Journal articles on the topic 'Cameroon. Ministry of the Economy, Planning, and Regional Development'

In recent decades, the issues of rational use of natural resources and sustainable development of ecosystems (where forests are an important element) became acute. Forest management requires new approaches in order to create a forestry development strategy in accordance with the principles of green economy, including at the regional level. The article presents conceptual provisions of strategic forest management of regions from the perspective of sustainable development. When planning the socio-economic development of a region, it is necessary to consider the revenue and resource potential of its forest management system and strive to achieve a balance between forest exploitation and reforestation. In this connection, the key parameters for choosing strategic alternatives are the intensity of forest use (forest exploitation) and reforestation. After recording the values of indicators for specific forest territorial units, we constructed a positioning map as the basis for strategic development maps. The proposed approach was tested using data on regional forestry retrieved from the Ministry of Forestry of the Irkutsk Region and Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Irkutsk region. Over the past decades, an increase in forest resource extraction in the Irkutsk region was noted. Regional forest development is characterised by excessive intensity and irregularity of timber harvest, as well as by ineffective reproduction and low productivity of forests, aggravated by large-scale fires. The positioning map of regional forestry in the Irkutsk region clearly demonstrates that the forestry development strategy based on the principles of green economy cannot be implemented in more than half of forest territorial units due to their strategic positioning.

This study summarizes aspects of Serbian regional policy with special focus on regions and the development of the regional institutions. The study emphasizes the importance of the issue in the Republic of Serbia in 2010, with the ambition to join the European Union. With the enactment of the new Law on Regional Development and the legal framework five NUTS 2 regions were created. The Ministry of Economy and Regional Development is responsible for the institutional coordination of the regional policy. Regional Development Agencies are at the intermediate level of institutional hierarchy. After the regionalization of Serbia, the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina remained a whole and unified NUTS 2 region with complex and developed regional institutions.

Van city has serious socio-economic cultural development problems. Despite these problems, Van's cultural and natural diversity, as well as its potential to be an important commercial center due to its geopolitical situation, are important for the solution of extant problems. In this regard, this paper strives to examine the challenges of Van from the cultural aspect. Accordingly; in Van, the investments determined by the actors affecting the development and planning process periodically (2003-2016) were evaluated vis-à-vis the classification of cultural economy and human development index. Content analysis was used in the research. The European Union (EU) is one of the international actors in Van and the national actors are; Ministry of Development, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, T.C. Prime Ministry General Directorate of Foundations, Eastern Anatolia Project (EAP) Regional Development Administration, Eastern Anatolia Development Agency (EADA) and Municipalities. It is seen that these are important actors in development policies and the investments they have made coincide with the strategies they have targeted. International actors prioritize social and human development investments within the framework of EU regional development policies. National actors however followed both a development model within the scope of industry, trade and services, which was predominantly based on the economic perspective, and a development model from the tourism perspective in the services class. Consequently, it is seen that development in Van is not directly evaluated from the cultural view, but evaluated together with tourism, culture is instrumentalized for tourism and cultural tourism is brought to the fore and cultural policies are developed from the tourism perspective.

Relevance. Even though there is a general agreement regarding the importance of the transition to a green economy, this process still has a long way to go, which makes the research on the role of smart territories particularly relevant. Research objective. The study aims to describe the opportunities and areas of digital transformation of territories with a focus on the transition to a green economy. Data and methods. The research methods include content analysis, case study, mapping, and matrix analysis. The data sources were scientific articles presented in the Scopus database, materials from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, the Ministry of Mineral Resources, Green Technologies, and Energy Security, materials from the Central Bureau of Statistics of Botswana, the Botswana Energy Company. Results. Using the case of Botswana, the study showed that the establishment of a smart territory is the core mechanism of a transition to a green economy. Smart territories help regional governments to reach the sustainable development goals by using cutting-edge digital technologies. Conclusions. The article proposes a new approach to analyzing the transition to a green economy. This approach can also be applied to reconsider the composition and roles of the drivers of territorial development. The proposed methodology can be used to create a smart contour for the development of a given territory, taking into account the region’s industrial specialization, and to identify the most promising areas and "bottlenecks".

The article presents the results of summarizing the author’s experience in using processes and procedures, methodological provisions and methods of compositional planning in the administrative-command system of management and the development of methodological provisions for compositional monitoring of indicators of regional human development in a market economy. The problematic issues of the formation of the Strategic Plans of the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine for 2020-2024 have been identified. and for 2022-2024. and managerial failures to cancel the information and methodological support for the coordinated interaction of central, regional and local authorities, as well as the national ranking of regional human development. The practice of using the methods of composition and decomposition in the organizational and economic formulation of planning problems in the conditions of creating automated control systems for different levels of the coal industry in Ukraine is considered. The essence of a fundamentally new post-war state building in the system of relevant principles and features is revealed. The procedure for introducing the principles and features of the system of compositional monitoring of regional human development has been designed. Examples of the use of the structural-reproductive approach of compositional planning for the preparation and expert evaluation of projects of national decisions on the coal industry of Ukraine are given. Substantiated proposals for the definition in the public sector as the basis of the national economy of business entities of various forms of ownership and for the resumption of the publication of statistical bulletins “Regional human development” for 2018-2022, which are formed on the basis of the Methodology for measuring human development in the regions of Ukraine in 2012. Keywords socio-economic development, compositional planning, compositional monitoring, structural-reproductive approach, statehood, principles and signs of new state building, ACS of the coal industry.

The article represents the results of the analysis of existing approaches to describing economic clusters. These approaches use self-dependent characteristics that complicate evaluating and comparing clusters. Consequently, the author offers the concept of information disclosure of a cluster and its overall indicator. This indicator enables to evaluate clusters, to define a stage of their functioning and to compare results of their activity with other clusters. The existing Russian methods of describing clusters form the basis for this article. These methods are proposed by the Cluster observatory of Higher School of Economics and the Geographic information system “Industrial Parks, Science and Technology Parks and Clusters” of the Russian Federation. The author singles out three aspects of characteristics: attributive, quantitative, qualitative. The characteristics used for calculating the overall indicator of disclosure are quantitative and qualitative. They are generalized and unified using indicators of the project of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation “Development of the Innovation Clusters – Leaders of World-Class Investment Attractiveness”. The author offers two approaches to using the information disclosure indicator: dynamic and reference. The dynamic approach enables to define a stage of cluster development using the relation of the current condition to the previous one. The reference approach defines cluster development in relation to a standard that describes its global competitiveness. Both offered approaches can be used by regional and federal government bodies as well as cluster management for taking strategic decisions on the region development.

Since 2019, the Kaliningrad Region has run a regional programme for digital transformation as part of the national initiative The Digital Economy of the Russian Federation. The programme seeks to improve the quality of life by creating information infrastructure and streamlining public administration. The regional Ministry of Digital Development has presented a report on programme implementation, which placed emphasis on economic performance. The study employed the questionnaire survey method to carry out a sociological analysis of the regional population as a participant in digital transformation. Quota sampling was used to select 384 respondents. Slightly over a half of the population had a positive attitude to digitalisation, and about 20 per cent believed that the digital economy led to the degradation of society. The development of a high-tech economy was named the main advantage of digitalisation and proliferation of digital surveillance, its distinct disadvantage. Kaliningraders reported heavy use of digital technology. Yet, the low indices of digital literacy and personal information protection raise concerns. The findings, which supplement the regional digitalisation report with sociological data, may help in planning and delivering activities within the regional digital transformation programme.

Tourism has reached world importance in the economy. The competition in tourism has intensified between destinations, whether the destinations are cities, regions or countries. In this sense, the evaluation of the tourism competitiveness of these destinations may be helpful in planning and prioritizing actions that will benefit the industry. This article discusses the concept of competitiveness by the multidimensional view of performance, efficiency and unit analysis. Using the theoretical framework lifted, this article shows the 'Study on the competitiveness of the 65 destinations inducers of regional tourism development' prepared by the Tourism Ministry, the Brazilian Support Service to Micro and Small Enterprises (Sebrae) and Getulio Vargas Foundation (FGV), its assumptions that guided this study as well its methodological aspects. Based on this methodology, it was carried out a diagnosis of these 65 destinations selected by the Brazilian Ministry of Tourism to be inducers of tourism in their respective regions. The result of competitiveness reached by these 65 inductors destinations is presented in this article, providing a map of the level of competitiveness of tourism in Brazil.

The article is devoted to an urgent topic-the study of the development of the Republic of Uganda in social and economic aspects. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main trends in the socio-economic development of the Republic of Uganda in the XXI century, focusing on foreign trade processes and their role in general economic and humanitarian processes. The analysis was carried out on the basis of statistical data from the international statistics of UNCTAD, as well as other primary sources, primarily data from the National Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, the National Population Council of Uganda, etc. for 2000–2019, as well as earlier periods (since 1970) and 2020 – to ensure comparability. The author comes to the conclusion that in the socio-economic development of Uganda, along with obvious successes – steady GDP growth, the development of the leading segments of the economy, infrastructure, human capital – serious problems and imbalances remain, the solution of which, in the author's opinion, lies in the plane of international cooperation, and above all – in the scientific, technical and integration spheres. As a member of the integration association of the East African Community Uganda actively cooperates at the regional level in a number of areas (economic, infrastructural, educational), which increases the stability and stability of the country.

The article is devoted to an urgent topic-the study of the development of the Republic of Uganda in social and economic aspects. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main trends in the socio-economic development of the Republic of Uganda in the XXI century, focusing on foreign trade processes and their role in general economic and humanitarian processes. The analysis was carried out on the basis of statistical data from the international statistics of UNCTAD, as well as other primary sources, primarily data from the National Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, the National Population Council of Uganda, etc. for 2000–2019, as well as earlier periods (since 1970) and 2020 – to ensure comparability. The author comes to the conclusion that in the socio-economic development of Uganda, along with obvious successes – steady GDP growth, the development of the leading segments of the economy, infrastructure, human capital – serious problems and imbalances remain, the solution of which, in the author's opinion, lies in the plane of international cooperation, and above all – in the scientific, technical and integration spheres. As a member of the integration association of the East African Community Uganda actively cooperates at the regional level in a number of areas (economic, infrastructural, educational), which increases the stability and stability of the country.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the state of the rural territory of Kazakhstan and the Akmola region. The study is classified as a desk (marketing) study, the collection and analysis of secondary (preliminary) information was carried out, in particular, data from the FAO statistical yearbook and the website of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic were used to review and analyze the indicators Kazakhstan. Based on official statistics, an analysis of the state of the rural territory of Kazakhstan and the Akmola region was carried out. The indicators are considered as the gross regional product per capita of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the structure of the gross regional product of the Akmola region, the level of self-sufficiency in agricultural products of the Akmola region, the leading indicators of the development of rural areas of the Akmola region, the harvested area of maagrarianral crops by types of the EAEU countries. The results of the above study - the current relevance of ensuring the sustainable development of rural areas is due, on the one hand, to the growing economic and social lag of the rural regions, and on the other hand, their exceptional importance for the nation in such matters as food security, conservation of soil and environmental resources, the use of agricultural, industrial and labour resources, and their potential.

The state provides domestic agricultural producers with support aimed at creating favorable conditions for their functioning, sustainable development of agricultural production, ensuring food security and improving the supply of food to the population, and the food industry with raw materials. With the transition to a new technological order and an orientation towards an innovative development path, this requires huge investments. It should also be taken into account that during the years of reforms, incomes were withdrawn from agriculture through price disparity. It is necessary to create a mechanism of financial support for the modernization of agriculture on the basis of strategic planning, which will ensure sufficient profitability of agricultural producers and restrain intersectoral disparity and rising prices for resources for the agricultural sector of the economy. This is confirmed in the article by calculations using deflator coefficients, which are used by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia for budget planning and the formation of federal, regional and sectoral strategic planning documents.

The article discusses the formation of a rating as a strategic planning tool in order to develop a set of measures to overcome regional inequality, equalize the levels of social-and-economic development and living standards of the population of the regions of Kazakhstan. Based on the data of the Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, indicators of region innovative developments of Kazakhstan were analyzed and calculated. The factors of the level of innovative activity are revealed. Based on them, groups of regions with a high, medium, below average and very low innovative development level were identified. There is a close relationship between the innovative development level and the rate of economic growth. On the one hand, the dynamics of economic growth requires innovation. On the other hand, innovation is the basis for increasing the competitiveness of the country and regions.

Abstract. In lieu of advancement in human civilization from nomadic age to quest for welfare capitalism in recent days, land resources have been one of the most sought after assets for subsequent socio-economic development. The concept of land, once only geo-political has evolved to be interdisciplinary with developmental and managerial aspects in regional and urban planning worldwide making the facets of land management more complex than ever. In the context of modern Nepal, governance in systematic land management appeared during mid-1960 only with establishment of Ministry of Land Reform (MoLR). This paper aims to provide constructive criticism upon institutional fragmentation, and fragile policy and implementation gaps in land use administration which have been bewildering the concepts of regional and urban planning in Nepal. The recitation of this work is primarily based on selected literature review of relevant research on land use planning along with two representative case studies in national context and in international scenario as well. Despite rigorous efforts, the issues of competence in land administration, migration and syndicate in urban real estate remain as the major problems in land management in Nepal. Also, the new state restructuring of federal Nepal has already upraised the challenges in land resources planning for local governments who but seem muddled up in constructing rural economy and strategic urban plan for regional development. Nevertheless, these concerns in regional and urban planning can be addressed through practice of sustainable land management with thoughtful consideration of ambiguities in land use policy and implementation.

The planning and argumentation of two intercity railway (IR) projects (Lanzhou-Zhongchuan, Xi’an North Passenger Station-airport) in Northwest China have attracted more and more attention by Chinese Central Government, local governments in Northwest China and some research organizations recently. In order to explore and find out the right way of IR development in Northwest China, we must combine with characteristics and uniqueness of Northwest Provinces, research the question more comprehensively. This paper aims at estimating the strategic impacts of IR construction on regional economy, society and environment in the future systematically, especially on the development of economy. So we choose Lanzhou-Zhongchuan IR as an instance, research this problem based on previous project experiences on it and actual dates provided from No.1 Survey & Design Institute of the Ministry of Railway (MOR). By introducing Scenario analysis method, this paper systematically enumerates and concretely analyzes the opponent viewpoints combining with the decision-making tendency of saving cost, protecting environment, promoting social and economic harmony in transportation planning. And then we make certain what are the critical conflicts in value judgment, select and determine the right construction scheme of the IR from three interactive perspective scenarios. The key technical difficulties and breakthroughs of our research are expressed, such as determination of necessity factors’ weight, forecasting traffic demand of the IR, regional economic impact of the IR and so on. It is expected that scenario analysis method would be helpful for decision-making of IR constructions in the future. And we hope to report further on this in subsequent papers.

The author is Head Professor of the Division of Regional Science, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies at Kyushu University, Japan. In 1965, he completed a degree at the Faculty of Law at Tohoku University in Sendai, winning the Academy of Law award. He received his doctorate in geography from Tohoku University in 1977, and his thesis, The Location Theory of Industry, and another volume, The Modern History of Toyota City, were published (in Japanese) that year. He worked with Professor Jean Gottmann of the School of Geography, Oxford University, from 1979, researching industrial geography, metropolises, and regional planning, and collaborating with him on several articles. Professor Miyakawa has lectured and taught at Oxford University and other universities. He was also external examiner for an doctoral thesis at the Faculty of Economics, Gothenburg University. He has been a member of the International Geographers Union Commission on the International Division of Labor and Regional Development (1984-1988), and the Commission on the Organizationof Industrial Space (1989 to the present), as well as academic associations in Japan. He is now an auditor of the Human Geographers Association, and councillor of the Economic Geographers Associationand the Japanese Geographers Association in Japan. He has worked closely with the Government of Japan, participating in planning projects with the Ministry of Economy, International Trade and Industry, and Education, Land, Infrastructure and Transport. Since 1980, he has served as a consultant to the United Nations Center of Regional Development, UNIDO, UNU, OECD and other international organizations.

In this article, we try to investigate which factors affect the visits to cultural heritage (CH), using Italy as a case study. We adopt a broad definition of CH including archaeological and historical sites, historical buildings and museums, focusing our attention on State CH. In our empirical analysis, we use a rather innovative indicator of CH value, that is, the monetary value of State CH, officially provided by the Ministry of Economy and Finance. Using these data, this article aims at evaluating if such monetary value has a significant role in stimulating visits to cultural sites for the years 1996–2010. We also control for other factors potentially affecting the number of visits to cultural sites, such as alternative tourist attractors and the regional performance in the tourism sector. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that attempts to investigate the effect of CH monetary value on cultural participation.

The purpose of the work is an analysis of the current state of the universities of the North Caucasus Federal District from the point of view of creating competitive regional development centers, bearing in mind the Spatial Development Strategy of Russia.The research methodology is based on empirical research methods (observation, comparison, data collection and study), current and prospective analysis and synthesis of theoretical and practical material, multivariate systems analysis, sociology, statistical analysis, etc.Results. In the course of the study, features of the development of the NCFD universities were revealed, various aspects of their activities were analyzed. Detailed mapping of the development of the NCFD universities has been made on a wide range of parameters and indicators. The authors note the lack of intelligible parameters used in the formation of the target admission levels in the universities of the North Caucasus Federal District, the weak connection of these figures with the real economy. The absence of status universities in the North Caucasus Federal District, in particular a flagship university, contributes to the outflow of talented students to central Russian and foreign universities.Application area. The results of this work can be applied in the activities of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation in developing the new university model – “HEIs, providing personnel for basic branches of regional economy” and in planning the target admission levels of universities, setting goals for universities in the region in terms of synchronization their development programs with administrations for the implementation of national projects, programs for the socioeconomic development of the North Caucasus Federal District.Findings. The peculiarities of the socio-political and economic development of the NCFD indicate the difficulties in planning the training of highly skilled specialists for the region. Despite the fact that the “full range” of educational institutions in the North Caucasus Federal District is economically disadvantageous in the short term, the opportunity for young people to receive higher education in their region can be viewed as one of the few really effective channels of self-realization and socialization for a significant part of North Caucasian youth. Insufficient funding, weak involvement of universities in solving the problems of sustainable development of the region do not contribute to the creation and development of universities which can be the real drivers of sustainable and innovative development of the North Caucasus Federal District and competitive scientific and educational centers.

This study aims to examine the relationship between higher education and economic development determinants in Kazakhstan’s regions. The paper used two sets of indicators of three-time series: 2010, 2015, and 2020. The analysis constructed a correlation using a panel dataset for 15 regions of Kazakhstan compiled by the Statistics Bureau of Kazakhstan and the National Bank. The first set reflects the determinants of higher education (number of students in colleges and universities, number of teaching staff, and the existing ICT infrastructure in universities). The second set includes indicators of regional economic development (GRP per capita and the population’s income level). The results showed a causal relationship between economic development and the determinants of higher education in the regions of Kazakhstan, which depend on the period. Surprisingly, the number of university students has almost no effect on GRP per capita and the population’s income level. For 2015–2020, the study observed the emergence and strengthening of correlations between economic growth and the development of innovations in universities. The findings also identified Mangystau, Atyrau, North Kazakhstan, and Pavlodar as regions with low innovation development in education. Therefore, the country’s higher education development policy should encourage and strengthen knowledge management systems in these regions. The study concludes that higher education and economic indicators significantly influence the growth of the economy in Kazakhstan. AcknowledgmentThe study was carried out within the framework of program-targeted IRN BR18574240 funding by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Development Strategy of Kazakhstan Regional Potential: Assessment of Socio-Cultural and Economic Potentials, Roadmap, Models and Scenarios Planning”.

One of the key tasks of the industrial and innovative development of the economy of Kazakhstan is to strengthen high-tech production in order to make our country on a par with the leading economies of the world. Monetary influence and technical re-equipment by themselves cannot solve the task, therefore, technical universities need to focus on the issues of training qualified personnel. Any even minor industrial changes require new competencies and personnel support, since there is a person behind every production, regardless of its degree of automation. Today, engineering education forms the economic potential of the country and hopes for rapid changes in the economy are associated with an increase in its quality. The methods of systematization of the information of the analyzed literature sources were used in the work, including: analysis, synthesis, structuring. The collection of primary information was carried out by means of sociological and desk studies posted on websites The Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article systematizes the concepts of modern engineering education, which give a holistic view of the development of the system of training specialists of technical universities of the country. The analysis of the regional training of engineering personnel in the Republic of Kazakhstan makes it possible to assess the possibilities and ways of transition of enterprises to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The identification of trends in the development of the main sectors of the economy makes it possible to develop competence maps of a technical university graduate. The reproduction of engineering specialists of a new formation is necessary to strengthen the economic safety of our country.

Introduction. The article discusses the plans and identifies the problems of creating a nuclear power industry in the Far East of the USSR in 1960–1991, reveals the historical reasons for the development of regional projects of nuclear power plants, and determines the conditions for their implementation. Materials and Methods. The study is based on a corpus of unpublished sources, including declassified documents found in federal and regional archives. The study uses a state-centered and regional approach, as well as traditional historical and historical-economic methods. Results. Planning for the creation of a nuclear power industry in the Far East began in the late 1950s – early 1960s during the preparation of long-term plans for the economic development of the region. In 1966–1976 the first experimental low-power nuclear power plant – Bilibino NPP in Chukotka was built. Since the early 1970s projects of two large nuclear power plants were developed, in the mid-1980s the USSR government included them in the programs of economic development of the region. Discussion and Conclusion. There were no conditions for the creation of a nuclear power industry in the Far East, when the USSR economy was in crisis. Problems such as the weak construction industry of the Ministry of Energy of the USSR, the material and technical insecurity and underfunding of the facilities it built, the shortage of labor resources and qualified personnel, did not allow the construction of nuclear power plants in the Far East to be launched. In the late 1980s the Far Eastern public after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant negatively perceived such projects. With the collapse of the USSR and the fall of the regional industrial complex, the problem of an acute shortage of energy resources that regional nuclear power plants had to solve was smoothed out. At present, there is no such problem in the energy supply of the Far East.

The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of the decentralization reform on the sustainable development of territorial communities (TGs) in Ukraine, in particular under martial law. The article uses research methods such as theoretical analysis and synthesis; strategic analysis, in particular SWOT analysis; individual expert assessments; spatial analysis; typology; and forecasting. As a result of the conducted research, it was shown that the decentralization reform in Ukraine did not fully solve the tasks set for it, especially regarding the territorial organization of power. Based on this, the article attempts to justify the necessary steps and measures to improve the effectiveness of the reform in the context of the sustainable development of TG. In particular, it is recommended: to coordinate the basic laws of reform with the Constitution of Ukraine; to form administrative-territorial units of different levels based on the theory of central places; develop strategies and plans for spatial development of communities at a high professional level; restore and strengthen the economic potential of the TG within the framework of the Recovery Programs and the State Strategy of Regional Development of Ukraine for 2021–2027; intensify the creation of such forms of spatial organization of the economy, which will contribute to the consolidation and innovation of TG; increase the financial capacity of TG—based on the development of the local economy; to carry out adequate social policy for the return of TG residents to places of permanent residence; guarantee a high standard of living for all citizens regardless of their place of residence; rational use of TG assimilation potential; develop a “green” economy in TG, with an emphasis on its core—a circular economy; dramatically improve the environment in most TGs, especially those most affected by hostilities; resume the activities of the Ministry of Community and Territory Development. Actually, the rationale for these recommendations is the novelty of the study.

Introduction. The article, in a constitutional and legal context, examines the concept of transport sovereignty of the state as an integral part of the territorial, economic, and technological sovereignty of the state. International transport corridors (ITC) are created with the participation of Russia, help strengthen the transport sovereignty of the Russian state, and act as new network transport infrastructure structures for international transport. It is noted that the security of the transport system is under federal jurisdiction and is ensured by constitutional measures of national, regional, international regulation and control in the field of federal transport, communications, information, information technology and communications. Materials and methods. Analytical materials were used on the Eurasian cooperation of the EAEU member states on the creation of the ITC, on the coordination functions and powers of the EAEU bodies, the State Council of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Transport of Russia, the Ministry of Finance of Russia and others on the development of the ITC and the transport system as a whole. Methods of comparative analysis of legal acts on the topic of the article were used. Results. The importance of the ITC for the transport sovereignty of Russia and the Agreement on the ITC «North-South» of September 12, 2000 are analyzed. It is noted that in the world of innovation and digital economy, ITCs are included in transport systems. Discussion and conclusions. The constitutional and legal nature of strategic planning of the transport industry with the participation of the State Council of the Russian Federation is noted. In this regard, strengthening legal regulation measures to ensure the technological and transport sovereignty of the state at the international and national levels can be considered as ways of constitutional and legal protection of the foundations of the constitutional system, the interests of the state and society.

Contemporary challenges and threats to sustainable development including safe use of transboundary resources of rivers and Arctic seas in condition of climate change are connected with cumulative impact of numerous factors. Ongoing environmental changes have transboundary nature and will have significant impact in international scale. In case of overlapping of factors of impact their nature and synergetic effect, mechanisms of their interrelated influence and possible negative consequences for global economy, environment and human health are not adequately known. Among the main obstacles to mitigation of climate change impact on the state of big river basins in the Arctic and Arctic seas are: the lack of critically important information and data, absence of modern concepts of climate change mitigation measures connected with impact on Arctic seas, uncoordinated and inefficient regulation and management, absence of unified interstate tools of marine spatial planning. The article contains the analysis of risks and global consequences of the ongoing climate change for water resources; characteristic of priority issues and their underlying root causes. It also contains the results of the analysis of risks connected with melting of permafrost and increase in thermal coast erosion, assessment of the role of transboundary cooperation in the Arctic for sustainable regional development. The authors also propose some measures for addressing the above issues based on the Strategic Program of Actions on the Protection of the Russian Part of the Arctic developed by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia.

In the article management problems are examined part of concept – political and economic management – in the authoritarian modes. An author analyses authoritarian strategies of economic and political management within the framework of the right and left modes. The sources of authoritarian model of economic management are shown. The legislation is supposed to provide privileges to foreign investors: firstly, additional privileges granted at the initial stage of the investment process for any region of the country and type of economic activity, including the return of deductible VAT and / or accelerated depreciation of fixed assets and infrastructure; zero import tariff for import of means of production into the country, which is an integral part of the investment project. Favorable conditions for investing in the development of priority sectors such as mining, automotive, software, biotechnology, forestry, tourism production. Favorable conditions for investing in the provincial economy, including dismissal from local offices, state support for projects, promotion and financing of provincial property, and the provision of public services for preferential prices. The development and implementation of investment policy in Argentina is carried out by the Ministry of Planning, Public Investment and Services, established, when N. Kirchner became President of the country. Researchers managers consider that the political elite does not fully use the new benefits that Brazilian economy through its participation in regional integration. A Brazilian researcher states that Brazil should act as an initiator of deepening integration, coordinating the activities of Brazilian corporations in various sectors of the national economy. In particular, the state itself can, as researchers believe, initiate the restructuring of infrastructure, which in the long run can lead to economic growth. On the other hand, the state should stimulate the development of the Brazilian industry by taking advantage of the integration benefits. Researchers find that "middle and upper class are trying to survive through the mechanisms they are used to, and the poor and the police are still killed as cockroaches under the current of insecticide". Аccording to Brazilian neoliberal in the fact that opinion leaders, the de facto leader of criminal clans, can conquer the state apparatus. State taking economically and solutions are corruption because the same state participation in the economy leads.

The purpose of the study is to determine the role and significance of measures for the management of financial resources of local budgets. The objectives of the study include: conducting a theoretical study of management issues and the formation of financial resources of local budgets, studying the financial reports of the regions of Kazakhstan, statistical processing of the data obtained.Materials and methods. In the process of preparing the article, the issues of introducing the fourth level of the budget, on the participation of citizens in budget planning were considered. The authors analyzed the financial reports of the regions for the execution of the 2019 budget. In the process of preparing the materials for the article, the authors used the information of the website of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan, analytical statistical materials, and scientific works of scientists of Kazakhstan.The following research methods were used in the work: theoretical (analysis, synthesis, generalization), empirical (observation), statistical analysis, etc.Results. The public financial management system, in particular, has been the subject of large-scale reforms in recent years aimed at strengthening the country’s strategic development potential. In recent years, the orientation of budget planning to results has noticeably improved. The priorities of the “model of socio-economic development of the country” are agreed by the government and put forward by the Ministry of National Economy, and are duly reflected in the annual strategic plan of each ministry. Based on recent reforms, the programs outlined in the strategic plans are broadly aligned with the budget programs of the ministries, and management responsibilities in each province have been clarified.In recent years, important changes have occurred in relation to access to information, an online portal “Open Budgets” was developed, a civil budget was introduced, and centralized guidelines for their preparation were presented.Since 2018, Kazakhstan has introduced a fourth budget level for local governments. 90% of these budgets are formed from taxes and payments by residents themselves. Since January 1, 2020, in the cities of regional significance, villages, settlements and rural districts of the Republic of Kazakhstan with a population of 2,000 people and below, an independent local government budget has been introduced. In 2020, the corporate income tax (CIT) from small and medium-sized businesses as a revenue item was transferred from the republican budget to the local one. Thus, CIT receipts will be credited to the republican budget only from large business entities. Also, the maslikhats (local representative body) of the regions have the right to establish the standard for the distribution of CIT from small and medium-sized businesses between the regional and district budgets.Conclusion. Effective management of budgetary resources in accordance with the current budget policy should be guided by the implementation of the general goals facing the country’s budget system: impact on economic growth and employment, ensuring the economic and political functions of the state.The main priority in planning government revenues and expenditures is the well-being of citizens of Kazakhstan, namely, their social support, health and education, as well as creating conditions for high-quality post-crisis economic growth. Therefore, it is especially important to note the role and importance of measures to manage financial resources of local budgets.

The research aims to diagnose the obstacles that hinder the implementation of the economic reform program in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq, with reference to the reasons for the failure of previous economic reform programs in the region, and to indicate the extent of citizens’ confidence in implementing the economic reform in the region, as well as evaluating the economic reform law of the new government for the year 2020. The research reached a set of results, including: 1- There is no time limit for implementing the economic reform process. 2- Efficient and specialized cadres in the field of economic reform were not relied upon when forming committees to implement economic reform decisions. 3- The absence of a monitoring committee to implement economic reform decisions. 4- The project did not extend to the national domain, and receded within the partisan domain. 5- Weak desire for real economic reforms on the part of the ruling parties. 6- The previous economic reforms project did not include all governorates in the Kurdistan Region, but was reduced to the governorates of Erbil and Dohuk. The research concluded by presenting a number of proposals, including: 1- It is the responsibility of the regional government to deposit all revenues, whether oil or non-oil revenues, in the banks affiliated with the Ministry of Finance and Economy. 2- Distributing a share (petro dollars) of the revenues of the Ministry of Natural Resources to the oil and gas producing areas, with the aim of enhancing services provided to citizens and raising the standard of living for the residents of these areas. 3- Activating the role of the Financial Supervision Bureau and the Integrity Commission in the Kurdistan Region. 4- Develop comprehensive planning for the development of all oil fields in a fair manner, without giving preference to the region over other regions

Population growth and the increasing demand for raw materials with the expanding amount of waste in the environment have resulted in the need to change the production–consumption model based on a one-way flow of materials (from raw materials through products to waste). An alternative to the linear model of production and consumption is the circular economy model (CE), which assumes more efficient use of resources, waste recovery (including municipal waste), and the reuse of materials. One of the important elements of this system is recycling, which will not efficiently function without public participation in the waste sorting system. The aim of the survey study was to examine the motivation, knowledge, and behavior of Polish respondents regarding the sorting of household waste and related problems. The survey results showed that almost 90% of respondents declared waste sorting, mostly because of the threat to the environment (34%) and the desire to contribute to the recycling process (34%), despite respondents’ problems with assigning certain types of waste to appropriate containers. This indicates the need for further education in this area, which should be conducted primarily online—the main sources of information about waste sorting, according to the respondents, are social media (33%) and websites (22%). The research results can help in designing educational campaigns both at the national (Ministry of the Environment and non-governmental organizations) and regional (municipal) levels, as these results indicate in which areas citizens have the most problems with waste separation.

Currently, in conditions of fierce competition and under the influence of constantly changing external factors, the development of enterprises and the modern economy in Russia is taking place. In the modern world, all transformations occur at an unprecedented speed, overcoming the path in a few days from the idea of emergence to its implementation. These innovations concern all spheres of activity, the management and development of industrial enterprises is no exception. These trends are pushing more and more enterprises to resort to project management. These actions lead to the following changes in the organization: openness and transparency of conducting activities, setting specific goals and achieving them, attracting more employees, since everyone is interested in the success of the project, because they have their own interests. The success and sustainable development of an organization in the market depends on its ability to create and implement various innovative ideas: the creation and release of an innovative product, the development of new technologies, the application of progressive methods of conducting the organization’s activities, etc. To date, the project management method is actively used in the development of Russian industrial enterprises, as it is one of the tools for the development of the country’s economy. Project management in Russia is a new doctrine in the understanding of Russian society and every year there is a growing interest in the use of project management methods at enterprises. The advantages of this method of enterprise management consist in a clear justification of projects, control of funds and resources, minimizing risks, saving time and, in general, the effectiveness of the organization’s management. The universality of the applied project management as a tool for the development of industrial enterprises is associated with its advantages, connection with strategic management, result orientation. The importance of this approach is great in the strategic planning system, since project management is applicable in the management of state programs, large investment projects, where the key problem in implementation is low efficiency with huge budget investments. The implementation of project management in project offices in the activities of federal and regional state executive authorities has been carried out over the past years on the initiative of the President and the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. Project management is increasingly being applied in the engineering and electronics industries, in the energy and oil industries. This management method is applicable in any organization that needs to change the system in order to develop innovative products, modernize production, needs sustainable development and profitability from doing business. The language of modern business is the language of project management, which has become the main method of management. In modern business, they say that if a company does not have project management, then it is a dying company.

Food Loss and Waste (FLW) that entail substantial economic, environmental, and social cost is of great concern for a country fulfilling > 80% of food demands through the import of agricultural commodities. The current study mainly aimed at bringing together a wide range of perspectives on FLW by multi-stakeholder engagement in order to enhance cooperation and network building with respect to sharing knowledge and experiences on FLW prevention activities along the entire food supply chain for a country located at the geographic frontier facing stubborn challenges of desertification, water scarcity, and harsh climatic conditions. These challenges are not only being addressed at the national level but have also been made the focus of multilateral activities in 2020 as part of the Saudi G20 Presidency. The Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture under the umbrella of the G20 Meeting of Agricultural Chief Scientists (MACS) hosted a regional workshop on FLW in collaboration with the Thünen Institute, Germany, to raise awareness among Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The present paper provides insights into the current status of FLW by revealing that, overall, 33.1% of the total available food in the Kingdom is lost and wasted during the entire food supply chain. Overall, the GCC countries witnessed higher percentages of food waste compared with food losses. Environmental conditions prevailing in the region necessitate the development of adequate and appropriate cold chain storage facilities for balanced distribution through cold storage transportation facilities along the food supply chain to minimize food losses. However, campaigns and activities to raise awareness with a view of changing attitudes towards reducing FLW by the adoption of good practices, promoting the concept of circular economy practices, and the establishment of food banks for surplus food redistribution are important to mitigate FLW in the Kingdom.

Aim. Study of the transformation of water consumption and wastewater disposal in the Russian part of the Ural River basin. Ural in 1995-2020 due to changing socio-economic and technological conditions.Materials and Methods. The data of state statistical reporting (form 2-TP (vodkhoz)) for the period 1995-2020 were used. Materials of the AllRussian Agricultural Census of 2016, collections of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, "Agro-industrial Complex of Russia", on the commissioning of irrigated lands, the regional Department of Land Reclamation and reports on the state and environmental protection for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation were consulted. The study was carried out on the basis of a systematic approach using the following methods: (1) analytical (collection and systematization of primary information); (2) special (tables compiled, charts constructed; (3) statistical data processing and comparative analysis.Results. It was revealed that from 1995 to 2020 water intake in the Russian part of the Ural River basin to meet the needs of the population and the economy was reduced by 2.4 times. The average daily specific water consumption per 1 inhabitant has decreased in all regions. The water cycle coefficient in the basin increased from 73 to 88%. In recent years, an increase in the area of irrigated land has begun.Conclusion. There has been a noticeable reduction in water consumption and wastewater disposal in the Russian part of the Ural River basin. This is mainly due to the decline in industrial and agricultural production, as well as the development of circulating water supply in industry and the introduction of water-saving equipment in housing and communal services.

The Campania region has a genetic heritage, both vegetal and animal, of great scientific interest, but many genetic resources risk extinction or abandonment. Thus, from a sustainability perspective, their conservation is very important and represents an imperative to allow future generations to satisfy their needs just as we are doing today. The aims of the present paper were to describe the current consistency and importance of goat farming in Italy and in the Campania region and to study its trend from 1861 to understand whether the policies for the sector implemented over time have been sufficient to conserve goat biodiversity. To these ends, the latest available data of the national livestock register of the Italian Ministry of Health, those of the different available Italian agricultural censuses, and historical–cultural documents published over time for the livestock sector were acquired and consulted to describe the goat sector and reconstruct its temporal trend. The results showed that in Italy there are just over 1,000,000 goats (the same consistency as 60 years ago), 50% of which are distributed in the southern regions, and 50,616 farms with goats, 43% of which are extensive. In this contest, the Campania region represents approximately 5% of the national goat population. The continuous decrease in the size of the national and regional goat heritage since the 1920s is the result of the agricultural policy instruments implemented for the livestock sector over time, which have effectively excluded the goat sector. Two small increases in the number of caprines were registered: the first in 1980s, when the Italian scientific community realized that the native goat genetic types, its milk and its organoleptic and dietary qualities could constitute a wealth of endogenous resources that needed to be valorized; the second, in the last decade, due to the actions of sustainability and biodiversity conservation implemented at the national and regional level. At the same time, today the goat sector continues to have a marginal role in the national and regional agricultural economy, and the survival of native goat farming is essentially ensured by sustainable rural communities conceived as the custodians of biodiversity.

For many years, the technological deterioration of physical assets, the high energy intensity of production, structural imbalance of the industrial complex, and related complex technogenic and ecological situation, which today already carries systemic threats, remained acute problems for Donbass. The conflict in eastern Ukraine has exposed these problems, made them admit that without the introduction of advanced technologies and effective management solutions, it will hardly be possible to revive the economic potential of the region on a qualitatively new basis. The paper concentrates on the search for opportunities to mitigate and eliminate the impact of the challenges existing in Donbass, implement the restructuring of the region's economy by using the tool of science parks. The practicality of organizing and financing science parks is now being worked out by the Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories of Ukraine within the Strategy of Economic Development of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions until 2030. The experience of other countries of the world regarding the goals and methods of creation, element composition, specialization, construction cost and the effectiveness of the activities of scientific parks with the aim of using it in the regeneration of Donetsk and Lugansk regions has been studied. The article reflects the experience of the USA (in particular, the Silicon Valley and Research Triangle Park science parks); Ireland (Wyeth Biopharma Science Park); Germany (Rhein Elbe Science Park); Poland (Poznan Science and Technology Park, Park Naukowo – Technologiczny «Technopark Gliwice», Science and Technology Park Poland-East in Suwałki). Based on the results of the analysis, it was determined that the cost of building science parks in these countries ranges from USD 35-60 million (Poland) to USD 3-5 billion (United States of America). Particular attention is paid to the features of the architectural and planning organization of science parks abroad and in Ukraine. The design proposals of scientific parks, developed for Zaporizhzhia and Kyiv, are presented as model guidelines for use in Donbass. Building on the results of the study of world experience, as well as project proposals for its implementation in Ukraine, it was concluded that the creation of science parks in the Donetsk and Lugansk regions can be considered as an effective tool for innovative renewal and structural restructuring of the regional economy. To enhance the influence of science parks on innovation processes in the studied regions and Ukraine as a whole, proposals were made to amend and supplement the laws of Ukraine "On Science Parks", "On Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine Regarding the Activation of Science Parks". The results of the study can be used by the government and the relevant ministry of Ukraine when justifying the choice of models for future science parks in Donbass, their location, specialization, and construction costs.

The practice of building strategies for the development of modern Russian municipalities is filled with both new methodological content and the content of the strategies themselves. So, for example, the release of the law on strategic planning in the Russian Federation was followed by the Decree of the President of Russia, which determined the strategy of economic security in the country and was reflected in the strategies of the regions and municipalities. However, in the methodological plan, there are no recommendations for determining the content of the elements of the economic security strategy both at the regional and municipal levels of government. Traditionally, the results of the analysis of factors of the external and internal environment serve as the basis for determining the content of strategies, but if we analyze the content of the results of the analysis and the content of the strategies, it is easy to see that these two subsystems of the strategy (the results of the analysis and the content of the strategy itself) are largely not interconnected. The purpose of this study is the desire to find tools that allow the transition from the results of the traditional SWOT analysis (but in terms of the non-traditional sphere of analysis — economic security) to the content of the economic security strategy of the municipality. Among the research methods used are content analysis of documents, the method of constructing morphological matrices, methods of grouping and generalization, as well as methods of logical analysis and synthesis of information within the subject area of the study. In this paper, on the example of one of the leading districts of the Vladimir region, an algorithm for the formation of an economic security strategy is shown, based on the application of ESG principles of sustainable development and economic security tasks limited by the powers of municipalities, the combination of which is filled with the content of the results of a modified SWOT analysis with subsequent aggregation of the formulated solutions in the strategy of economic security of the municipality. The result obtained in the study indicates that the economic security of the municipality in the form of interconnected projects and programs can be formed in three main directions that ensure security in the field of ecology, economy and society of the municipality. In the future, it is necessary to study the aspect related to the distribution of these projects and programs in the areas recommended by the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation in terms of implementing the law on strategic planning in the Russian Federation.

The lack of practice-oriented scientific publications on the problem of “transfessionalism” of the teaching staff of large colleges and educational complexes (OK) is an urgent interdisciplinary problem. The socio-professional order for the training of such network specialists-transfessionals in the PDF system has already been formed and there is a demand for them, both in the network (digital) Russian economy and in the conditions of “network-centric combat and non-combat operations” of the Russian army. The practice-oriented results of the interdisciplinary research were obtained in the laboratory of Vocational Education of the Institute of Educational Development Strategy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation under the state task “Scientific and methodological foundations for creating a sectoral strategy for the development of education (secondary vocational education) and mechanisms for its implementation”, project No. 073 – 00086 – 1901 for the planning period 2020–2021. Introduction. Statement of the problem. According to Russian and foreign researchers, there is still no common understanding of the categories “transprofessionalism” and “transfession”. There are no comprehensive studies devoted to the study of the content components of network competencies in various professional groups of employees of the SPO system. Russian researchers E. M. Dorozhkin, V. S. Efimov, E. F. Zeer, A. G. Kislov, D. V. Maltseva, M. V. Romm, T. A. Romm, E. E. Simanyuk, and others. based on the network approach, the following areas of such research can be identified: a) definition of the content components of the scientific novelty of transfessionalism as a condition for the professional success of employees of the network (digital) economy; b) the specifics of the concept of “network-centric wars as a ratio of military and non-military types of struggle” and the space of interfacing professional communications of civil and military specialties; c) management model and transfessional competencies of a team of network specialists of a large college-OK (“educational program designer”, “tutor”, “network consultant for choosing a professional career”, “network methodologist”, “network lawyer”). Purpose of the article. Transfessionalism and the network approach focus their analysis on the readiness of transfessionals, as network specialists of the college, to form stable connections and relationships with the new realities of the Russian multicultural economy and society. Thus, they design the space of the future, which allows to realize the educational and educational needs of all subjects of such relations. The interdisciplinary understanding of the phenomenon of transfessionalism is presented; the actual conceptual apparatus is defined; the management model of the implementation of the team potential of the network specialists of the college is developed, which is adequate to the innovative potential of the Russian educational platform “SFERUM”. Methodology and methods of research: this article is based on the theoretical and methodological constructs characteristic of the current stage of development of the network approach in the Russian system of professional education, which requires transfessionalism as the readiness of network specialists of the college to perform a wide range of specialized types of professional activities. Their core is soft skills as flexible social and professional competencies. The research methods: theoretical (development and critical analysis of the categories of transfessionalism, clarification of the conceptual apparatus, critical analysis of the management model of the team of network specialists of the college for the implementation of the educational potential of the Russian platform “SPHERUM”); empirical (observations and critical analysis of the pilot practice of large Russian regional colleges). The results of the study, discussion. Transfessionalism and the network approach focus their analysis on the readiness of transfessionals, as network specialists of the college, to form stable connections and relationships with the new realities of the Russian multicultural economy and society. Thus, they design the space of the future, which allows to realize the educational and educational needs of all subjects of such relations. The interdisciplinary understanding of the phenomenon of transfessionalism is presented; the actual conceptual apparatus is defined; a management model for implementing the team potential of the college’s network specialists has been developed, which is adequate to the innovative potential of the Russian educational platform “SFERUM”. The interim materials of our research correlate with the Proposals of the general meeting of the RAO (dated 28.05.21) “On priority directions for the development of research in the field of educational sciences”: “4. Resources for the transition of vocational education to an innovative path of development. Professional career in the conditions of network interaction; 8.4. The influence of the educational environment and the social situation of development on a person in the conditions of using digital resources and digitalization of the educational process”. Conclusion. An important condition for the success of the professional activity of network specialists-trafessionals of a large regional college-educational complex should be the clarification of the list of criteria and requirements for the implementation of professional tasks: general (cognitive-professional); value (applied values as ethical standards of professional activity); special (network competencies); managerial, innovative, communicative and creative. The subjects of further critical discussion should be: the development of tools for scientific and methodological support of the network potential of a large regional college-OK in line with the educational resources of the Russian platform “SPHERUM”. A steady trend towards a real increase in the demand of young people of 9-11 grades for vocational training programs (2015–2021) and an increase in the requirements of Russian employers for the development of new practices in the learning process will already require the operational development of the potential of transprofessionalism and a network approach by the full-time staff of the college.

Climate change induced sea-level rise (SLR) is on its increase globally. Regionally the lowlands of China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and islands of the Malaysian, Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos are among the world’s most threatened regions. Sea-level rise has major impacts on the ecosystems and society. It threatens coastal populations, economic activities, and fragile ecosystems as mangroves, coastal salt-marches and wetlands. This paper provides a summary of the current state of knowledge of sea level-rise and its effects on both human and natural ecosystems. The focus is on coastal urban areas and low lying deltas in South-East Asia and Vietnam, as one of the most threatened areas in the world. About 3 mm per year reflects the growing consensus on the average SLR worldwide. The trend speeds up during recent decades. The figures are subject to local, temporal and methodological variation. In Vietnam the average values of 3.3 mm per year during the 1993-2014 period are above the worldwide average. Although a basic conceptual understanding exists that the increasing global frequency of the strongest tropical cyclones is related with the increasing temperature and SLR, this relationship is insufficiently understood. Moreover the precise, complex environmental, economic, social, and health impacts are currently unclear. SLR, storms and changing precipitation patterns increase flood risks, in particular in urban areas. Part of the current scientific debate is on how urban agglomeration can be made more resilient to flood risks. Where originally mainly technical interventions dominated this discussion, it becomes increasingly clear that proactive special planning, flood defense, flood risk mitigation, flood preparation, and flood recovery are important, but costly instruments. 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Transportation is essentially a derived demand which has a continuous character and knows no boundaries. In this regard, transportation is basically the lifeblood of the nation and state, where at the initial stage, the role of transportation is as a “the promoting sector”, that is, transportation infrastructure and facilities are provided before the development of other sectors, while at the next stage the role of transportation concerns “the servicing sector”. The types and means of transportation vary according to requirements. There are 3 types of transportation in the world, namely land transportation, water transportation, and air transportation. Among the types of transportation, sea transportation provides a very large contribution to the national and regional economy as mandated in Act No. 17 of 2008. It is therefore a key strategic point for national development. It should also be noted that the contribution of sea transportation is becoming increasingly important because the costs incurred are lower than that the cost of land and air transportation. In addition, sea transportation has other advantages, namely ships can pass through fields that cannot be reached by two-wheeled vehicles or air ships. The main target of maritime highway development according to the Ministry of National Development Planning is the realization of Indonesia as an archipelagic country that is independent, advanced, strong, and based on national interests. Keywords: Equipment, Sea, Transportation

In this article current negative processes, causes of deteriorating of employment and unemployment indications, the reasons of which take place in Economical and Social sphere due to outbreak of the novel Coronavirus, are briefly characterized. It was concluded that the country will not be insured from viral pandemics in the future, therefore, the state is obliged to do everything for cohabiting along with this or another virus. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure both -protection of public health, as well as the unhindered growth of the country›s economy. We completely agree to the opinions of the Academician V. Papava, Expert I. Archvadze and others, that it is necessary to make more investments in the real sector of development of the country, especially in the agriculture, small and medium-sized businesses in general, which need to be developed more in the regions than in the capital. In addition to our opinion, along with the encouragement of exports, it is necessary to sharply reduce the volume of goods imported into the country, which will be possible through the development and implementation of production programs in our country (in Georgia). Effective regulation of employment and unemployment would not be impossible if such specific measures are not taken in this direction as: 1) Taking into consideration the consequences of the novel Coronavirus pandemic, it is necessary to specify the deadlines for the implementation of the “Georgian Labor and Employment Policy Strategy” within 2019-2023 (Resolution # 662, Annex 1) approved by the Government of Georgia on December 30, 2019; Due to the circumstances created in the country, the deadlines for the implementation of a lot of measures, set out in this Annex, should be extended. In addition, it is doubtfully to fully perform the functions established by the LEPL - Employment Agency in October 2019, envisaged by its statute for a variety of reasons (imposed complicated tasks, insufficient legal basis, weak supervision of the curatorial Ministry and etc.); 2) timely adoption of the Law «About Employment»; 3) It is necessary to specify the supervisor of labor, employment and unemployment issues in the country, the organizational structure and functions of the “Ministry of Refugees from the Occupied Territories, Labor, Health and Social Affairs” needs to be regulated; 4) In order to gradually implement the problems of unemployment, it is necessary to develop and implement employment programs on a regional scale. In this matter, the above-mentioned Ministry should perform not only a «Supporting», but an organizational role as well.

Abstract Issue The drive to deliver better results for the economy and for society is challenged by the daily pressures faced by policy makers to contain the public expenditure while delivering improved outcomes. This is evident also in the health sector where costs are perceived to be spiralling. As a result, the sector faces huge pressure to cut budget and services. On the other hand, the health sector is a minor contributor towards health equity, as social, economic and environmental determinants of health are mostly responsibility of other sectors. Health equity and well-being are outcomes of societal values, culture and policy choices, that create the conditions for prosperous lives for all, leaving no one behind. Description There are different approaches and tools that can be used for advocating, planning and monitoring investments for health equity. To name a few that the health system can introduce: mainstreaming equity into health services, employment, procurement and purchasing practices for better social and economic benefits; Health Equity Impact Assessment that supports implementation of Health Equity in All Policies and Agenda 2030; voluntary national review reporting on SDGs - all stressing the need for disaggregation of data, new evidence and methods, and monitoring. Results/Lessons Health equity is a complex issue that needs comprehensive response combining various approaches and tools in advocating, planning, implementing and monitoring. Besides situation analysis, more and more WHO Member States are requesting evidence about what works and how to do it. Therefore, tailor made assessment, solution development and monitoring is becoming a standard. This needs to be supported with continuous training and capacity building. WHO European Office for Investment for Health and Development developed a Health Equity Status Report and a flagship course on Equity in Health in All Policies, built on the latest evidence and tailored to country / community needs. Panelists: Marleen Bekker EUPHA (PHPP) Wageningen University & Research, Netherlands Contact: marleen.bekker@wur.nl Diana Sonntag EUPHA (ECO) University of Heidelberg, Germany Contact: diana.sonntag@medma.uni-heidelberg.de Aileen Clarke Warwick Evidence, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK Contact: aileen.clarke@warwick.ac.uk Ana M Carriazo Regional Ministry of Health and Families, Andalusia, Seville, Spain Contact: anam.carriazo@juntadeandalucia.es

Dear readers,We offer you a new English issue of Envigogika which thematically focuses on case studies of regional sustainable development where social actors play specific roles in communication processes – it documents both the promotion of positive changes at regional level and/or also provide evidence to illuminate seemingly unresolvable conflicts. The concept of social learning from an educational point of view frames this thematic edition – as with any other learning process, stakeholder dialogue has a transformative aspect, the opportunity to confront and possibly change opinions and act on the basis of agreed emergent standpoints. In particular, this collection of case studies specifically tries to illuminate role of science and education in regional development, and attempts to introduce methods of analysis of diverse social relationships as well as practical ways of facilitation of communication processes.In this issue of Envigogika two types of case studies are presented – regional development and regional conflicts. Progress in both is highly dependent on the involvement of actors who shape discussions and consequently frame the issue. Analysis of social aspects is hence highly desirable and first steps undertaken here show some interesting results.The first area of interest (development issues) is a traditional focus of Actor Analysis (AA) and this method is widely used abroad in the envisioning stage and helps to facilitate negotiation processes. In the Czech context however, deliberation processes take place rather spontaneously and without a proper analytical stage, and reflections on negotiations in specific cases illustrates exactly this. A hypothesis about the need for continuous cultivation of democratic conditions in the Czech Republic, (with help of sound scientific analytical methods) specifically concerning deliberation processes, was posed as a result of a collaborative research process. This hypothesis was explored in different ways by our invited authors.To provide a brief overview of the issue:Simon Burandt, Fabienne Gralla and Beatrice John in their article Actor Analysis in Case Studies for (regional) Sustainable Development introduce the Actor Analysis analytical tool used to reflect regional (sustainable) development challenges throughout several articles in this issue. This method can be used with the aim not only of studying social capital, but also to have an impact on decision making and community choices. Its role in describing social players and their interactions, to assist in understanding regional development processes and potential conflicts, and to provide information for strategy development is demonstrated through a specific case (the Ore Mountains). The steps of an actor analysis described in the article can be read as guideline for implementing this analysis and an analytical perspective on this process is provided by this article.An outstanding Czech sustainability oriented local economy project is presented in an article by Jan Labohý, Yvonna Gaillyová and Radim Machů: A sustainability assessment of the Hostětín cider house project. The authors assess the sustainability of the project in relation to different kinds of capital using complex indicators that uncover different aspects of the production process and its local cultural characteristics; moreover, effects to the local economy are measured using the local multiplier effect indicator. From this assessment it is clear that the cider house project meets the primary goals of regional sustainable development in a long term perspective.Another – opposite, negative – case is described by Jan Skalík in the analyses the Debate about the Šumava National Park in the Czech Chamber of Deputies. The article demonstrates persisting conflict and its roots with help of the text analysis method applied to the transcripts of parliamentary debates about National Park Šumava (ŠNP) in the Chamber of Deputies between 1990 and 2013. The relationship between politicians and local people within decision-making process, which is depicted as a consequence of this conflict, is then discussed. Interesting conclusions concern the plurality of dialogue and roles of the actors within it; the influence of scientists on the solutions; and the inflammatory and emotional characteristics of recent debate.As a contrast, which serves as a counterargument to show the power of civic society, Vendula Zahumenská refers to a case in Hradec Králové where environmentalists and local developers have been in conflict concerning the development and commercial use of the Na Plachtě natural monument. This case study shows the role of public participation in environmental protection and describes the specific opportunities for influencing environmental decision-making.But there are cases in CR where declared economic interests are so strong that they eliminate dialogue with civic society – for example, as a result of brown coal mining and its associated industrial development, 106 towns and villages were obliterated in North Bohemia and its population was resettled to newly built prefabricated housing estates. A Case study analysing biographic interviews with the displaced people of Tuchomyšl is presented by Ivana Hermová. The author shows that the former Tuchomyšlers continue to identify strongly with the social space of the obliterated village, and discovers how they reflect on their forced eviction 35 years after the physical destruction of the village.That these conclusions concerning the involvement of social actors might be reflected (and used) in the practice of school education, is described by Alois Hynek, Břetislav Svozil, Jakub Trojan and Jan Trávníček. In a reflection on the Deblínsko landscape project these authors refer to the roles of stakeholders including a university, primary school and kindergarten, and also owners, users, decision-makers, shareholders and stakeholders within public administration. The project is driven by Masaryk University which applies sustainability/security concepts in practice while closely relating these activities with research and teaching. This experience shows that social learning processes can start early among children/pupils/students.A brief analytical overview of cases in this special issue, as well as an overview of information and experiences from a database of case studies from different regions of the Czech Republic and from abroad (compiled by authors beyond the scope of this issue), is provided in an article Potential for social learning in sustainable regional development: analysis of stakeholder interaction … by Jana Dlouhá and Martin Zahradník. The conditions for the success or failure of environmental or sustainable development strategies from a social point of view have been analysed here with a focus on the roles of actors in a dialogue about regional sustainability issues within cooperative or conflict situations and concern for the communication processes among actors, scientists included. As a result of this analysis, interesting hypotheses were formulated, related to the role of future visioning as a ground for discussion, communication frameworks which involve all concerned actors, and the (non)existence of facilitation practices. These findings highlight the importance of reflecting on development issues’ social aspects to help understand and promote democratic decision making processes at regional level.The case studies which follow the research section of the issue take the opportunity to provide a colourful depiction of local sustainable development conditions. The Description of old industrial regions in Europe and potential for their transformation is described by Joern Harfst and David Osebik who stress social learning as an important transformative factor. In particular the involvement of research partners may support joint learning effects and knowledge transfer between all actors. Establishment of trusting working relationships may be crucial to overcome certain reservations on all sides before innovative approaches can be pursued successfully.The Vulkanland case study case written by Michael Ober traces the first glimpses of a sustainable development vision for a border region with little hope for economic prosperity to the successful development of a new identity which has reinforced local peoples’ self-confidence. The initiators of the project first imagined a future built on different standards than the past and consequently managed to substantially transform this region within a period of 15 years. The ‘Steirisches Vulkanland’ region now includes 79 municipalities which together promote local, green, self-sustaining businesses and continue to be ambitious about their future visions including achieving energy independence.As part of the theme illustrated in this Special issue and mentioned also within the analysis of the cases is a text Discovery of a supposed extinct settlement species made at Königsmühle in the Ore Mountains (published previously in Envigogika 9/1 last year but worth republishing in English in the context of this thematic issue). Author Petr Mikšíček pays attention to footprints left in the landscape by bygone generations of inhabitants (and also to present-day footprints left by our generation) and struggles to retain this memory for future generations. Clashes with the interests of some of the actors (land owners in this case) are necessary to preserve the footprints that are on the brink of being wiped out.A brief introduction to the new publication Analysis and support for participatory decision-making processes aimed at regional sustainable development strategies through the use of actor analysis methodology which is available fully online here is presented in the Information section of the Issue.From this overview, some general conclusions can be derived:Conflict situations described in this issue emerged when traditional concepts were enforced by strong actors (without joint envisioning and planning with the others); these circumstances usually do not allow for balanced discussions about the future. However the important role of minor actors such as scientists was also revealed. Experiences with their involvement provided a chance to highlight the role of scientists in policy-making.Based on the findings of this and other related research, the role of scientists can be framed not only as providers of the (rather technical) expertise to reach the goals that were set within the environment or SD oriented decision-making, but also as entering policy negotiations providing an insight into the processes they undergo. If invited at an early stage of decision-making, they can have a considerable impact on its results (then their involvement can be described as an action research). This finding might be used in planning of similar practical and scientific projects.As we can see, several interesting ideas resulted from a comparative meta-analysis of the case studies and were outlined in this issue of Envigogika. In general, it is a social point of view that provides an insight into the nature of the examples presented from the Czech Republic and the good practices from abroad. A scientific method of description is used here to reflect policy mechanisms as well as to indicate a way forward for integrating decision making practice into very sensitive, local or regional sustainability contexts. We sincerely hope that this will precipitate a broad process of public dialogue among experts as well as other actors – beyond the realm of academic discussions only, but nevertheless with substantial academic input.We wish you an enjoyable read and a pleasant and relaxing summer!On behalf of the Envigogika editorial teamJana and Jiří DlouhýAcknowledgementResearch in several articles of this issue was supported by the following projects: Interdisciplinary network of cooperation for policy development in the field of sustainable development (Mezioborová síť spolupráce pro policy development v oblasti udržitelného rozvoje – MOSUR, 2011‑2014) CZ.1.07_2.4.00_17.0130 from the OPVK program of Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports; and TD020120 (TAČR), and 14/36005S (GAČR).

Introduction Despite the emphasis on the theoretical definitions of the concept of “creativity“ and its impact on cities, it is still uncertain, difficult to measure and limited. Creativity and its impacts are difficult to generalise because of the multiplicity of approaches and a lack of comparative analysis. The concept of creativity and its reflection on cities represents a paradigm that brings together academics from different fields, including cultural economists, those working on economic development and innovation, sociologists, economic geographers, and urban planners. The creative economy has been associated with the knowledge economy and innovation since its onset in the 2000s and extends to the creative industries (Caves), the creative class (Florida), and creative cities (Landry; Florida et al.). Given that the term "creative" is still primarily associated with the arts and sciences, Landry points out that two major issues shape our understanding of creativity: first, the power of thoughts and ideas in shaping our mindset, and second, the significance of culture as a creative resource (Landry). Creativity is generally accepted as a critical urban phenomenon, and is viewed as one of the determining factors in the development and growth of cities. For a city to be defined as ‘creative’, it would be characterised by many aspects of ‘cultural cities’ (Scott) and ‘cities of knowledge’ (Yigitcanlar et al.). Creative industries, which provide the foundation for the production of culture and creative products, require a unique environment supported by the public sector to flourish, and they thrive on proximity and strong networks that enable information sharing and exchange. Although accepted as a crucial element of contemporary cities, the use of ‘creativity’ in city development may not be a straightforward task. Globalisation plays an important role in spotlighting creative cities as drivers of global change and innovation. The emphasis on creativity as part of the global city culture incentivises cities to focus on these activities as valuable assets. This view has been reinforced by global initiatives such as the designation of the European Capital of Culture (ECoC). City administrators view innovation and creativity as critical drivers for a more sustainable and inclusive means of urban development. This article lays out how drivers of creative output, design events, and creative industries contribute to local initiatives in the global city of Istanbul: a city that accommodates some of the most long-standing and established craft spaces as well as newly developing creative and design industries. This article provides a critical perspective on cultural frameworks from the perspective of local stakeholders and networks in Istanbul's Tomtom neighbourhood, the most invested district in terms of the city's cultural future, where creative industries are the main focus. Using the Creative Cities Network as a Creative City Identity The creative city concept is used by urban sociologists, geographers, urban planners, and economists to focus on developing a segment of society that is intertwined with the cultural and creative sphere. It represents a crucial and strategic industry for renewing the local economy and sustaining urban growth. Moreover, it has become a robust development paradigm adopted by many urban governments (d’Ovidio). The creative city, according to Costa, is a notion defined by three key elements. The first is the concept of creativity as a toolset for urban development; the second is the concept of the creative city as a collection of creative activities and businesses; the third promotes the concept of the creative city as a human resource capable of attracting creative competencies (Costa et al.). Successful creative cities have some common points, such as visionary individuals, creative organisations, physical and social assets, and a political culture that shares a clear purpose. Leadership was found in the public, private, and non-profit sectors, and it manifested itself in bold public efforts, frequently risky investments, and a web of interrelated undertakings, whether for profit or the common good (Landry). International recognition provides a building ground for attracting attention to local initiatives. UNESCO created the Creative Cities Network (UCCN) in 2004. It was conceived from the very beginning as an interactive process to bridge the possible isolation of cities and their inhabitants as a tool for multi-stakeholder collaboration. In other words, it was a relevant response, analysed in a comprehensive overview of the literature on the problem of urban branding. However, it gradually became clear that a kind of network structure alone was insufficient to combat fragmentation (Rosi). The network's purpose is to foster international cooperation among the selected cities in order to promote "joint development partnerships in line with UNESCO's worldwide priorities of "culture and development" and "sustainable development". A city's participation in the network allows it to communicate with other designated foreign metropoles and to carry out joint projects (Stocker). The 2007 global financial crisis and the ensuing recession led to movements that responded to the commodification of urban public space through applied, community-based activities and independent cultural production. This has resulted in new paths for reorienting the creative city strategy around the concept of "making" (Grodach). Scholars have linked creative placemaking to a long history of arts-based economic growth dating back to the late nineteenth-century City Beautiful movement. However, the reification of "creative placemaking" as a discursive practice guided and enforced by government agencies, funders, and other institutions elevates it above previous forms of arts-based economic development or cultural planning (Zitcer). It seeks to go beyond purely economic motivations and pursue multidimensional outcomes ranging from the economic to bringing "diverse people together to celebrate, inspire and be inspired" (Grodach). Place-selling, or communicating certain features of a place through logos, slogans, advertising campaigns, or public relations exercises, is one of the most prevalent actions carried out under the broad umbrella of place-making and marketing. Physical interventions and communication tactics that pick specific components of local 'identity', 'history', and 'culture' can be used to produce this "forging of associations" between places, their attributes, and specific target audiences (Colomb). This new outlook reflects Landry's emphasis on creative collaboration, but the impetus is on cross-agency partnerships and new funding sources for design and art that foster ‘creative’ cities. Placing Istanbul on the Cultural Map If the world was only one country, Istanbul would be its capital. — Napoleon Bonaparte Istanbul is one of the world's largest metropoles, with approximately 15 million inhabitants. It has served as a crossroads for civilisations, cultures, and international trade throughout its history, leaving behind a multi-layered cultural legacy that inspires new design concepts and is a rich source for traditional arts and crafts. The robust creative economy in Istanbul employs 140,000 people and generates 74.5 percent of Turkey's turnover. As a design hub, Istanbul hosts over 20 globally famous design events each year, including the Istanbul Design Biennial, Design Week Turkey, and Fashion Week Istanbul. In 2016 there were 41 conference centres and 225 art galleries in the city. In the same year, Istanbul's cultural institutions hosted 4,315 events, including international film, music, and theatre festivals, as well as art and design biennials. Events such as Contemporary Istanbul have been important in establishing a network of non-governmental organisations that have also been instrumental in the 2010 designation as the European Capital of Culture (ECoC) and membership in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN). It has also served three times as United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG) leader. For previous ECoC cities, national or local governments had nominated their cities for the ECoC program, but in Istanbul non-governmental organisations spearheaded and managed the nomination process (Öner). This has lead to a slow and stunted start for the programs which were greatly diminished due to the difficulties in securing the required funding. ​​After becoming an ECoC in 2010, Istanbul joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in 2017, joining 246 cities worldwide. UNESCO defines Istanbul as “a geography where craft and craftsmanship have emerged in many different ways in the historical and cultural codes of creative production and everyday life” (UCCN About Us). Because of its cultural heritage, Istanbul can be considered an inspiration for the design sector and promotes its productive capacity. Due to Istanbul’s geographically unique position, there are significant opportunities, experiences, and potentials to reveal new scenarios to promoting a productive future by enhancing innovative approaches for contemporary design. Participating in the UCCN undoubtedly has significant benefits for Istanbul. First of all, it has the opportunity to share its knowledge experience with other cities in the network, and it can have the opportunity to promote its work through networking events organised regularly within Design Cities. In Istanbul, which is the locomotive of the Turkish economy, the vision of the 2014-2023 Regional Plan, prepared by the Istanbul Development Agency, identifies the city as "a city of innovation and culture with its creative and free people; unique Istanbul". Moreover, one of the three essential components of this vision is "a high added value, innovative and creative economy with a voice in the global economy" (ISTKA). This component reveals the importance of innovation and creativity-oriented growth in Istanbul for the gains created in the economic field to bring social development and realise holistic development. Although these frameworks have provided a strong ‘creative’ identity to the city, the lack of specific programs and funding opportunities for ‘creative industries’ that fall under these headings have not allowed these initiatives to be felt at the local scale. Fig. 1: Location of Beyoğlu district. In this article we chose Beyoğlu (fig. 1) as the local case study, due to the existence of cultural/creative industries since the nineteenth century. When we look at previous periods, there were times when Beyoğlu fell out of favour, and different segments gave up coming to Beyoğlu for various reasons. However, Beyoğlu has always recovered and regained its identity as a historical, touristic, and cultural centre (Türkün). Beyoğlu has been the scene of social and spatial changes. Especially a rapid renewal process has been in process since the 1980s. As a result most of the buildings were restored, leading to wide-scale gentrification, and many new buildings were built throughout Istiklal Street, its main avenue. The roads on both sides of the pedestrian street are filled with cafes, art galleries, bookstores, and antique shops, making Beyoğlu a 'Turkish SoHo' (Gül). A Critical Perspective from Tomtom Neighbourhood Tomtom is one of the 45 neighbourhoods of the Beyoğlu district with a historic identity and cultural richness (fig. 2). It has hosted many diplomatic institutions and historical buildings such as the Venetian Palace, the French Palace, the Italian, Russian, Dutch, and French embassies, ​​and continues to house many consulates and foreign schools (Akın). Because it is located in the centre of Galata, Çukurcuma, and Karaköy, since the beginning of the 2000s the Tomtom neighbourhood has become very attractive due to low rental prices in the transformation process in Beyoğlu. With the low-cost renovation practices, the creative class, which has a weak economic accumulation, and has a high artistic quality, has started to open their galleries in this district. In addition to this, cafés, boutique hotels, and entertainment venues opened in succession, and this class transformation attracted the attention of capital owners. The district had to face not only the danger of gentrification caused by this class migration but also the results of the Galataport project, a real estate capital initiative (Kütükoğlu). Fig. 2: Map of the Tomtom neighbourhood and its surroundings. A case study was conducted between September 2018 and August 2021 using secondary data, observation, and in-depth interviews to provide a critical perspective on cultural frameworks from the perspective of local stakeholders and networks in this neighbourhood. In the case study, in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 design studios and art galleries that have moved to Tomtom in the last decade. These interviews were held in three separate periods: the first was in September 2018, following the start of the Tomtom Designhood Project; the second in August 2019; and the last in June 2021. The Missing Ingredients As mentioned above, some criteria are required to be a booming creative city. As a result of the fieldwork carried out in the Tomtom neighbourhood, Istanbul's trajectory in becoming a creative city has been discussed under three headings: ownership and patronage, financial support, and resilience. The creative cluster in the Tomtom neighbourhood started as a neighbourhood revitalisation effort by a real estate investment firm to create a cultural hub in Istanbul, with the creation and promotion of an annual design event since 2017: Tomtom Designhood, inspired by similar events across Europe. However, this business approach did not suit the cultural businesses moving into the neighbourhood. Relying on the market alone and expecting up-and-coming cultural businesses to ‘invest’ in promoting their neighbourhood has not been a sustainable growth model for Tomtom. Interviews with firms in the area have demonstrated that social networks have been a more reliable means for attracting and maintaining design firms in the area. These networks appear to create a sense of belonging and identity, with a high level of personal investment, trust, and support as the foundation of relationships. The slow-paced relocation of businesses within close social networks has been more promising in establishing the cultural hub. The results show that the creative cluster grew slowly due to the lack of support by local authorities and the limited resources for the businesses relocating into the area. In recent years, multidisciplinary design events have been taking place in this new creative neighbourhood. Tomtom Designhood generally organises these events, some of them with the cooperation of the annual design event Contemporary Istanbul, and invites everyone to explore this creative neighbourhood with pop-up events, food and drink, and art and design exhibitions. In addition to design activities that recur periodically, there are also one-time events such as 'Back to Home', 'Tomtom Designwalks', and 'Portugal Is in Istanbul'. The main goal of these events is accessible art. Moreover, they aim to bring together art galleries, institutions, collectors, art students, and people of all ages who want to learn and know art better, especially young people and art professionals. These design events, which were put forward with the idea of "accessible art for everyone", have lacked patronage and backing from donors or government funding and thus had to be self-sustaining. Furthermore, the Tomtom events have been shifted to ‘money-making’ initiatives which further degraded their acceptance in the local neighbourhood. The design events and festivals in the neighbourhood are not directly connected with the creative community around the UCCN. The case study explores the effects of the large-scale design events on local dynamics and has also touched upon the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, and reveals that the most critical factor in the creative industries' resilience in times of crisis has been support by public policies and advocates. The Covid-19 pandemic, which can be described as a global crisis, has affected the creative sectors at Tomtom and tested the resilience of the design firms in the area. Due to the lockdown measures, restrictions on international mobilities, and social distancing measures implemented in this process, some creative sectors could not continue their operations. There were no specific funding support systems for design professionals. Stating that the most significant potential of this area has been foreign tourists, the designers commented that their work has come to a standstill due to the complete stoppage of the tourist flow during the pandemic. On the other hand, it has been determined that some designers explored new business forms by developing new skills, not affected by the pandemic or relatively less affected. In addition, designers who sell products that appeal to higher-income groups also stated that they have not been economically affected by this process. ‘The City of Design’ title was expected to bring some visible changes to Istanbul, especially in an emerging creative neighbourhood like Tomtom, and even in the entire Beyoğlu district. However, unfortunately, it is not possible to see the effects of these even in a crucial creative neighbourhood like Tomtom. A positive step was taken at the last point of the whole place branding process, and Tomtom was included in the "Beyoğlu Culture Road" project carried out by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in June 2022 (fig. 3). In this project, which is defined as "the branding project that transfers the cultural heritage of a city to future generations", many paid and free design events were held for two weeks in crucial creative and touristic areas such as Galataport, Atatürk Cultural Center, and French Street, with the participation of many national and international designers and artists. Many people had the opportunity to get to know Tomtom as a design neighbourhood, thanks to various concerts, workshops, festivals, design product exhibitions, and food and beverage areas held during this event for two weeks. Fig. 3: Posters for the Tomtom Designhood event in 2018 (left) and 2022 (right). (Source: Tomtom Designhood.) From Istanbul's perspective, the reciprocal relationship between creativity and Istanbul results in more creative industries, strengthening Istanbul's position in the global network. This study proves that a successful cultural policy needs to include financial support and local government cooperation for a more sustainable strategy. From an urban policy perspective, social networks seem a crucial player for a better and more sustainable support system that provides answers to the needs of the creative industries. It is hoped that the results of this study will provide new perspectives on understanding the importance of the collaboration of private, public, and civil society actors in order to strengthen cultural industries in creative cities and promote the diversity of cultural expressions. In Tomtom, as Colomb argued and authors focussed on place-making and branding have argued, specific local culture, history, identity, and aesthetics are picked, sanitised, commodified, and promoted to be consumed by target groups such as tourists or high-income locals as part of the place-making process. However, in this local neighbourhood, this process can negatively affect the spaces and social groups involved, particularly with gentrification pressure from its surrounding neighbourhoods, resulting in a loss of authenticity or outright displacement in the future. Acknowledgment The research was undertaken, in part, thanks to funding from the TUBITAK 2214-A International Research Scholarship Program. Sources Maps in fig. 1 and fig. 2 were developed by the authors using mapstyle.withgoogle.com. Posters in fig. 3 are from Tomtom Designhood: https://www.facebook.com/Tomtom-Designhood-363369284116558/. References Akın, Nur. 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Galata ve Pera. No. 24. Literatur, 1998. Caves, Richard E. Creative Industries: Contracts between Art and Commerce. Harvard UP, 2000. Colomb, Claire. Staging the New Berlin: Place Marketing and the Politics of Urban Reinvention Post-1989. Routledge, 2013. D'Ovidio, Marianna. 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