Academic literature on the topic 'Camels Gastrointestinal system Camels'

This chapter is based on a revised reading of Ibn ‘Arabi’s most famous verses from The Interpreter of Desires (Tarjumān al-ashwāq) that claim to follow “the religion of Love” via a heart “capable of every form.” It thus argues that modern Euro-American presuppositions regarding the nature of “religion” as a “system of beliefs” inform how the celebrated verses are commonly received and interpreted. While Ibn ‘Arabi’s claim to a heart “capable of every form” is synonymous with a claim to be capable of every belief, it is not tantamount to accepting the validity of every religion. Rather, the cel

Cystic echinococcosis (CE)\cystic hydatid disease is one of the most widespread and important global helminth zoonoses. The parasite Echinococcus granulosus is maintained in a wide spectrum of intermediate hosts, including sheep, goats, camels, cattle, pigs and equines. A number of wild intermediate hosts occur, including cervids in the northern part of the North American continent and Eurasia, marsupials in Australia and wild herbivores in East and southern Africa. The application of a range of molecular techniques to the characterization of the parasite has confirmed the existence of mostly

This chapter will deal with delivering of a substance in a natural product, milk, via the skin – cosmeceuticals, from a variety of sources, camels, equine, ruminant and breast milk. The large quantities of bacteria on the normal skin, both friendly and “bad” bacteria provide skin and body health. The activity of cosmeceuticals of camel milk is due to the specific milk components, whose efficacy is retained in skin preparations which have not been destroyed in their preparation. By using camel milk which is pathogen-free the preparations are probiotic by definition and rapidly penetrate the outer skin layers to be active in the deeper layers. Massage therapy has been shown to improve flexibility and range of motion and strengthen the immune system. A list of the organic substances used for making the cosmeceuticals is provided.

Flexible endoscopy is used to inspect and treat disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract without the need for creating an artificial opening on the patient’s body (Phee, Ng, Chen, Seow, & Davies, 1997). The endoscope is introduced via the mouth or anus into the upper or lower GI tracts respectively. A miniature camera at the distal end captures images of the GI wall that help the clinician in diagnosis of the GI diseases. Simple surgical procedures (like polypectomy and biopsy) can be performed by introducing a flexible tool via a working channel to reach the site of interest at the distal end. The types of procedures that can be performed in this manner are limited by the lack of maneuverability of the tool. More technically demanding surgical procedures like hemostasis for arterial bleeding, suturing to mend a perforation, and fundoplication for gastrooesophageal reflux cannot be effectively achieved with flexible endoscopy. These procedures are often presently being performed under opened or laparoscopic surgeries.

Rangelands in Africa (i.e., grasslands, savannas, and woodlands, which contain both grasses and woody plants) cover approximately 2.1 × 109 ha. Africa’s livestock population of about 184 million cattle, 3.72 million small ruminants (sheep and goats), and 17 million camels extract about 80% of their nutrition from these vast rangelands (IPCC, 1996). Rangelands have a long history of human use and are noted for great variability in climate and frequent drought events. The combination of climatic variability, low ecological resilience, and human land use make rangeland ecosystems more susceptible to rapid degeneration of ecosystems. From a land-use perspective, there are differences between West Africa and East Africa in rangelands use. In arid and semiarid areas of West Africa (rainfall 5–600 mm), millet (or another crop) is planted over a unimodal (one peak in rainfall per year) rainy season (three to four months); then fields remain fallow during the dry season, ranging from eight to nine months. Livestock eat crop residues. Land use is dominated by cultivation, with livestock playing a subsidiary role in the village economy. In East Africa, by contrast, areas with higher rainfall (up to 600 mm) are inhabited by pastoralists rather than farmers. In dry parts, cultivation occurs mainly where irrigation is possible or where water can otherwise be sequestered and stored for cropping. Rainfall is bimodal (two peaks in rainfall per year) in most rangelands, resulting in two growing seasons. As much as 85% of the population live and depend on rangelands in a number of countries in Africa. With emerging problems associated with the increasing population, the changes in key production areas, and the prevalence of episodic droughts and insecurity due to climatic change and ecological degradation and expansion of grazing territories, the traditional coping strategies of farmers, ranchers, and pastoralists have become inappropriate. More uncertainties require new innovations in characterizing, monitoring, analyzing, and communicating the emergence of drought to allow pastoral communities to cope with a rapidly changing environment. To this end, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) awarded the Texas A&M University System an assessment grant to develop a Livestock Early Warning System (LEWS) as part of the Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program.

As described in chapter 1 of this volume, the grasslands of central North America began to expand at the end of the Wisconsin period (about 10,000 years BP), and continued their expansion through the warming trend that persisted until about 3000 years BP, occupying their maximum territory at that time (Dix, 1964). Currently, the region still supports trees on escarpments, along streams, and at other sites protected from fire, but centuries ago, fires caused by lightning or kindled by Native Americans may have eliminated relict stands of forest and savanna on the open plains. Large browsers and grazers also may have played a part in eliminating trees as well as grasses sensitive to grazing pressure (Axelrod, 1985). Throughout millennia, bison in particular were likely to have shaped the plant communities of the shortgrass steppe, and thus were an essential component of the system (Larson, 1940). Bison appeared as early as 300,000 years BP; bison, mammoths, mastodons, camels, horses, and other grazers were numerous by 20,000 years BP. Humans arrived in North America perhaps as early as 60,000 years BP, but certainly by 15,000 years ago. Fires and bison may have achieved maximum impact as recently as the past 500 years (Axelrod, 1985; Looman, 1977). The roles of climate, fire, and grazing in the development of North American grasslands have been examined by Ellison (1960), Coupland (1979), Dyer et al. (1982), Anderson (1982), and Tetlyanova et al. (1990). The earliest known human sites on the shortgrass steppe date to about 13,000 years BP (Wedel, 1 979) and a re f ound i n the vicinity o f fossil g lacial l akes. The population of these mammoth hunters was apparently sparse and scattered. Soon after 11,000 years BP, many of the large mammalian species such as the mammoth, native horse, camel, and ground sloth vanished, and the hunters turned to bison. Bone beds representing mass kills of bison have been found below buffalo jumps (Fig. 4.1) and even in the remains of wood or stone corrals, but single kills must have been much more common.