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1
Zemengue, J., and T. Mbila. "Current state and tendencies of developing library-information services in the Republic of Cameroon." Bibliosphere, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2017-3-31-34.
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The article reflects the state of affairs in the field, which generalizes an operational experience of libraries in the Republic of Cameroon and foreign countries. The authors pay attention to the factors influencing the development of library-information services by proposing and suggesting solutions to develop this situation. The authors consider the library structure in the country, their various divisions and the personnel number using statistical tools; characterize the structure of library collections on their languages; examine in detail the most effective methods of serving users. The article managers the problems related to acquisition of libraries, stocks regulations and redistribution. The problem of insufficient training and retraining of library specialists in the library profession is brought up. Authors draw attention to unsatisfactory development of the material-technical base in Cameroon libraries, which is a consequence of the meager appropriations. The energy crisis in the country does not permit stable Internet connection. The necessity of creating portals and web-sites for libraries in the Republic of Cameroon was noted. Sufficient causes that have a direct impact on the quality of library information services for users are outlined. Authors propose a system for structuring the library system and indicate developing priorities of library-information services of the Republic of Cameroon. The article gives a comparative analysis of libraries’ activity in different countries. The authors conclude that there is no complete system of library-information servicing, flexible mechanisms and their interrelation. The country has no a single information space based on modern technology, reading rooms of major libraries fail to meet the growing demand for information services. Based on this study, the paper shows that there is need to create a unified platform for the Republic of Cameroon; identifies problems and different forms of developing the library-information service. The authors propose to pay more attention to modern remote non-stationary forms of library service delivery to the population as the most promising direction.
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Tchuifon Tchuifon, Donald Raoul, Hui-Zhen Fu, and Yuh-Shan Ho. "Cameroon publications in the Science Citation Index Expanded: Bibliometric analysis." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 4 (September 19, 2017): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i4.27101.
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Cameroon is one of the six countries of Central Africa with more than 20 000 000 residents. To characterize the Cameroon research performance, Cameroonians publications in the Science Citation Index Expanded during the period of 1936-2015, indexed in the Thomson Reuters SCI-EXPANDED database, were studied in this work. All documents of that period with Cameroon in the address field were included in the study. The document type, language, trend and collaborations were analyzed, as well as the output of different subject categories. Performances of countries, institutions and authors, including total, single, collaborative, first author, and corresponding author publications were also analyzed. Articles were analyzed by the scientific output and research performances of individuals, institutions and collaborative countries with Cameroon. Analyses included 8 457 articles (85 % of 10 591 Cameroonian publications). These bibliometric analyses of Cameroonian publications provided interesting insights concerning authors, institutions and collaboration patterns. Results showed that research in Cameroon was highly dependent on foreign collaborations, and the international collaboration was responsible for the increasing number of publications over the years. It was found that the articles with either first authors or corresponding authors from outside Cameroon got more citations than the others, and that the articles without any international collaboration had lower citations. The number of articles indexed by SCI-EXPANDED has seen an increase in terms of Cameroonian articles that is considerably greater that the increase in number of all articles in SCI-EXPANDED. Articles were more frequent than other types of publication and they were mostly in English. The University of Yaoundé I ranked top one in inter-institutionally collaborative articles, the rank of the total inter-institutionally collaborative articles, and the rank of first author articles and corresponding author articles. The University of Yaoundé I also was in an absolute leading position from 1970s to 2015, followed far away by the other institutions. The categories of tropical medicine, plant sciences, environmental and occupational public health, and infectious diseases, represented the largest number of published articles. Even though physics and chemistry dominated the ranking of the top 20 best Cameroonian authors, an independent mathematics article was the most cited, with 60 citations in 2015 to a Cameroonian author. The top three productive researchers were T. C. Kofane, B. T. Ngadjui, P. Woafo, all from University of Yaoundé I. France and the USA dominated the ranking of countries with strong scientific collaboration with Cameroon.
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SÁFIÁN, SZABOLCS, CLAUDIO BELCASTRO, and ROBERT TROPEK. "Two new species in the genus Andronymus Holland, 1896 (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae)." Zootaxa 4624, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4624.1.7.
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During extensive field work in West Africa (Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone), the authors collected two skipper species in the genus Andronymus (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae), which would not fit the descriptions of any existing taxa. Both are described as new, A. magma sp. nov. is known only from Cameroon, while A. fenestra sp. nov. was found in a few localities in the Liberian sub-region of West Africa.
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Denisova, T. S., and S. V. Kostelyanets. "Separatism in South Cameroon: Sources and Prospects." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 14, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 194–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2021-14-1-10.
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In the 2010s, the issue of separatism in Africa gained special significance in connection with the emergence in 2011 of a new state – the Republic of South Sudan (RSS), where a military and political conflict has continued throughout the entire period of independent development, accompanied by massive casualties among the civilian population. The situation in the RSS underscores the weakness of secessionism as a tool for solving the problems of national identity, socio-economic development and political marginalization, and also raises the question of whether separatism in Africa is able to lead to stability, an improvement in living standards and an increase in the level of security of citizens of breakaway territories. The present paper examines the historical background of separatism in South Cameroon and of organizations and armed groups fighting for the separation of the region from the Republic of Cameroon and for the independence of the self-declared Republic of Ambazonia. Currently, the country is engulfed in a military and political conflict, the parties to which are the central (Francophone) government and the Anglophone secessionist movements, which include dozens of armed groups with varying goals and interests and which fight among themselves for influence on local communities, resources, and the right to represent Cameroon’s Anglophone minority in the international arena. In fact, South Cameroon is now in a state of war of all against all. The situation in South Cameroon is compounded by the fact that President Paul Biya’s government simultaneously has to fend off attacks by Boko Haram terrorists in the far north of the country and deal with a socio-economic crisis, which is accompanied by rising unemployment, which, in turn, allows insurgents to expand their ranks with relative ease. The authors note, however, that the separatists do not enjoy the support of the world community and, unlike many other African rebel movements, receive hardly any financial or military-technical assistance from outside, which dooms their armed struggle and increases the consequence of a peaceful agreement with the government.
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Nyuyki, Peter Siysi, and Attie Van Niekerk. "Syncretism and inculturation in the Nso’ context of Cameroon." STJ | Stellenbosch Theological Journal 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 381–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.17570/stj.2016.v2n2.a18.
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This article gives a brief history and meaning of the terms syncretism and inculturation. The article highlights the fact that over the centuries Christianity has wrestled with syncretism. Following Lamin Sanneh (1989) the authors discuss three styles Christianity has employed in engaging cultures with the Gospel. The three styles are: quarantine, syncretist, and reform. The article draws examples from the history of missions to illustrate how this went on; showing what happened when Christianity engaged the Jewish community and the Greco-Roman world. The article argues that inculturation is not “everything goes”. Using the Nso’ context of Cameroon, the authors critique inculturation which leads to syncretism and suggest holistic “translatability” and holistic “critical contextualisation” as a way out.
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Ewane, Ewane Basil, Ewane Bertrand Olome, and Heon-Ho Lee. "Challenges to Sustainable Forest Management and Community Livelihoods Sustenance in Cameroon: Evidence from the Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve in Southwest Cameroon." Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 9 (November 29, 2015): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v8n9p226.
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Sustainable forest management in Cameroon is being plagued with many challenges directly related to key issues in the areas of forest law enforcement and governance. This study used questionnaires to examine the major community livelihood activities undertaken in the SBFR causing deforestation and forest degradation and to explore the localized trigger forces, and their implications for sustainable forest management in Cameroon. The authors found that the rated localized forces triggering indiscriminate human activities in the Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve (SBFR) are scarcity of farmland outside the forest reserve land, population growth, poverty and the more fertile nature of the forest reserve land than the limited, overused, and degraded community farming land. In addition, the authors found that forest monitoring activities in the field by forestry officials were plagued with complicity by some corrupt forestry officials, forces of law and order, administration, local management committee leaders, and disgruntled local population in the apprehension of illegal forest exploiters, besides inadequate resources. The strategies to address the above issues have not been prioritized. Based on the results, this paper argues that the governance failure to prioritize more and better investment in modern agriculture, non-wood domestic cooking energy and reliable rural transport systems, amongst others, including building institutional capacity and physical infrastructure compromises sustainable forest management in Cameroon at both the national and local community levels. In this light, a set of holistic and comprehensive strategic programmes are recommended as the way forward to guaranteeing sustainable development in forest management in Cameroon.
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Zemengue, J., and T. Mbila. "The competence approach as the basis to form training system for library professionals in the Republic of Cameroon." Bibliosphere, no. 4 (January 11, 2020): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2018-4-64-77.
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The article deals with the attitude of specialists to the competence approach in higher education, the stages of the “competence” formation concept are shown. The authors share the point of view of specialists, who emphasize the practical orientation of competences, and the competence approach itself is based on the practical orientation of education. After the analysis of publications, the authors come to the conclusion that the training of librarians in the Republic of Cameroon should ensure the formation of the following three groups of competences: 1) academic competencies, including basic knowledge and skills; 2) social and personal competences, including cultural and value orientations connected with the attitude of a person to himself as a personality (personal competence) and related to the person as a subject of interpersonal communication (communicative competence); 3) professional competencies. The authors show the basic technological competences required by Cameroonian library staff and believe that they should be incorporated into special academic disciplines and curricula of the department of documentary information. The authors conclude that academic, socio-personal and professional competences should be the basis not only for the educational standard of higher library education (getting bachelor’s and master’s degrees), which should be developed in Cameroon, but also for the entire system of training of highly qualified library personnel in the country.
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Ngaha, Junie Y., Florent Y. Fouelifack, Madye A. Ngo Dingom, Marileine K. Kemme, Brigitte Wandji, Felix Essiben, Anicet Ngate, et al. "First delivery of a COVID-19 positive patient in Cameroon." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 8 (July 23, 2020): 3477. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20203344.
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Since its appearance in China in December 2019, COVID-19 which is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a real global health problem. Pregnant women are not immune to this novel infection, which makes it difficult for proper management of pregnancy and childbirth. Authors present here the first case of childbirth in Cameroon of a 19-year-old adolescent tested positive for COVID-19.
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Fouedjio, Jeanne Hortence, Florent Ymele Fouelifack, Jovanny Tsuala Fouogue, Lionel Etame, Loic Dongmo Fouelifa, and Robinson Enow Mbu. "Dysmenorrhea among students in Yaounde, Cameroon: associated factors and socio-cultural aspects." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 3339. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20193562.
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Background: Dysmenorrhea is very common disorder. It affects the quality of life and is the main cause of school absenteeism’s among teenagers. The goal of this study was to determine socio-cultural aspects of dysmenorrhea among students in Yaounde and factors associated with it.Methods: Authors carried out a cross sectional analytic study in 2 secondary schools and a higher institute in Yaounde, from December 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018 (7 months). Authors included all students aged at least 15, in form 5 and above. In the higher institute, sampling was consecutive, while it was stratified into 2 clusters in the secondary schools. Odds ratios were determined to assess association between variables and P-value ˂0.05 was considered significant.Results: Of the 1059 participants, 800 had dysmenorrhea (prevalence: 75.5%). Mean age was 18.88±3.62 years (range: 15-45 years). Family history of dysmenorrhea (OR: 4.20 (95% CI: 3.02-5.83)) and stress ((OR: 2.16 (95% CI: 1.55 - 3.02)) were significantly associated with dysmenorrhea. A duration of menses ≤3 days was protective ((OR: 0.31 (95% CI: 0.12-0.82)). Dysmenorrhea remains a taboo for 23.6% of participants.Conclusions: Family history of dysmenorrhea and stress are risk factors for dysmenorrhea which remains a taboo for almost a fourth of affected women. Authors recommend educating women about dysmenorrhea and control psycho-social stress.
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Ako, Andrew Ako, Jun Shimada, Gloria Eneke Takem Eyong, and Wilson Yetoh Fantong. "Access to potable water and sanitation in Cameroon within the context of Millennium Development Goals (MDGS)." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 5 (March 1, 2010): 1317–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.836.
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Cameroon has been fully engaged with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) since their inception in 2000. This paper examines the situation of access to potable water and sanitation in Cameroon within the context of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), establishes whether Cameroon is on the track of meeting the MDGs in these domains and proposes actions to be taken to bring it closer to these objectives. Based on analyzed data obtained from national surveys, government ministries, national statistical offices, bibliographic research, reports and interviews, it argues that Cameroon will not reach the water and sanitation MGDs. While Cameroon is not yet on track to meet the targets of the MDGs for water and sanitation, it has made notable progress since 1990, much more needs to be done to improve the situation, especially in rural areas. In 2006, 70% of the population had access to safe drinking water and the coverage in urban centres is 88%, significantly better than the 47% in rural areas. However, rapid urbanization has rendered existing infrastructure inadequate with periurban dwellers also lacking access to safe drinking water. Sanitation coverage is also poor. In urban areas only 58% of the population has access to improved sanitation facilities, and the rate in rural areas is 42%. Women and girls shoulder the largest burden in collecting water, 15% of urban and 18% rural populations use improved drinking water sources over 30 minutes away. Cameroon faces the following challenges in reaching the water and sanitation MDGs: poor management and development of the resources, coupled with inadequate political will and commitment for the long term; rapid urbanization; urban and rural poverty and regulation and legislative lapses. The authors propose that: bridging the gap between national water policies and water services; recognizing the role played by Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in the attainment of MDGs; developing a Council Water Resource Management Policy and Strategy (CWARMPS); organizing an institutional framework for the water and sanitation sector as well as completion and implementation of an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) plan, would bring Cameroon closer to the water and sanitation MDGs.
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Tagne, Joël Stephan. "The Impact of Communication Language on Entrepreneurship in Cameroon." International Journal of Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility 5, no. 2 (July 2020): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsecsr.2020070102.
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The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of linguistic diversity on entrepreneurship in Cameroon. More specifically, it was a question of analysing the effects of linguistic diversity first on entrepreneurial intention, then on business creation, and finally on the sustainability of the businesses created. To achieve these objectives, the authors used data from a survey of 504 individuals in the cities of Douala and Yaoundé conducted by the Laboratory of Research in Fundamental and Applied Economics (LAREFA) of the University of Dschang and using the binary probit, recursive bivariate probit, and tobit models; it was found that 1) bilingual individuals have a lower entrepreneurial intention than their monolingual counterparts; however, the fact that the individual masters several languages facilitates the transition from intention to action; 2) if linguistic diversity is varied from zero to low or medium level, then the duration of the enterprise will increase by 25 months.
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Njiké, Désirée Ngomesse, and Robert Wanda. "Feminization of Boards and Cameroonian Public Enterprise Performance." International Journal of Business and Management 11, no. 11 (October 26, 2016): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n11p237.
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<p>If in the past few years, many authors seek to characterize the boards of directors in connection with performance proposing classifications based on sociodemographic characteristics of administrators, particularly in terms of gender diversity, the results of previous studies show that connection between the feminization of the boards of directors and the performance of the company is not consensual. We then try to test the impact of the feminization of the boards of directors on the performance of the Cameroonian public enterprises.</p>We have formulated a probabilistic model which is tested from a logistic regression based on data from a sample size of 26 public companies in Cameroon over a period of 4 years (2009-2012). Our results demonstrate that Cameroon public enterprise performance cannot be attributed to the gender diversification resulting from their presence at the level of management.
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Walle, Nicolas Van De. "Rice Politics in Cameroon: State Commitment, Capability, and Urban Bias." Journal of Modern African Studies 27, no. 4 (December 1989): 579–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00020450.
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It has become the common wisdom among students of sub-Saharan Africa since the publication of the so-called Berg Report that the poor performance of agriculture in the continent is a result of the economic policies pursued by most governments.1 Their intervention in the economy, according to several authors, has systematically favoured those living in the towns and cities at the expense of the vast majority in the rural areas. Urban bias is allegedly the consequence of the inability of the state to resist pressure from urban constituencies. Robert Bates, in particular, has been influential in disseminating the view that these policies are chosen because they have a political rationality, even if they are economically irrational.3 His central contention has been that state allocations in Africa have favoured urban at the expense of rural constituencies because the former are able to exert more influence on decision-makers.
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Kamgang, Jaurès, Francklin Tétinou, Yvan Zolo, Chee Yang Tan, Christian Wambo, Emerancienne J. N. Fongang, and Ulrick Sidney Kanmounye. "Recurrent Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in Cameroon: A Case-Control Study." Neurology Research International 2021 (June 15, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9948990.
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Introduction. Stroke recurrence accounts for a great percentage of catastrophic complications, yet no comprehensive study has analyzed the factors associated with stroke recurrence in Cameroon. We carried out this case-control study to better understand the factors associated with the stroke recurrence in Cameroon. Methods. We collected sociodemographic, clinical, neuroimaging, laboratory, and therapeutic data of eligible patients who consulted the neurology and cardiology department of the Yaounde Central Hospital in Cameroon. We included all patients at least five years removed from their first stroke event who consulted the authors’ institution as of January 15, 2019. Wilcoxon signed-rank and Fisher’s exact tests were used. Also, a Cox regression model was used to identify confounders.Results. We recruited 100 patients; seven out of ten patients had hypertension, while six out of 10 had a sedentary lifestyle. Half of the patients consumed alcohol regularly, while one patient out of five had diabetes. Most patients presented with their first stroke event, and a quarter had a stroke recurrence. Stroke recurrence was associated with right handedness (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.16–0.33), congestive heart failure (OR = 3.45, 95% CI = 1.16–10.28), gout (OR = 4.34, 95% CI = 1.09–18.09), dysarthria (OR = 4.34, 95% CI = 1.30–14.54), and facial palsy (OR = 3.96, 95% CII = 1.49 – 10.51), as well as modifiable factors such as elevated abdominal circumference (P < 0.01), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.01), blood glucose level (PI <I 0.01), LDL cholesterol (P < 0.01), and triglyceride levels (P < 0.01). The mulitvariable regression model only identified laterality (B = –1.48, P = 0.04) as a statistically significant explanatory varibale for stroke recurrence. Conclusion. We mapped the landscape of recurrent strokes in Cameroon. There is a need to evaluate the causes of suboptimal drug adherence rates and both the role and adherence to nonpharmacologic interventions.
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Ndzana, Martin, Onomo Cyrille, Gregory Mvogo, and Thierry Bedzeme. "Innovation and small and medium enterprises’ performance in Cameroon." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 28, no. 5 (June 15, 2021): 724–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-06-2020-0188.
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PurposeThis article attempts to explain performance through the development of innovations within small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Specifically, the authors analyse the determinants of innovation and assess the role of technological and non-technological innovations in performance.Design/methodology/approachBased on a sample of 508 Cameroonian SMEs, the PSM (propensity score matching) technique was used to reduce the selection bias inherent in this type of analysis.FindingsThe results show that technological innovation does not influence significantly the performance of SMEs, whereas non-technological innovation positively influences it. The combination of these two types of innovation leads to better performance than even accentuated development of only one type.Practical implicationsTo improve the performance of SMEs, it is necessary to adopt a comprehensive innovation policy that combines non-technological and technological innovations. In addition, it is important to intensify informations and communication technologies (ICT) promotion policies that contribute to the adoption of innovations within enterprises.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the literature by showing the role of technological and non-technological innovations in explaining the performance of SMEs. Moreover, unlike the existing work in sub-Saharan Africa, which is limited to testing the innovation–performance relationship, this study also determines the productivity gain generated by innovative firms compared to non-innovative ones.
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ECKERT, ANDREAS. "AFRICAN RURAL ENTREPRENEURS AND LABOR IN THE CAMEROON LITTORAL." Journal of African History 40, no. 1 (March 1999): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853798007385.
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IN most African farming systems, hired workers provide only a small part of the total labor devoted to agricultural production, even today. By and large, farm labor in Africa is still family labor. However, during and after the colonial period, many Africans also ran agrarian enterprises on a scale and in a nexus of social relations far removed from the traditional picture of the smallholder cultivating land with family labor. In Cameroon, Duala and Bamileke entrepreneurs mobilized and incorporated labor for cash crop production, a process that necessitated changes in existing social and political institutions. This article explores these economic activities in their cultural context. It aims to show how specific social and cultural systems together framed or determined entrepreneurial activities and to explain why specific ethnic groups enjoyed – at least for a certain period – disproportionate success in adapting to the opportunities of colonial life. Geographically, the paper concentrates on the Mungo region in the Cameroon littoral, part of the Cameroon ‘fertile crescent’ (Fig. I). Since the beginning of the twentieth century this thinly populated region has been one of the country's most important agricultural centers and, as a result, has attracted a large number of immigrants. Between the 1880s and 1950s, despite fundamental differences in the social and economic organization of their respective ethnic groups, first Duala and then Bamileke entrepreneurs emerged as leaders in the region's agricultural development.This paper joins a growing number of studies which aim to refine our understanding of the historical dimensions of African entrepreneurship. In development studies this new interest stems from a concern about the weakness of African private enterprise and its contribution to poor economic performance. Many authors see African entrepreneurs not so much as individuals but as social classes which are analyzed in their socio-economic and political context.
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Hale, F. "Cameroonian light on the propagation of Christianity in Kenjo Jumbam's The white man of God." Religion and Theology 4, no. 1-3 (1997): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157430197x00102.
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AbstractIn this article the author shows how the arrival of Christianity in Cameroon is portrayed in the work of Cameroonian writer KenjoJumbam. Writing some time after independence, Jumbam's work (especially The White man of God) exhibits a balanced valuation of Christian missionary work in contrast to other Cameroonian authors writing around the time of independence who displayed a more negative valuation of Christianity as a result of anti-colonialist feelings. In Jumbam's portrayal of the work of Christian missionaries the issue of inculturation of Christianity in indigenous culture is also raised.
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Fombang, MccPowell Sali, and Charles Komla Adjasi. "Access to finance and firm innovation." Journal of Financial Economic Policy 10, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-10-2016-0070.
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Purpose The study aims to examine the importance of access to finance in firm innovation by using firm-level data from the World Bank enterprise survey (WBES) on selected African countries. Design/methodology/approach This study utilises firm-level data from the WBES database and computes aggregate innovation index by using multiple correspondent analysis. The authors then apply instrumental variable models (to control for possible endogeneity between innovation and finance) to assess the link between finance and innovation. Findings The research finds that finance in the form of overdraft overwhelmingly drives innovation in all selected countries – Cameroon, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria and South Africa. Trade credit enhances innovation among firms in Nigeria, South Africa and Cameroon, while asset finance drives innovation amongst firms in Cameroon, Nigeria and South Africa. Practical implications Policy incentives such as tax breaks could be put in place for financial intermediaries that have shown proof of extending loans to financially constraint firms to enable them to innovate. Furthermore, different financial institutions such as microfinance institutions can be supported to increase credit to enterprises. Partnerships with organisations willing to fund firms and support start-ups should be encouraged. One of such support mechanisms could be specialised schemes such as a credit guarantee scheme to encourage and secure lending to enterprises to promote innovation. Originality/value This paper provides empirical insights into how finance enhances innovation in African enterprises. It also shows how different finance structures (overdraft, asset finance and trade credit) affect firm innovation in different African countries.
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Tamoufe, Ubald, Nancy Ortiz, Karen Saylors, Matt LeBreton, Viviane Meguia, Cyrille Djoko, and Richard Njouom. "687. Modeling the Impact of Introduction of Influenza Vaccination on ILI Cumulative Case Count in Cameroon." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.694.
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Abstract Background Influenza illness can range from mild to severe, with serious outcomes occurring in children and the elderly. Flu has been studied extensively in geographies where vaccine is often plentiful. The burden of influenza is not well known in tropical regions where vaccine coverage is scant. Our study examines the impact of introducing flu vaccination on cumulative incidence in a Cameroonian population with <0.2% influenza vaccine utilization Methods The data consists of 1 year of flu surveillance from patients presenting with influenza-like-illness at clinics in Cameroon. Samples underwent RT-PCR influenza screening. Analysis was performed in Berkeley Madonna. We developed ordinary differential equations (ODE)s under the SEIR compartmental model and calculated R0. We estimated the proportion of cases the clinics observed to make inferences to the catchment population of these health facilities. We developed another set of ODEs to introduce vaccination using a pulse function with a 50% efficacy and 45% vaccination coverage. Results We observed 82.9% reduction in flu cases by introducing vaccination at 45% coverage (US average). Cameroon would likely achieve reduced coverage. Therefore, we examined introducing vaccination with 10% coverage, and observed that flu cases were cut by over one third. Conclusion This analysis demonstrates that introducing vaccination in Cameroon clinics would reduce influenza cases substantially even with only a small proportion of the population vaccinated. Flu vaccination campaigns should be strongly considered as they can reduce case count which may reduce the likelihood of transmitting flu to those who are at risk the most severe outcomes. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Ndi, Frankline A., and Simon Batterbury. "Land Grabbing and the Axis of Political Conflicts: Insights from Southwest Cameroon." Africa Spectrum 52, no. 1 (April 2017): 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971705200102.
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Large-scale land acquisition (LSLA) by foreign interests is a major driver of agrarian change in the productive regions of Africa. Rural communities across Southwest Cameroon are experiencing a range of political conflicts resulting from LSLA, in which commercial interests are threatening local land-use practices and access to land. This paper shows that the struggle to maintain or redefine livelihoods generates tension between inward competition for and outward contestation of claims to land. In Nguti Subdivision, the scene of protests against a particular agribusiness company, there is continued debate over ideas about, interests in, and perceptions of land and tenure. The authors show how top-down land acquisition marginalises land users, leading to conflicts within communities and with the companies involved, and conclude that for an agro-project to succeed and avoid major conflicts, dominance by elite interests must give way to a more inclusive process.
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Freccero, Julie, Audrey Taylor, Joanna Ortega, Zabihullah Buda, Paschal Kum Awah, Alexandra Blackwell, Ricardo Pla Cordero, and Eric Stover. "Safer cash in conflict: Exploring protection risks and barriers in cash programming for internally displaced persons in Cameroon and Afghanistan." International Review of the Red Cross 101, no. 911 (August 2019): 685–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383120000119.
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AbstractAs cash increasingly becomes an essential part of humanitarian assistance, it is critical that practitioners are aware of, and work to mitigate, exposure to protection risks among the most vulnerable recipients. This article presents findings from qualitative research exploring protection risks and barriers that arise in cash programming for internally displaced persons at high risk of violence and exploitation in Cameroon and Afghanistan. The authors conclude with recommendations for mainstreaming global protection principles into cash programmes, as well as key considerations for designing and implementing cash programmes in ways that minimize existing risks of harm and avoid creating new ones.
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Bahmani-Oskooee, Mohsen, and Augustine Chuck Arize. "Asymmetry cointegration and the J-curve: new evidence from Africa." Journal of Economic Studies 47, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 969–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-09-2018-0333.
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PurposeThe purpose is to assess the asymmetric effects of exchange rate changes on the trade balance using data from African nations.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology is based on the most recent development in asymmetry cointegration and error-correction modeling.FindingsWhile the authors find short-run asymmetric effects in many of the countries in their sample, asymmetry cointegration yields support for the new definition of the J-curve in Algeria, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Morocco, Tanzania and Zambia.Originality/valueThis is the first study that applies nonlinear ARDL approach of Shin et al. (2014) using data from each of the 13 countries in Africa.
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Mouafo Tambo, F. F., G. Fossi kamga, C. Kamadjou, L. Mbouche, A. S. Nwaha Makon, J. Birraux, O. G. Andze, F. F. Angwafo, and P. Y. Mure. "Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management of Acquired Nontraumatic Urethral Strictures in Boys in Yaoundé, Cameroon." Case Reports in Urology 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2586458.
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Introduction. Urethral strictures in boys denote narrowing of the urethra which can be congenital or acquired. In case of acquired strictures, the etiology is iatrogenic or traumatic and rarely infectious or inflammatory. The aim of this study was to highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of acquired nontraumatic urethral strictures in boys in Yaoundé, Cameroon.Methodology. The authors report five cases of nontraumatic urethral strictures managed at the Pediatric Surgery Department of the YGOPH over a two-year period (November 2012–November 2014). In order to confirm the diagnosis of urethral stricture, all patients were assessed with both cystourethrography and urethrocystoscopy.Results. In all the cases the urethra was inflammatory with either a single or multiple strictures. The surgical management included internal urethrotomy (n=1), urethral dilatation (n=1), vesicostomy (n=2), and urethral catheterization (n=3). With a median follow-up of 8.2 months (4–16 months) all patients remained symptoms-free.Conclusion. The authors report the difficulties encountered in the diagnosis and management of nontraumatic urethral strictures in boys at a tertiary hospital in Yaoundé, Cameroon. The existence of an inflammatory etiology of urethral strictures in boys deserves to be considered.
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Ngwasiri, C. N. "The Effect of Legislation on Foreign Investment—the Case of Cameroon." Journal of African Law 33, no. 2 (1989): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300008135.
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There is no doubt that the investment climate in every country is conditioned to a great extent by non-legal factors. Nevertheless, many developing countries have, to varying degrees, relied on legislation as a means of attracting foreign investment. When Cameroon attained independence in 1960, it enacted an Investment Code that same year with the aim of attracting investment which the young state needed so much for the realisation of its development objectives. When after two decades the said Code no longer responded to the needs of the state, a new one was instituted on 4 July, 1984. The common feature of Investment Codes is that they contain various incentives aimed at channelling investments to areas which the authors regard as top priority. In this article, an attempt will be made to show to what extent the Cameroonian government has succeeded in its effort to direct investments to desired regions of the country through a statute wherein incentives cohabit with regulations on matters such as imports, exports, price fixing, foreign exchange, etc., which foreign investors consider as repellent. The study is subdivided into two parts. The first part is based on the Investment Codes and the second deals with the country's regulatory environment.
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Sankaran, Chitra, and John Nkengasong. "Forests and ecocultural disequilibrium in two postcolonial novels from Cameroon and Singapore." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 53, no. 1 (June 25, 2016): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989416652447.
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Forests have always had a very special resonance with humans, one which is evidenced in the ways they are depicted in literatures and art throughout human civilization. This study attempts to look at the ways in which two contemporary authors, one Cameroonian and the other Singaporean, depict the forest in their novels. In both Linus Asong’s Crown of Thorns and Meira Chand’s A Different Sky, the nature/culture binary is shown as primal. Both narratives underline the essential inhospitability of the forests for human habitation. However, Asong’s narrative insists on the importance of ritual in negotiating this uninhabitable terrain and how, were the conduct of this ceremonial ritual to fail, the nebulous harmony between humans and this terrain will be irrevocably broken. Chand’s text, set in Second World War Singapore, reveals how, when the cultural terrain is rendered inhospitable to man due to conquest and human brutality, the forest appears as a refuge. However, this is misleading, for the essential disequilibrium between nature and culture is too deep to be overridden or resolved.
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Atemnkeng, Johannes Tabi, and Daniel Mbu Tambi. "Growth equity and sectoral decompositions of aggregate poverty changes in Cameroon." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 9, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-08-2016-0125.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide insight to policy-makers into a framework for action, which is needed to effectively reduce poverty in its monetary and non-monetary dimensions. Design/methodology/approach Specifically, an exact decomposition analysis is conducted that is based on the Shapley value method, and investigated the growth and redistribution effects as well as changes due to mobility and sector-specific effects of the variation in both income/expenditure and non-income poverty dimensions. Findings Growth in mean consumption and household assets accounted for the bulk of the improvement in poverty reduction and the results complement the evidence obtained from the “sectoral decomposition” of poverty in Cameroon which may indeed have a strong bearing on the sectoral shares of poverty. The temptation is resisted, however, not to deny that redistribution also has an important role to play, yet there must be severe limits to what can be achieved by growth neutral redistribution. The redistribution effect had an ameliorating tendency in household asset deprivation among farming households. Originality/value This paper is a well-written piece using quite rigorous and interesting methodological approach. To obtain a measure of non-income dimensions of well-being, the authors constructed composite indices on household assets reflecting household access to a range of physical assets and services including human capital by polychoric principal component analysis method.
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Kimengsi, Jude N., Julius N. Lambi, and Solange A. Gwan. "Reflections on the Role of Plantations in Development: Lessons from the Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC)." Sustainability in Environment 1, no. 1 (March 24, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v1n1p1.
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<p><em>Plantation agriculture under the Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) registers an average annual turnover of over 50billion FCFA. The corporation is hailed as a major contributor to development in Cameroon. However, conceptualizing development in terms of inequality reduction through the increase in social benefits to disadvantaged groups paints a completely different picture of the corporation. Empirical work shows that although farm labourers are central to the corporation’s economic success, they are yet to fully benefit from the proceeds of plantation agriculture. The lack of significant improvements in residential and income standards of the multitude of the CDC farm labourers contradicts the view of the corporation as a “development” agent. The corporation has seemingly maintained a deplorable social responsibility record wherein farm labourers are the sacrificial lambs in the quest for increased economic output which is then proclaimed as “development”. This paper contradicts the praises sung by different authors to the CDC as an agent of development by giving an insight on the living conditions of a majority of the workers of this parastatal. It therefore looks beyond gross economic outputs by providing knowledge on what really trickles down to the underprivileged majority.</em></p>
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Belek, Alim, and Abega Ngono Jean-Marie. "Microfinance services and the productivity of cocoa family farms in Cameroon." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 10, no. 5 (June 24, 2020): 557–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-12-2018-0186.
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PurposeThis study aims to assess the effects of microfinance institution (MFI) services on the productivity of family farms in Cameroon, in the region of Mbam and Kim. It will be a question, therefore, of determining the level and determiners of the outputs of family farms, in particular those concerned by the cultures of cocoa, beneficiaries of the agricultural services of MFIs.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the Blinder (1973) and Oaxaca (1973) model of decomposition of the productivity differential between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of agricultural credits on a sample of 130 cocoa farming households and four MFIs of the same area between 2008 and 2011.FindingsThe yield gap between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of agricultural credits is estimated at 0.19 tons per hectare. This gap is explained positively by the financial aid variable, the farm size variable, which is significant in the explanation of the beneficiaries' level of returns and the constant term. On the other hand, all the socio-economic variables of the farmers contribute to reduce this gap of productivity.Research limitations/implicationsThis financial assistance from CVECA is essential to increase agricultural yields because it helps to cancel out some structural barriers. However, as this improvement in yields is only possible for large farms, the services of the MFIs would rather favor extensification policies. Nevertheless, the study results are limited by the negative effects of the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers on these yields, the study having been revealed without any selectivity bias.Originality/valueThis study seeks to reverse the trend that in rural areas, MFIs are financing agriculture to increase extensification rather than enhancing intensification in sub-Saharan Africa by challenging the role of MFI services in intensification.
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Vuban, Joyce Afuh, and Elizabeth Agbor Eta. "Negotiating access to research sites and participants within an African context: The case of Cameroon." Research Ethics 15, no. 1 (September 24, 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747016118798874.
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This article argues that localizing access – a general ethical principle – is a workable strategy that can be used in approaching participants in qualitative research across disciplines and in coping with respective institutional practices in order to collect meaningful data. This article is based on the autobiographical, lived experiences of the authors during the period of their data collection in Cameroon in 2013 and 2015, by the second and first author, respectively. Therefore, generalization across a broader context is somewhat restricted, and a closer analysis of specific cultural and situational realities is needed. The article addresses two main objectives, that is, to identify factors that inhibit and factors that facilitate access to individuals and institutions. To this end, the article employs self-reflexivity and provides valuable explanations on the workability of applying skills of negotiating access in a local cultural context.
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Daddieh, Cyril K., and Jo Ellen Fair. "Editors’ Introduction." African Issues 29, no. 1-2 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1548450500006119.
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We are pleased to bring you this 2001 edition of African Issues—a double issue that represents our initiation as the journal’s editors. This edition is devoted to an examination of ethnicity, arguably the most resilient and resurgent paradigm in African studies. The authors have explored the activation, manipulation, uses, and abuses of ethnicity in the context of competitive elections and struggles for power in Africa. We have assembled a nice mix of articles suggestive of the complexities inherent in the notion and practices of ethnicity, from Mauritania to Kenya, from Ethiopia to Cameroon and points in between. We hope that these articles will stimulate discussion and greater appreciation of the intersection of ethnicity, constitution making, recent competitive elections, and democratization around the continent.
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Essiben, Felix, Esther Meka Ngo Um, Samuel Ojong, Felix Gimnwi, Kamga Olen, and Philip Njotang Nana. "GAD-7 and PHQ-9 measurement of perinatal anxiety and depression in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Yaounde, Cameroon." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 6 (May 26, 2018): 2069. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20182312.
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Background: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of perinatal anxiety and depression in women with hypertensive diseases during pregnancy in Yaounde.Methods: Authors carried out a cross-sectional descriptive study over nine months from October 2015 to May 2016, amongst pregnant women with hypertensive pregnancy disorders followed up in three tertiary care centers in Yaounde. Authors collected information from the medical files of selected patients by using a pre-tested and validated questionnaire in the perinatal period. We classified blood pressure values as per the JNC 7 recommendations. Anxiety and mental depression were evaluated for using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item and the Patient Health Questionnaires-9 respectively. Data analysis was done using CSPro version 6.2 and SPSS version 20.0 software.Results: Authors included 202 patients during the study period. The mean age stood at 25.9± 6.4years (extremes 13-43years). Amongst these, 47.5% were single while 97.5% (197/202) had received at least primary education. Students represented 45.5% (92/202) of women while 102 (50.5%) of them had some form of employment in the public, private or informal sectors. Severe preeclampsia was the most prevalent hypertensive disorder in these women, with 69 (34.2%) developing eclampsia. We found that 79% (161/202) of these patients suffered from anxiety, 67.3% (136/202) were depressive while 61.3% (124/202) had both anxiety and depression.Conclusions: The prevalence of perinatal anxiety and depression in women with hypertensive pregnancy disorders is high. Associated factors must be looked out in order to prevent these situations.
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Bang, Henry Ngenyam, Lee Stuart Miles, and Richard Duncan Gordon. "Disaster Risk Reduction in Cameroon: Are Contemporary Disaster Management Frameworks Accommodating the Sendai Framework Agenda 2030?" International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 10, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 462–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13753-019-00238-w.
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Abstract Many African countries are prone to numerous hazardous events, exacerbated by the vulnerability of their rapidly increasing population and leading to frequent disasters that often have dire fiscal and development implications. Yet, there is declining sensitivity to these risks, contrary to the conventional wisdom of disaster management (DM) principles. The primary aim of this research is to understand the constraints and/or challenges limiting the ability of contemporary African DM systems/institutional frameworks from implementing adequate disaster risk reduction (DRR) measures. Using a qualitative, case study based research strategy, this research investigates resistance to the effective implementation of DM/DRR within Cameroon’s contemporary DM system by using the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 guiding principles for DRR as benchmark. The findings reveal the existence of resistance factors that particularly complicate the communication, decision making, and coordination of DRR activities, the provision of resources, aspects of international assistance, as well as DRR planning and policies. The authors argue that such resistance factors contribute to making Cameroon’s DM system more reactive and further undermine risk reduction. The article concludes by offering key recommendations that have the potential to alleviate the identified resistance factors as well as strengthen Cameroon’s DM, particularly in relation to capacity building, training, research development, and organizational resilience.
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Fouogue, Jovanny Tsuala, Gerard Tama Fetse, Bruno Kenfack, Jeanne Hortence Fouedjio, Florent Ymele Foueifack, and Jean Dupont Ngowa Kemfang. "A freaky motorbike accident causing vulvar hematoma: a case report at the Bafoussam Regional Hospital, West-Cameroon." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20200927.
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Non-obstetric vulvar hematomas are rare and have never been reported in West Cameroon. No guidelines are available to inform the management of cases. Authors herein report the successful management of a post-traumatic vulvar hematoma in a 17 years old gravida 1 para 1001 patient. She was referred to our emergency department ten hours after a fall in a squatting position during a road traffic accident. Prior to the referral she had been managed conservatively by analgesics and a compressive dressing of the vulva in a community clinic. Clinical assessment on admission revealed a good general condition, normal vital signs and a tense and painful hematoma of the right labia. Surgery was done under general anesthesia to drain the hematoma, ligate the bleeding vessels and repair the vulva. Post-operative course was uneventful and the patient was discharge six days later. This case reminds practitioners in remote health facilities that early referral of this rare pathology contributes to its successful surgical management in our semi-urban region.
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Ingenbleek, Luc, Michael Sulyok, Abimbola Adegboye, Sètondji Hossou, Abdoulaye Koné, Awoyinka Oyedele, Chabi K. J. Kisito, et al. "Correction: Ingenbleek, L. et al. Regional Sub-Saharan Africa Total Diet Study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali, and Nigeria Reveals the Presence of 164 Mycotoxins and Other Secondary Metabolites in Foods." Toxins 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030134.
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Dandoussou, Abraham, Martin Kamta, Laurent Bitjoka, Patrice Wira, and Alexis Kuitché. "Simulations Based on Experimental Data of the Behaviour of a Monocrystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Module." Journal of Solar Energy 2015 (August 31, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/169015.
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The performance of monocrystalline silicon cells depends widely on the parameters like the series and shunt resistances, the diode reverse saturation current, and the ideality factor. Many authors consider these parameters as constant while others determine their values based on the I-V characteristic when the module is under illumination or in the dark. This paper presents a new method for extracting the series resistance, the diode reverse saturation current, and the ideality factor. The proposed extraction method using the least square method is based on the fitting of experimental data recorded in 2014 in Ngaoundere, Cameroon. The results show that the ideality factor can be considered as constant and equal to 1.2 for the monocrystalline silicon module. The diode reverse saturation current depends only on the temperature. And the series resistance decreases when the irradiance increases. The extracted values of these parameters contribute to the best modeling of a photovoltaic module which can help in the accurate extraction of the maximum power.
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Mutarambirwa, Henri Donald, Bruno Kenfack, and Jovanny Tsuala Fouogue. "Term Abdominal Pregnancy Revealed by Amnioperitoneum in Rural Area." Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2017 (2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4096783.
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Abdominal pregnancy (AP) accounts for 1% of ectopic implantations. In sub-Saharan Africa, the high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections explains the increasing frequency of this pathology. In Cameroon it rose from 1/10000 deliveries (1995) to 3.3/10000 (2015). Authors herein report a case of a viable abdominal pregnancy discovered at term during emergency laparotomy for suspected uterine rupture. The 24-year-old G2P0 patient was HIV-positive, under antiretrovirals, though AP exceptionally occurs in HIV patients. She did only two antenatal consultations: her main complaint was abdominal pain but five echographies concluded to normal intrauterine pregnancy. Findings at laparotomy were as follows: amnioperitoneum, a live female baby weighing 3.4 kilogrammes without deformities and a placenta deeply inserted on the uterine fundus. Removal of the placenta triggered massive bleeding (2400 milliliters) with shock managed with a tourniquet on the lower uterine segment and fluid resuscitation. Outcome was favourable for the mother and child. Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV was successful with antiretroviral therapy.
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Tagne, Joel Stephan, Paul Ningaye, and Georges Kobou. "The Effects of Openness on Managerial Innovation in Cameroonian Companies." Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 33, no. 4 (July 2021): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.20210701.oa2.
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The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of openness on the adoption of managerial innovation by Cameroonian companies, as well as comparing the share of managerial innovation resulting from inter-organizational networks of the same group and of different groups. Noting a lack of such a study on Cameroon, this study used data from the Centre de Recherche en Economie et Gestion (CEREG) to achieve the objective. Using a binary probit model and a recursive bivariate probit model, the authors found that, first, a company that collaborates with other companies has an increased probability of 0.37 of adopting new managerial practices, compared to another company that does not collaborate. Second, a company belonging to a group that collaborates with companies of a different group has an increased probability of 0.30 of adopting new managerial practices, compared to a company that only collaborates with companies of the group to which she belongs. Business leaders should cooperate with all market players.
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John, Albert. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 11, No. 2." International Journal of Chemistry 11, no. 2 (October 30, 2019): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v11n2p164.
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International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.
Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 2
Abdul Rouf Dar, University of Florida, USA
Ahmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria
Ahmet Ozan Gezerman, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
Amer A. Taqa, Mosul University, Iraq
Asghari Gul, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
Ayodele Temidayo Odularu, University of Fort Hare, South Africa
Binod P Pandey, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
Brice Ulrich Saha Foudjo, Catholic University of Cameroon, Cameroon
Elnaz Rostampour, Islamic Azad University, Iran
Fes Sun Fabiyi, Bowen University, Nigeria
Ho Soon Min, INTI International University, Malaysia
Hongbin Liu, University of Washington, USA
Kevin C. Cannon, Penn State Abington, USA
Khaldun M. Al Azzam, Batterjee Medical College for Sciences and Technology, Saudi Arabia
Merve Kaya, Toros Agri., Turkey
Mohamed Abass, Ain Shams University, Egypt
Monira Nessem Michael, National institute of standards (NIS), Egypt
Mustafa Oguzhan Kaya, Siirt University, Turkey
Nanda Gunawardhana, Saga University, Japan
Nanthaphong Khamthong, Rangsit University, Thailand
Rabia Rehman, University of the Punjab, Pakistan
Rodrigo Vieira Rodrigues, University of São Paulo, Brazil
Sie-Tiong Ha, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
Sitaram Acharya, Texas Christian University, USA
Souheyla Boudjema, University of Tlemcen, Algeria
Syed A. A. Rizvi, Hampton University, USA
Tony Di Feo, Natural Resources Canada, Canada
Zhixin Tian, Tongji University, China
Albert John
On behalf of,
The Editorial Board of International Journal of Chemistry
Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Mouiche, Ibrahim. "Autochtonie, Libéralisation Politique, et Construction d'une Sphère Publique Locale au Cameroun." African Studies Review 54, no. 3 (December 2011): 71–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.2011.0060.
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Abstract:This study focuses on the hegemonic struggles between two ethnic communities, the Mbo and the Bamiléké, in Santchou, West Cameroon. At issue is the sharing of political roles in this locality, which point to issues of political representation. In this district, these roles (mayor, representative, etc.) were under the single party rule of the ethnic minority Mbo, who are a majority in this area but a minority in the rest of the district, where the Bamileke are the majority. In this monolithic context, where all protests were banned, the Bamileke had given up and accepted this arrangement. With the advent of the multiparty system and democracy, in which mayors are now elected and no longer simply nominated, uncertainty has been hovering over this political stronghold of the Mbo. Nevertheless, the Mbo have been able to hold onto the post of mayor and acquire other political posts as well. However, unlike during the single party era, the situation created by the political liberalization has offered to the Bamileke a public space where they can discuss the allocation of local political positions, and manifest their disagreement with the hegemonic trend. In the footsteps of Habermas and many other authors such as Cottereau, this study underlines the need to talk about public spaces in a plural form, instead of a single public space, in order to put in context the internal dynamics of popular cultures engendering subcultural public spheres or places of emerging democracy.
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AGNÈSE, JEAN-FRANÇOIS, RANDALL BRUMMETT, PIERRE CAMINADE, JOSETTE CATALAN, and ETIENNE KORNOBIS. "Genetic characterization of the Aphyosemion calliurum species group and description of a new species from this assemblage: A. campomaanense (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheiloidei: Nothobranchiidae) from Southern Cameroon." Zootaxa 2045, no. 1 (March 18, 2009): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2045.1.4.
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The Aphyosemion calliurum species group is poorly diagnosed by chromatic and meristic characteristics leading various authors to propose different species as members. We used partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to characterize all species that have been at one time or another included in the A. calliurum species group. Results obtained allowed a clear definition of the group which is composed of 10 species: A. ahli, A. australe, A. calliurum, A. celiae, A. edeanum, A. franzwerneri, A. heinemanni, A. lividum, A. pascheni, and a herein newly described species A. campomaanense. This new species is described from 26 specimens captured in small streams of the Campo-Ma’an region within the Ntem River basin of southern Cameroon. A. campomaanense n. sp. is distinguished from all the other species of the A. calliurum species group, and above all from A. ahli, by asymmetric coloration of the caudal fin with a yellow lower margin and a white upper margin, and a body with a dark blue background against which red spots are arrayed in horizontal rows towards the head merging into vertical rows posteriorly. This species is also genetically distinguished from the other species of the A. calliurum species group by its mitochondrial genome and its karyotype, characterized by an unusually high number of chromosomes and arms (2n= 44, NF=58).
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Noa Ndoua, Claude C., Etienne Belinga, Gaspard G. Ayissi Ngah, Junie N. Metogo, Sandrine Mendibi, and Jean Marie Kasia. "Accuracy of saline infusion sonography versus hysteroscopy in the evaluation of uterine cavity abnormalities in infertile women at CHRACERH, Yaounde, Cameroon." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 4355. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20184477.
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Background: Uterine cavity abnormalities are seen as a cause of infertility in around 10%-15% and can go up to 50% in women with recurrent implantation failure. Saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS) is a minimally invasive diagnostic modality in the evaluation but hysteroscopy remains the gold standard in the assessment of intra uterine cavity. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of saline infusion sonography (SIS) considering hysteroscopy (HS) as the gold standard to evaluate uterine cavity pathologies in infertile women at CHRACERH.Methods: Authors carried out a cross-sectional, retrospective study, over 2 years, from the 1st January 2016 to the 31st December 2017, with retrospective data collection in 110 records of infertile patients subjected to an ultrasound assessment of uterine cavity using saline as the contrast medium with a 6.5-MHz transvaginal transducer. When SIS found intra uterine abnormality, HS was done on a later date, using a 5 mm Bettocchi hysteroscope. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values of SIS and HS were compared using the SPSS 20 software.Results: The mean age and body mass index were respectively 39.3±7.8 years and 28.7±4.1 kg/m². The main findings both in SIS and Hysteroscopy were respectively polyps (n=61; 55.5% vs 52.7%; n=58), myomas (n=43; 39.1% vs 31.8%; n=35), intrauterine adhesions (n=18; 16.4% vs 21.8%; n=24). The overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of SIS were 81.2%, 86.9% and 86.5% respectively.Conclusions: SIS as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of intrauterine lesions has a good accuracy and can therefore replace HS when this later is not available, especially in our African setting.
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Mitchard, E. T. A., S. S. Saatchi, F. F. Gerard, S. L. Lewis, and P. Meir. "Measuring Woody Encroachment along a Forest–Savanna Boundary in Central Africa." Earth Interactions 13, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009ei278.1.
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Abstract Changes in net area of tropical forest are the sum of several processes: deforestation, regeneration of previously deforested areas, and the changing spatial location of the forest–savanna boundary. The authors conducted a long-term (1986–2006) quantification of vegetation change in a 5400 km2 forest–savanna boundary area in central Cameroon. A cross-calibrated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) change detection method was used to compare three high-resolution images from 1986, 2000, and 2006. The canopy dimensions and locations of over 1000 trees in the study area were measured, and a very strong relationship between canopy area index (CAI) and NDVI was found. Across 5400 km2 12.6% of the area showed significant positive change in canopy cover from 1986 to 2000 (0.9% yr−1) and 7.8% from 2000 to 2006 (1.29% yr−1), whereas <0.4% of the image showed a significant decrease in either period. The largest changes were in the lower canopy cover classes: the area with <0.2 m2 m−2 CAI decreased by 43% in 20 years. One cause may be a recent reduction in fire frequency, as documented by Along Track Scanning Radiometer-2/Advanced ATSR (ATSR-2/AATSR) data on fire frequency over the study area from 1996 to 2006. The authors suggest this is due to a reduction in human pressure caused by urbanization, as rainfall did not alter significantly over the study period. An alternative hypothesis is that increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations are altering the competitive balance between grasses and trees. These data add to a growing weight of evidence that forest encroachment into savanna is an important process, occurring in forest–savanna boundary regions across tropical Africa.
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Buchenrieder, Gertrud, Josephine Nguefo Gnilachi, and Emmanuel Olatunbosun Benjamin. "Poverty alleviation through microcredit in Sub-Saharan Africa revisited." Agricultural Finance Review 79, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 386–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-03-2018-0019.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of microcredit on per capita income of farm households in Cameroon. It discusses short- and long-term implications of access to microcredit on income poverty. Design/methodology/approach The authors interviewed rural households with agriculture being either their first or second income-creating activity. All sampled households are clients of a Cameroonian village bank. The authors used a balanced panel with a treatment and a control group, the latter not having had a village bank microcredit yet. The results were reaffirmed using bootstrapping. Findings This paper argues that microcredit has had a significant positive impact on per capita income in the short run, but the long-term effect was negative, albeit not significant. In the long run, absolute income poverty had further decreased in the treatment group, however, not as much as in the control group. Because the treatment group had been shifting back to the informal financial sector and had diverted part of the microcredit for consumption, this may have led to lower marginal income effects. Productivity of credit financed inputs by the treatment group remained constant, which also explains why the treatment group fell back over time. Research limitations/implications The balanced panel data set was relatively small due to attrition over time. This was accounted for using bootstrapping. Nevertheless, research results must be interpreted with care. Furthermore, the discussion is not exhaustive. Practical implications Despite tremendous methodological advancements regarding the impact analysis of microcredit on income poverty, findings remain controversial and inconsistent. Frequently, fungibility is a confounding issue. Microcredit policy ought to consider more long-term effects. Originality/value There is much discourse amongst development economists about the impact of microcredit on poverty. Research based on panel data may clarify some of the controversial issues. This research paper uses a rather unique panel data set from Cameroonian farm households that are clients of a private sector village bank. The issue of sample size limitation is dealt with using bootstrapping. The authors base the empirical analysis on a comprehensive and theoretically founded economic farm household model.
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Wosu, Kalu. "The Dynamics of Underdevelopment in the African Novel: A Comparative Appraisal of Anglophone and Francophone Fiction." African Research Review 14, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v14i1.9.
Full textAbstract:
The post-independence era in sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by progressive underdevelopment. From the 1960s till date no meaningful development has occurred, and all known development strategies that have so far been adopted have defied all logic. Accordingly, some social scientists and scholars of development theories have come to the sad conclusion that with respect to Africa, all development theories have hit the rocks (Chambua, 1994, p, 37). The implication is that in all spheres of human endeavour, Africa south of the Sahara has failed. The leadership problem is one of the plagues that have bedevilled the West African sub region. And from the failure of leadership stems a truckload of woes: infrastructural deficit, corruption, neo-colonialist propensity, unemployment, ethnicity, educational backwardness, declining living standards, etc. This situation has left Africans disillusioned and disappointed. And African writers from the Anglophone and Francophone worlds have not relented in their condemnation of the post-independence malaise. Their oeuvre is a clear reflection of the battered landscape. Thus, in the works of Chinua Achebe, Wale Okediran, AhmadouKourouma and J.R. Essomba, the reader is led into the very soul of a continent in turmoil. These authors are selected from both sides of the linguistic divide. Whereas, Achebe and Okediran are Anglophones from Nigeria, Kourouma and Essomba are Francophones from Côte d’Ivoire and Cameroon respectively. This paper therefore attempted a diachronic investigation of the works of these authors in order to uncover the pervasive indices of underdevelopment. In other words, between Achebe and Okediran on the one hand, and between Kourouma and Essomba on the other hand, one discovers that the ills which the earlier novelists condemned in the first decade of independence have only gone from bad to worse some five decades later. The methodological approach adopted for this research work is textual analysis/ intertextuality, while privileging a socio-historical framework.
Key Words: underdevelopment, West Africa, dynamics, Achebe, Okediran, Kourouma, Essomba
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Miles, William. "How feasible is the West African eco currency union? An investigation using synchronicity and similarity measures." Journal of Economic Studies 44, no. 4 (September 11, 2017): 650–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-01-2016-0008.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the proposed eco currency union has sufficient business cycle synchronization among its members to avoid problems such as those experienced in the last several years by countries in the eurozone. This monetary union would potentially include 18 countries – Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo – which collectively have a GDP of over 744 billion dollars and a population of over 300 million people. Design/methodology/approach The authors will apply some recently created econometric tools that were developed specifically to investigate business cycle synchronization in the eurozone. These tools – denoted synchronicity and similarity – overcome some of the limitations of previous studies which have used vector autoregressions and suffered simultaneity bias as a result. Findings The different measures employed suggest that the potential members of the eco exhibit a very low level of synchronization. Nigeria in particular, which is heavily dependent on oil, as are some, but not all potential members, would be the largest member, and exhibits a very low level of synchronization with other prospective eco member nations. Finally, preliminary evidence from several countries which have joined the existing African currency unions does not indicate that the act of joining a currency union improves synchronization, and this result contradicts the “endogenous optimal currency area” hypothesis. Research limitations/implications Like previous studies on the topic, the authors rely on the available data. The number of observations is more limited than would be optimal. Practical implications The results would strongly caution against the creation of the eco currency union, as members appear even less ready for monetary integration than countries in the eurozone did. Originality/value This is the first study to apply the synchronicity and similarity tools to the prospective West African eco nations.
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Mvu Njoya, Marie, and Ambahe Duplex Rufin. "THE AGRO-PASTORAL CONFLICTS AND FORAGE SPECIES PRIZED BY CATTLE: CASE OF THE NORTHERN PERIPHERY OF THE MBAM AND DJEREM NATIONAL PARK (ADAMAOUA-CAMEROON)." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 02 (February 28, 2021): 965–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12540.
Full textAbstract:
In the outskirts of the northern periphery of Mbam and Djerem National Park, agro-pastoral conflicts have become very frequent in recent years. The resulting damage is so surprising that it leaves no one indifferent. Unfortunately, many writings analyze the causes of these agro-pastoral conflicts without, however, dwelling on the fodder resources which constitute not only the staple food of cattle but also one of the primary factors of these antagonisms. To overcome this knowledge gap, the authors adopted the survey method in order to identify, on the one hand, the attributes of agro-pastoral conflicts and the plant species consumed in all seasons by cattle on the northern periphery of the PNMD and, on the other hand, the relationship between these forage species with the frequency of agro-pastoral conflicts according to the protagonists and the seasons. Thus, from field observations and a questionnaire sent to 44 breeders and 103 farmers in four control villages, it results, after processing the data, that the high frequency of conflicts experienced by the farmers in the dry season (35.9 %) and especially by the breeders (70.5%) is due to the location of the forage species prized in this season at the bottom of the valleys where the herds are concentrated and compete. On the other hand, the low frequency of conflicts experienced during the rainy season especially by breeders, except in Mbitom, is more justified by the extension of fodder registers to woody leaves from the start of this season. Finally, the fodder fields of Brachiaria constitute a partial solution to the shortage of pastures even if it sometimes gives rise to new conflicts between herders.
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Ouabo, Romaric Emmanuel, Abimbola Y. Sangodoyin, and Mary B. Ogundiran. "Assessment of Ordinary Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting Methods for Modeling Chromium and Cadmium Soil Pollution in E-Waste Sites in Douala, Cameroon." Journal of Health and Pollution 10, no. 26 (June 2020): 200605. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.26.200605.
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Background. Several studies have demonstrated that chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) have adverse impacts on the environment and human health. These elements are present in electronic waste (e-waste) recycling sites. Several interpolation methods have been used to evaluate geographical impacts on humans and the environment. Objectives. The aim of the present paper is to compare the accuracy of inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK) in topsoil analysis of e-waste recycling sites in Douala, Cameroon. Methods. Selecting the proper spatial interpolation method is crucial for carrying out surface analysis. Ordinary kriging and IDW are interpolation methods used for spatial analysis and surface mapping. Two sets of samples were used and compared. The performances of interpolation methods were evaluated and compared using cross-validation. Results. The results showed that the OK method performed better than IDW prediction for the spatial distribution of Cr, but the two interpolation methods had the same result for Cd (in the first set of samples). Results from Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests showed that the data were normally distributed in the study area. The p value (0.302 and 0.773) was greater than 0.05 for Cr and for Cd (0.267 and 0.712). In the second set of samples, the OK method results (for Cd and Cr) were greatly diminished and the concentrations dropped, looking more like an average on the maps. However, the IDW interpolation gave a better representation of the concentration of Cd and Cr on the maps of the study area. For the second set of samples, OK and IDW for Cd and Cr had more similar results, especially in terms of root mean square error (RMSE). Conclusions. Many parameters were better identified from the RMSE statistic obtained from cross-validation after exhaustive testing. Inverse distance weighting appeared more adequate in limited urban areas. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests
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John, Albert. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 12, No. 2." International Journal of Chemistry 12, no. 2 (October 27, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n2p54.
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International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.
Reviewers for Volume 12, Number 2
Abdul Rouf Dar, University of Florida, USA
Ahmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria
Ahmet Ozan Gezerman, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
Amal A. M. Elgharbawy, International Institute for Halal Research and Training, Malaysia
Ayodele Temidayo Odularu, University of Fort Hare, South Africa
Donatus Bekindaka Eni, University of Buea, Cameroon
Elnaz Rostampour, Islamic Azad University, Iran
Fatima Tuz Johra, Kookmin University, Bangladesh
Hesham G. Ibrahim, Al-Mergheb University, Libya
Hongbin Liu, University of Washington, USA
Kevin C. Cannon, Penn State Abington, USA
Khaldun M. Al Azzam, Batterjee Medical College for Sciences & Technology, Saudi Arabia
Nanda Gunawardhana, Saga University, Japan
Nanthaphong Khamthong, Rangsit University, Thailand
Nejib Hussein Mekni, Al Manar University, Tunisia
Rabia Rehman, University of the Punjab, Pakistan
Rafael Gomes da Silveira, Federal Institute of Education, Brazil
Sintayehu Leshe, Debre Markos University, Ethiopia
Sitaram Acharya, Texas Christian University, USA
Syed A. A. Rizvi, Hampton University, USA
Tony Di Feo, Natural Resources Canada, Canada
Vinícius Silva Pinto, Instituto Federal Goiano, Brazil
Albert John
On behalf of,
The Editorial Board of International Journal of Chemistry
Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Rajmil, Luis, Anders Hjern, Perran Boran, Geir Gunnlaugsson, Olaf Kraus de Camargo, and Shanti Raman. "Impact of lockdown and school closure on children’s health and well-being during the first wave of COVID-19: a narrative review." BMJ Paediatrics Open 5, no. 1 (May 2021): e001043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001043.
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BackgroundIn the context of containment measures against the COVID-19 pandemic, the aims were to examine the impact of lockdown and school closures on childs’ and adolescents’ health and well-being and social inequalities in health.MethodsLiterature review by searching five databases until November 2020. We included quantitative peer-reviewed studies reporting health and well-being outcomes in children (0–18 years) related to closure measures' impact due to COVID-19. A pair of authors assessed the risk of bias of included studies. A descriptive and narrative synthesis was carried out.FindingsTwenty-two studies, including high-income, middle-income and low-income countries, fulfilled our search criteria and were judged not to have an increased risk of bias. Studies from Australia, Spain and China showed an increase in depressive symptoms and decrease in life satisfaction. A decrease in physical activity and increase in unhealthy food consumption were shown in studies from two countries. There was a decrease in the number of visits to the emergency department in four countries, an increase in child mortality in Cameroon and a decrease by over 50% of immunisations administered in Pakistan. A significant drop of 39% in child protection medical examination referrals during 2020 compared with the previous years was found in the UK, a decrease in allegations of child abuse and neglect by almost one-third due to school closures in Florida, and an increase in the number of children with physical child abuse trauma was found in one centre in the USA.InterpretationFrom available reports, pandemic school closure and lockdown have adverse effects on child health and well-being in the short and probably long term. We urge governments to take the negative public health consequences into account before adopting restrictive measures in childhood.
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Lachenaud, Olivier, Tariq Stévart, Archange Boupoya, Nicolas Texier, Gilles Dauby, and Ehoarn Bidault. "Novitates Gabonenses 88: additions to the flora of Gabon and new records of little-known species." Plant Ecology and Evolution 151, no. 3 (November 28, 2018): 393–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2018.1365.
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Background and aims – The intensive botanical prospections carried out in Gabon since the publication of the national checklist in 2006 have resulted in c. 34 300 new specimens (amounting to 30% of all collections made in the country) and an annual increase of 25 species in average. As a result, 5175 species of vascular plants are now recorded from Gabon, of which 650 are considered endemic. However, most of the recent discoveries have not yet been published. This paper is the first of a series documenting additions to the flora of Gabon, and new records of poorly known species. It concerns specifically new records from the Lower Ogooué Ramsar site, the third largest delta of Africa, and certainly the most intact, which includes 80% of the country’s wetlands and a wide variety of other habitats.Methods – The new records presented here come essentially from fieldwork conducted in Gabon between 2008 and 2016 by the authors and colleagues. Further information comes from the study of herbarium specimens in BR, BRLU, K, LBV, MO, P and WAG. For each species, information on distribution and ecology is given, and the studied Gabonese collections listed. In case of rare or range-restricted species, collections from other countries are also listed, and a distribution map is provided, as well as an evaluation of the conservation status based on the categories and criteria of the IUCN Red List.Key results – We report 18 additions to the flora of Gabon, including four genera new to the country (Capparis, Gisekia, Hoffmanniella and Leptochloa) and the first records of the neotropical Justicia secunda being naturalised in tropical Africa. New distribution records are also provided for 16 rare Gabonese endemics or near-endemics. Some species are also newly reported from Cameroon (Cissus leemansii, Salacia coronata) and Equatorial Guinea (Cissus leemansii, C. louisii, Lychnodiscus grandifolius, Placodiscus resendeanus, Rutidea gabonensis, Uvaria bipindensis). Two species, which were reported in the 2006 checklist based on misidentifications, are excluded from the Gabonese flora.