Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Campagnes et batailles'
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Chaix, Bruno. "Conception et déroulement de l'intervention des forces franco-britanniques en belgique au mois de mai 1940." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010552.
Full textThis thesis analyses the background to the entry of the franco-british forces into Belgium on the 10 may 1940 to counter-attack the invasion of this neutral country by the Germans. The study focuses on the conception of the plan, itself the result of many strategic decisions taken between the two wars and of changes made during the phoney war, to reflect the attitudes of the Belgians and the Dutch who had remained neutral. After that, it describes its execution and explains why the plan failed with the allied being very quickly defeated by the german forces who prevailed over every strategic field. At the end of this analysis, the author suggests an explanation for this unexspected military defeat
Nicolas, Aude. "L’art et la bataille : représenter les campagnes d’Italie : (1800 ; 1859)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100188.
Full textThis work deals with a comparative analysis of military paintings representing the French Italian Campaigns (1800 and 1859), including drawings, photographs and sculptures when it is relevant. The parallel is established between artistic heritages and innovations from “a Napoleon to the other”, asking the artists’ willing of precision and military knowledge when they represented these events, so these works of art are studied in a different way focused on a military approach using iconography. Although the main work is in history of art, based on the analysis of formal handling and critical reception, the methodology resorts other sciences in order to examine the artworks composition and organisation in details: in that way, artworks are confronted to topography, strategy, tactic and also military heritage testimonies (uniforms, emblems, weapons…) and history they aimed to show. The work is divided in three parts, successively studying topographical representation (did the artists travelled to see the places and did they represented precise and recognizable geographical details?), the way of painting battles (how fights were figured at the beginning and in the middle of the 19th century, can regiments and tactical manoeuvres be identified correctly?) and heroic perception (how heroes were showed in 1800 and in 1859 and how artworks can be ranked, between glorification and realistic representations?)
Surleau, Jean-Claude. "Le raid de la Task force 38 le 12 janvier 1945 sur les côtes de l'Indochine et le contentieux militaire franco-américain en Indochine." Paris 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA030145.
Full textThis dissertation proposes to show that french indochina played an important part in the pacific war, both from the political and the military standpoints. It was the main cause of the conflict. In her coastal waters, american submarines sank a great many naval and merchant japanese ships, as well as french shipping. Indochina, meanwhile, was submitted to systematic american aerial bombing causing heavy damage and casualtyes and ruining the country's economy. Resentment clouded french-american relations. To which was added a severe problem created by the presence of aowned allied aviators in the territory of french indochina. One of these operations was the raid of task force 38 on the coast of fic of january 12 1945, the biggest and most devastating single-day air-carrier operation of the war. It had dramatic military and political consequences leading to the japanese coup of 9 march 1945. Moreover, this dissertation deals with the crucial problem of the american naval and aerial strategy in the pacific and the ascent of naval aviation before and during world war ii
Antier-Renaud, Chantal. "La Seine-et-Marne, un département dans la grande guerre 1914-1918." Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010633.
Full textThe study of what called "la grande guerre" in the Seine-et-Marne department, shows a peculiar situation in one of the Ile-de-France department due to its localisation. Indeed, this department very near from the front line, is twice (1914 and 1918) under the fire of the "battle of Marne". It has to accept the instructions from several authorities such as paris camp, the armies zone, the inside zone and the "etapes zone". The main difficulty comes from the constant evolution of these different authorities zones. The multiplication of civil and military authorities, as well as organisations created by the French government itself, increases the inertia of the economic activity (agriculture for most of it) and slows down its industrial conversion. It strenghens the economical, political and religious opposition between the north and the south of the department. In spite of censorship, the public opinion shows clearly its desagreement throughout the newspapers of all political tendances. Due to this particularly complicated situation, the general commanding the fifth region, has many difficulties in developping with its four departments (lLoiret, Loir-et-Cher, Yonne and Seine-et-Marne), the local economy requested by the war situation. In fact, these difficulties will remain at the beginning of the post-war period. After the war, the government's power is still strong, showing out the previous economy problems of the Seine-et-marne department, as well as briging up new solutions. Facing the war consequences, this department is looking for its independance toward Paris'developpment
Francia, Sylvain. "Le gouvernement et l'armée polonaise en France de septembre 1939 à juin 1940." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2009_out_francia_s.pdf.
Full textThis thesis is about the Polish government in exile in France from 30th September 1939 after the defeat in Poland and also about the Polish army on the French territory. This army took part with the French army to the battle of France from 10th May 1940 to 25th June 1940. Gen-eral SIKORSKI made Prime Minister of this government by President RACZKIEWICZ was the commander in chief of this army. There are three parts. The first one is about the Polish government in exile. The second one is about the army and the third one about the Polish Air force in France. The Polish navy didn't take part of the military operations
Moon, Jong-Hyun. "La guerre russo-japonaise (1904-1905) et une diffusion du péril jaune : une étude sur les rapports entre la guerre et la représentation des asiatiques." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA070091.
Full textThis research aims to analyze the war, focusing on its consequences in diffusing the Yellow Peril. Many novelists and poets along with thinkers and politicians, try to think this conflict other than in terms of struggle between civilization and barbarism as it seemed to be considered between1904 and 1905 what we now call a "clash of civilizations". I review the Russo-Japanese War in the context of the various events that have characterized the history of the world in the early twentieth century. Rather than regarding it as only a bilateral malter or as a military episode, I try to link it to some overall developments whose importance goes far beyond Russia and Japan. This war has not only provoked nationalist responses in Korea and China against imperialism, but also encouraged the anti-colonial movements in Egypt, India, Indochina and elsewhere. Hence, the Russo-Japanese War can be considered to have occurred in the transition period from imperialism to nationalism
Picaud, Sandrine. "La petite guerre au XVIIIe siècle : l'exemple des campagnes de Flandre de la Guerre de succession d'Autriche, mises en perspective dans la pensée française et européenne." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT3005.
Full textThe first treatises on the art of little war (a war consisting in skirmishes and ambushes which, between sieges and battles, filled the theatre of operations) were published in France from the mid-eighteenth century onwards. In order to study little war, it is thus necessary to look into the content of these tactical treatises in minute detail. And in order to describe little war, the first theorists drew the lesson of the French defeats in Bohemia in 1742, but also relied on the French victories in Flanders from 1744 to 1748. The evolution of the French little war into an art definitely dates back to the Flanders campaigns, thanks to Marshal de Saxe, who masterfully coordinated his various actions so as to make little war subservient to a global strategy. This is why it is most relevant to study the case of these campaigns--re-examined here from the specific perspective of little war. However, the topic goes beyond the mere scope of a tactical study. This work is a contribution to a larger study - that of an era's mentalities towards military issues
Cantier, Jacques. "L'Algérie sous le régime de Vichy : de la fin de la IIIe République aux lendemains du débarquement allié : le temps de la Révolution nationale." Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20076.
Full textXanxo, Christian. "Le Mittelmeerküstenfront : le plan allemand de défense des côtes méditerranéennes françaises 12 novembre 1942-15 août 1944." Perpignan, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PERP0757.
Full textCherif, Fayçal. "La Tunisie dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale : impacts et attitudes (avril 1938-mai 1943)." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040005.
Full textHauser, Philippe. "De Berlin à Prague, la carrière exceptionnelle du général Maurice Pellé." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010632.
Full textQuisefit, Laurent. "Le rôle de la France dans le conflit coréen 1950-1953 : contribution à une histoire diplomatique et militaire des relations franco-coréennes." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA070015.
Full textThe role of medium powers during the Korean War had been scarcely studied, except concerning Great-Britain and the Commonwealth members. France, in order to fulfil his commitments to the UNO and the NATO, led both a political and military action during the conflict. Hence, France voted the UNO Security Council's resolutions which favoured the constitution and the intervention of the UNO's Army in Korea, Gradually responding to the requests of his allies, as well as the UNO's solicitations, France, according to the UNO's decisions, participated in the conflict by sending a military ship, then an infantry battalion, despite France heavy involvement in Indochina. Indochina's war, which drained a large part of financial and military ability of France at the time, made necessary that the United States furnish an aid to France, which cannot afford alone the whole burden of this expensive war. Since American aid was of crucial importance for France, the involvement of French infantry troops consisted also to demonstrate the toughness of the French army as well as to prove France's fidelity to his commitments. The pugnacity of the French Battalion enhanced the status of the French Army in the eyes of the United States. American press, both civilian and military, mentioned exploits of the French Battalion in order to prove that United States were not fighting alone, and to show to the American people that they had tough allies. Concerning diplomacy, France adopted a faithful but moderating behaviour towards the United States, which allowed France to canalise and to amend the American initiatives, meanwhile manifesting a firm opposition to any hazardous decision. The French participation to the Korean conflict was also an opportunity to strengthen the relations between France and the United States, despite persistent divergences, and also, to found anew the relations between and France, reinforced by this new brotherhood in arms
Imreh, Nicolas. "Une "bonne ville" dans le feu des luttes des grands : Chartres à l'époque de la seconde guerre de religion, 1567-1568." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17660.
Full textLesueur, Boris. "Les troupes coloniales sous l'Ancien Régime." Tours, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOUR2041.
Full textThe first french colonial empire had appeared at the time of Colbert and had survived until the First Empire, despite 7 important wars. Since 1674 specialized troops were sent from the Navy to the colonies. A swiss regiment was added in 1719. The defence system was planned during Maurepas'time from the naval dockyard of Rochefort. The military collapsus which had occurred during the Seven Years war compelled Choiseul to give the responsibility at the Army. In 1772 the Navy recovered it by creating colonial infantry and artillery regiments. The system worked well during the war of American Independence. But the Revolution forced to adapt. New colonial demi-brigades in the West Indies succeeded in mixing white and coloured men, and slaves ; unlike the East Indies where the troops of the ancient times were maintained. At the end, The Consulate decided to remove of these adaptations of the colonial army
Haberbusch, Benoît. "La gendarmerie de l'Algérie de 1939 à 1945." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA040132.
Full textAmong the original projects of the Gendarmerie new history, this Ph. D. Dissertation brings a double reflection through World War Two and the Algeria. From the 19th Gendarmerie Legion Level, this study aims at defining the role of Gendarmes in the context of war on a colonial territory. It is organized in three chronological parts. The first part focuses on the organization, the missions and the personnel of the 19th Legion in 1939. It shows a rather successful example of the Gendarmerie model used in Algeria where it had to adapt to local specificities. This presentation of the Gendarmerie prior to the Conflict contributes to a better understanding of changes to comes. The second part studies the consequences of the 1939-1940 campaign, the armistice of June 1940 and the establishment of Vichy's regime on the Gendarmerie in Algeria. This part provides a sharp comparison with the situation in France at the same period. Though they played a role in mobilization, Gendarmes in Algeria only saw war in the distance. Only a few witnessed the collapse of France as they served in Gendarmerie provost restrained the strength of the Gendarmerie. With the new Vichy government also came a personnel purge and a deep reorganization of the force. The third part covers the November 1942-December 1945 period. First of all, it offers an analysis on how Gendarmes reacted to the Allies' landing in Northern Africa. Indeed, the operation had a double effect ont the Gendarmes' lives. On the one hand it changed the political environment in Algeria, and on the other hand it took the Franch Northern territories back to war. Secondly, this part explores the rebirth of local nationalism seen through Gendarmerie reports. These reports also provide a great insignht in the role played by Gendarmes during the "Constantinois" revolts of May and the way the revolts were repressed
Fournier, Ismaël. "Stratégie américaine et guerre hybride au Vietnam : les succès contre-insurrectionnels américains et le spectre militaro-hybride qui engendra l'impasse militaire au Vietnam, 1960-1972." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34416.
Full textThévenin, Michel. "Une guerre "sur le pied européen"? : la guerre de siège en Nouvelle-France pendant la guerre de Sept Ans." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31748.
Full textIn 1759, the Chevalier de La Pause, a French officer who landed in New France in 1755 and saw four years of war in North America, wrote in his diary: "The science of all war in Canada consists in the attack or defense of posts that close off or open up communication from one region to another. " This remark reveals the place that siege warfare occupied in the minds of European officers and in the conduct of war in North America. By extension, it also shows the importance of this particular method of warfare in the military culture of the European armies in the middle of the eighteenth century. This study analyzes the theoretical military model of siege warfare as practiced in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment and comparatively examines the French Army’s use of these methods in the Seven Years' War in New France.
Bergeron, Geneviève C. "Victoires au fort William-Henry (1757) : les alliés amérindiens et la guerre de Sept Ans." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28600.
Full textMathieu, Mickaël. "Revigny-sur-Ornain, Vaubécourt et la Première Guerre mondiale : histoire et mémoire dans deux anciens cantons ruraux de la Meuse (1914-2018)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0297.
Full textWorld War I strongly affected the department of the Meuse, crossed by the Western front line ... Verdun, the salient Saint-Mihiel and the Argonne still bear the scars of these years of fighting. However, further south, the former cantons of Revigny and Vaubécourt (gathered since 2014) also suffered the fire of the war. Nothing seemed destined to become a battlefield, but they found themselves on the front line of the first battle of the Marne because they are on the road of the two main cities Meus, Bar-le-Duc and Verdun, main stakes on this combat sector. The battle between the 3rd French Army and the 5th German Army is hard. In the end, the Germans are forced to withdraw, as on the whole front. They abandon the cantons of Revigny and Vaubécourt, also theater of the "miracle of the Marne", but with less notoriety in comparison with the rescue of Paris and "taxis of the Marne" ...After the Battle of the Marne, the two cantons, partly ruined, are found in the French rear-front. The line of fire is more northerly, but the effects of the conflict are still felt. Generals oversee operations on the Champagne and Meuse fronts. Military installations are erected to support and supply the combat areas. They welcome French and Allied soldiers on their way out and back from the front. The local population is forced to participate in the war effort, seeing its main resources made available to the French and American armies. During the whole conflict, the inhabitants of the townships of Revigny and Vaubécourt experienced difficult hours, under the sign of anxiety, privations and sometimes difficult relations with the military authority.After the armistice, tributes are paid to these territories for the suffering endured during the hostilities, rendered by the Nation through the two Meusian politicians of the time, Raymond Poincaré and André Maginot. The two cantons honor their inhabitants who died of the conflict, raise their ruins, but make disappear the traces, contributing to the forgetfulness of these combats and the events which occurred during the Great War in the townships of Revigny and Vaubécourt. It was only on the occasion of the centenary of the First World War that this story was partially brought to light
Arbarétier, Vincent. "La stratégie militaire de l'Axe en Méditerranée (octobre 1940-septembre 1943)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006IEPP0007.
Full textBecquet-Lavoinne, Claude. "Général Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach, 1888-1976 : un officier prussien face aux totalitarismes du XXe siècle." Rouen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ROUEL022.
Full textMember of one of Prussia's oldest and proudest military families, general Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach was torn between his oath of loyalty and his concern for the welfare of Germany, he chose the latter. At Stalingrad he was the only general who called for the disobedience of Hitler's orders, to save the 250000 men of the sixth Army. In September 1943, he decided to head a group of captured German soldiers and officers under Soviet sponsorship, in an attempt to achieve the war, to depose Hitler and to replace the Nazi regime with a lawful government. On 16/4/1944 Hitler condemned the "traitorous general" to death in absentia. Stalin decided to subvert the National Committee for free Germany and turn it into a cadre training school to staff Russia's anticipated share of Germany. General v. Seydlitz did not want to become a communist and refused another dictatorship for Germany. Back to homeland in 1955, he found himself anathema, thus he had proved his opposition, both to Nazism and Stalinism. He was rehabilited in 1995 but his biography between two totalitarianism still raises polemics
Umbdenstock-Roiron, Brigitte. "Lucain et l'Orient." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF20013.
Full textThe east appears through the fight opposing pompey and caesar. The acme is situated in emathian pharsalus. Pompey's army had a numerous intake of orientals, however the many terms refering to the eastern peoples all allude to the parthians, who didn't even participate in this conflict. So, the political context of nero's times shows through. Lucan would advise nero on internal and external political affairs. According to his views, a right-minded princeps should bring to a close the universal conquest that is the mission of rome and govern with the senate, in line with true republican values. After the death of pompey, the incarnation of the proficiens, the tone becomes accusatory ; nero's policies are denounced through the depiction of egypt. Thus, the matter of the roman form of government is linked to that of oriental affairs : the rule of the princeps must be rethought around a core of roman values and the oriental temptation toward tyranny must be rejected. Alexander, who fascinated nero, symbolizes the tyrant ruled by his passions. Yet the (historical and geographical) east is only seen through alexander's history and conquests. Lucan's perception of oriental politics is warped by his desire of seeing rome equal macedon, through a gubernator who would be endowed with all alexander's qualities without any of his faults. It is also bent by many cliches on the east, by lucan's sense of roman superiority and by the citizenship issue that unavoidably came with the extension of the empire and the multiplication of exchanges
Joncas, Gilles. "Winston Churchill : une analyse historiographique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28957.
Full textFassy, Gérard. "Le Haut-commandement militaire français en Orient (octobre 1915 - décembre 1917)." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010648.
Full textThe study of the French high command in Macedonia during the first world war must not be made only by divided sections. In spite of appearances, there is a coherence in action of the three successive commanders-in-chief (Sarrail, Guillaumat, Franchet d'Esperey), a continuous forward movement from the creation of the army of the east to the victory of Macedonia in automn 1918. Another objective of the thesis is to describe organization and to explain working of the french high command who becomes multinational as from august 1916, when the french commander of the army of the east is also the commander-in-chief of the allied armies of the east and must face specific problems
Heimburger, Franziska. "Mésentente cordiale : langues et coalition alliée sur le front ouest de la Grande Guerre." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0068.
Full textPrevious scholarship on the Allied coalition during the First World war has tended to stress the misunderstandings and distrust between the individuals representing their countries at high command level. There is an unexplained tension between this mésentente and the durable nature of the coalition and eventual victory of the French, British and Americans on the Western Front which leaves the lower echelons underexplored. By dialectically crossing communication practice and military logistics we can write a history which tells us both how these exchanges were possible and to what extent they contributed to the Allies' victory. Official and private archival material enables us both to read traces of language from the perspective of the history of international exchanges and also to understand choices in military logistics from the point of view of interpreting and translation studies. France and Britain had very different military language strategies throughout the 19th century. Secret negotiations between 1905 and 1912 established a strategy consisting of attaching English-speaking French soldiers to British units. From August 1914 these untrained military interpreters were put to the test and had to learn to position themselves among the British officers, French authorities and the local civilian population. Battlefield liaison and the handling of written documents were two further important elements in this fragile but successful balancing act which was further challenged in 1918 with the progressive integration of the US troops in the Allied operations and the shift from the trenches back to mobile warfare
Moné, Thierry. "15 mai 1940, le mercredi de La Horgne : de la mémoire à l’histoire. La campagne de mai-juin 1940 de la 3e Brigade de Spahis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040090.
Full textWednesday, May 15, 1940, in the small Ardennes village of La Horgne, west of Sedan, the troopers of the 3rd [Cavalry] Brigade of Spahis (2nd Regiment of Algerian Spahis from Tlemcen and 2nd Regiment of Moroccan Spahis from Marrakech) try to stop a part of the most modern Panzer-Division of the Wehrmacht. Commemorative History has focused on a 3rd Brigade of Spahis that was simply "annihilated" in about ten hours of fighting, but not before putting out of action a thousand German soldiers. For its part, the scientific History takes into account 50 Spahis and 31 German soldiers killed in action. More than 76 years after the fact, it is more than time to put an end to the legend of the "useless slaughter of 700 Spahis charging German tanks on horseback at La Horgne"
Thibault, Simon, and Simon Thibault. "Les réformes des systèmes médiatiques de la Bosnie-Herzégovine et du Kosovo, et les approches des responsables internationaux chargés de les mettre en oeuvre." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27951.
Full textThèse en cotutelle Université Laval, Québec, Canada et Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris – 3, Paris, France.
Durant les opérations de reconstruction qui ont eu lieu à la suite des conflits en Bosnie-Herzégovine (1992-1995) et au Kosovo (1998-1999), d’importants moyens ont été déployés par des organisations internationales pour réformer les espaces médiatiques bosnien et kosovar en vue de les dépolitiser. Ces réformes visaient notamment la création d’instances de réglementation des médias et la transformation du secteur de la radiodiffusion, qui s’avérait problématique en raison de la présence de médias relayant des discours incitant leur auditoire à la haine ethnique ou religieuse. Ces initiatives en matière de réglementation des médias et de réforme du secteur de la radiodiffusion ont nécessité des investissements considérables. Elles ont aussi généré des débats animés, qui ont révélé des divergences importantes entre les différents acteurs impliqués dans ces processus de réforme. En Bosnie, par exemple, l’élaboration de la loi relative au système de radiodiffusion publique a provoqué des échanges acrimonieux entre les responsables du Bureau du Haut Représentant et l’ambassade américaine. Au Kosovo, les initiatives de réglementation de la presse kosovare menées par l’OSCE et l’ONU ont été vivement critiquées par des ONG de défense de la presse qui les associaient à de la censure. Comment expliquer ces débats qui dévoilent différentes philosophies d’intervention en matière de réforme des médias? En procédant à une étude des théories normatives de la presse et de la littérature spécialisée, nous avons élaboré deux idéaux-types : l’« approche américaine » et l’« approche ouest-européenne ». Les caractéristiques de ces deux concepts idéal-typiques nous ont permis d’analyser les données recueillies durant notre recherche, incluant 50 entrevues, dont plusieurs avec des acteurs diplomatiques qui ont été au cœur de ces processus de réforme. Ce faisant, nous avons construit quatre propositions qui dévoilent les principales conclusions avancées dans cette thèse. Nous suggérons notamment que les approches des acteurs impliqués dans les processus de réforme des médias en Bosnie et au Kosovo peuvent être éclairées par certaines normes dominantes des environnements médiatiques aux États-Unis et en Europe de l’Ouest, ce qui permet une meilleure compréhension de leurs débats et leurs divergences.
Durant les opérations de reconstruction qui ont eu lieu à la suite des conflits en Bosnie-Herzégovine (1992-1995) et au Kosovo (1998-1999), d’importants moyens ont été déployés par des organisations internationales pour réformer les espaces médiatiques bosnien et kosovar en vue de les dépolitiser. Ces réformes visaient notamment la création d’instances de réglementation des médias et la transformation du secteur de la radiodiffusion, qui s’avérait problématique en raison de la présence de médias relayant des discours incitant leur auditoire à la haine ethnique ou religieuse. Ces initiatives en matière de réglementation des médias et de réforme du secteur de la radiodiffusion ont nécessité des investissements considérables. Elles ont aussi généré des débats animés, qui ont révélé des divergences importantes entre les différents acteurs impliqués dans ces processus de réforme. En Bosnie, par exemple, l’élaboration de la loi relative au système de radiodiffusion publique a provoqué des échanges acrimonieux entre les responsables du Bureau du Haut Représentant et l’ambassade américaine. Au Kosovo, les initiatives de réglementation de la presse kosovare menées par l’OSCE et l’ONU ont été vivement critiquées par des ONG de défense de la presse qui les associaient à de la censure. Comment expliquer ces débats qui dévoilent différentes philosophies d’intervention en matière de réforme des médias? En procédant à une étude des théories normatives de la presse et de la littérature spécialisée, nous avons élaboré deux idéaux-types : l’« approche américaine » et l’« approche ouest-européenne ». Les caractéristiques de ces deux concepts idéal-typiques nous ont permis d’analyser les données recueillies durant notre recherche, incluant 50 entrevues, dont plusieurs avec des acteurs diplomatiques qui ont été au cœur de ces processus de réforme. Ce faisant, nous avons construit quatre propositions qui dévoilent les principales conclusions avancées dans cette thèse. Nous suggérons notamment que les approches des acteurs impliqués dans les processus de réforme des médias en Bosnie et au Kosovo peuvent être éclairées par certaines normes dominantes des environnements médiatiques aux États-Unis et en Europe de l’Ouest, ce qui permet une meilleure compréhension de leurs débats et leurs divergences.
During the interventions that followed the conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) and in Kosovo (1998-1999), important resources were engaged by international organizations to reform the Bosnian and Kosovan media space. These reforms were aimed at the depoliticization of the media environment through the establishment of media regulatory bodies and the transformation of the broadcasting sector, which had caused concern due to the presence of propagandist media that were inciting ethnic and religious hatred. Media regulatory and broadcasting reforms implemented in Bosnia and Kosovo required significant investments. Most interestingly, these reforms caused heated debates that revealed significant differences of view among the actors involved. In Bosnia, for instance, the development of a law targeting the public broadcasting system generated a sometimes acrimonious debate between the Office of the High Representative in Bosnia and the American embassy. In Kosovo, initiatives to regulate the media by the OSCE mission and the United Nations were vigorously criticized by NGOs defending freedom of the press, arguing that such measures amounted to censoring of the media. How can we explain these debates, which reveal different intervention philosophies with regards to media reforms? In light of an analysis of the normative theories of the press and of the relevant scientific literature, we have developed two ideal-types: the “American approach” and the “West-European approach”. These two concepts facilitated the analysis of the data collected during this doctoral research. The data included the information gathered from fifty interviews, many of which were conducted with policy makers and diplomats that played a key role in these reforms. The data collection and analysis, achieved through an iterative process, allowed us to develop four propositions, which reveal the main findings of this research. We suggest, among other things, that the approaches of the actors involved in the media reform processes in Bosnia and Kosovo can be explained in light of some of the media environments’ dominant norms in the United States and in Western Europe, which clarifies in turn the different perspectives of these actors and the debates that resulted.
During the interventions that followed the conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) and in Kosovo (1998-1999), important resources were engaged by international organizations to reform the Bosnian and Kosovan media space. These reforms were aimed at the depoliticization of the media environment through the establishment of media regulatory bodies and the transformation of the broadcasting sector, which had caused concern due to the presence of propagandist media that were inciting ethnic and religious hatred. Media regulatory and broadcasting reforms implemented in Bosnia and Kosovo required significant investments. Most interestingly, these reforms caused heated debates that revealed significant differences of view among the actors involved. In Bosnia, for instance, the development of a law targeting the public broadcasting system generated a sometimes acrimonious debate between the Office of the High Representative in Bosnia and the American embassy. In Kosovo, initiatives to regulate the media by the OSCE mission and the United Nations were vigorously criticized by NGOs defending freedom of the press, arguing that such measures amounted to censoring of the media. How can we explain these debates, which reveal different intervention philosophies with regards to media reforms? In light of an analysis of the normative theories of the press and of the relevant scientific literature, we have developed two ideal-types: the “American approach” and the “West-European approach”. These two concepts facilitated the analysis of the data collected during this doctoral research. The data included the information gathered from fifty interviews, many of which were conducted with policy makers and diplomats that played a key role in these reforms. The data collection and analysis, achieved through an iterative process, allowed us to develop four propositions, which reveal the main findings of this research. We suggest, among other things, that the approaches of the actors involved in the media reform processes in Bosnia and Kosovo can be explained in light of some of the media environments’ dominant norms in the United States and in Western Europe, which clarifies in turn the different perspectives of these actors and the debates that resulted.
Fredj, Claire. "Médecins en campagne, médecine des lointains : le service de santé des armées en campagne dans les expéditions lointaines du Second Empire (Crimée, Chine-Cochinchine, Mexique)." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0127.
Full textThe dual nature of army doctors leads us to enquire into this profession as well as the scientific knowledge it engenders within the specific context of military campaigns of the French Second Empire, when both Army and Navy operate on very different grounds getting further and further away. Juxtaposing military history, history of medicine and the history of ideas, this research is done in the context of the relations between war and medicine and between extra-European and colonial medicines, not from a colonial history point of view, as -with the exception of Cochinchina -such expeditions were not planned as permanent features. How do French military medical doctors use their scientific knowledge to deal with a "medical unknown" and how their work was affected by local conditions in the dangerous context of military operations, thousands of miles away from their administrative HQ? The study of several such operations leads us to question the impact of the "here and know" campaign both on the formation of a professional team and on the acquisition of new scientific knowledge especially in the field of epidemiology. In what measure does the specification of a given terrain contribute to a totally new profession and where does this new profession fit in when it is by definition geographically periphery to metropolitan France in the same way that it is in the margins of the scientific standards of the time? How does it inform French medical knowledge in the 19th century? Because they operate within a specific military context, the work of medical officers is done within a written-word system, which gives them an identity as a professional, political and scientific group. Because they are both officers and medical doctors, their social-profession al group is often characterised in the outside world by social and intellectual mediocrity, something which should be qualified. Dispatched to far-away lands they contribute to the setting up of healthcare structures where they can administer medical care. The expertise gained away from home in contact with varied populations enables them to contribute in a very unique way to the advancing of medical science and, later, to earn the recognition of their profession by the medical establishment
Saffroy, Frédéric. "Défendre la Méditerranée (1912-1931) ou Le Bouclier de Neptune : la renaissance de la fortification côtière à l'expérience de la Grande Guerre : le cas méditerranéen." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0040.
Full textIn 1912, after over a century of disputes and while, following the Entente cordiale, the Royale concentrates its fleet in the Mediterranean, the French Admiralty and the Ministry of War did not manage to coordinate themselves to ensure coastal defences. The Great War, with the need of heavy artillery - taken over by the Army from coastal fortifications - and the danger of submarine war, lead the Parliament to force the two Ministries to agree with each other: in 1917, the French Navy is put in charge of France and French North-Africa coastal defences. After the Washington treaty (1922), and confronted to a threatening Italy in Libya and in French Tunisia, and with the security of Western Mediterranean as a priority, the French Navy designed a new program of coastal artillery. This program, based on conclusions drawn from the Gallipoli campaign, was one of the four parts of the 1923 Statut naval, presented to the Parliament by the ministre de la Marine Flaminius Raiberti. Supported by active Members of Parliament like Georges Boussenot, Louis Chappedelaine, Emile Goude or Gustave de Kerguézec, the Navy program gained support from the Parliament who provided the requested budgets, and encouraged the rational reorganisation of Navy bases defences. On the eve of the 30’s, the Mediterranean coastal defences program was secured and its implementation well commenced. Confronted to a rival if not hostile Italy, priority is given to the defences of Toulon and Bizerte naval bases, equipped with the most powerful artillery. The irony of fate was that it is against those coastal batteries that the Allied forces, including the French, had to fight during the 1942 and 1944 landings
Guillaumin, Jean-Yves. "Alésia et les textes anciens." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF20006.
Full textA study of ancient historical documents, latin and greek -mainly by Caesar, Diodorus, Strabo, Plutarch, Florus and Cassius Dio concerning what happened at Alesia in the year 52 b. C. A reconstruction from these texts of Caesar's campaign starting from Gergovia in the year 52, and particularly of the events that occurred immediately before the blockading of Alesia, namely the truce of the summer of 52, the romans' retreat, the battle of cavalry. A collation of the various locations put forward with the data of the latin and greek documents. An updated summary of the arguments supporting the Alise-Sainte-Reine location : the alesian tradition, onomastics, toponymy, topography and archaeology. An introduction to the method known as "identikit", worked out from the specifications in the ancient texts, and to the results it leads up to. As an appendix an account of several hypotheses, not widely known, put forward by local scholars
Boivin, Michel. "Les manchois dans la tourmente de la guerre, 1939-1945." Caen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CAEN1378.
Full textRivière, de La Souchère Muriel. "De Dunkerque à Nuremberg : le rôle des Anglo-Américains dans la libération de l’Europe au miroir de la télévision française (1949-2009)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0010.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the representation of the part of the Anglo-Americans in the liberation of Europe on French television between 1949 and 2009. Cut out in three periods, 1949-1963, 1964-May 1981, May 1981-2009, this work shows the influence, throughout the years, of different factors on the account of this moment in history. The analysis sheds a light on the fact that the representation of the part played by the Anglo-Americans in World War Two does represent a memorial stake within the French society: the moving importance given to the Anglo-American role in the liberation of Europe is significant to the links bound by the French with this moment of their history. In this thesis also lays the question of the impact of external influences on the shaping of the television discourse and of the role of this media as a vector of history and memory
Texier, Yves. "Gergovie : essai historique et critique sur l'identification du site." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CLF20055.
Full textVirtually official since napoleon iii, the localization of gergovia to the south of clermont-ferrand on the merdogne plateau confirms a toponymical and philological tradition dating back to the xvi century, seemingly confirmed, in its turn, by archeological research of the thirties and forties : but this was, and to this day still is, contested i in profit of the hills, known as the "cotes de clermont", immediately to the north of the town. The confrontation of these two sites supposes, in all hypothesis, that we aknowledge an authority of principle towards ancient texts, since they are anterior to any formal identification; it is therefore they who first dictate the condi-tions of an identification,be they topographical,military or archeological. It is true that,since symeoni,the argum based on toponymie seems to settle the problem at once in favour of the southern plateau. Nevertheless, if the disposition of the place pleads quite well in favour of this plateau, the reconstitution of the affair has always come up again apparently unsurmountable difficulties or contradictions. A re-examination of the question leads us, on the other hand, and this despite controls carried out before the war-to re-evaluate the conclusions of the second empire on caesarean works, and also to recognise the negative results of former excavations on the arvern oppidum. Thus we are led, working backwards, to weigh the arguments in favour of the cotes de clermont, arguments drawn from archeology, as concerns the celtic oppidum or caesarean works, or from philologie, for topographical or military facts, as a result of which we would be justified in lifting the toponomical objection and in asking whether, all things considered, the requirements for identification are not better met by the north site than that of the south
Texier, Yves. "Gergovie : essai historique et critique sur l'identification du site." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CLF20055.
Full textVirtually official since napoleon iii, the localization of gergovia to the south of clermont-ferrand on the merdogne plateau confirms a toponymical and philological tradition dating back to the xvi century, seemingly confirmed, in its turn, by archeological research of the thirties and forties : but this was, and to this day still is, contested in profit of the hills, known as the "cotes de clermont", immediately to the north of the town. The confrontation of these two sites supposes, in all hypothesis, that we aknowledge an authority of principle towards ancient texts, since they are anterior to any formal identification; it is therefore they who first dictate the conditions of an identification,be they topographical,military or archeological. It is true that,since symeoni,the argument based on toponymy seems to settle the problem at once in favour of the southern plateau. Nevertheless, if the disposition of the place pleads quite well in favour of this plateau, the reconstitution of the affair has always come up again apparently unsurmountable difficulties or contradictions. A re-examination of the question leads us, on the other hand, and this despite controls carried out before the war, to re-evaluate the conclusions of the second empire on caesarean works, and also to recognize the negative results of former excavations on the arvern oppidum. Thus we are led, working backwards, to weigh the arguments in favour of the cotes de clermont, arguments drawn from archeology, as concerns the celtic oppidum or caesarean works, or from philologie, for topographical or military facts, as a result of which we would be justified in lifting the toponomical objection and in asking whether, all things considered, the requirements for identification are not better met by the north site than that of the south
Moné, Thierry. "15 mai 1940, le mercredi de La Horgne : de la mémoire à l’histoire. La campagne de mai-juin 1940 de la 3e Brigade de Spahis." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040090.
Full textWednesday, May 15, 1940, in the small Ardennes village of La Horgne, west of Sedan, the troopers of the 3rd [Cavalry] Brigade of Spahis (2nd Regiment of Algerian Spahis from Tlemcen and 2nd Regiment of Moroccan Spahis from Marrakech) try to stop a part of the most modern Panzer-Division of the Wehrmacht. Commemorative History has focused on a 3rd Brigade of Spahis that was simply "annihilated" in about ten hours of fighting, but not before putting out of action a thousand German soldiers. For its part, the scientific History takes into account 50 Spahis and 31 German soldiers killed in action. More than 76 years after the fact, it is more than time to put an end to the legend of the "useless slaughter of 700 Spahis charging German tanks on horseback at La Horgne"
Gruszka, Sarah. "Voix du pouvoir, voix de l’intime. Les journaux personnels du siège de Leningrad (1941-1944)." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL170.
Full textA tragic but largely unknown episode for the Western public--and highly distorted on the Soviet side--the siege initiated by the Germans and their allies that Leningrad underwent for almost 900 days is a privileged observation field for studying the reaction of individuals to a context of extreme violence and pressure (the war, the blockade, Stalinism). The many personal diaries kept by the besieged --an extremely rich but still underexploited source--allow one to penetrate into their mental universe and thereby offer an invaluable insight not only on the history of the siege of Leningrad but more generally on the intimate experience of the Stalinist era in times of war. On one hand they let one see the role of diaries in infrahuman conditions (survival writing and testimonial aspect) and bring to light a singular way of narrating this experience (mass death, starvation, disorientation), joining as such the realm of disaster literature. On the other hand, they show the complex way Soviets react to a propaganda-filled ideological environment. The articulation of the three pillars of the Soviet ideology (collectivism, internationalism, heroism) by the diarists reveals a permanent tension between intimate and official discourses. It manifests itself by a wide spectrum of different stands, from total discredit to the internalizing the voice of the power. As such, the personal diaries allow us to refine our comprehension of the intimate experience of Stalinism, whose study often remains restricted to the 1930s
Le, Gac Julie. "Splendeurs et misères du Corps Expéditionnaire Français en Italie : (novembre 1942 - juillet 1944)." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DENS0061.
Full textBy fighting under the tricolour flag for the first time on European soil since the defeat of 1940 the French Expeditionary Corps (FEC) made an important symbolic gesture towards national recovery. The symbolism of this historical moment should not, however, obscure the difficulties behind it. This thesis presents a wide-ranging study of the FEC from the Allied landings in North Africa in November 1942 to the FEC’s withdrawal from Italy in July 1944. It not only examines military operations but also highlights the political and diplomatic difficulties faced during the FEC’s creation: the lukewarm public response to the levée en masse in French North Africa, the problematic amalgamation of Vichy’s Army of Africa with the Free French Forces and the uneasy relationship between French and Allied leaders, French diplomacy impeded by dependence on U.S. arms. French participation in the Italian campaign is also examined in the light of Allied debates on military strategy in the Mediterranean Theatre. Though a peripheral war zone, the Italian peninsula was the scene of a gruelling struggle. This thesis offers a detailed analysis of the combat experience: the violence of the war of attrition in the winter of 1943-44, the suffering of the combatants and the physical and psychiatric casualties. It also examines questions relating to soldiers’ leisure, discipline and colonial relations within the army. It then evaluates the role of the FEC in the liberation of Rome in June 1944, a victory tarnished by incidents of rape and looting. Ultimately, while the FEC marks a decisive step in the reconstruction of the French Army, it also reveals a growing rift between France and its Empire
Jouishomme, Bernard. "Le génie français et allemand en campagne sur le front occidental d'août à novembre 1914." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010637.
Full textIn spite of lessons from past experiences , command did not use the engineers correctly in the field from august to november 1914 , specially as far as lines of communication and field fortification are concerned in the offensive and defensive tasks. Six major wars took place from 1861 to 1912 , on different theaters of operations such as america during civil war , transvaal, the balkans, europe and far east. They showed that the engineers used varied techniques, mainly field fortification which allowed some armies to save personnel strength and produced to some other armies high casualties for underestimating the value of the factor terrain. In france and germany , the general doctrine was the offensive and the corresponding field manuals are in the same way , but command was not greatly concerned by the "fourth service". Training was generally well archieved in the engineer units but less efficient in infantry and cavalry ones. Equipments to carry out the missions were varied and basically well suited to the engineer and pioneer units with some superiority in the german army. Masses of about two million soldiers are going to face in august 1914 from alsace to belgium. The german imperial staff knows what he wants ; on the French side, the lack of informations and sometimes of decisions prevent command from having an overall plan. During four months of operations, sappers and pioneers carry out their mission properly but they are not always well commanded. Nevertheless , command of both side draw many lessons concerning the employment of engineers , organization and the manufacturing of different equipments. But will agreed sacrifices and lessons for the short and medium terms serve for future generations ?
Foucrier, Jean-Charles. "Le Transportation Plan, aspects et représentations : une histoire des bombardements aériens alliés sur la France en 1944." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040158.
Full textIn spring 1944, Allied bombing of France was to reach its maximum intensity since the beginning of World War II. Nearly two years after the great turning points in 1942, the military situation was now largely in favour of the Allies. The final defeat of the Third Reich now appeared inevitable. The preparation of OVERLORD, the renewed application of large-scale power on the European continent, faced strategic challenges and required novel techniques. A little-known scientist, Solly Zuckerman, a brilliant zoologist but also a civilian unknown in military circles, persuaded the Allied high command of the validity of his air plan. This “Transportation Plan” proposed to strike decisively at the French railway system in order to disrupt the flow of enemy reinforcements to the Allied beachhead during the landings. Daring by strategic innovation, risky by the obvious threat to French civilians, Zuckerman's plan ran immediately into the hostile scrutiny of the great chiefs of strategic bombing, who were engaged in their almost "private" air campaign against Germany. The issue of civilian casualties brutally shook politicians including Winston Churchill, and ultimately went back to Franklin Roosevelt. Unknown in historiography, the “Transportation Plan” represents a fascinating history of the preparation of the Normandy landings
Fournier, Ismaël. "La préparation pré-déploiement de l'infanterie canadienne avant le débarquement allié en Sicile : doctrine et entraînement des armées canadiennes et allemandes 1919-1944." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26015.
Full textSchöpfel, Ann-Sophie. "La France et le procès de Tokyo : l'Engagement de diplomates et de juges français en faveur d'une justice internationale 1941-1954." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0111/document.
Full textAlarmed by the magnitude of the atrocities perpetrated in Europe and in Asia, the Allies demonstrated their resolve to punish those responsible for such acts in 1945. From 1945 to 1948, prominent members of Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire were prosecuted at the Nuremberg and the Tokyo International Military Trials. In Japan, the United States invited France to participate in the Tokyo trial. This trial offered her an unexpected opportunity to build prestige in the Far East; during World War II, France had lost her richest colony, Indochina, and hoped to regain it. France wanted to prove that she was a nation of rights in Asia where decolonization was gaining ground. But it is hardly surprising that her delegates did not protect the national interest. On the contrary, they just wished to improve the fairness of the Tokyo trial. Based on unpublished sources, this thesis aims to understand their commitment to international justice. It sheds new light on the Tokyo trial and on the history of transitional justice
Rozenkov, Maksim. "La Grande guerre du Nord (1700-1721) et le destin des Suédois en Biélorussie et en Russie." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00944588.
Full textFoucrier, Jean-Charles. "Le Transportation Plan, aspects et représentations : une histoire des bombardements aériens alliés sur la France en 1944." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040158.
Full textIn spring 1944, Allied bombing of France was to reach its maximum intensity since the beginning of World War II. Nearly two years after the great turning points in 1942, the military situation was now largely in favour of the Allies. The final defeat of the Third Reich now appeared inevitable. The preparation of OVERLORD, the renewed application of large-scale power on the European continent, faced strategic challenges and required novel techniques. A little-known scientist, Solly Zuckerman, a brilliant zoologist but also a civilian unknown in military circles, persuaded the Allied high command of the validity of his air plan. This “Transportation Plan” proposed to strike decisively at the French railway system in order to disrupt the flow of enemy reinforcements to the Allied beachhead during the landings. Daring by strategic innovation, risky by the obvious threat to French civilians, Zuckerman's plan ran immediately into the hostile scrutiny of the great chiefs of strategic bombing, who were engaged in their almost "private" air campaign against Germany. The issue of civilian casualties brutally shook politicians including Winston Churchill, and ultimately went back to Franklin Roosevelt. Unknown in historiography, the “Transportation Plan” represents a fascinating history of the preparation of the Normandy landings
Miot, Claire. "Sortir l'armée des ombres.Soldats de l'Empire, combattants de la Libération, armée de la Nation : La Première armée française, du débarquement en Provence à la capitulation allemande (1944-1945)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLN041.
Full textBy writing a complete history of the First French Army from the Provence landing on August 15, 1944, to the German surrender on May 8, 1945, this dissertation aims to connect the military, diplomatic and political dimensions of this campaign with its colonial, social and cultural aspects. Born in North Africa from the fusion between the Free French and the so called ‘’Armée d’Afrique”, reinforced in metropolitan France with volunteers coming from the Resistance and with conscripts, it was an extremely heterogeneous army. Nevertheless it had to fulfill a challenging set of diplomatic, political and military objectives: to restore the national grandeur four years after the defeat and to get France a seat at the table with other victorious nations, to implement a national unity program and to deal with the aspirations for change coming from French society.In May 1945, these challenges had only been partially overcome. Even if its successes were tarnished by incidents of rape and looting, the French army was victorious on the battlefront and France obtained control of an occupation zone in Germany. Political and military tensions among soldiers decreased while they were fighting a common enemy. But peace brought these tensions back. The Post-War army was only marginally renewed. And as general mobilization was never decreed in metropolitan France, natives and Europeans born in the empire paid the harshest price to deliver the mother country as contestation of the colonial order increased. In 1945, the gap between the nation and its army, and between metropolitan France and its empire was wider than ever
Guinand, Julien. "Faire la guerre pour le roi aux portes de l'Italie : (1515-1559)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2109.
Full textWar in the royal army under Francis I and Henry II has long been perceived in historiography as poorly adapted to modern military requirements, which are closely associated with the use of firearms and the infantry. The weight of the chivalrous traditions and the lack of a complex military art seem decisive in this lack of innovation. On the other hand, another historiographical movement sees this practice of war as more violent and modern, with the use of foot soldiers and mercenaries giving rise to a culture of carnage and a level of savagery never seen before. It is thus opposed to medieval warfare, which was more controlled in appearance.This work questions the praxis of war of the king’s men and population in order to find the right level of their commitment. The Italian border, between the Rhone and the Po, in the southeastern part of the kingdom of France was chosen as the theatre of operations to be studied in this work. Its geographical marginality and the harshness of its relief offer an atypical situation to study the war in its complexity. Human, material, and logistical resources tested to their limits allow us to consider all the aspects of war. Everyone’s service can only be the result of a careful thought process. It mirrors the military imperatives and the expected war effort, and it is lived in both collectively and individually. It is not improvised by mere temerity. It is to be understood through the exchanges between men and State bodies comprising the Crown and the King. It thus reveals the organization of competences between the monarchical State and the local authorities. It updates their evolutions. Lastly, it concerns the crowd of people engaged in the military and non-combatants alike, who experience the ordeals of confrontations. The latter participated in making them live their conflicts through that of the king. This study is therefore that of a society at war confronting military conjunctures with its legacy and innovations, and it rejects the idea of a binary opposition between medieval war and modern war