Journal articles: 'Cameroonian literature'

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Che, Suh Joseph. "Hibridization, Linguistic and Stylistic Innovation in Cameroonian Literature and Implications for Translation." Studies in Linguistics and Literature 3, no. 2 (May 17, 2019): p165. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sll.v3n2p165.

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Drawing from Cameroonian drama written in French and translated into English, this paper demonstrates how Cameroonian literature written in European languages and translated into other European languages is characterized by linguistic and stylistic innovation. It examines the reasons and motivations underlying this phenomenon, first from the perspective of the ambivalent situation of the Cameroonian and African writer writing not in his native language but rather in a European language, and secondly in the light of the prevailing literary creative trend and attitude of Cameroonian and, indeed, African writers in general. In this context, it is argued and posited that Cameroonian literary works are heavily tinted with linguistic and stylistic innovations such that the source texts actually intervene and exert considerable influence on the mode of their translation into the target language, particularly if the translator is to preserve the Cameroonian/African aesthetic which informs them and constitutes their driving force.

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Ekotto, Frieda. "Framing homosexual identities in Cameroonian literature." Tydskrif vir letterkunde 53, no. 1 (April 11, 2016): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tvl.v53i1.8.

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Ratsimbaharison, Adrien M., and Benn L. Bongang. "Understanding the Durability of the Paul Biya Regime in Cameroon: A Micro-Level Approach Using Afrobarometer's Round 7 National Survey." Current Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 5, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crjssh.5.2.04.

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Paul Biya, who has been in power in Cameroon as a prime minister from 1975 to 1982 and as a president since 1982, is now the longest-ruling non-royal national leader of the world. While this durability has baffled many observers worldwide, it has not yet attracted much attention from academia. In fact, the current literature on Cameroonian politics generally focuses on the dictatorial characteristics of the Paul Biya regime, not on its durability. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap in the literature. Adopting a micro-level (or bottom-up) approach, we try to understand why most Cameroonian people are willing to stay under the same ruler for at least two generations. Using the Afrobarometer's round 7 national surveys in Cameroon, we apply simple statistical analyses and machine learning (or predictive analytics) to determine to what extent the Cameroonian people support their president and his regime and to identify the predictors (or determinants) of such support. As a result, we find that, despite the so-called "Anglophone crisis" and Boko Haram's attacks in the North, most Cameroonians, especially the French speakers, still approve of the job performance of Biya. The main factors behind this approval have more to do with their trust in the president himself, the approval of the job performance of their parliament members, and their regional location than with the conduct of the country's political affairs or the management of the national economy.

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Kemedjio, Cilas. "‘Anthropological mutilation’ and the reordering of Cameroonian literature." Tydskrif vir letterkunde 53, no. 1 (April 11, 2016): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tvl.v53i1.6.

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Nkealah, Naomi. "INTERVIEW WITH ECKHARD BREITINGER." Imbizo 7, no. 1 (February 24, 2017): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2078-9785/1858.

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This interview was conducted on Thursday, 27 August 2009, at Bayreuth University in Bayreuth, Germany. At the time, Eckhard Breitinger worked as a professor of African Studies at Bayreuth University and also ran a small publishing house, which published research by African students on African literature under the Bayreuth African Studies Series. He had done extensive research on Anglophone Cameroonian literature, having collaborated with Bole Butake and other Anglophone Cameroonian scholars on various projects. Because my doctoral research was on Butakeâ€™s plays, I interviewed Breitinger to gain his perspective on how Butakeâ€™s plays contributed to the development of Anglophone Cameroonian drama. I had already had an interview with Butake himself and needed a less subjective viewpoint on the vision in his works. This interview pays tribute to Breitinger, who died on 15 August 2013, and to Butake himself, who passed away on 1 October 2016.Â

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Frith, N. "Contemporary Matriarchies in Cameroonian Francophone Literature: 'On est ensemble'." French Studies 65, no. 1 (December 17, 2010): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/knq230.

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Daka, A., Y. Wang, and L. Hu. "Public Agrarian Policies and Food Security in Cameroon: Problems and Challenges towards Agricultural Development." European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 4 (July 22, 2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejsocial.2021.1.4.77.

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The hunger riots that Cameroon experienced in February 2008 were on the one hand a local manifestation of the world food crisis (2007-2008) and on the other hand, a result of ineffective agricultural policies implemented since the 1960s. The analysis of public food security policies in Cameroon from 1960 to 2008, highlights the inability of the latter to fight effectively against food insecurity and to bring Cameroonian agriculture out of the rut. These riots were likely to have a long-term effect on Cameroon's socio-economic trajectory. Because they were food for thought for the Cameroonian government, which ended up realizing that the constraints facing agricultural development felt an immediate need for solutions after the end of the riots. The post-riot strategies implemented by the Cameroonian government boil down to all the measures taken to stem the impact of the crisis and allow food security to all social strata. However, these economic redistribution strategies adopted by the Cameroonian government to allow the poorest to have access to food at an affordable price still fail to stem the situation. Literature relating to the riots of February 2008 in Cameroon abounds, but little is concerned with the analysis of the causes and post-riot government strategies, which is very crucial to understanding the origins of the problems facing the Cameroonian agricultural community today. This article examines the distant and immediate causes of the February 2008 hunger riots in Cameroon, including the post-riot strategies implemented by the Cameroonian government to combat food insecurity and the contribution of international partners.

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SIGUÉ, Simon-Pierre, and Carole DUHAIME. "Perceptions des rôles familiaux dans les processus décisionnels des consommateurs camerounais." Management international 3, no. 1 (1998): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.59876/a-1aad-2yvm.

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This article examines perceptions of family roles in the decision-making processes of middle- and upper-class Cameroonian families. Its objective is to explore whether certain theories that are accepted in the western marketing literature can account for family behavior in the Cameroonian cultural context. To that end, the authors adopt a board concept of the family which includes all people living under the same roof. The main results show that the presence on the household of people other than children changes the allocation of roles between spouses for certain products.

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Ambassa, Dieudonné Davy, Samuel Nyock Ilouga, and Aude Carine Moussa Mouloungui. "The Translation and Validation of a Multidimensional Tool for Measuring the Boredom State among Cameroonian Workers." International Journal of Psychological Studies 15, no. 1 (February 13, 2023): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v15n1p39.

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This research involved developing a tool for measuring boredom state with a sample of Cameroonian workers. Boredom refers to a state of under-arousal, caused by the experience of an aversive situation of idleness, perceived as useless and discouraging (Rengade, 2016). Recent scientific literature highlights the adverse effects of boredom on workers' health and organisational performance (Vodanovich & Watt (2016). The lack of an operational tool to diagnose boredom at work limits the possibilities of managerial intervention aimed at developing appropriate managerial strategies. However, similar studies revealed an increase in the number of Cameroonian civil servants with work contracts, regular salaries, identified work stations, missions and work objectives to achieve, who report a permanent feeling of emptiness, monotony and dejection (Simaleu, 2021; Doumbeneny, 2021). We applied the cross-cultural validation procedure proposed by Vallerand (1989), to adapt the multidimensional state boredom instrument (MSBS) by Fahlman et al. to the Cameroonian context. The study was carried out in three stages with a sample of 469 civil servants. Our results are in line with the measurement model of the original version, which is a five-factor structure (low arousal, disengagement, high arousal, inattention and time perception). Despite the existing socio-cultural differences between the validation context of the original version and the Cameroonian context, the structure which is similar to the original version of the MSBS obtains better fit indices with the data collected from Cameroonian workers (CFI = .99; GFI: 0.99; SRMR = 0.05; RMSEA=.004). Since the Cameroonian version of the MSBS has been able to demonstrate adequate psychometric properties, it can therefore be used as a measure of boredom at work.

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Essomba, Anne Obono. "Oral Literature and Transculturality: A Study of Contemporary Cameroonian Songs." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 8, no. 1 (August 21, 2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v8i1.573.

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Globalization led by Europe has spread so-called 'universal' values across the globe, which seems to have cultural intermingling as its backdrop. All human endeavors are based on a culture that has become multidimensional. All the time, in their diversity, cultures try to complement and absorb each other. However, in this meeting of cultural giving and receiving, it takes on a new face, the culture shock. This encounter causes major changes in our modern societies, giving way to a loss of cultural identity and internal imbalance. This article aims to analyze the way in which contemporary Cameroonian musicians use cultural and linguistic facts for communication purposes and other arguments. The aim of our work is to show how the various songwriters have found, through song, a new mode of resistance so that African traditions escape sedimentation. In this way, they reconcile the elements of oral tradition and the contributions of modernity to create a hybrid product. To illustrate our point, we have chosen oral texts from different regions of Cameroon. In order to better understand the transcultural reality in the texts, we will highlight the marks of traditional and modern aesthetics, then show that the transcultural is seen as a space of symbiosis between the traditional and the modern.

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Banda, Tatang. "Resistance and Resilience: (De) Constructing a Language Ideology in Longue Longue’s ‘Ayo Africa’." International Journal of Linguistics 15, no. 5 (October 16, 2023): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v15i5.21390.

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This study intends to demonstrate by using the lyrics of ‘Ayo Africa’ by Longue Longue that indigenous languages and other voices are rising and asserting their relevance to singularise themselves and at the same time, questioning the ideology of the heretofore ‘dominant’ language and discourse by giving it a Cameroonian rendition. The fact that every language carries with it an ideology and owing to the fact that there exist an intimate link between language and literature – in both written and oral forms, this study also demonstrates that the Cameroonian singer-Longue Longue, through language appropriation and resilience to mother tongue evoke sentiments of nationalism that suggest a rethinking of what ideology and language should govern the Cameroonian postcolonial space in this globalised era. Resistance and deconstruction are dominant practices of colonial and postcolonial discourses with the one fighting to assert herself in the face of the other in the global context of today characterised by the collapse of national boundaries, challenges in governance, conflict, proliferation of languages and the unpopularity of the dominant language and discourse. New historicism is employed in this study because it transcends; cultural, sociological, linguistic and anthropological disciplines, and also because pop music is part of the culture of the people. This study through the observation and interview methods, will lean on the hypothetical contention that; in Longue Longue’s ‘Ayo Africa’, indigenous language(s) (pidgin and/ Douala) that singularises the Cameroonian person, is indispensable to govern the Cameroonian postcolonial space.

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Kenmegni, Dr Noumigue Guy Roland. "Some Entrepreneurs’ Characteristics and Cameroonian Small and Medium Size Enterprises’ (SMEs) Access to Credit." Global Academic Journal of Economics and Business 5, no. 1 (January 27, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2023.v05i01.001.

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Research on access to finance of large enterprises has been flourishing in the finance literature while studies relating to small and medium size enterprises have been less common in Sub-Saharan African countries specifically. In this research we investigate the link between some entrepreneurs’ characteristics (experience, gender and perception of entrepreneur) and Cameroonian SMEs access to credit. This study used the World Bank Enterprises Survey data from 324 Cameroonian SMEs. From descriptive analysis and Independence sample T-test, we found that gender is relevant to explain SMEs’ access to credit. Program policies aimed at SMEs’ entrepreneurs must encourage female entrepreneurs to diversify their financial resources through external formal financial resources.

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Ngeh, Andrew T. "Language and commitment in Anglophone Cameroonian poetry: The poetic vision of three Anglophone Cameroonian poets." South African Journal of African Languages 33, no. 2 (September 2013): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2013.871450.

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CHEO, FRANCIS T. "A Mirror of Convergence. Association and Racism in Anglophone Cameroonian Literature." Matatu 41, no. 1 (2013): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789401209151_003.

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Boubakary, Ben, Irène Ngo Nken, and Doumagay Donatienne Moskolaï. "Discovering the deep roots of corporate social responsibility in SMEs." Review of innovation and competitiveness 10, no. 1 (April 9, 2024): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32728/ric.2023.101/1.

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Purpose This article looks at the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Cameroon's dynamic landscape, exploring the motivations driving small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to adopt socially responsible practices. In contrast to the emphasis on CSR in large companies, we highlight the central role played by SMEs as catalysts for sustainable development. Design/Methodology/Approach Using a quantitative methodological approach, this study examines the different factors that influence the adoption of CSR in Cameroonian SMEs. We established a non-probability sample of 124 SMEs based in the following four Cameroonian cities: Douala, Yaounde, Garoua and Ngaoundere. We used binomial logistic regression to analyse the impact of financial resources, institutional environment, company size, sector of activity, managerial ethics and company age on SMEs' commitment to socially responsible practices. Findings and implications Our study highlights the key determinants of commitment to CSR in Cameroonian SMEs. Our results show that financial resources, the institutional environment, the size of the company, the sector of activity, the ethics of the manager and the age of the company appear to be key factors influencing the implementation of a CSR approach. However, the factors studied have different weights of influence in the implementation of this CSR approach. These results prompt a reassessment of CSR implementation strategies and provide valuable pointers for improving the reputation, sustainability and relevance of Cameroonian SMEs in a rapidly changing context. Limitations Although this study makes a significant contribution to the understanding of CSR in Cameroonian SMEs, certain limitations must be acknowledged. The research is specific to the Cameroonian context and the results may not be universally applicable. In addition, the dynamic nature of business environments introduces a temporal component that may impact the generalisability of our results over time. Finally, the absence of a relationship between the nature of the technologies used and the implementation of a CSR approach is counter-intuitive and would merit being tested on larger samples or being the subject of further qualitative research in order to identify other components of the variable.Originality This research fills a crucial gap in the literature by shedding light on CSR in the context of Cameroonian SMEs. The identification of multifaceted determinants offers a unique contribution to the wider CSR discourse, challenging conventional perceptions and providing practical implications for both academics and practitioners.

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Ade, Nde Paul. "THE PEDAGOGIC RELEVANCE OF ALOBWED’EPIE’S THE DEATH CERTIFICATE TO HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN CAMEROON: A THEMATIC APPROACH." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3554.

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Literature and society work hand in glove because literature is a reflection of the realities of our society. This paper sets out to examine the pedagogic relevance of Literature in general and Prose in particular to Cameroonian High school students. It aims at presenting how and why The Death Certificate should be taught to Cameroonian High School Students. First, Students need to be informed about the society. Second, they should know what to do in face of various issues that arise in the society in general. Third, The Death Certificate handles themes such as love, power, domination and feminism which can conveniently be understood by High School Students. It is in this light that writers draw inspiration from the society to produce literary texts. Fourth, a work of art should not be limited; it should entertain, educate and inform us about our society. Fifth, Literature which reflects or acts as a mirror of life in society should be taught in schools because it shapes the students’ moral behavior. It also creates awareness in students by helping them to know more about the preoccupations of the society in which they live. It is thanks to literature that we learn much about society and the people who live in it.

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Morfaw, Frederick LI, and Philip N. Nana. "Sirenomelia in a Cameroonian woman: a case report and review of the literature." F1000Research 1 (September 6, 2012): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1-6.v2.

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Sirenomelia is a rare congenital malformative disorder characterized by fusion of the lower limbs giving a characteristic mermaid-like appearance to the affected foetus. We report a case of sirenomelia occurring in a 19 year old Cameroonian woman following premature rupture of membranes and associated cord prolapse. This is the first documented case in this country. We highlight some of the cultural myths associated with this disorder and discuss our findings relative to the present literature and related controversies on its etiopathogenesis.

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Dehon, Claire L. "Contemporary Matriarchies in Cameroonian Francophone Literature: “On est ensemble” by Cheryl Toman." French Review 84, no. 1 (2010): 154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2010.0012.

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Caporale, Marzia. "Contemporary Matriarchies in Cameroonian Francophone Literature: 'On est ensemble' by Cheryl Toman." Women in French Studies 17, no. 1 (2009): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wfs.2009.0014.

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NGUENDJO TIOGANG, Issacar. "Las paremias como vector de transferencia lingüística y cultural en la literatura camerunesa de expresión española: caso de Diario de Hoo y El hijo varón de Germain Metanmo y Me llamo Kanebe de Céline Manéché Ndé Sika." Langues & Cultures 5, no. 01 (June 30, 2024): 421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.62339/jlc.v5i01.255.

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A través de las obras literarias de Germain Metanmo y Céline Magneché Ndé, dos escritos cameruneses demuestran una contribución cada vez más visible a la literatura camerunesa en español. Todos autores originarios de la región occidental de Camerún y, por tanto, compartiendo la misma época geográfica, lingüística y cultural, estos francófonos han elegido la lengua de Cervantes como vehículo para sus creaciones. Una de las características comunes de sus producciones es el uso de paremias y fraseología local en general para transmitir sus mensajes. Esto plantea el interesante problema de las transferencias lingüísticas y culturales al mundo hispánico. Por tanto, este artículo pretende poner de relieve la existencia de dicha literatura, para luego situar las paremias de nuestro corpus en su contexto original y finalmente proponer vías de traducción o equivalencia de las mismas al español. Abstract Through their literary works, Germain Metanmo and Céline Magneché Ndé, two Cameroonian writers make an increasingly visible contribution to Cameroonian literature in the Spanish language. All originating from the western Cameroon region and thus sharing the same geographical, linguistic and cultural era, these French-speaking authors have chosen the language of Cervantes as the vehicle for their creations. One of the common characteristics of their productions is the use of paremias and local phraseology in general to convey their messages. This poses the interesting problem of linguistic and cultural transfers to the Hispanic world. This article therefore aims to highlight the existence of such literature, then situate the paremias of our corpus in their original context and finally propose ways of translation or equivalence of these into Spanish.

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Syrotinski, Michael. "Globalization, mondialisation and the immonde in Contemporary Francophone African Literature." Paragraph 37, no. 2 (July 2014): 254–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/para.2014.0125.

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Taking as its theoretical frame of reference Jean-Luc Nancy's distinction between globalization and mondialisation, this article explores the relationship between contemporary Africa, the ‘world’ and the ‘literary’. The discussion centres on a number of present-day African novelists, and looks in particular at a controversial recent text by the Cameroonian writer and critic, Patrice Nganang, who is inspired by the work of the well-known theorist of postcolonial Africa, Achille Mbembe. For both writers ‘Africa’, as a generic point of reference, is seen in terms of a certain genealogy of Africanist thinking, from colonial times through to the contemporary postcolonial era, and the article reflects on what a radical challenge to this genealogy might entail. Using a more phenomenologically oriented reading of monde (world) and immonde (abject, literally un-world), this rupture could be conceived in terms of the kind of ‘epistemological break’ that thinkers like Althusser and Foucault introduced into common usage and theoretical currency in contemporary French thought back in the 1960s.

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Tatuedom, Ostend K., Simeon F. Kouam, Diane Beatrice Yapna, Bonaventure T. Ngadjui, Ivan R. Green, M. Iqbal Choudhary, Jeanne E. R. Lantovololona, and Michael Spiteller. "Spiroalkaloids and Coumarins from the Stem Bark of Pauridiantha callicarpoides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 69, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/znb.2014-4055.

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A new spiroalkaloid, 7-epi-javaniside (1), was isolated from the Cameroonian plant Pauridiantha callicarpoides, along with seven known compounds viz., javaniside (2), sweroside (3), hymexelsin (4), scopoletin (5), 7,7`-dihydroxy-6,6`-dimethoxy-8,8`-biscoumarin (6), 7,7`-dihydroxy-6,6`- dimethoxy-3,3`-biscoumarin (7), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (8). The structures of the new alkaloid, as well as those of the known compounds, were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D NMR and by comparison with the literature data for related compounds.

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Gerard, Albert S., and Richard Bjornson. "The African Quest for Freedom and Identity: Cameroonian Writing and the National Experience." Comparative Literature 46, no. 2 (1994): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1771591.

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King, Adele, and Richard Bjornson. "The African Quest for Freedom and Identity: Cameroonian Writing and the National Experience." World Literature Today 65, no. 4 (1991): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40147787.

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Volet, Jean-Marie. "Calixthe Beyala, or the Literary Success of a Cameroonian Woman Living in Paris." World Literature Today 67, no. 2 (1993): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40149073.

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Arrey, Sammy Besong, and Peters Ako Etchu. "THE GOVERNMENT OF CAMEROON AND THE ANGLOPHONE CIVIL SOCIETY CONSORTIUM: GLIMMERS TO THE CAMEROON ANGLOPHONE ARMED CONFLICT." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 05, no. 04 (April 29, 2023): 46–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume05issue04-07.

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After the reunification of Cameroon in 1961, some West Cameroonian political class began to cast their doubts on the centralized Federal System put in place. This system according to some Anglophones gave room for marginalization and assimilation of West Cameroon especially with the closure of its development agency. This somehow nursed grievances and in 2016, the bon a fide English Speaking Cameroonian lawyers and teachers rose up in a “peaceful civil disobedient protest” to express their disillusion, over the erosion of the Common Law Judicial System and the Anglo-Saxon Education System in Cameroon. This paper from this angle looks at the origin of the Consortium, Government position and the impact. The paper argues that, Government’s responses and policies towards the corporate grievances and the ban on the Consortium laid the foundation of a radicalized armed conflict in the Anglophone region and within this dispensation; other discourse towards a lasting solution became valuable. The major instrument used for data collection was interviews, secondary literature, author’s experience and a multidisciplinary approach to present the facts. This paper concludes that the failure to break even between the Government of Cameroon and the Cameroon Anglophone Civil Society Consortium (CACSC) introduced armed conflict with costly consequences.

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Ebolloh, Emmanuel, Irene Sama-Lang, and Thomas Ojong. "Incorporation of Criminological Theories in the Cameroonian Criminal Justice System." International Journal of Law and Policy 8, no. 2 (August 23, 2023): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijlp.2072.

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Purpose: The study examined the incorporation of criminological theories notably the Classical school, Neo- Classical School, Positive school as well as the Anomie School of thought in the Cameroon Criminal justice system. Methodology: Criminological theories focus in explaining the causes of crime identify the risk factors for committing crime and explaining how and why certain laws are created and implemented. The methodology adopted for purposes of this article is qualitative which is concerned with qualitative phenomenon and the chosen methods are doctrinal and empirical which involves a content analysis of existing literature, case law and observations. Findings: The study discovered that the perception of criminological theories as articulated in the Cameroon Criminal Procedure Code, Cameroon Penal Code and other pieces of legislations have not been fully understood and implemented and this constitutes a major problem. This article concludes that the major protagonists who animated debate during the seventeen and eighteen centuries wanted a total overhaul of the criminal justice system in order to improve the welfare of the society and so were inspired with humanitarianism that gave them the urge to question the arbitrariness, cruelty, goriness and inefficiency of the criminal justice system and prison across the globe. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended that understanding why a person commits a crime and why individuals behave in certain ways, would help policy makers to develop a better and efficient ways of fully incorporating these criminological theories in the Cameroon Criminal justice system that will shape the ways to control crime and rehabilitate the criminal.

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Njuma Libwea, John, Linda Esso, Andreas Ateke Njoh, Che Henry Ngwa, Vivienne Ngomba Armelle, Chanceline Bilounga Ndongo, Georges Alain Etoundi Mballa, et al. "Generating the evidence to support the establishment of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus surveillance system in Cameroon: A study protocol." PLOS ONE 19, no. 6 (June 11, 2024): e0303468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303468.

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Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the major pathogens frequently associated with severe respiratory tract infections in younger children and older adults globally. There is an unmet need with a lack of routine country-specific databases and/or RSV surveillance systems on RSV disease burden among adults in most low- and middle-income countries, including Cameroon. We aim to estimate the adult RSV burden needed to develop a framework for establishing an RSV surveillance database in Cameroon. Methods and analysis A two-phase study approach will be implemented, including a literature review and a review of medical records. First, a systematic review of available literature will provide insights into the current burden of RSV in adults in Cameroon, searching the following databases: Global Health, PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, African Journal Online Library, Scopus, Global Index Medicus, Cochrane databases, and grey literature search. Identified studies will be included if they reported on the RSV burden of disease among Cameroonian adults aged ≥18 years from 1st January 1990 to 31st December 2023. A narrative synthesis of the evidence will be provided. A meta-analysis will be conducted using a random effect model, when feasible. Two co-authors will independently perform data screening, extraction, and synthesis and will be reported according to the PRISMA-P guidelines for writing systematic review protocols. Secondly, a retrospective cohort design will permit data analysis on RSV among adults in the laboratory registers at the National Influenza Center. Medical records will be reviewed to link patients’ files from emanating hospitals to capture relevant demographic, laboratory, and clinical data. The International Classification of Diseases and Clinical Modifications 10th revision (ICD-10-CM) codes will be used to classify the different RSV outcomes retrospectively. Results The primary outcome is quantifying the RSV burden among the adult population, which can help inform policy on establishing an RSV surveillance database in Cameroon. The secondary outcomes include (i) estimates of RSV prevalence among Cameroonian adult age groups, (ii) RSV determinants, and (iii) clinical outcomes, including proportions of RSV-associated morbidity and/or death among age-stratified Cameroonian adults with medically attended acute respiratory tract infections. Conclusions The evidence generated from the two projects will be used for further engagement with relevant stakeholders, including policymakers, clinicians, and researchers, to develop a framework for systematically establishing an RSV surveillance database in Cameroon. This study proposal has been registered (CRD42023460616) with the University of York Center for Reviews and Dissemination of the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO).

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Williams, Michael U., Ashley Burris, Amy Zingalis, David A. Lindholm, and Brian K. White. "Disseminated Tuberculosis Presenting as Chronic Orchiepididymitis in a Military Trainee: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2018 (July 29, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7316097.

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Orchiepididymitis is a clinical diagnosis. The acute form secondary to sexually transmitted or enteric pathogens is well known to primary care providers. However, chronic orchiepididymitis may be secondary to genitourinary tuberculosis (TB), and physicians in countries with a low prevalence of TB might not consider it in their differential diagnosis. Indeed, cognitive errors, such as anchoring or availability bias, may contribute to a delayed diagnosis of genitourinary TB. We present a case of chronic orchiepididymitis as a result of disseminated TB in a Cameroonian male who was visiting the United States for military training. He experienced diagnostic delay and was ultimately diagnosed by orchiectomy. Early consideration of a diagnosis of TB for chronic or recurrent orchiepididymitis in a patient with epidemiologic risk factors is of utmost importance because delayed diagnosis could lead to organ loss.

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Ngwa. "The Making of Gershom's Story: A Cameroonian Postwar Hermeneutics Reading of Exodus 2." Journal of Biblical Literature 134, no. 4 (2015): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.15699/jbl.1344.2015.1912.

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Tonmo, Simplice Gaël, Melissa Grace Tchapda Woumkep, Ghislain Tchoffo, and Glwadys Pinta Mefenza. "Determinants of Reluctance to Initial Public Offering in Cameroonian Financial Market." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 10, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v10i4.1449.

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The main objective of this study was to identify the specific characteristics of companies in Cameroon and to highlight the factors that explain their reluctance to be listed on the stock market. Thus, in order to build the state of the art appropriate to this objective, we had to follow three lines of investigation: the theories related to the listing of firms on the stock market, their specific characteristics, and the cross-fertilization of these two fields. On the basis of the literature, four explanatory hypotheses were deduced: they are related to the shareholding structure of firms, to the financial characteristics, to the size of the firm and to the socio-demographic characteristics of the managers. To test these hypotheses, a survey was conducted among 40 SAs in the city of Douala. The data was processed with the SPSS 20 software and we used flat sorting, cross-sorting, pearson correlation test as well as linear regression. This methodology allowed us to obtain the results according to which the family and filial character and the size of the company are mainly the factors of reluctance of the listing on the stock exchange on the one hand, and the behavioral factors of the company managers, in particular the level of education and the experience on the other hand.

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Nkealah. "Women's Contribution to the Development of Anglophone Cameroonian Drama: The Plays of Anne Tanyi-Tang." Research in African Literatures 45, no. 2 (2014): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/reseafrilite.45.2.122.

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Schopp, Kerstin. "Analyzing Coping Strategies and Adaptation after Resettlement—Case Study of Ekondo Kondo, Cameroon and Ekondo Kondo Model of Adaptation." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 9615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229615.

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This article centrally deals with the resettlement of the Cameroonian village Ekondo Kondo. In the following paper, I present resettlements as catastrophic events for the relocated populations. Research was conducted in the resettled Cameroonian village of Ekondo Kondo. The objectives of the research were to find out what kind of changes and challenges (positive and negative) people faced after relocation, whether these changes and challenges illustrated aspects of adaptation after resettlement which are lacking in the literature, and whether they could be included in the existing models of adaptation after resettlement to provide an enhanced framework for resettlement-linked projects. I demonstrate the consequences of the relocation for women and men. Whereas women developed coping strategies, adapted to the new village (site) 13 years after the relocation, and were able to emancipate themselves, men are still struggling with the relocation’s changes including threats to their former social role as hunters. These results support my argument that the existing adaptation models in the literature do not depict all key challenges the relocated populations have to go through. According to the fieldwork results, there are several adaptation processes in different key areas which do not follow one another or run homogenously but overlap and sometimes happen at the same time and on different levels. Additionally, there are significant gender specific differences which can be depicted in these key areas. Further predispositions of social groups, such as interests or experiences, can influence the processes of coping and adaptation as well. For this reason, I present and introduce the Ekondo Kondo Model of adaptation after relocation, which can be helpful both for difficult adaptation following disasters and adaptation processes when people develop fast coping strategies and get positive results.

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Thomas, Ndamsa Dickson, and Njong Mom Aloysius. "Gender Equity in Land Distribution and Food Poverty: Evidence Using Cameroonian Data." Journal of African Development 24, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.24.2.0177.

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ABSTRACT This article examines the food poverty impacts of gender equity in the distribution of land for productive activities using the most recent Cameroon household consumption survey data conducted in 2014. It employs the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition to investigate the existence of a gender-land inequality gap and the factual and counterfactual regression analyses and Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke class of poverty measures to tease out the food poverty impacts of gender equity options in land distribution. The article’s major contribution to literature is in disintegrating the food poverty impacts of two salient policy packages—the policy package which gives each woman without land at least one hectare of land to exploit for productive activities relative to that which gives women the same rights to own land as their male counterparts. The results indicated that policy efforts to ensure a female head without land has at least a piece of land for productive purposes (referred to as equity-within) are more potent in alleviating food poverty compared to those that promote gender equality in the distribution (referred to as equity-between) of land for productive purposes. These results have implications for policy measures to enhance women’s roles as agricultural producers, especially with respect to ownership of land for productive use.

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Angu, Pineteh E., and Thecla Ngwi Mulu. "The Changing Material Conditions of Cameroonian Migrants in South Africa: What does this say about an â€œAfrophobicâ€ post-apartheid State?" African Human Mobility Review 6, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 130–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14426/ahmr.v6i2.803.

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Violent attacks on African migrants have produced a richer body of knowledge on African transnational migration, xenophobia/Afrophobia, and their intersections with questions of citizenship and autochthony, especially in a country that historically has always been a home for African migrants. Constellations of narratives now vilify South Africa as a demonic state whose hatred of Africans and fixation on exorcising them have short-circuited the process of nation-building. The vilification of South Africa also tells us that many researchers, scholars, and even migrants are unaware of the ways that the country has transformed the lives of its increasing African migrant population. This article reflects on the changing material conditions of Cameroonians in South Africa to understand why this â€œAfrophobicâ€ state is still a key migration destination for Cameroonians. Drawing on personal exilic experiences, observations, and relevant literature, we argue that despite the victimization of Africans, including Cameroonians, this constitutional democracy has opened up political, economic and sociocultural opportunities for many Cameroonians residing permanently in the country. In forging this argument, the article interrogates the political landscape in Cameroon and examines key economic and sociocultural moments/activities in South Africa as well as accomplishments in this migrant community, to elicit how access to different opportunities in South Africa has significantly transformed the lives of Cameroonians.

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Mbaduet, Josephine Florentine. "Delegation of Managerial Power: A Modern Lever for Participative Management in Cameroonian SMEs." Journal of Management and Strategy 14, no. 2 (November 23, 2023): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jms.v14n2p59.

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The main aim of this study is to highlight how the manager transfers her power to a company employee, whether close to the management board or not, to carry out a certain number of tasks on her behalf. An analysis of the literature revealed that, on the one hand, the delegation of power is a form of participative management that has a more or less harmful influence on the company and certain stakeholders. On the other hand, it has been shown that the delegation of power engenders an agency relationship that is a source of conflicts of interest between the delegator and the delegatee, due to non-compliance with contractual clauses or the opportunism of the delegatee, who may use any means at his disposal to definitively oust the delegator and remain in his new position for a long time. This practice does exist within companies in Cameroon, although it is not clearly defined by OHADA law.

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Tekendo Djoukoue, Gilson, Moses Olabhele Esangbedo, and Sijun Bai. "Ishikawa Diagram, Gray Numbers and Pareto Principle for the Analysis of the Causes of WEEE Production in Cameroon: Case of SMEs Implementing ISO 14001:2015." Journal of Management Science & Engineering Research 7, no. 1 (January 23, 2024): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jmser.v7i1.6030.

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The issue of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in Africa lacks a concrete answer at present. This study aimed to provide an integrated approach using qualitative and quantitative research methods based on the 80/20 principle and the grey system theory, in order to address the uncertainty in the existing literature. First, through a qualitative approach, the authors analysed the environment for the management of WEEE by eight companies in Cameroon, through a literature review and observations made in the field under the framework of the ISO 14001:2015 standard. Then, the weights of the selected cause of the WEEE using grey system theory were proposed and applied, combining the findings from both the qualitative and quantitative methods. Based on the data obtained through the analysis, the research results indicate that the assessed Cameroonian companies dealing with WEEE management can implement measures to reduce WEEE.

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Forni, Silvia. "Masks on the Move: Defying Genres, Styles, and Traditions in the Cameroonian Grassfields." African Arts 49, no. 2 (June 2016): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar_a_00285.

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Mireille, Ndje Ndje, Ndzerem Shela Shiyghan, and Tsala Tsala Jacques Philippe. "Process of Parentification And Construction of Ego Identity in The Cameroonian Adolescents." European Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2, no. 4 (September 3, 2020): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ejbs.v2i4.246.

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Culture and idiosyncratic family configuration play a significant role in neglect, such as parentification. Some family systems may engender an inappropriate overlap in subsystems, with member participating in roles that are traditionally reserved for other members. We have the case of adolescents in parental roles. The adolescent is brought to make personal choices that will have long term repercussions on varied domains of his life. To this effect, the society should give to him the possibility of a psycho-social moratorium which is a necessary period for the construction of a true identity. So how the construction of self-identity would be effectuated in the case of parentified adolescents. We carried out a semi-structured interview on five adolescents in Yaounde, the capital city of Cameroon who are in a situation of parentification. For the analysis, we used the content as well as the thematic analysis of the interviews. The findings show that the parentified adolescent have had no time to live the stage of adolescence. They are early parents because of the responsibilities they carry at an age or time they are not ready or prepared for. What is particular and special about them is the extent to which they are able to construct a positive self and give positive self-view of life. So, the process of parentificatin will have positive repercussions on the construction of ego identity of the adolescent. The findings of this study has shown the importance of contextual study as a good number of literature on parentification have shown the destructive and maladaptive impact of parentification on the development of adolescents.

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Yewah, Emmanuel, and Richard Bjornson. "The African Quest for Freedom and Identity: Cameroonian Writing and the National Experience." Callaloo 16, no. 3 (1993): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2932309.

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Nangmo Kemda, Pamela, Sergi H. Akone, Armelle Tsamo Tontsa, Liu Zhen, Werner E. G. Müller, Peter Proksch, and Augustin E. Nkengfack. "Colletotrin: a sesquiterpene lactone from the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides associated with Trichilia monadelpha." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 72, no. 10 (September 26, 2017): 697–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2017-0058.

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AbstractA new sesquiterpene lactone, namely colletotrin (1), together with two known fungal metabolites (2, 3), was obtained from a rice culture of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, an endophytic fungus isolated from the stem bark of Cameroonian medicinal plant Trichilia monadelpha (Meliaceae). The structure of the new compound was established on the basis of extensive NMR analysis (1H, 13C, heteronuclear single-quantum coherence and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation) completed by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy results and by comparison of these data with those of related compounds described in the literature. Their cytotoxic and antibacterial activities against the mouse lymphoma L5178Y cell line and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, respectively, were also evaluated. This study is the first report on the isolation of fungal metabolites from endophytic fungi associated with T. monadelpha (Meliaceae).

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Mountessou, Bel Youssouf G., Élodie Gisèle M. Anoumedem, Blondelle Matio Kemkuignou, Yasmina Marin-Felix, Frank Surup, Marc Stadler, and Simeon Fogue Kouam. "Secondary metabolites of Diaporthe cameroonensis, isolated from the Cameroonian medicinal plant Trema guineensis." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 19 (October 13, 2023): 1555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.19.112.

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From a fresh root of Trema guineensis (Ulmaceae), endophytic fungi were isolated, among which a taxon belonging to the new species Diaporthe cameroonensis. This strain was fermented in shake flask batch cultures and the broth was extracted with ethyl acetate. From the crude extract, a hemiketal polyketide 1, and an acetylated alternariol 2 were isolated, along with fifteen known secondary metabolites. Their structures were established by extensive NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry analyses, as well as by comparison with literature data of their analogs.

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Sankaran, Chitra, and John Nkengasong. "Forests and ecocultural disequilibrium in two postcolonial novels from Cameroon and Singapore." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 53, no. 1 (June 25, 2016): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989416652447.

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Forests have always had a very special resonance with humans, one which is evidenced in the ways they are depicted in literatures and art throughout human civilization. This study attempts to look at the ways in which two contemporary authors, one Cameroonian and the other Singaporean, depict the forest in their novels. In both Linus Asong’s Crown of Thorns and Meira Chand’s A Different Sky, the nature/culture binary is shown as primal. Both narratives underline the essential inhospitability of the forests for human habitation. However, Asong’s narrative insists on the importance of ritual in negotiating this uninhabitable terrain and how, were the conduct of this ceremonial ritual to fail, the nebulous harmony between humans and this terrain will be irrevocably broken. Chand’s text, set in Second World War Singapore, reveals how, when the cultural terrain is rendered inhospitable to man due to conquest and human brutality, the forest appears as a refuge. However, this is misleading, for the essential disequilibrium between nature and culture is too deep to be overridden or resolved.

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FONGE, FUABEH P. "New Perspectives on the Clash of Cultures in Africa: Lessons from the Cameroonian Experience." Matatu 13-14, no. 1 (April 26, 1995): 357–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-90000146.

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Fonju, Pr Njuafac Kenedy. "The Challenges of Politicking in a Multiparty Democratic Crossing of Cameroon (CPMDCC) Versus Harsh International Prescriptions of the New World Order with Misunderstanding (HIPNWOM) in Third World Countries since the Late 20th Century." Cross-Currents: An International Peer-Reviewed Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences 9, no. 08 (September 12, 2023): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijhss.2023.v09i08.001.

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The present article focuses on the challenges of democratic crossing of Cameroon through the use of politicking mechanisms in a multiparty democratic development which regained its glory since the advent of renewal of the democratization processes in Sub-Saharan Africa fostered by the dawn of the Cold War in 1991. It brings out great efforts planned and implemented by the governmental officials and the anachronism of democratic detractors which likely continued to fuel period of uncertainties couple with societal chaos in the specific two English speaking Regions which moved from Provinces to Regions then later accorded with special stutus in the midst of uprisings in search of complete national and international autonomy which is far fetch. In consideration of national unity which was destroyed by two European Great Powers, they can be qualified as “Opportunist Provocators” (OP) of the First and Second World Wars and arbitrary partitioned of the territory naming it French and British Cameroons later accepted by the two international organisations known as the League of Nations and the United Nations Organisation in their Mandatory and Trusteeship Systems respectively still under their supreme hegemony during the 20th Century. All along efforts to quench the misunderstanding among Cameroonian, political detractors and other international actors in hidings have turn it to be profitable commercial commodity to the detriment of Cameroonians of the English speaking expression whose challenges are not limited to them, but also to the French speakers regions of the country which are hosting some of the Internal Displaced Persons (IDP). This shows that, the state of insecurity is not just limited to the two regions but nationwide as the lessons of politicking keeps prolonging and endangering the entire national territory. In fact, the scrutiny of specialize existing literature, our experiences as political stakeholder in the new democratic dispensation and living eyewitnes

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Messanga, Gustave Adolphe, and Sylvestre Nzeuta Lontio. "Effect of Jihadist Terrorism on the Link Between Entitativisation and Anti-Muslim Attitudes and Behaviors in Cameroon." European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 4 (July 14, 2021): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejsocial.2021.1.4.63.

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Cameroon is facing violent Islamist extremism. The literature reports that there is no link between jihadist terrorism and islamophobia. This study questions this observation by assessing the effect of jihadist terrorism on the link between entitativisation and anti-muslim attitudes and behaviors. First, it proposes that entitativisation of Muslims has weak links with anti-muslim attitudes and behaviors. It then postulates that there is a strong link between these attitudes and behaviors. To test these hypotheses, a survey is conducted among 147 students from the University of Dschang (89 men and 58 women). They are non-muslims of Cameroonian nationality, aged between 17 and 52 years. The data collected provide empirical support for the hypotheses of the study. It is concluded that jihadist terrorism has an impact on the link between entitativisation and anti-muslim attitudes and behaviors.

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Oumarou Farikou, Pountougnigni, Piscart Christophe, Sob Nangou Paul Bertrand, and Zebaze Togouet Serge Hubert. "Distribution of Stenasellidae in Africa and description of a new species of Metastenasellus from Cameroonian groundwaters." Subterranean Biology 40 (December 3, 2021): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.40.76301.

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During recent investigations of the groundwater fauna of Cameroon, specimens of a new species of the stygobitic genus Metastenasellus, M. boutini sp. nov. were collected in wells of the city of Douala. The new species can be easily distinguished from the other species of the genus by its relatively large size (up to 11 mm), pleonite 1 and 2 half the length of pereonite 7, the shape of pleopod 2 in males (presence of an external lobe on the protopodite, distal part of the spermatic duct slightly protruding out of the second article, lack of a distal seta on the exopodite), and uropod half the length of the pleotelson. Ecological data and a key to Metastenasellus species are provided. We also performed an exhaustive analysis of the literature on Stenasellidae in Africa to study the geographical distribution of the family in this continent and discuss some hypotheses about the origin of African species.

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Akongoh, Rudolf N. "Teacher-Based Assessment of Speaking in Cameroonian Secondary Schools: The Impact of Teacher Training." Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics 3, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jeltal.2021.3.2.1.

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Speaking is an important language skill that deserves a place both in English language teaching and English language assessment. However, the assessment of speaking in Cameroonian secondary schools is still neglected in many teacher-based English language tests. Often, attempts made to assess the skill are done either almost always indirectly or informally, leaving a wide gap between tenets professed in the Competency-Based Approach (CBA) to English language teaching and practice in the field. In 2012, the government of Cameroon officially introduced the CBA as the pedagogic paradigm for the teaching of English as a Second Language (ESL), and by extension, assessment in secondary schools. Eight years down the line, little seems to have changed concerning the way speaking has always been assessed, even though the CBA requires that learners practically demonstrate knowledge, skills and values in testing situations. This article set out to evaluate the contribution of teacher training to the assessment of speaking. Data was collected through qualitative and quantitative methods. A total of 259 questionnaires were administered to examiners of the June 2019 marking session of the Cameroon General Certificate of Education (CGCE) as well as members of the Cameroon English Language and Literature Teachers’ Association (CAMELTA). Also, four interviews were conducted with the maximum variation principle in mind. The findings revealed that teacher training, both pre-service and in-service, is a major factor responsible for the neglect of speaking in assessments. It was recommended that teacher-training institutions introduce or expand courses on testing to include direct assessment of speaking and that opportunities be created for in-service teachers to acquire certification on assessment within the framework of the CBA to English language teaching.

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Ushena Buinwi and Jumai Adama Buinwi. "Challenges and Opportunities in International Trade Policy Implementation: Insights from the Cameroonian Ministry of Trade." International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research 6, no. 7 (July 23, 2024): 2353–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v6i7.1329.

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This study meticulously explores the intricate dynamics of Cameroon's trade policies, aiming to elucidate their current state, identify significant challenges, and propose strategic enhancements for more robust economic integration and growth. Against the backdrop of a globalized economy, Cameroon's trade policies play a crucial role in shaping its economic landscape. The research employed qualitative methodologies, including an extensive literature review of works published by various authors on the topic, to garner a comprehensive understanding of the policy environment. The findings reveal critical barriers such as infrastructural deficits, regulatory inefficiencies, and policy implementation challenges that impede effective trade operations. These obstacles not only hinder trade efficiency but also limit Cameroon's potential to capitalize on global market opportunities. The study concludes with several strategic recommendations: prioritizing infrastructure investment to alleviate logistical bottlenecks, streamlining regulatory frameworks to enhance transparency and reduce bureaucratic hurdles, and improving policy-making processes. These measures are designed to fortify Cameroon's trade policy framework, thereby enhancing its economic prospects and global trade integration. The research underscores the importance of a holistic, strategic approach to trade policy development, advocating for sustained, coordinated efforts among all relevant stakeholders. By addressing the identified challenges and leveraging highlighted opportunities, Cameroon can significantly improve its trade policy outcomes, fostering sustainable economic growth. Keywords: Trade Policy, Cameroon, Economic Integration, Regulatory Framework, Stakeholder Engagement, Infrastructure Investment.

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Klein, Lucas. "Circumcised or Cannibalized: Une vie de boy in Chinese Translation." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 128, no. 1 (January 2013): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.1.133.

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To understand ferdinand oyono's 1956 cameroonian novel une vie de boy in its two chinese translations, first Understand that modern Chinese literature begins in translation. This is true with translation understood both narrowly and broadly. The first “modern” work of Chinese literature—that is, the first work of literary fiction published in modern vernacular Chinese—is the 1918 “Diary of a Madman” (), by Lu Xun (1881-1936), its title a reference to Nikolay Gogol's 1835 story, its narrative written in the vein of calls by Liang Qichao (1873-1929) for a “revolution in fiction” ( [“Foreword” and “On the Relationship”]), a revolution inspired by translation and the possibilities for fiction Liang was exposed to through translation. In the early twentieth century, fiction written in Chinese began to be foreignizing or, as James Holmes would put it, “mimetic” of foreign prose, “re-emphasizing, by its strangeness, the strangeness which for the target-language reader is inherent in the semantic message of the original,” fitting “a period when genre concepts are weak, literary norms are being called into question, and the target culture as a whole stands open to outside impulses” (27-28).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cameroonian literature'

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