There are no tissue adaptation mutations on HA protein. Only few mutations associated with higher virulence or human adaptation were found. Cambodian strains are more sensitive to neuraminidase-inhibitors than H5N1 viruses that were circulating previously in Asia but are resistant to ion channel inhibitors in relation with a double mutation on M2 protein. We developed a high-throughput serological test using H5 pseudotyped lentiviral particles and we discovered that 0 to 2% of the villagers (living in places were avian flu outbreaks occurred) have been asymptomatically infected. Bathing and swimming in ponds was associated with a higher risk of being contaminated, We identified H5N1 RNA in ponds and soil in farm settings. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that H5N1 was introduced in Cambodia from Vietnam during several waves and became endemic since 2006 in the South Indochina peninsula. H5N1 virus evolved with the time and a significant antigenic drift was observed. Commercial poultry exchanges play a major role in virus introduction and circulation
Incardona, Sandra. "Le paludisme au cambodge : épidémiologie, diagnostic moléculaire à haut débit, et variabilité du gène ARNr 18S des quatre espèces infectant l'homme." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077226.
Full textA precise knowledge of the malaria epidemiology essential for designing efficient control measures. In Cambodia, the current malaria data are mainly provided by a passive case detection system. The diagnosis by clinical examination or by microscopy does not precisely determine the malaria incidence. The goal of this work was to better describe the malaria situation in Cambodia and to set up adapted screening and diagnosis strategies. The results of a large cross-sectional survey revealed geographically heterogeneous prevalences and an underestimation of the malaria situation in remote areas. The infection risk was highest in adult male and in remote forest-fringe villages. A study of the parasite carriage in North-East Cambodia showed that molecular diagnosis detects more infections than microscopy, pointing to a previously unknown transmission reservoir. About one third of the population carries mixed infections, partly including P. Malariae and P. Ovale. The molecular approach also revealed that cryptic P. Vivax infections frequently lead to recrudescences or relapses in the context of clinical trials of ACT used for treating P. Falciparum. Two innovative diagnosis approaches in a Dot-blot and a microarray format are proposed for increasing the screening throughput for epidemiological studies. Finally, a study of the molecular diagnosis marker 18S rRNA in the four species infecting man revealed an important polymorphism. Especially in P. Ovale, with numerous mutations possibly interfering with molecular diagnosis methods. The informations provided by this work are useful for adapting current control measures to the actual malaria situation prevailing in the field
Schell, Anne-Claire. "Délais de recours aux soins, de diagnostic et de traitement de patients présentant une tuberculose pulmonaire à expectoration positive dans deux provinces du Cambodge." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON11084.
Full textDiallo, Alpha Oumar II. "Modélisation et optimisation du contrôle de l’encéphalite japonaise au Cambodge." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG067/document.
Full textJapanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral zoonotic disease and it is the leading cause of human encephalitis in Asia and the Pacific. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a Flavivirus of the family of Flaviviridae transmitted from animals to human by mosquitoes, direct transmission between pigs can occur via direct contact. Despite a significant decline in JE cases in many countries as a result of vaccination programs, JE continues to have a significant impact in Asia. Our objective in this thesis is to (i) built a mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of JEV, (ii) parameterize this model to determine the importance of direct transmission between pigs under field conditions (iii) and determine control strategies. We developed a propagation model of JEV. Next, we adapted this model to have two models incorporating vector-borne transmission alone or a combination of vector-borne and direct transmission. Our findings suggest that direct transmission between pigs does contribute to transmission dynamics of JEV in Cambodia; although, alone direct transmission cannot sustain an outbreak. Finally, we considered vector control, sow vaccination, and herd management to determine control strategies to eradicate JEV in pig herds, reduce sow abortions, assess the risk for human beings living in the vicinity of pig herds and near pig slaughterhouse, and the cost-effectiveness of vaccination. Our results confirm that vector control is the best way to control JEV. Vaccination of pregnant sows reduces abortions as expected. Paradoxically, if the vector control is medium the effectiveness of the vaccination could be compromised. Herd management has a low impact on incidence and abortions, therefore on JE control. Combining sow vaccination and vector control could be an alternative and/or an additional measure to human vaccination to reduce both JE incidence in humans and the economic impact of JE infection on pig breeding
Mairet, Mélissa. "Résistance de Plasmodium falciparum aux combinaisons thérapeutiques à base d'artémisinine au Cambodge et au Cameroun : épidémiologie, mécanismes et nouvelles options thérapeutiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30283.
Full textArtemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACT) are the standard treatments for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. ACTs are composed of two antimalarial molecules: a fast-acting artemisinin derivative, and a long-acting partner drug. The global use of this efficient formulation has enable to reduce malaria-related mortality by sixty percent over the last 20 years. After ACT introduction, many endemic countries moved into the elimination phase of the disease. However, parasite eradication is still being undermined by the emergence of parasite resistance to artemisinin and partner drugs. Plasmodium falciparum resistance issue is particularly present is Cambodia. The global spread of resistance to ACT would be a public health disaster. Therefore, new resistance control strategies have to be set up. Those strategies include: i) a performant diagnosis of resistance ii) the epidemiologic study of resistance iii) a better understanding of cellular mechanisms involved in resistance and finally iv) new therapeutic options discovery. Previous studies have designed new phenotypic assays to detect resistance, which helped to discover molecular markers that are now used for global drug resistance surveillance. The first part of this work aimed, using those tools, to better define the epidemiology of ACT resistance in Asia and Africa focusing on two strategic countries: Cambodia, a low-transmission country, which is the epicentre of drug resistance emergence, and Cameroon, a high-transmission country where resistance to ACT has not yet been reported. The second part focused on testing of new antimalarial compounds, clinically and/or in vitro, on multi-resistant parasites collected in Cambodia. Finally, the last part explored the mechanism of artemisinin resistance using long term in vitro culture and Single Cell RNA sequencing. The presented work is part of the global strategy for reduction of malaria prevalence. Through a better understanding of the epidemiology of resistant P. falciparum in Cambodia and Cameroon, this work helped to survey and adapt current treatments to avoid selection and spread of drug-resistant parasites. Moreover, new interesting data on artemisinin resistance mechanism were also generated. Among the new antimalarial compounds tested, some were efficient and could be considered as new therapeutic options to replace the current first-line treatment in Cambodia in case of increasing treatment failures
Vong, Sirenda. "Epidémiologie de la dengue et son importance socio-économique au Cambodge – Facteurs d’adoption d’un vaccin contre la dengue." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20242/document.
Full textDengue is a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in young children in Southeast Asia. Dengue vaccines are currently in development and policymakers need appropriate economic studies to determine their potential financial and public health impact. Alongside economic assessment, accurate disease incidence data are required to provide robust estimates of disease burden across the regions where dengue is endemic. This thesis proposes a methodological approach by which the Ministry of Health should consider when assessing feasibility of adoption dengue vaccines, with specific reference to developing country settings, e.g. Cambodia. We implemented prospective dengue incidence studies over several years, performed in a general population and include a wide range of ages. The results of these studies were compared with national surveillance data gathered in the same region by calculating multiplication factors to estimate underreporting on several years. Additional prospective cost of illness study was conducted to generate accurate economic burden of disease estimates over several years and identify vulnerable groups. This strategy also allowed better understanding of the epidemiology of dengue in Cambodia, of which some characteristics are needed to evaluate the feasibility of introducing dengue vaccine. Designing cost-effectiveness studies before a vaccine has been fully evaluated requires assumptions about variables such as efficacy and effectiveness, dosage and costs. Our next step will be to determine the threshold price – sensitivity analyses - for a vaccine to be cost-effective rather than assigning a specific cost, because it is difficult to predict cost for a vaccine that has not been marketed. Should this vaccine be safe and affordable enough, the adoption of the new vaccine into a National Immunization Programme would probably be cost-effective but, above all, a matter of social equity
Khim, Nimol. "Approche génomique et bioinformatique de l'émergence et de la diffusion des résistances chez Plasmodium au Cambodge." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13517/document.
Full textMalaria, a protozoan vector-borne disease, is mainly prevalent in tropical areas, where nearly 40% of the world population is residing and remains one of the most concerns for public health worldwide. In Cambodia, the five Plasmodium species known to cause malaria in humans are present. The main feature of this country is that it is recognized as the epicenter of the emergence of multi-resistant P. falciparum parasites (to chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, mefloquine, and artemisinin), a very significant menace to public health in the Mekong region that could impact the worldwide strategy to fight malaria. The thesis presented here, entitled “Genomics and Bioinformatics in the emergence and spread of resistant Plasmodium in Cambodia” aimed to develop new molecular and biological tools for:1) improving our understanding of the collateral impact of the strategies implemented to fight against falciparum malaria on the other Plasmodium species; 2) defining the molecular epidemiology of antimalarial resistant parasites, especially resistance to quinine and artemisinin derivatives;3) studying and defining the structure of P. falciparum parasite populations circulating in Cambodia to estimate areas at risk of spread of artemisinin resistance, using genomic approaches and bioinformatics. This thesis was carried out in the Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit at Pasteur Institute in Cambodia (IPC) under the co-direction of Dr. Didier Ménard (Head of the Unit, IP) and Pr. Emmanuel Cornillot (Professor, University of Montpellier I). The first objective of this work was to study the impact of drug used to treat falciparum malaria on the dynamics of other Plasmodium species. In a first step, we evaluated the polymorphism in gene associated to pyrimethamine resistance (dhfr gene, dihydrofolate reductase) in Plasmodium malariae and in Plasmodium ovale (article 1 and manuscript in preparation 1) and the polymorphism in mdr-1 gene (multidrug resistance 1 gene) associated to mefloquine resistance in P. vivax (article 2). Secondly, in collaboration with Pasteur Institute in Madagascar, we investigated the association between the polymorphism in Plasmodium falciparum Na + / H + exchanger gene (Pfnhe-1) and quinine resistance defined either by clinical or in vitro phenotypes (articles 3 and 4). The second objective was focused on the development of novel biological and molecular tools to assess the resistance of P. falciparum to artemisinin derivatives. The three papers presented (articles 5, 6 and 7) describe an original approach combining genomics, biological, clinical and epidemiological studies, which lead to the discovery of a molecular marker (mutations Kelch 13 gene) associated to artemisinin resistance.The third and final objective was devoted to the development of the PCR-LDR-FMA technology applied to the detection of a panel of 24 SNPs to characterize a "barcode" of P. falciparum isolates. This technic coupled with bioinformatics and statistical analysis allowed us to study and define the structure of the parasite populations circulating in Cambodia for estimating areas at risk of spread of artemisinin resistance (manuscript in preparation 2). Through this work, we have tried to show the usefulness of available molecular biology methods coupled with genomic and bioinformatics approaches to improve our understanding of the dynamics of the malaria parasite populations. This work has been mainly focused on the emergence and spread of antimalarial resistant parasites, keeping in mind that the ultimate goal of this work was to improve strategies implemented to achieve the ambitious goal of malaria elimination
Tarantola, Arnaud. "Epidemiology as a tool to improve prevention of human rabies : local and global health implications of postexposure prophylaxis data, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 2003-2014." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC031/document.
Full textRabies causes more than 60,000 deaths worldwide each year, including 800 in Cambodia, where canine-mediated rabies virus circulates. Death occurs in nearly 100% of rabies cases, a disease which is nearly 100% avoidable by timely and adequate rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Improving access to PEP in rural areas of endemic countries will spare human lives in the short term. This epidemiology PhD used the data collected in patients referred to the rabies prevention clinic and tested dogs at Institut Pasteur du Cambodge (IPC), Phnom Penh. After a baseline assessment of access to and obstacles to access timely and adequate PEP in Cambodia, this PhD aims to contribute to improving: 1/ geographical access and 2/ financial access to PEP for rural populations in Cambodia. We developed an original strategy to identify populations with a high risk of PEP noncompletion after a bite by a potentially rabid dog. This should help improve geographical access to PEP following the implementation in July 2018 of a peripheral rabies prevention center in Western Cambodia. This strategy can be applied to identify difficulties in accessing health services relevant to other health issues, under certain conditions. After patient callback and analysis of rabies deaths among those who did and did not complete the 4-sessions/1-month intradermal PEP regimen of their own accord, we were unable to demonstrate a difference in rabies mortality among patients who only received 3 vaccine sessions over the first week compared to those receiving at least 4 sessions/one month. Abridging the protocol to one week would reduce direct and indirect costs and the loss of income during PEP in the Capital. The adoption of this abridged regimen must be associated with a strengthened clinical monitoring system for at least 6 months following patients’ initial PEP.The work presented in this PhD has implications which reach beyond Cambodia: WHO recommends this new IPC regimen – the first approved one-week, abridged rabies PEP regimen – in its April 2018 guidelines
Micol, Romain. "Infections à Cryptococcus neoformans, à cytomégalovirus, au virus de l'hépatite B au sein d'une cohorte (2004-2007) de sujets cambodgiens infectés par le VIH : prévalence, morbidité et mortalité." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T018.
Full textIn order to demonstrate the practical value of early diagnosis of cryptococcosis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during HIV infection in Cambodia, a cohort of 441 Cambodian HIV-infected patients was recruited in 2004 and followed until 2007 in Phnom Penh, in the context of Médecins Sans Frontières and Médecins du Monde antiretroviral drug access programmes. Prevalences, morbidity and mortality were estimated. A high prevalence (59/327; 18. 0%; 95%CI = 13. 9%-22. 2%) of cryptococcosis was observed in patients with a CD4+ T lymphocyte count less than 200/mm3, and the clinical value of systematic screening for cryptococcal antigenemia was demonstrated, as it allows early treatment of infection (28. 8% of cases of cryptococcosis were diagnosed as a result of systematic screening for cryptococcal antigenemia). A cost-effectiveness study (costs in 2009) comparing two cryptococcosis intervention strategies in patients with CD4+ count < 100/mm3 showed that screening for cryptococcal antigenemia and treatment of positive patients presented a better cost-effectiveness ratio (Dollar 180/life year gained) than primary prophylaxis with fluconazole (compared to the absence of intervention). Furthermore, primary prophylaxis presented a reasonable cost effectiveness ratio (Dollar 511/life year gained) compared to the screening. The proportion of patients alive at one year was 71. 9% and 70. 0%, respectively, compared to 60. 7% in the absence of intervention. CMV infection (an opportunistic infection often neglected in poor countries due to the almost complete absence of diagnosis and treatment) was very frequently detected (by real-time PCR) in patients with CD4+ count < 50/mm3 (133/224; 59. 4%; 95%CI = 52. 9%-65. 8%) and was independently associated with excess mortality (highest risk of death for CMV PCR ≥ 4. 2 log10 copies/ml = 3. 6; 95%CI = 2. 0-6. 8). To investigate a pathophysiological basis for these results, HHV-6 replication was studied by quantitative PCR and protein cmvIL-10 screening was performed by quantitative ELISA for C. Neoformans (no association between HHV-6 and cryptococcal infections) and CMV infections (negative correlation between cmvIL-10 level and CD4+ count), respectively. Finally, the proportion of patients presenting active chronic hepatitis B was estimated (45/319; 14. 1%; 95%CI = 10. 3%-17. 9%) and the emergence of lamivudineresistant strains was modelled in the HIV-infected population (7. 8% in co-infected patients) and in the general population