Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cameroon Cameroon'

Ce travail est le résultat de recherches réalisées d’abord dans le cadre d’un programme d’archéologie préventive (2001-2004), puis d’une bourse doctorale à l’ULB entre 2004 et 2010 (Introduction générale). Les sites étudiés sont localisés dans la région de Kribi (côte camerounaise) et sont essentiellement composés de fosses, qui sont très certainement les vestiges des premières entités villageoises ayant habité la zone forestière atlantique du Cameroun vers ca. 3000BP (Chap. 1). La méthodologie adoptée varie sensiblement selon les deux programmes (Chap. 2). Le matériel analysé, surtout la céramique (Chap. 3, 4 et 5), a été récolté au cours des fouilles de sauvetage et programmées et a permis de définir une chronoséquence générale entre ca. 1000 BC et ca. AD 1000 (Chap. 6) qui comprend trois traditions céramiques :la Tradition de Bissiang (période de Transition Âge de la Pierre/Âge du Fer, Cal 1000-400 BC), le Groupe de Mpoengu (Âge du Fer I, Cal 400-50 BC) et la Tradition de Bidjoka (Âge du Fer II, Cal AD 0-1000). Cette dernière tradition est aussi contemporaine de l’apparition de sociétés complexes sur la côte méridionale camerounaise et ses environs, dont les sites se caractérisent surtout par la présence de ce qui semble être des structures funéraires, dans lesquelles on trouve de nombreux objets en fer (parures, armes, etc.) disposés de manière particulière et généralement associés à de poteries carénées décorées.

Une étude comparative de la chronoséquence de la zone côtière a été faite avec celles déjà établies pour les zones avoisinantes, notamment au centre du Cameroun et dans les pays voisins (Chap. 7). Ce rapprochement a permis de conclure, entre autres, à une parenté culturelle entre la Tradition de Bissiang et celle d’Obobogo identifiée dans la région de Yaoundé (zone de forêt mixte). Enfin, l’ensemble des études comparatives a aussi conduit à faire quelques spéculations sur le peuplement de l’Afrique Centrale forestière depuis environ 3000 BP (Conclusion générale).

Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
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Cette thèse fait l’hypothèse que la conflictualité repérable dans certaines marges territoriales du Cameroun est (aussi) façonnée par des divergences dans l’expression des territorialités dans ces espaces. Les territorialités, comprises dans leur acception sociogéographique inspirée de Claude Raffestin, renvoient aux représentations, discours ambiants (officiels et locaux) et pratiques qui médiatisent les rapports des acteurs aux espaces. Cette conception de la territorialité converge avec des travaux sociologiques et géographiques s’orientant respectivement vers une attention renouvelée pour la banalité et un intérêt pour une « géographie par le bas ». Ce sont ainsi des formes plurielles de conflictualité qui se laissent découvrir avec leurs ancrages socio-historiques, leurs mouvements et historicités propres et leur connexion aux dynamiques régionales, voire globales. L’étude de la conflictualité dans les zones frontalières, par une entrée privilégiant la territorialité, permet également de présenter toute la complexité de la frontière en contexte camerounais dans la variété de ses formes, dans la labilité de ses fonctions et la plasticité de ses localisation et situation.Deux terrains frontaliers camerounais rendent possibles une telle analyse à savoir Kye-Ossi dans la région du Sud et Garoua-Boulaï dans la région de l’Est. Ils s’insèrent dans des espaces transfrontaliers recouvrant des portions de territoire en conflit (La RCA) et des territoires où des formes singulières d’insécurité autrefois latentes et/ou absentes semblent désormais présentes (Guinée-équatoriale)
This work makes the hypothesis that the potential for conflicts in some Cameroonian borderlands are (also) shaped by incompatibilities and divergences in the expression of territorialities in these spaces. Territorialities, understood in their socio-geographical sense in the wake of Raffestin's work, refer to representations, speeches (official and local) and practices that mediate the relationships between actors and spaces. This conception of territoriality finds fertile convergences with sociological and geographical works respectively oriented towards a renewed attention to banality and an interest in a "geography from below". Thus, these are plural forms of conflicts that can be observed with their socio-historical roots, their own movements and historicity and their connection to regional and global dynamics. The study of active and latent conflicts in the borderlands, with an entry privileging territoriality, also makes possible to present the complexity surrounding Cameroonian borders in the variety of its forms, the lability of its functions and the plasticity of its localization and situation.Two Cameroonian borderlands make possible such an analysis, namely Kye-Ossi in the South region and Garoua-Boulaï in the Eastern region. They are inserted in cross-border areas covering portions of territory in conflict (CAR) and territories where singular forms of insecurity formerly latent seem to emerge (Equatorial Guinea)

Les recherches archéologiques sur le littoral méridional du Cameroun ont connu un essor depuis le début des années 2000. Les prospections, ont mis en évidence trente-huit sites archéologiques dans la région de Kribi-Campo. L’analyse du matériel issu des fouilles révèle l’existence de trois traditions céramiques régionales et d’un groupe plus local, datés de 1100 BC à AD 1460. Cela correspond à la transition de l’Age de la Pierre à l’Age du Fer Ancien, et à un contexte paléo-environnemental qui varie entre phases sèches et humides. Ses populations avaient un mode de subsistance basé sur la cueillette, la chasse, la pêche et probablement l’agriculture. Sédentaires, elles creusaient des fosses dont certaines ont eu des fonctions rituelles. Au cours de l’Age du Fer Ancien, des structures funéraires ont été identifiées. La disposition particulière des poteries et leur association à de multiples objets en fer semblent indiquer qu’on serait en présence de tombes d’une élite. Cela suggère la présence d’une société hiérarchisée s’étendant au-delà de la région de Kribi-Campo jusqu’en Guinée équatoriale il y a environ 2000 ans./Archaeological research on the southern coast of Cameroon has been rapidly expanding since the beginning of 2000. Recent surveys revealed 38 archaeological sites in the Kribi-Campo region. The analysis of the material extracted from excavations provides three regional ceramic traditions and one local ceramic group, dated between 1100 BC and 1460 AD. This corresponds to the transitional period of the Late Stone Age and Early Iron Age, which from a palaeoenvironmental perspective, was characterized by dry and humid phases.

This population lived a sedentary lifestyle, based on hunting, gathering, fishing and probably also on agriculture. They dug out pits, of which some might have had a ritual function.

Funerary structures were identified, dating to the Early Iron Age. The specific disposition of pots and their association with different iron objects seem to indicate the presence of elite graves. This hierarchical society might have spread beyond the Kribi-Campo region about 2000 years ago as similar burial sites were found in Equatorial Guinea.

Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
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Dissertação de mestrado em Roads to Democracy(ies) - Democracia e Governação, apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação de Sílvia Ferreira.
A economia social compreende actividades destinadas à experimentação de novos modelos operacionais para a economia, tais como: sistemas de comércio local, moedas comunitárias, e a integração social através da actividade económica. O objetivo deste pesquisa é de mapear a economia social dos Camarões. Neste termos, implica examinar o estado da economia social do pais, a partir de uma perspectiva local. Entretanto, por dar corpo a este estudo de caso, recorreuse ao uso de entrevista e analise de dados qualitativos e quantitativos. Por conseguinte, a pesquisa monstram que o pais ainda nao possui um quadro jurídico global que une todas as organizações da economia social. No entanto, existe o ministerio de economia social responsavel pela concepção de um quadro regulatorio que agrega todas as organizações de economia social dos Camarões.

The exploitation of natural resources in general and biodiversity in particular by human beings, is remarked to be associated with unsustainable practices that place the survival of these resources at stake. An assessment of the exploitation of prunus africana around the mount Cameroon region can be linked with the trend of unsustainable exploitation prevailing in other parts of the world. Prunus africana, is a tree cherished by the local population for its varied values, with its medicinal values propelling it to international popularity. This has been characterized by the massive demand for its bark by western pharmaceutical companies. The huge demand of the tree in the international market is remarked to be a major factor that contributed to the tree’s mass unsustainable exploitation by the local population in the studied region. This paper has looked at the factors responsible for the mass unsustainable exploitation of prunus and the measures that local based organizations, MOCAP-CIG and MCP had adopted to promote participatory management of the tree. Three major factors; poverty, the issuing of 50 exploitation permits and international demand were identified to have contributed to the involvement of the local population in unsustainable exploitation of the tree. The concept of sustainable development was used as the theoretical framework to examine if the three dimensions can be attained without one affecting the other. The results showed that it is quite difficult to achieve this especially in the case of  the exploitation and conservation of prunus africana.

The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by equivalent free voting procedures1 The right to participate freely in the government of one’s country is recognized and protected in many international human rights instruments. These include the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms4 and the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). This right has generally been understood to include among others things, the right to vote and be voted through an election process that is free, fair transparent and convincing.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2010.
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof.Babally Sall of the Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Gusto Berger, Senegal. 2010.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

Magister Legum - LLM
The objective of this study is to explore the criminalisation of persons based on sexual orientation in Cameroon in light of that country’s international human rights obligation. The study examines the constitution and laws of Cameroon as applicable to sexual minorities. It aims to discuss recent developments in international human rights law with regard to the human rights basis for decriminalising homosexuality.

Thesis (DTech (Environmental health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
Western Cameroon is thought to hold rich biodiversity and diverse vegetation types, and contains two important forest reserves: Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve (RHFR), which is lowland to montane forest located in southwestern Cameroon and Kimbi Fungom National Park (KFNP), which is a semi-deciduous and savanna forest located in northwestern Cameroon. These forest blocks form part of the continental Cameroon Mountains. Thus far, few or limited studies have been undertaken at these two sites to characterise their floristic composition, vegetation patterns, biomass, and carbon stock. Hence, the vegetation of RHFR and KFNP were inventoried from February to November 2015 in detail with the view of describing and understanding the biodiversity and vegetation patterns vis-à-vis elevation gradient. This will enable us to answer the main research questions: How does elevation and vegetation patterns influence species composition, diversity, biomass and carbon in selected wet and dry tropical forests of the Congo Basin? Are plant species equitably distributed among life forms and elevations gradient? What are the extent of land cover changes in RHFR and the KFNP? The objectives of this study were: to characterise vegetation patterns, understand how elevation influences species distributions and diversity, and evaluate biomass and carbon stock per hectare. Furthermore, the study intended to assess the vegetation cover changes over the last few decades in RHFR and KFNP in western Cameroon. RHFR and KFNP were chosen as representative forests because limited ecological studies have been carried out on these forests, and each represented a tropical wet or dry forest, respectively. The floristic composition and vegetation patterns of the reserves were studied in 25 1-ha plots in the RHFR and 17 1-ha plots in the KFNP spread along elevation gradient and different vegetation types. In each plot, the dbh of trees and lianas of diameter at breast height ≥10 cm were measured, and dbh of shrubs <10 cm were measured in nested plots of 10 m x 10 m. Remote sensing data (Landsat images) was downloaded from the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) and United States Geological Survey (USGS) websites to assess forest cover changes. Forest cover changes over time were compared for both sites. Satellite images from Rumpi Hills (2000 and 2015) and Kimbi Fungom forest (1979 and 2015) were used to compare past and present vegetation (forest cover changes over time). Phytosociological parameters such as basal area, relative density, relative dominance, and relative frequency were used to described forest structure and composition. The statistical program “PAST” version 2.17 was used to calculate species diversity and richness. Allometric equations were used to evaluate above ground biomass and carbon stock.

RESUME :

Comme la plupart des villes africaines, Yaoundé, capitale du Cameroun, est confrontée aux phénomènes d’urbanisation croissante. Cette urbanisation rapide n’est pas accompagnée d’une croissance économique. En fait, le pouvoir d’achat extrêmement bas, le chômage, le sous-emploi, la pauvreté, voire la misère, ont amené une frange importante de la population à inventer de nouvelles solutions pour s’assurer un revenu. C’est alors qu’apparaît le phénomène d’agriculture urbaine et périurbaine. La caractérisation de cette agriculture a mis en évidence une interaction entre les catégories d’acteurs, les types d’espaces, les types de cultures, les produits obtenus et les revenus moyens générés. Il ressort de l’analyse des résultats que cette forme d’agriculture emploie près de 2000 personnes, pour la plupart des jeunes et, surtout, des femmes, dont la moyenne d’âge est de 35 ans. C’est une activité basée principalement dans les bas-fonds marécageux, le bas des pentes, les abords des routes avec une forte pression sur l’espace. Les cultures sont diversifiées et sont à dominance maraîchère, vivrière et floricole. Elles varient en fonction des trois espaces étudiés, à savoir l’auréole urbaine, la zone périurbaine et l’hinterland rural.

L’analyse du système de commercialisation a mis en évidence trois types de circuits à travers lesquels les produits transitent des producteurs aux consommateurs. Ce sont notamment les circuits longs, les circuits courts et les circuits directs. Dans ces circuits de commercialisation, la régulation du marché se réalise au niveau de tous les intervenants. Cela signifie que les prix des produits ne sont pas fixés d’avance, mais varient en fonction de la demande. En ce qui concerne la rentabilité, l’analyse sur les comptes d’exploitation des cultures de céleri, de ndolé et de morelle noire indique que cette agriculture est rentable avec un gain moyen journalier de près de trois euros pour les producteurs. C’est la raison pour laquelle certains maraîchers estiment qu’à la place d’un travail salarial de près de 75euros / mois, ils préfèrent rester dans leur jardin.

Cependant, aucun cadre juridique et réglementaire lié à l’exercice de cette activité n’est disponible. Aucun article de loi ne l’autorise. Nous avons noté également de nombreuses autres contraintes liées à l’organisation des producteurs, aux pratiques, à la structuration et la mise en marché des produits. Ces résultats ont alors d’importantes implications quant à la compréhension des interactions entre les agriculteurs en ville et le monde politique de Yaoundé. Les fonctions multiples de cette activité tel que l’emploi pour les jeunes, les revenus substantiels pour les couches des populations les plus vulnérables, la gestion des déchets urbains et la beauté du paysage étant autant d’attraits qui concourent à son encouragement.

Les stratégies qui visent à susciter l’implication des producteurs urbains dans le développement de la ville de Yaoundé ont été mises en œuvre à travers la CAUPA (Coalition pour la promotion de l’agriculture urbaine et périurbaine en Afrique). L’intégration de ces stratégies dans les schémas directeurs d’aménagements urbains, pourrait contribuer à concilier les défis d'une amélioration du bien-être des populations en quête de survie. Cette thèse met en évidence la nécessité d’une médiation entre les différentes catégories d’acteurs pour une agriculture urbaine et périurbaine de qualité. Les résultats pourront permettre aux décideurs et administrateurs des villes de disposer d‘informations utiles sur l’importance de cette forme d’agriculture qui est, non seulement montante, mais aussi controversée.

SUMMARY:

As in most African cities, Yaounde, the capital city of Cameroon, is faced with the phenomenon of urbanization. This leads to socio-economic problems especially in food supply and acquisition of basic necessities. The extremely low purchasing power, unemployment, underemployment, poverty - say misery, brought a significant proportion of the population to invent new solutions to ensure basic income through urban and peri-urban agriculture. The characterization of this agricultural system highlights the interaction between various stakeholders, types of spaces and crops, productivity and average revenue generated. Results show that this agricultural system has generated employment for about 2000 people, mainly youths and especially women, with 35 years average age. The activity is based mainly in lowland floody zones, low slope, landscaping roads with increase land pressure. Vegetables, gardening and flowers are dominant diversified crops noticed in the area. These crops vary from urban, peri-urban and rural areas, three landscape which were studied.

The analysis of the marketing chain show three main types of distribution chains through which products pass from producers to consumers. These include long distribution, short distribution and direct channel. In these channels, the regulation of the market is achieved at the level of all stakeholders. This means that the prices of the products are therefore fixed in advance, and also are functions of demand. Regarding profitability, the analysis on the farmer’s accounts of Celery, Bitter leaf and Black nightshade indicates that this agriculture is profitable with an average daily gain of almost 3 euro per producers. That's why some gardeners believes that instead of a salary of almost 75 euro per month, they prefer to stay in their farm.

However, no legal and regulatory framework related to this activity is available in the case of Yaounde. Also, there are many other constraints related to the organization of producers, practices, structuring and implementation of products in the markets. These results have important implications to the understanding of the interaction between farmers and policy makers. The multiple functions of this activity such as youth employment, income for substantial segments of the most vulnerable populations, urban waste management and the beautification of the landscape is as much attraction that contribute to its promotion.

A strategy to encourage the implication of urban producers in the development of the city of Yaounde has been implemented through CAUPA. The integration of these strategies in urban planners, could help for the challenges of improving people’s welfare. Subsequently, this thesis brings forth the need for a mediation between different stakeholders and contributes to good quality of peri-urban agriculture. The results can therefore enable decision-makers and policy to provide useful information on the importance of this form of agriculture which is not only rising, but also controversial.

Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
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L’Afrique centrale atlantique (ACA) englobe l’ensemble du domaine bas-guinéen, les îles du Golfe de Guinée et une partie de l’archipel afromontagnard. Plusieurs centres d’endémisme ont été identifiés en son sein et sont généralement considérés comme liés à la présence de refuges forestiers durant les périodes glaciaires. Cependant, l’origine de cet endémisme, sa localisation et les méthodes permettant d’identifier ces centres restent controversées. La localisation de ces zones d’endémisme et des plantes rares qu’elles abritent, est pourtant un prérequis indispensable pour la mise en place de politiques cohérentes de conservation et demeure une priorité pour les organisations privées, institutionnelles ou gouvernementales actives dans la gestion et le maintien durable de la biodiversité.

Cette étude phytogéographique porte sur la famille des Orchidaceae et est basée sur l’analyse de la distribution des taxons endémiques de l’ACA. Elle s’appuie sur un jeu de données original résultant d’un effort d’échantillonnage important au Cameroun et d’un travail d’identification et de localisation de spécimens dans les principaux herbaria européens abritant des collections d’ACA. Durant cette étude, (i) nous avons tout d’abord identifié ces taxons endémiques et documenté leur distribution au travers de plusieurs contributions taxonomiques et floristiques, (ii) nous nous sommes ensuite intéressé aux nouvelles méthodes permettant d’analyser ces données d’herbier de plantes rares et donc pauvrement documentées, testant aussi l’intérêt des Orchidaceae comme marqueurs chorologiques, et finalement, appliquant ces méthodes à notre jeu de données, (iii) nous avons délimité des centres d’endémisme et identifié les territoires phytogéographiques des Orchidaceae en ACA.

(i) Une révision taxonomique des genres Chamaeangis Schltr. et Stolzia Schltr. a été réalisée respectivement. Sept nouveaux taxons ont été décrits: Angraecum atlanticum Stévart & Droissart, Chamaeangis spiralis Stévart & Droissart, Chamaeangis lecomtei (Finet) Schltr. var. tenuicalcar Stévart & Droissart, Polystachya engogensis Stévart & Droissart, Polystachya reticulata Stévart & Droissart, Stolzia repens (Rolfe) Summerh var. cleistogama Stévart, Droissart & Simo et Stolzia grandiflora P.J.Cribb subsp. lejolyana Stévart, Droissart & Simo. Plusieurs notes taxonomiques, phytogéographiques et écologiques supplémentaires ont également été redigées. Au total, nous avons identifié 203 taxons d’Orchidaceae endémiques d’ACA parmi lesquels 193 sont pris en compte pour l’étude des patrons d’endémisme.

(ii) Au Cameroun, les patrons de distribution des Orchidaceae et des Rubiaceae endémiques d’ACA ont été étudiés conjointement. Des méthodes de rééchantillonnage des données (raréfaction) ont été appliquées pour calculer des indices de diversité et de similarité. Elles ont permis de corriger les biais liés à la variation de l’effort d’échantillonnage. Un gradient de continentalité a été observé, les parties côtières étant les plus riches en taxons endémiques d’ACA. Contrairement à la région du Mont Cameroun et aux massifs de Kupe/Bakossi qui ont connu une attention particulière des politiques et des scientifiques, la partie côtière du sud Cameroun, presque aussi riche, reste mal inventoriée pour plusieurs familles végétales.

Cette analyse à l’échelle du Cameroun a également permis de comparer les patrons d’endémisme des Orchidaceae et des Rubiaceae. Les différences observées seraient principalement dues à la présence d’Orchidaceae terrestres dans les végétations basses et les prairies montagnardes de la dorsale camerounaise alors que les Rubiaceae sont généralement peu représentées dans ces habitats. Au sein des habitats forestiers, la concordance entre les patrons d’endémisme des Orchidaceae et des Rubiaceae remet en question l’utilisation des capacités de dispersion des espèces comme critère pour choisir les familles permettant l’identification des refuges forestiers et semble ainsi confirmer la pertinence de l’utilisation des Orchidaceae comme marqueur chorologique.

La distribution potentielle a été utilisée pour étudier en détail l’écologie, la distribution et le statut de conservation de Diceratostele gabonensis Summerh. une Orchidaceae endémique de la région guinéo-congolaise uniquement connue d’un faible nombre d’échantillons. Cette méthodologie semble appropriée pour compléter nos connaissances sur la distribution des espèces rares et guider les futurs inventaires en Afrique tropicale.

(iii) En ACA, les Orchidaceae permettent d’identifier plusieurs centres d’endémisme qui coïncident généralement avec ceux identifiés précédemment pour d’autres familles végétales. Ces constats supportent aussi l’utilisation des Orchidaceae comme marqueur chorologique. La délimitation des aires d’endémisme des Orchidaceae a ainsi permis de proposer une nouvelle carte phytogéographique de l’ACA. Les éléments phytogéographiques propres à chacune des dix phytochories décrites ont été identifiés et leurs affinités floristiques discutées. Les résultats phytogéographiques obtenus (a) soutiennent l’existence d’une barrière phytogéographique matérialisée par la rivière Sanaga entre les deux principaux centres et aires d’endémisme de l’ACA, (b) étendent l’archipel afromontagnard situé principalement au Cameroun au plateau de Jos (Nigeria) et (c) montrent l’importance de la chaîne montagneuse morcelée Ngovayang-Mayombe pour la distribution de l’endémisme en ACA. Cette chaîne de montagne, qui s’étend le long des côtes de l’océan du sud Cameroun au Congo-Brazzaville et qui correspond à plusieurs refuges forestiers identifiés par de nombreux auteurs, est ici considérée comme une seule aire d’endémisme morcelée./

Atlantic central Africa (ACA) covers the Lower Guinean Domain, the four islands of the Gulf of Guinea and a part of the afromontane archipelago. Different centres of endemism have been identified into this area and are usually considered as related to glacial forest refuges. However, the origin of this endemism, the localization of the centres and the methods employed to identify these centres are subject to debate. Yet, the localization of these centres of endemism and the identification of the rare plants they harbor is an essential prerequisite to setting up rational conservation policies, and remains a priority for private, institutional and governmental organizations which are dealing with the sustainable management of biodiversity.

This phytogeographical study focuses on Orchidaceae and analyses the distribution of the taxa endemic to ACA. We use an original dataset resulting from an important sampling efforts and the identification of specimens coming from all the principal herbaria where collections from ACA are housed. During this study, (i) we first identified the taxa endemic to ACA and documented their distribution through several taxonomic and floristic contributions, (ii) we used and developed new methods allowing to correct for sampling bias associated with the use of rare and poorly documented taxa, testing at the same time the use of Orchidaceae as chorological markers, and finally, applying these methods to our dataset, (iii) we delimited the centres of endemism and identified the phytogeographical territories of Orchidaceae in ACA.

(i) A taxonomic revision of Chamaeangis Schltr. and Stolzia Schltr. respectively was carried out. Seven new taxa were described: Angraecum atlanticum Stévart & Droissart, Chamaeangis spiralis Stévart & Droissart, Chamaeangis lecomtei (Finet) Schltr. var. tenuicalcar Stévart & Droissart, Polystachya engogensis Stévart & Droissart, Polystachya reticulata Stévart & Droissart, Stolzia repens (Rolfe) Summerh var. cleistogama Stévart, Droissart & Simo and Stolzia grandiflora P.J.Cribb subsp. lejolyana Stévart, Droissart & Simo. Several additional taxonomic, phytogeographical and ecological notes were also published. We finally identified 203 Orchidaceae taxa endemic to ACA, among which 193 were used to study the patterns of endemism.

(ii) In Cameroon, the distribution patterns of both Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae endemic to ACA were studied. Subsampling methods (rarefaction) were applied to calculate diversity and similarity indices and to correct potential bias associated with heterogeneous sampling intensity. A gradient of continentality was confirmed in Cameroon, the coastal part being the richest in taxa endemic to ACA. The Cameroon Mountain and the Kupe/Bakossi mountain massifs have received a great consideration of politics and scientists. On the contrary, the Southern coastal part of Cameroon, though almost as rich as the Northern part, remains poorly known for several plant families.

This analysis also allowed us to compare patterns of endemism of Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae. The differences observed could be mainly due to the terrestrial habit of some Orchidaceae, which are only found in the grasslands of the highest part of the Cameroonian volcanic line where endemic Rubiaceae are rare. Within forest habitats, the concordance between the patterns of endemism of Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae question the widespread use of dispersal ability as a selection criterion for the families used to identify forest refuges. This also confirms the relevance of Orchidaceae as chorological marker.

Species distribution modelling was used of an in depth study of the ecology, the distribution and the conservation status of Diceratostele gabonensis Summerh. an Orchidaceae endemic to the Guineo-Congolian regional centre of endemism which is only known from very few collections. This method is proved to be appropriate to complete our knowledge on the distribution of rare plant species and to guide the future inventories in tropical Africa.

(iii) In ACA, an analysis of the distribution of endemic Orchidaceae confirmed the presence and location of several centres of endemism previously identified on the basis of other plant families. This result again supports the use of Orchidaceae as a chorological marker. The chorological study of the endemic Orchidaceae allowed us to propose a new phytogeographical map for ACA. Phytogeographical elements for each of the ten phytochoria described were identified and their floristic affinities were also discussed. Our results (a) support the existence of a phytogeographical barrier, materialized by the Sanaga River, between the two main centres and area of endemism of the ACA, (b) extend the limits of the afromontane archipelago to the Jos Plateau in Nigeria and (c) show the importance of the Ngovayang-Mayombe line to explain the distribution of endemism in ACA. This mountainous line, stretching along the ocean coast from Southern Cameroon to Congo-Brazzaville, corresponds to several forest refuges identified by many authors, and is here considered as an unique but discontinuous area of endemism.

Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Derrière le débat organisé sur la nécessité de nationaliser ou de dénationaliser les firmes publiques, se faufilait le constat d'échec dans l'application des solutions, de type conjoncturel à une crise des années 1980 qui était plutôt structurelle. Dans cette perspective, notre travail a voulu montrer pourquoi les firmes publiques en général, camerounaises en particulier, agissent et fonctionnent plus ou moins efficacement, comment et pourquoi elles se transforment mal et comment on peut envisager d'y remédier sans trop de déchirures sociales. Pour y parvenir, nous avons opté pour une opposition analytique entre les pratiques organisationnelles de Cameroon airlines et celles prônées par les meilleurs auteurs de la sociologie des organisations de ces dix dernières années, concluant en l'impératif d'opérer des transformations profondes des structures, des mentalités et des instances hiérarchiques, soulignant la nécessité de considérer les ensembles productifs publics en coalitions d'intérêts et d'objectifs convergents et ou divergents, dont la survie exige que l'on procédât par une approche dialectique projective des problèmes de fonctionnement, d'organisation et de gestion, en vue d'une recherche permanente de solutions adaptables, en toutes circonstances, et de l'obtention du compromis et de l'adhésion générale aux objectifs globaux, sans lesquels, les organisations publiques ne sauraient agir conformément au principe de negentropie, nécessaire pour assimiler l'environnement, au principe d'équifinalité et qui détermine la capacité d'adaptation de l'organisation et par lequel elle doit pouvoir atteindre ses objectifs, même lorsque les conditions initiales de fonctionnement changent, au principe d'auto-régulation, car l'organisation ne peut continuellement improviser ses règles de fonctionnement et les solutions à ses problèmes. Il a donc fallu procéder à une analyse et à une remise en cause des aspects essentiels de gestion et d'organisation, parmi lesquels, l'exercice du pouvoir et du contrôle, de l'autorité, la conception. .
Following the debate organised on the necessity to nationalize or not to nationalize public firms, all conjonctural measures applied, on the 1980 structural crisis, were bound to fail. In this prospect, we wanted to show why these firms, in general, particulary cameroon firms act and function, more or less efficiently, why and how they change poorly an how one could give tangible solutions to remedy the situation without causing great social destructions. To solve this, we opted for analytical opposition between Cameroon airlines organizational practices and those declared by the best past ten years authors of the sociology of the organizations, concluding on the necessity to operate deepest changes, notably structures, mentalities and hierarchies organs, while showing that public firms must have been a target of interests and aims, either convergent or divergent, whose survival needs projective dialectical approach of problems, in view of its functionning and management with prospects to a better continuous research of adaptable solutions in all circumstances, in the intention to come to a compromise and members agreement to global objectives, without which public firms wouldn't act according to the principle of negentropy, which is necessary to steer up environment, then the principle of equifinality, which determines the capacities in organizational adaptations, by which it could be able to realize its objectives, even when initial conditions of functionning change, and finally, the principle of auto-regulation, for the organization cannot continue to proceed to critical analysis of essential aspects of management. .

The Republic of Cameroon (8-16°E; 2-13°N) is a Central African nation that borders the Bight of Biafra. It is home of about 20 million people and a country with great environmental and agricultural diversity that reflects Africa. It is known as ‘Africa Miniature’. Recent policies and administrative malfunctions has plunged the SWR into severe environmental problems that led to a cholera outbreak, claiming many lives. Community respond to these severe environmental problems in the SWR greatly left behind resilient strategies to reduce its spread. A mixed method of both qualitative and quantitative research approach was used by the researcher to come up with community strategies which this research seeks to address. Various conclusions such as community demand for support from the local government, sustainable irrigation programs, availability of pipe-borne water and environmental education were put in place, as possible solutions to the persisting environmental problems in the SWR.

Since the emergence of business journalism as a genre within the broad spectrum of news reporting, most of the scholarly works into its development have focused on growth in the western (that is developed) world. This indicates that very limited research has been done in the field of business journalism in the developing economies. Thus there exist gaps in understanding the practice of business journalism in Africa and part of this is rooted in how the practice is defined. This study aims to shed light on the practice of business journalism in this African context. It explores the onset and development of business journalism and its evolution in Africa. The main focus in this case study was to understand the definition of business news in the specific context of the Cameroon Tribune. Individual in-depth interviews were used as the main (primary) data collection method along with observation and cursory reading as complementary (secondary) methods. This study is influenced by the sociology of news production which foregrounds theoretical frames such as news construction and gatekeeping. Findings from this study reveal that business news at the Cameroon Tribune is elitist, essentially defined around personality and, is in the most part, development news. Additional findings indicate that the absence of any editorial guidelines leaves most reporters secondguessing how to please management with socialised values mostly acquired through peer learning. In conclusion, this study advances the necessity for the Africanisation of business news. This would entail reporting financial, economic, consumer, and corporate affairs, from a vocabulary and composition context that unveils much exchange taking place in the lives of many Africans.

One of the challenges faced by most countries in Africa today is “high crime wave”, in Cameroon, one of the forms of criminality is known as “feymania” “feymen” practice “feymania” a name commonly known to all Cameroonians, which refers to criminal economic practice. These “feymen” mostly deal with the sales of non-existing goods, money laundry, and the offering of non-existing contracts and documentations. Their whole form of economic activities is characterised by “deceit”. The study seeks to provide in-depth knowledge on the phenomenon, how globalization has helped to facilitate this crime “feymania” across national and international borders. This resulted to the success of these “feymen” who now become rich and famous by their criminal economic practices. This study was carried out for a period of one month, from the 1st to the 30th of April 2011; both secondary and primary sources were used for data collection. The primary sources data were done with the help of in-depth interview with the use of interview guide. Respondents were contacted through the help of a snowball technique; and they were of three groups: the “feymen”, cybercafé owners and security officials. Findings show that globalisation has really facilitated the networks of these criminal entrepreneurs “feymen” across national and international borders. And this enabled them to get in contact with victims who paid them huge amount of money. Without having to come into physical contact with them most of the time. Results also show that half of the population of “feymen” have travelled abroad to meet their business partners as they claim to be.

The physician’s crisis in Cameroon has reached an alarming stage and has the potential to worsen existing health problems including the attainment of millennium development goals. This report emphasized the challenges faced by Cameroonian physicians, and recommended alternative solutions to the current government health workers policies. The report was done through a review of articles and documents covering the topic. At the center of the physician’s crises in Cameroon is the discrepancy between financial, social and professional expectations and what the government offers. The analysis showed that, there is a general dissatisfaction, despite some corrective measures implemented by the government. This suggests that the government needs to aggressively adopt and implement aggressive retention policies, such as improving the remuneration and working conditions of health workers. Beside, there is also need for innovation by adopting and implementing solutions that have been successful in others countries. As in many other countries, establishing powerful unions and lobbying groups by Cameroon physicians may help in negotiating acceptable working conditions that could help in alleviating the challenges of Cameroonian physicians. Despite some limitations, this report can be useful for policy-makers in the formulation of effective human resources for health policies but also to draw attention to the need to publish more on human resources for health issues in Cameroon.

Critics of Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs) have argued that participatory approachesand trade-offs are key to effective development interventions for rural populations living adjacent to protected areas. Based on an actor-interface framework, this thesis explores among other things, the discontinuities and/or linkages between those formalized narratives surrounding the creation andmanagement of Mount Cameroon National Park (MCNP), and their actual implementation, where there are multiple actors with divergent rationalities and interests. Specifically, this thesis examines the experiences and perceptions of the Park’s rural populations vis-à-vis the participatory-driven socio-economic development of their rurality. Interview results show that while the socio-economic potentials of the Park’s conservation to the rural poor have been touted, the fragmented and ad hoc nature of these benefits seriously undermine their poverty-alleviating capacity for marginalized communities. Furthermore, this thesis shows that while participatory approaches may constitute a major technique for involving rural populations in decision-making processes that affect their lives, the benefits fall largely to influential local elites, and that community participation is sometimes sought only for less important decision-making activities. This thesis concludes that in order for ICDPs to contribute effectively to eliminating poverty traps for marginalized communities, development interventions must not only be the result of rural people’s expressed priorities, but development practitioners must also have the necessary training to understand poverty traps and development problems as nested issues that must be addressed in a comprehensive and holistic manner. The paper also suggests that ICDPs must develop rural people’s capacity in conservation activities such that they can benefit from ecotourism and other conservation-related employment, in meaningful ways.

"le cameroun actuel est le resultat de l'unification de deux communautes issues d'une double colonisation franco-britannique. Le bilinguisme officiel anglais-francais est destine a exprimer sa specificite. Les medias d'etat, et notamment le quotidien officiel cameroon tribune sont construits suivant cette logique dualiste et composes de redactions bilingues. Or, malgre un environnement institutionnel prechant l'univocite, la presse officielle produit un discours polyphonique, parfois contraire aux prescriptions gouvernementales. Ces ecarts sont generalement le fait des anglophones qui se servent des medias comme moyens d'affirmation et vehicules de revendications politiques face a un pouvoir majoritairement francophone. Ainsi, les journalistes camerounais paraissent avoir developpe des pratiques specifiques marquees de l'empreinte de l'environnement a l'interieur duquel se deroule leur activite, et tendant a reproduire les rapports de force qui traversent le champ socio-politique d'un pays ou anglophones et francophones construisent consciemment ou non, des strategies visant a maintenir ou a modifier l'equilibre des forces qui regissent leurs rapports
"modern cameroon is the result of two communities emerging from a joint francobritish colonisation. From that the institution of an official bilingualism was designed to express this origin. The media of the state are construed following this dualist logic and is composed of bilingual wording. Now, despite an institutional environment preaching a "united voice", the official press produces a polyphonic discourse, often contrary to government stipulations. These differences are often due to the english-speaking journalists who use the media as a means of assertion and as a vehicle for political demands in the face of a french-speaking majority power. In this way cameroon journalists seem to have developed notable specific pratices of reflecting the "interior" environment which is reflected by their activity, and tending to reproduce strong relationships which cross the socio-political field of a country where englishspeakers and french-speaking build up, consciously or not, strategies directed at maintaining or modifiying the balance of forces which govern their relationships"

Imagine being a farmer having your livelyhood endangered by heavy rainfalls and thunderstorms due to global warming (Habiba Gitay 2002), when what you really need is sun to dry your maize, coffee or cocoa harvest. Such is the case for the farmers in Cameroon. The high moisture content in the air and the recurring rain present a real threat to farming on the countryside. Engineers Without Borders hope to act on that; bringing about this report - in which a possible solution is presented; Solar Drying Systems (SDS). This report aims to give a deeper insight in the current agricultural situation in Cameroon, the definition of an SDS as well as the drying process of foodstuffs. For the quantitave analysis to give an extensive response of the feasibility of SDS in Cameroon, it has been divided into two parts: • A realization of an analogue (not electricity powered) SDS with cost, little previous knowledge of relevant construction, and comercial viability as key factors. This is done by designing, constructing and testing a prototype. • Testing a theoretical modelling of a different protype in its capability of extracting water from a body (drying) and heating of air by simulating weather conditions in Cameroon. The construction of a prototype provides a design that meet all aformentioned criterias and suggestions for further improvements are given. Furthermore; the theoretical model suggests a prototype that will give twice as good water extraction capabilities in the months February to April than July to September.
Föreställ dig att som jordbrukare riskera ditt levebröd på grund av tunga regnfall och stormar som följd av växthuseffekten (Habiba Gitay 2002), när du är i stort behov av solljus för att torka dina majs-, kaffe- och kakaogrödor. Detta är fallet för bönderna i Kamerun. Där hög luftfuktighet och återkommande regn hotar jordbruket. Ingenjörer utan Gränser hoppas kunna ge bot på detta och har begärt en rapport som analyserar problemet, denna rapport föreslår en lösning; Soltorkare. Målsättningen med denna rapport är att förse en djupare insikt i jordbrukssituationen i Kamerun, förklara vad Soltorkare är samt hur torkningsprocessen av de flesta livsmedel går till. För att kunna ge en omfattande kvantitativ analys av Soltorkares genomförbarhet i Kamerun har detta gjorts på två vis: • Ett förverkligande av en analog (icke eldriven) soltorkare med huvudfaktorer såsom kostnad, begränsad tidigare kunskap av relevant konstruktion och kommersiell lönsamhet. Detta görs genom att designa, konstruera och sedan testa en föreslagen prototyp • Test av torkningskapabilitet och luftupphetningsförmåga med en teoretisk modell av en annan protyp genom att simulera väderförhållanden i Kamerun. Prototypskonstruktion förser en design som tillmötesgår alla ovannämnda huvudfaktorer och förslag till förbättringar ges. Vidare föreslår den teoretiska modellen en prototyp med dubbelt så god torkningskapabilitet mellan februari och april än juli och september.

AbstractSocio-economic changes have been identified to alter demographic behaviour, most especially fertility desires. Cameroon just like most Sub Saharan African countries started experiencing decline in its fertility rates not too long ago. A couple of factors have been identified to influence women’s childbearing. Education has been pinpointed as one of the pivotal factors that play a role in influencing female fertility desire. Discussion on education in this paper is made in reference to educational attainment. This research had the aim of examining whether education level attainment (i.e. primary, secondary and university) influences women’s desire to have another child in Cameroon. The target group of the study was women who had at least one child, and their ages ranged from 15 to 45 years. To be able to conduct the study the 2011 demographic health survey (DHS) was used. The demographic theory and demand for children concept were used to provide theoretical framework on the topic. The study was based on the contention that the higher the education level of women, the lesser the desire to have children. From the logistic regression performed, the results portrayed that educational level does influence women’s decision to have another child especially for women with primary and secondary education. Women with no education are more likely to want to have another child than women with education. Women with primary and secondary education are significantly less likely to want another child than those with higher education. This result tends to be fall in line to what was expected. The results showed that although education shapes fertility desires, the number of living children, husband employment and household status tend to play more significant role in women’s desire to have another child in Cameroon. Keywords; fertility, Cameroon, female education, demographic health survey, logistic regression

The overview of this paper is about municipal solid waste management in Cameroon and suggested methods for improvement. Garbage bins for sorting has been mentioned in this paper as one of the major infrastructure needed in all the areas, particularly in the low standards areas. The installation of garbage bins for source separation, building of transfer stations next to paved roads have been mentioned as one of the primary solution for both the waste vehicles and households. This will increase the waste collection system and will reduce illegal dumping of waste. Population, urbanisation and industrial growth has also been mentioned in this paper as one of the main causes of increase waste generation that has lead to illegal dumping of waste in unwanted areas. Low level of education, inadequate financial standings or resources, poor enforcement of waste management regulations and governance has often led to major waste management problems in Cameroon. This paper also presents a vital analysis of the distance between garbage bins and households as well as possible solutions. The method used in this paper is both primary and secondary data’s which has been explained below. The three filter theory and the waste hierarchy model have as well been used. The case study of Limbe municipality has been used to bring out waste management related problems and recommended possible solutions for improvement.       Key words: Environment, municipal solid waste management, Limbe municipality, Cameroon, awareness.

Pass

This thesis examines the impact of cultural values directly on employee motivation and indirectly via leadership style. The study identifies distinguishing features of cultural values, leadership styles and employee motivation in Cameroon. The research investigates the perceptions of these concepts by managers and employees and the distinctive influence of the traditional Cameroonian values as compared to the Western values contained in the discourse of authors such as Hofstede, Likert, Maslow and Herzberg and students of their work. Field work includes questionnaires and interviews designed to elicit perceptions of the three concepts from the sample; the distinctiveness of perceptions as compared to Western discourse. Focus groups were incorporated into the research design and used to evaluate and modify hypotheses resulting from the fieldwork. The conceptual model designed for the research is based on literature and consultations. The study used both quantitative questionnaire survey and qualitative in depth interviews to collect data. 135 employees and managers from 10 SMEs of the banking and telecommunication industries in the private sector participated in the survey. 10 of them were interviewed, 4 leaders and 6 followers. Seven hypotheses are developed and tested against their validity in Cameroon in relation to the literature. The results indicate that the main hypotheses developed based on the three strands of literature used in the study proved to be robust, but some different important details were also found out. For example, Hofstede's (1991) masculinity index for the West African region was 46. There are also some distinctions with respect to leadership style and employee motivation. The study indicates that the perceived leadership style in organisations in Cameroon is paternalistic, that extrinsic motivational factors aremore important to Cameroonian employees than intrinsic factors. The study also discovered some African cultural values and leadership practices that constrain employee motivation and consequently organisational performance. It has been found out that employees in Cameroon's organisations will perform better in conditions where organisational values such as cooperation, participation, specification of targets and performance measure are of paramount importance especially if the leadership dimensions are those that encourage motivation and interaction. Direct and indirect links appear to exist.

In this thesis I reflect upon a digital mapping project I did in the rural agricultural villages of Bangoua and Batoufam in the Grassfields region of Cameroon. This thesis considers digital mapping as a possible strategy for addressing a current dichotomy in these villages. On the one hand community members express concern over observed shifts in local weather patterns, which they attribute to climate change, and on the other hand community members express desperation for “development.” Of over 130 mapped points, I use this thesis to look at three case studies of community centered development initiatives that address both development and sustainability. In the Water is Life well-building training program, locals are empowered to build water wells, reducing village dependency on foreign teams of experts, which in turn reduces the environmental impact of displacement of these foreign teams and imported materials, and also generally increases the longevity of the water infrastructure by ensuring that local people are able to maintain and repair the system. In the case study of the reforestation project at College Evangélique de Bangoua, reforestation is used as a method for teaching adolescents about the importance of protecting the environment, as well as commerce skills, since the school director has plans to let the students sell the fruits from the trees once they have grown big enough and keep the profits. In the solar panel water system in Batoufam, the local water council challenged the dominant development model for water infrastructure (single-point, manual pump) and designed an extensive network of 10 faucets throughout the village connected to a solar powered electrically pumped well and reservoir. These three examples give hope to the possibility of addressing both climate change and development needs with the same initiatives; however, this process also illuminated the shortcomings of grassroots development. This project uses the mapping process to complicate dominant narratives about top-down and grassroots development. Ultimately, I will propose that this method of digital mapping itself carries potential for addressing the sometimes-polarized desires for sustainability and development.

Researchers are increasingly drawn to the study of societal bilingualism (or multilingualism), which is the study of the specific nature of bilingualism practiced by a nation, state, province or territory. Such studies seek to identify the institutions and legal frameworks put in place to regulate and reproduce bilingualism, as well as to understand groups which practice bilingualism. Drawing on a descriptive approach that flows from a sociological model of critical theory and conflict theory, this study is based on societal bilingualism in Cameroon, the only other country in the world, apart from Canada, that has both English and French as its only official languages. Cameroon is also one of the few African countries that do not have a local language as an official language. Acknowledging the central role of texts and their analysis in understanding social practices, this case study is carried out using critical document analysis to examine previous research, mass media products, government reports, historical data and information, laws, orders, press releases and speeches to uncover the precise nature of official language bilingualism in Cameroon. The study offers insights into the relevant historical and language background against which a critical discussion on official language bilingualism and an analysis of the legal frameworks and institutions set up to regulate and reproduce this bilingualism can be carried out. Attention is given to translation policies and to the most recent measures taken to foster State bilingualism in Cameroon. Indeed, official language bilingualism has been heavily predicated on translation, its institutions and legal framework. This timely case study traces the nation’s failure, as witnessed by the current situation of unrest, to successfully implement, mainly through translation, an official language bilingualism policy that grants equal status to English and French across the national territory. This research concludes that an alternative solution would be to introduce bilingual education as well, particularly from the nursery and elementary school levels, given that, for a long time now, Cameroon has had early simultaneous bilinguals who speak both English and French before they attain school age. A brief comparison between the context of official language bilingualism within the educational system in Cameroon and in Canada highlights the fact that Cameroon has the potential to establish one of the strongest forms of bilingual education in the world.

Despite the increased popularity of development aid flows from rich nations to poorer ones in the form of Official Development Assistance (ODA), rampant poverty still prevails in the recipient nations. This perhaps explains the lingering debate on the effectiveness of ODA in curbing poverty. Based on Cameroon, this study aims to ascertain if ODA can be relied upon as a tool to fight poverty. The researcher seeks to determine if ODA disbursed to Cameroon has resulted in poverty alleviation among the impoverished from 1980 to 2014, be it directly or indirectly. To this effect, the first research question looks at what the possible causes of poverty in Cameroon are. The second research question dwells on the pattern of ODA to Cameroon over the study period from 1980 to 2014. The final research question seeks to determine the Cameroonian poverty levels over the same period. The definition of poverty in terms of the Human Development Index (HDI) and its three poverty determinants as utilized by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), is adopted as a theoretical base for this research. These determinants of poverty are life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. While the literature review is utilised to outline the on-going debate on the effects of ODA on economic growth and poverty alleviation, it equally provides possible causes of poverty in Cameroon. These include the prevalence of factors such as poor governance, the swindling of public funds without fear, the normalisation of bribes in return for public services, the lack of decentralized administrative and civil services, and the disproportionate distribution of state earnings. Meanwhile, secondary published data sourced from reputable multilateral bodies is used to determine the trend of ODA to Cameroon over the period from 1980 to 2014. This is then correlated with poverty figures over the same period as expressed by the three human development factors or poverty determinants. The research adopts a quantitative approach as correlations and regressions of obtained secondary data are made used of. The results of the correlations reveal that ODA may not be relied upon as a tool for alleviating poverty in Cameroon due to the statistically insignificant relationships it seems to display with all three poverty determinants. The regression results show on the one hand that ODA has insignificant relationships with life expectancy at birth and mean years of schooling, while on the other hand, ODA and GNI per capita display an inverse relationship that is judged to be statistically significant. High ODA figures can therefore be associated with lower GNI per capita values in Cameroon, based on this study. This means that ODA can be assumed to negatively affect the real income of Cameroonians. A reduction in real income might equally lead to a reduced potential to afford basic necessities like healthcare, schooling and housing. As these essentials are not provided for free in Cameroon, this reduced real income may further be held responsible for an overall deterioration of the quality of life. Based on the above findings, the researcher recommends that aid recipient governments put in place supportive systems and strong institutions that are void of corruption and unnecessary bureaucracy so as to better benefit from foreign aid inflows. African countries like Cameroon also need to develop their internal resources and use them to finance and promote their own growth instead of rely on donor funding with diminishing returns. Likewise, the government needs to improve its level of human development through diverting more funds towards developing and facilitating the poor’s access to the country’s education, healthcare, road network and basic amenities like water and sanitation. Finally, inflows in the form of loans rather than grants can better be utilized to promote positive economic growth. While loans are mostly diverted to productive activities, grants may promote dependency, rent-seeking behaviour and bureaucracy. This study is one of the few that relies on country-level data. Most existing studies on foreign aid and its related effects on poverty alleviation were conducted using cross-country data.

The media, specifically tabloids, have the potential to portray poverty-related issues in a manner that informs the public and government about the experiences of people living in poverty so that it can be tackled with urgency. Poverty has blighted the lives of many, especially women, children and widows in Cameroon. The role of the media in reporting the plight and suffering of the ‘masses’ potentially shapes the way in which these issues are handled by those in authority. The study notes that the tabloid press has the potential to expose certain experiences of ordinary people thereby constituting that alternative sphere for the disadvantaged. The study investigates the manner women are represented in The Post which is an English tabloid published in Cameroon. The representation of women in this study looks at the institutional policies which drive the representation of women in news constructs, analyses the news values which shape news production, and uses Thompson’s modes of ideology to unravel the underlying meanings in the reported stories. The study is inspired by the claims that since women make up the majority of the world's poor, so too would media representations depict them as such. It utilises thematic analysis to understand the manner in which women are represented in The Post. It also uses interviews with the regional bureau editor of the North West region to probe what news values and institutional policies drive the stories on women’s poverty. Document analysis is used to better comprehend the institutional guidelines which govern the representation of women during the month of March 2009.

Linking education, science and technology with national development is a subject of increasing concern in many developing countries. In this dissertation, we have studied empirically the contribution, or lack of it, which public investment in education, science and technology has made to the attainment of development objectives in Cameroon since 1960. Using a small computable macroeconometric model of Cameroon incorporating some major relevant quantitative aspects of the knowledge sector, we have investigated the effects on that sector and on the overall economic system of increased education- and research-service resources. We have also analyzed some of the major qualitative factors that are important in this sector.
Our results suggest that, given existing patterns of education, science and technology in Cameroon, the contribution of public investment in this sector may be small compared to the potential contribution suggested in the literature. The implications of these results are examined for policy-making and planning at the national level.

Rarement phénomène social n’a été aussi captivant, passionnant, émouvant et en même temps truffé d’autant de contradictions et de conflits que le sport au Cameroun. En effet, d’une génération à une autre, cette pratique s’est traduite tantôt comme un facteur de cohésion nationale, tantôt comme vecteur de division et de troubles de toutes natures.Au demeurant, les exploits inattendus et inespérés engrangés dans ce domaine au cours des trois dernières décennies avaient fini par construire des représentations sociales tendant à faire du Cameroun un pays de sport, un grand pays sportif. Ce mouvement s’est traduit de manière concrète par la présence de ses athlètes et équipes dans les compétitions internationales. De manière évidente, la notoriété qui en a suivi donnait ainsi l’opportunité à ce pays de mieux organiser son sport, afin de maintenir cette belle image conquise par l’abnégation de ses acteurs sportifs.Or, l’on constate de manière paradoxale que les exploits et les résultats de ces athlètes n’ont pas produit les fruits escomptés, en raison de l’embrigadement des instances dirigeantes dans d’inextricables luttes et conflits internes. Ces jouxtes généralisées et pernicieuses ont donc empêché le sport de s’y développer de manière harmonieuse et professionnelle, et conséquemment de permettre aux principaux acteurs de vivre décemment de cette activité.La présente étude effectue l’analyse de l’organisation et du fonctionnement de ces instances dirigeantes, à partir des textes en vigueur et des faits recueillis sur le terrain. Elle est fondamentalement tournée vers la recherche appliquée, et prend pour principal socle épistémologique, l’analyse documentaire.Cette démarche a globalement permis de mieux décrypter d’une part l’origine de ces conflits et de bien comprendre d’autre part, les modes et modalités de règlements y afférents. En particulier, elle a débouché sur la mise exergue les conflits liés aux élections, ceux liés au sport proprement dit et enfin ceux liés au contentieux administratif et financier. Dans le même ordre d’idées, la définition même de la nature et du type de conflits sportifs du Cameroun a constitué à n’en point douter l’obstacle épistémologique majeur à surmonter, en raison de l’inexistence de travaux spécialisés ou une jurisprudence consacrée sur cette question. Par ailleurs, la mise en évidence de l’arbitrabilité ou non de ces conflits a permis de disséquer, faits et éléments de jurisprudence à l’appui, les institutions, les méthodes, et procédures mises en place pour leur résolution.Au total, il y a lieu de faire observer que le mouvement sportif au Cameroun est traversé par d’inextricables conflits qui entravent de manière considérable son déploiement, et, les modes de règlements à géométrie variable que l’on y retrouve en permanence constituent l’exacte traduction du désarroi sportif dans lequel ce pays est embourbé depuis lors. Aussi bien, les atermoiements et les interminables conflits de toutes natures qui traversent en ces jours l’organisation de la Coupe d’Afrique des Nations prévue au Cameroun en 2019 témoignent, grandeur nature, d’un environnement particulièrement défavorable au développement du mouvement sportif au Cameroun. Les suggestions que nous faisons s’inscrivent dans un processus de long terme, et ne pourraient être véritablement pertinentes et efficaces qu’avec la refonte totale du système sportif national et surtout, son arrimage aux standards internationaux en la matière
There is seldom any event as captivating, fascinating, touching and at the same time riddled with so many contradictions as sports in Cameroon. In fact, from one generation to another, sports has sometimes been considered as a factor of national cohesion and sometimes as a seed of division and all sorts of discord. If we look at it closely, the unexpected achievements, which no one dreamt of, that have been done in this field over the last three decades eventually led to the social tendency to portray Cameroon as a sports country, a great sports country. In concrete terms, this has resulted in the participation of its athletes and teams in international competitions. The resulting fame thus gave the country the opportunity to better organise its sports, in order to maintain this beautiful image earned by the selflessness of its athletes.Paradoxically, however, it is observed that the achievements of these athletes have not produced the expected results, due to the involvement of governing bodies in unending internal struggles and conflicts. In fact, the recurrence of conflicts and disputes within Cameroonian sports bodies is a real problem, both in terms of stakeholders` fulfilment and infrastructure development. These widespread and pernicious issues have thus prevented sports from developing in a professional way and enabling its main actors to make a decent living from it.This study aims to analyse the organisation and functioning of these bodies based on texts in force and facts on the ground, in order to better identify the origin of these conflicts and to understand the ways of resolving them.The documentary analysis that we used as theoretical framework for this study made it possible to highlight conflicts related to elections, sports proper and finally, administrative and financial litigation respectively. Moreover, defining the nature and type of sports conflicts in Cameroon has been undoubtedly a major epistemological obstacle since the review of related literature showed little or no previous work on this issue.Moreover, highlighting the question of whether or not these conflicts can be settled by arbitration has enabled an analysis of the institutions, methods, and procedures put in place for their resolution, based on facts and legal precedents.Finally, it is to be said that the sports movement in Cameroon is experiencing endless conflicts that significantly hamper its operation and, the various ways of regulation that are observed are a reflection of the confusion in which the country`s sports practice is mired

This is an attempt to analyse some anti-colonial rebellions in a "stateless" society of South-Central Cameroon under German rule. The thesis surveys some of the rebellions staged by the Beti-bulu peoples during twenty years of colonial presence in the area. It begins by an examination of the nature of native oral traditions; then it examines some important rebellions from the early days of German penetration in 1887 to the period of effective rule in 1907. The various examples of rebellions have been compared to elicit some generalizations about which reasons led some peoples to revolt in an environment marked by military, political, and economic fragmentation. The study of the rebellions has also illuminated the variety of ways in which resistance emerged from a background of clans and lir..eages; finally it helped to elucidate the problem of how oral traditions develop in a "stateless" society.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The motive for this research was to provide clarity on the increasingly divergent opinions on the role and behaviour of South African companies in the rest of the African continent. The key question that can be asked is: “Are South African investments, saviour or villain of African Development” (Thomas, 2007)? Are they “exporting Apartheid” (Mkhabela, 2007) or are the fears raised against South African companies unfounded? The primary research objective of this study is to assess MTN-C’s contribution to the economic development of Cameroon. The specific research questions addressed in this study are: 1. What are the possible areas of economic impact? 2. How can the effects of MTN-C’s presence in Cameroon be measured—both qualitatively and quantitatively? 3. What recommendations can be made to MTN-C? To answer these questions, the researcher takes a multi-dimensional view of the economic impact across eight areas, viz., inflow of foreign direct capital, interaction with government, training and development of local staff, employment creation, local procurement, spread of local shareholding, the local mobile communications sector and corporate social investment initiatives. She assesses each of the above-mentioned eight elements and then draws some conclusions on what is perceived to be the true effect of MTN-C’s investments in Cameroon. After close to three years of in-depth research, which included several trips to Cameroon, in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, direct observation, group discussions and survey research, it can be concluded that MTN-C has indeed had a positive impact in areas like Corporate Social Investment, training and development of local staff, employment creation and the inflow of foreign capital. However, much still needs to be done. The areas that have been identified as weak include the development of local suppliers, the interaction with government and the spread of local shareholding.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie is gemotiveer deur die soeke na groter helderheid met betrekking tot uiteenlopende beoordelings van die rol en optrede van Suid-Afrikaanse ondernemings in die res van die Afrika-kontinent. Die kernvraag is: “Are South African investments saviour or villains of African development?” (Thomas, 2007) Is hulle besig om apartheid “uit te voer” (Mkhabela, 2007) of is dié vrese teenoor Suid-Afrikaanse ondernemings ongegrond? Die primêre navorsingsoogmerk is die beoordeling van MTN Cameroon se bydrae tot die ekonomiese ontwikkeling in Kameroen. Spesifiek drie vrae word aangespreek. 1. Watter dimensies word ingesluit in ‘n studie van die “ekonomiese impak”? 2. Hoe kan die invloed van MTN Cameroon se teenwoordigheid in dié land gemeet word – sowel kwalitatief asook kwantitatief? 3. Watter aanbevelings kan op grond van dié beoordelings aan die maatskappy gemaak word? Om hierdie vrae te beantwoord word ‘n multi-dimensionele benadering gevolg, gebaseer op agt verskillende invloed-gebiede. Hulle sluit in die invloei van buitelandse kaptiaal, interaksie met die regering, opleiding en ontwikkeling van plaaslike werknemers, werkskepping, plaaslike aankope, die verspreiding van plaaslike aandeelhouding, die mobiele kommunikasiebedryf en sosiale investerings-inisiatiewe. Elkeen van dié elemente word ontleed op grond van vraelys-reaksies en ander insigte. Dit lei tot gevolgtrekkings op elkeen van die vlakke, wat tesame die volle omvang van die betrokkenheid weerspieël. Na drie jaar se interaksie van die navorser met Kameroen, diepte-onderhoude met vername rolspelers, direkte waarnemings, groepbesprekings en 40 voltooide vraelyste kom sy tot die gevolgtrekking dat MTN Cameroon wel ‘n positiewe rol speel in gebiede soos korporatiewe sosiale investerings, opleiding, werkskepping en die invloei van kapitaal, maar dat daar nog heelwat ruimte vir verbeterings is, veral wat plaaslike aankope, interaksie met die regering en plaaslike aandeelhouding betref.

This project was designed to ascertain the prevalence and risk factors for epilepsy in a rural health district in the North-West Region of Cameroon. A community-based epilepsy screening targeted all inhabitants, six years and older, in all 16 health areas in the Batibo Health District. During door-to-door visits, fieldworkers used a validated questionnaire to interview consenting heads of households about the possibility of epilepsy in eligible residents of the house. All people with suspected epilepsy were subsequently assessed by a physician who confirmed or refuted the epilepsy diagnosis after clinical assessment. People with epilepsy and randomly selected healthy subjects were interviewed by a nurse who obtained relevant demographic details and information on exposure to risk factors for epilepsy. Out of 39,527 permanent residents screened, 546 had active epilepsy. The age-standardised prevalence of active epilepsy was 3.5% (95% CI: 3.2-3.9). The prevalence of active epilepsy varied widely between health areas, ranging between 1.2% and 7.7%. The peak age-specific prevalence was in the 20-29 age group. Epilepsy was focal in 59% of people, and the median age at first seizure was 11 years (Interquartile range: 8-15). The 1-year incidence of epilepsy was estimated to be 171/100,000 (95%CI: 114.0-254.6). About 81% of people with epilepsy were either untreated or receiving inappropriate treatment. Family history of epilepsy was the main factor associated with epilepsy after multivariate analysis (OR: 6.8; 95% CI: 3.2-14.1). The characteristics of active epilepsy in this Cameroonian population, mainly the geographical heterogeneity and the pattern of the age-specific prevalence suggest that cysticercosis and/or onchocerciasis may be involved. These and other risk factors for epilepsy need to be further investigated through robust case-control and prospective studies in this population. We briefly discuss public health strategies that may useful in redressing the burden of epilepsy in Cameroon.

The verbal interaction between students during mathematics lessons Cameroon is the primary focus of Strategies for facilitating language Service Training activities to meet needs of such teachers form a secondary teachers and in Anglophone this study. oriented Inthe training focus. Specifically three research questions are asked. Firstly, how do teachers and students interact in English whilst teaching and learning mathematics? Secondly can a model of these patterns be created and thirdly can such a model be used with teachers to enable them to increase the amount and range of student language in mathematics lessons. Following a review of relevant research-, -the need for a study which will provide answers to these questions is clear. The methodology of such research is also reviewed, 'and thus the present study is rooted in existing practice both in terms of its content and its research design. The data, audio recorded lessons, are transcribed and the patterns of verbal interaction observed classified via a grounded theory. These patterns are described collectively and then individually so that changes made during the phase of intensive INSET can be observed. The study shows that the participating teachers were able to use their new awareness of their own patterns of verbal interaction to experiment with innovative ways of interacting with their learners some of which led to an increase in the amount and range of student language use. The implications of this study for. INSET programmes are many. Enabling teachers to be more aware of their own language use is advantageous and provides the basis for long term changes in classroom procedures. The study also offers a research process which can be used to illuminate verbal interaction in other contexts such as discussions between doctors and their patients or during formalised conflict resolution.

The epizootiology of African swine fever in the North West, South West and West Provinces of Cameroon was studied between 1982 and 1988. The enzootic area of ASF was determined using the data from a serological survey and interviews with pig farmers and it covered the southern parts of the N. W. and S. W. Provinces and all of the West Province except the districts of Malantouen and Massangam where pigs are not kept. The highest prevalence of seropositive pigs for ASF antibody was in the West Province where 10. 2% of the pigs sampled between January-June 1988 were positive. Restriction enzyme analysis and restriction enzyme site mapping of genomes of isolates from different parts of the enzootic area failed to distinguish between the 1982, 1985, 1987 and 1988 isolates but the 1986 isolate differed from the others in two fragments occurring within the last 10Kbp from the right terminus and another occurring within the central region of the genome (89-91Kbp). The restriction enzyme fragments of the genomes of the Cameroon viruses were similar to the West and South West African isolates from Senegal (Dakar/59), Zaire (Katanga/67) Angola (Angola/70; Angola/72) and Namibia (Namibia/86-1), and were also very similar to the recent European isolates from Malta (1978), Sardinia (1978,1982), Italy (1983), Portugal (1984) and Belgium (1985). In contrast, the Cameroon isolates were genetically very different from the East and South East African isolates from Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia and Mozambique. The genome of the CAM/82 isolate remained unchanged when the virus was passaged in either domestic pigs or PBM cultures. The Cameroon virus isolates shared the same haemadsorption antigens with the recent European isolates and those from Angola and Namibia. They also produced the same lesions and clinical signs in infected domestic pigs which were similar to those produced by some recent European isolates when inoculated into domestic pigs. No evidence for the presence of soft ticks of the Ornithodoros moubata complex was found during a survey of ASF carried out between 1985 and 1988 in the West Province and southern parts of the North West and South West Provinces of Cameroon. The absence of warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) from these areas was also recorded.

Introduction In sub-Saharan Africa, rapid urbanisation and per capita consumption of animal source foods are expected to accelerate in the short-medium term and to increase the movements of live animals and animal products in the region. In Cameroon, where the livelihood of most of the rural population depends on the agricultural and livestock sector, a wide range of endemic transboundary infectious diseases (TADs) affect livestock production and trade, and have direct detrimental effects on animal, human and environmental health. Livestock mobility represents a central economic activity in the livestock value chain of the country as well as a central strategy of seasonal adaptation to the ecosystem. Livestock movements, however, are also a central driver of infectious diseases dynamics and contacts between livestock populations are major risk factors for disease introduction and circulation. In countries where financial and technical resources are constrained, such as Cameroon, strategic interventions aiming at the surveillance and control of multiple infectious diseases simultaneously are essential for optimising their cost-effectiveness. The overall aim of this study was to apply a methodological framework to contribute to the understanding of cattle movements in Cameroon and of their implications for disease circulation. Methods This project used a variety of epidemiological and statistical methods to characterise cattle movements in the country across different scales. The collection of primary data and information targeted both the formal cattle trade system, across the country, and the informal seasonal transhumance, across the main livestock production areas. Between September 2014 and May 2015 diverse strategies were applied for collecting empirical data and various data sources from multiple Regions of the country were combined. Cattle trade in Cameroon mainly occurs via multiple trading points owned and managed either by the veterinary authorities or the municipalities. A total of 62 livestock markets, and the relevant offices of the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Products (MINEPIA), were targeted for collecting official data on cattle trade referring to a 12-month period ranging between September 2013 and August 2014. Additionally, a questionnaire-based survey with the various livestock markets stakeholders (herders, traders, butchers and veterinary officials) was carried out to collect a variety of information on the cattle market system. During this 9-month period of field work, data on cattle seasonal transhumance were simultaneously collected using a combination of GPS-tracking technology and questionnaire-based survey. Results Volumes of cattle trade, the type of traded animals and their commercial values varied over the year and across the Regions of the country included in this study. Nevertheless, the market supply of live cattle showed similar temporal trends over the year and across the Regions. Although for almost the entire study area the peak of traded animals in the market system was in December 2013, the trade volume was consistently higher during the rainy season (May to September). On the contrary, the reduction in the trade volume during the dry season was accompanied by an opposite trend in the cattle price, with their commercial value being higher during the dry season. Furthermore, a cattle price differential was highlighted between production Regions and high consumption Regions of the country. The highest volume of cattle trade was recorded in the Adamawa Region, which was the main source of cattle for the country while also receiving animals from neighbouring countries, such as Chad and Central African Republic. In contrast, major urban markets in the Littoral and Central Regions were the main receivers of cattle originating from almost all the other areas of the country. Interestingly, the North-West Region appeared to be more independent and isolated within the cattle trade network of Cameroon, particularly receiving few animals from other Regions. Importantly, there was little variation in the structural characteristics of the cattle trade network as well as in its properties across seasons, showing that, despite the seasonality in traded numbers, the network of cattle moving between markets in Cameroon is very stable. This consistent structure of the network over the year increases the robustness of strategic targeted interventions. We found that targeting the top 20% of the most connected markets would significantly reduce the network cohesiveness providing opportunities for strategic disease surveillance, communication and risk mitigation interventions. The centrality of the market within the trading network was also found to be positively associated with the price of live cattle, which tended to be heavily affected by phenotypic characteristics of the traded cattle. The seasonal cattle transhumance has been found as a common and widespread practice for herders attending the market system across whole the study area, highlighting the close relation between formal trading movements and informal pastoral movements across the country. Transhumant herds were observed to undertake migrations across multiple Regions for period exceeding 6 months and showing the potential for multiple types of interactions with domestic and wild animals. Discussion Multiple livestock infectious diseases were identified as being related to the cattle trade system. As neighbouring and non-neighbouring countries were found to be epidemiologically connected it is clear that national strategies for surveillance and control are likely to have limited effectiveness. Regional coordination for designing and implementing prevention and mitigation strategies against infectious diseases is essential to improve animal health also at national level. This study highlights the opportunity for strategic surveillance, control and communication interventions targeting key livestock markets and Regions of Cameroon. Live cattle price and centrality of markets, represented by their connectedness within the trading network, highlights the need to further investigate the links between economic factors and drivers of disease dynamics, such as livestock movements. The complexity of cattle movements in this context was further evidenced by the seasonal transhumance representing an established common mechanism for managing livestock, and closely interacting with the formal trading system as well as with other domestic and wild animal populations. Better data collection and analysis of livestock movements is required for improving the effectiveness of surveillance and control of infectious diseases. Although animal identification and registration systems would represent an ideal step for increasing traceability of cattle movements, enhancing animal health management and the overall competitiveness of the livestock industry, in the short-term a cost-effective intervention should aim at further developing the current data recording and management systems. Pastoralism, for long seen as an economic and environmental activity with little future, also needs to be acknowledged as a key component of the livestock production system in the country and to be considered accordingly in the management of infectious diseases.

The aim of this research is to examine how Africa can become a socially sustainable society by the year 2030 using a strategic leadership approach with Cameroon as a case study. Using a generic and whole systems view, the study would examine the possibility of a transition from a socially un-sustainable society to sustainable society. The study analyses the current political, economic, social and environmental operations that undermines people’s ability to meet their basic needs. It also highlights some of the strengths and opportunities of the Cameroonian society that can help accelerate this transition. Threats and weaknesses are also identified and corrective measures are proposed. Agriculture and social capacity building amongst others stand out as prominent opportunities which could be use to further strategic progress towards sustainability. The study concludes that, with a well defined vision, it is possible for Cameroon to strategically progress towards a socially sustainable society.

Depuis la fin des années 1980, il souffle un air de transformations sur le système politique et institutionnel camerounais. Celui-ci n'épargne guère l'administration fiscale. En effet, considéré pendant longtemps comme un simple pourvoyeur de recettes budgétaires, le service public de l'impôt doit désormais être mis à contribution en vue de la satisfaction de l'exigence ou de l'atteinte de l'objectif de performance qui est le nouveau paradigme des finances publiques au Cameroun. C'est la raison pour laquelle la présente recherche interroge le modèle camerounais de contrôle fiscal afin de savoir si celui-ci peut être considéré comme un levier de performance des finances publiques. Une interprétation rigoureuse du cadre normatif et une observation minutieuse de la pratique du contrôle fiscal dans ce pays amènent à poser un diagnostic clair. Ce dernier révèle que divers obstacles obèrent la capacité de cette technique juridique à favoriser la performance des finances publiques au Cameroun. Ces obstacles, de nature invariablement juridique et socio-économique sont liés à l'environnement interne et au contexte international des opérations de contrôle.Après cette première constatation, la recherche ambitionne également de suggérer quelques évolutions normatives, institutionnelles et managériales susceptibles de favoriser la rentabilité économique et financière du contrôle fiscal sans remettre en cause la sécurité juridique des contribuables. Dans cette perspective, le législateur camerounais pourrait inscrire l'exigence de performance dans le corpus des normes régissant le contrôle fiscal. Une telle innovation peut être renforcée par l'adaptation des techniques de contrôle aux réalités du tissu économique local et à celles du contexte économique international. Une reconfiguration du système normatif, institutionnel et fonctionnel des services de contrôle pourrait également contribuer, de manière décisive, à transformer cette technique juridique en véritable outil de performance des finances publiques au Cameroun. Cette exigence pourrait demeurer un vœu pieu si l'administration fiscale manque de s'approprier ou d'internaliser l'évaluation critique de ses propres méthodes et procédures de contrôle
Since the end of the 1980s, the political and institutional system of Cameroon is performing. This does not spare the tax administration. Indeed, considered for a long time as a simple provider of budgetary revenues, the public tax service must now be used to satisfy. the requirement and the achievement of the performance objective which is the Cameroon's new public finance paradigm. This is the reason why the actual research questions the Cameroonian model of fiscal control in order to know if it can be considered as a lever for the performance of public finances. A rigorous interpretation of the normative framework and a careful observation of the practice of fiscal control in this country lead to a clear diagnosis. The latter reveals that various obstacles obstruct the capacity of this legal technique to promote the performance of public finances in Cameroon. These obstacles, which are invariably legal and socio-economic in nature, are linked to the internal environment and the international context of control operations. After this first observation, the research also aims to suggest some normative, institutional and managerial developments likely to favor the economic and financial profitability of the tax audit without jeopardizing the legal security of taxpayers. In this perspective, Cameroon's legislator could include the performance requirement in the corpus of standards governing tax audits. Such innovation can be enhanced by adapting control techniques to the realities of the local economic fabric and to the international economic context. A reconfiguration of the normative, institutional and functional system of the control services could also make a decisive contribution to transforming this legal technique into a genuine tool for the performance of public finances in Cameroon. This requirement may remain a wish if the tax administration fails to appropriate or internalize the critical assessment of its own control methods and procedures