Academic literature on the topic 'Campaign literature, 1844'

This essay, relying on a wealth of original sources, reveals for the first time the dynamic and personal relationship that evolved between Fredrick Douglass and Ralph Waldo Emerson from 1844 until the onset of the Civil War as they mounted a militant campaign against the heinous institution of slavery.

AbstractMost of the existing literature on the ‘Repeal Year’ agitation in Ireland explains the rise in popularity of the 1842–3 campaign for repeal of the Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland in political and religious terms. This article argues that, in addition, the British government's economic policy of reducing tariffs in 1842 damaged Ireland's agricultural economy and increased popular support for the Repeal movement. Using both qualitative and quantitative analysis, this article shows that the tariff reductions and import relaxations of the 1842 budget had an immediate negative impact on Irish real incomes by reducing agricultural prices. A negative relationship between these prices and the Repeal rent, together with the economic rhetoric of Repeal in favour of protection, indicate a link between the economic downturn and the rise in the popularity of Repeal. This article concludes that Peel's trade policy changes of 1842 should therefore be added to the traditional religious and political explanations as a cause behind the sudden surge in popularity of the Repeal movement between 1842 and 1843.

This study aims to reassess William Frederick Deacon (1799-1845) and his work Warreniana (1824) by demonstrating that although it is a work of textual parody, its apparent triviality conceals a sophisticated exercise in literary criticism, constituting a valuable contemporary commentary on Romanticism. The collection presents a witty and sophisticated exercise in criticism of the literature and style of its period, being composed of texts attributed to a selection of Romantic authors supposedly promoting a very trivial product: Warren’s blacking (shoe polish). Deacon thus acts as another Romantic critic, albeit a more original and unconventional one. Due to space constraints, this paper will focus only on the parody of the poetic style of British romantic authors. The parody of their journal style will be analysed in another article.

Abstract Starting with Andrew Jackson, presidential candidates in the United States used campaign biographies as useful political tools, and since 1824 no presidential election year has passed without a campaign biography. Martin Van Buren, President Jackson’s successor in the White House, became a target of a vicious campaign intended to prevent his election. His Whig opponents used a number of literary genres to slander him, including a mock campaign biography and a novel. The article focuses on the portrayal of Martin Van Buren in The Life of Martin Van Buren, allegedly written by Davy Crockett in 1835, and a novel named The Partisan Leader; A Tale of the Future, written by Nathaniel Beverley Tucker in 1836. Though being of different genres, these curious and obscure works have certain things in common - they were written under pseudonyms, their main goal was to prevent the election of Martin Van Buren and both of them failed in their goal.

In the last years, research investigating consumer behaviour and how their decision-making process has advanced and has become an important topic in the marketing society and literature. To advance the research further, this paper presents an extensive literature review of academic publications in the area of buying decision-making process in marketing and its status. Furthermore, the paper presents latest trends and themes that emerge there. Based on 24 journal articles, reports and marketing books, the core models and theories in this area were evaluated and discussed. Moreover, a framework of “moments that matter” in consumer decision-making process and factors that influence them was elaborated for a possibility to influence consumer behaviour in favour of company’s offers. Furthermore, recommendations for marketers were suggested for deeper understanding the consumer behaviour and their buying strategies to empower marketing campaigns and be a success in the market. The paper also suggests several directions for future research related to buying behaviour.

C’est à considérer le véritable tournant critique qu’a été, à partir du milieu des années 1840, l’entrée en scène d’une jeune génération d’admirateurs déclarés de Balzac, rompant du tout au tout avec l’animosité commune dans la critique du temps (Sainte-Beuve, Janin, Chaudesaigues, etc.), qu’est consacrée la présente étude. La formule de notre titre est celle de l’un d’entre eux, parmi les plus assidus dans son action, Champfleury, qui, reprenant en 1887 une expression déjà employée par Zola dans Le Roman expérimental (1881), a baptisé ces jeunes écrivains critiques au nombre desquels lui-même a compté comme des « fils de Balzac ». Malgré la complicité admirative qui les unit, ces jeunes écrivains de moins de trente ans ne forment point un groupe homogène, puisque s’opposent ceux qui font de Balzac le fondateur de l’école réaliste (Champfleury) et ceux qui ont plutôt tendance à voir en lui un « voyant » (Hippolyte Babou, Baudelaire, Barbey, Louis de Cormenin). Mais il se ressemblent par la sympathie filiale qu’ils manifestent, par la manière qu’ils ont de considérer Balzac comme une grande figure mythologique, d’être en quête de « renseignements » biographiques à son sujet, d’admirer en bloc La Comédie humaine tout en étant désireux de voir éditées ses « œuvres diverses ».

The article is devoted to the publication published in 1855 by Mikhail Mikhailovich Levchenko (1830–1891 or 1892) “Memories of the campaign in Hungary in 1849. (Notes of an infantryman)”. A member of the Hungarian campaign, infantry officer M. M. Levchenko (a little Russian patriot, later a well-known lexicographer and ethnographer) personally got acquainted with the life of various peoples of the Austrian Empire. The officer paid considerable attention to the East Slavic population of Hungary and Galicia — Ruthenians. Unlike other participants of the Hungarian campaign, whose diaries and memoirs were published, Levchenko was initially keenly interested in Slavs, so he clearly characterized the Ruthenians as “tribesmen of our Little Russians”. At the same time, despite certain knowledge in the field of Slavic studies, Levchenko’s text also contains obvious inaccuracies, which are analyzed in this article. Levchenko was greatly impressed by the nascent national and cultural life of Ruthenians, especially Galicians, and the development of literature and education. Apparently, Levchenko’s stay in 1849 in the lands of the Habsburg monarchy with an East Slavic population had a noticeable impact on all his further activities. Thus, it is noteworthy that Levchenko popularized in Russia the ethnonym Rusyn as a national name for all Little Russians and Ruthenians.

Juvenile associations in aid of foreign missions made their appearance both in the Church of England and in the Nonconformist churches in the wake of the successful campaign in 1813 to modify the East India Company charter in order to open British India to evangelical missionary work. The fervour which the campaign engendered led to the formation of numerous local associations in support of the missionary societies. In some cases these associations had juvenile branches attached. However, until the 1840s children’s activity in aid of foreign missions was relatively sporadic. Children’s missionary literature was almost non-existent. Such children’s missionary activity as did take place was confined largely to the children of church and chapel congregations; before the 1840s there was little perception of the vast potential for missionary purposes of the Sunday-school movement.

Введение. Представлен ранее практически не исследованный материал исторических очерков Е. П. Ковалевского, посвященных событиям Дунайской кампании. Цель – изучить жанровое своеобразие очерков Ковалевского с точки зрения их содержания (осмысления событий), формы (проблема повествователя) и определить их роли в литературном процессе 1850-х гг. Материал и методы. В центре исследовательского внимания – «Три главы из политической и военной истории 1853, 1854 и 1855 годов», написанные непосредственным участником событий и одновременно представителем официальных кругов. Материалы, опубликованные в «Отечественных записках» в 1856 г., рассматриваются в сопоставлении с изданным только в 1868 г. (по политическим соображениям) произведением «Война с Турцией и разрыв с западными державами в 1853 и 1854 годах». В работе использованы сравнительно-сопоставительный и культурно-исторический методы. Результаты и обсуждение. Очерки Ковалевского представляют собой важный факт одного из первых осмыслений событий Дунайской кампании на фоне замалчивания официальными кругами политических причин начала Крымской войны. Двойственная позиция автора-повествователя и специфика содержания определили своеобразие жанровой формы – синтез документального изложения с элементами очерка и рассказа. Заложенная в «Трех главах…» этическая проблематика (проблема героя, патриотизма) и их поэтика (описание природы, роль повествователя) расширяют горизонты творческих поисков автора и дают толчок в осмыслении, подаче нового материала (форма и содержание) современникам. Заключение. Выявлены типологические свойства исторического очерка в творчестве Ковалевского и его художественные особенности. Исследование очеркового жанра на примере «военных рассказов» Ковалевского дает возможность выстроить линию творческой преемственности в русской литературе (Толстой и Достоевский). Работа будет полезна ученым историко-филологического профиля: с точки зрения генезиса, синтетической природы очеркового жанра (идея патриотизма неразрывно связана с позицией автора и ролью повествователя) и литературно-фактографического контекста событий Крымской кампании. Introduction. The material of historical essays by E. P. Kovalevsky, devoted to the events of the Danube campaign, which was practically not studied before, is presented in the work. The aim of the work is to study the genre content of Kovalevsky’s essays and determine their role in the literary process of the 1850s. Material and methods. The research focuses on the work “Three chapters from the political and military history of 1853, 1854 and 1855”, written by a direct participant of the events and at the same time a representative of official circles. Published in “Otechestvennye Zapiski” in 1856, it is considered in comparison with the work “The War with Turkey and the severance with the Western powers in 1853 and 1854” which was published for political reasons only in 1866. The research uses comparative and cultural-historical methods. Results and discussion. The research shows that Kovalevsky’s essays are the first artistic interpretation of the Danube campaign events against the background of official circles’ silence on the political reasons for the beginning of the Crimean war. The originality of the author’s creative manner is shown in the synthesis of a documentary narrative with elements of essay and story. The problems of essays (the problem of the hero, patriotism) and their poetics (the description of nature, the role of the narrator) expand the horizons of the author’s creative search and give an impetus to understanding and presenting new material (form and content) to contemporaries. Conclusion. Typological features of the historical essay and its artistic features in the work of Kovalevsky are revealed. The study of the essay genre on the example of Kovalevsky’s “war stories” makes it possible to build a line of creative continuity in Russian literature (Tolstoy and Dostoevsky). This work will be useful for scientists of historical and philological profile: from the point of view of genesis, the synthetic nature of the essay genre and the literary and factual context of the events of the Crimean campaign.

Whig campaign strategists in the presidential election of 1840 developed new campaign tactics that included widespread use of campaign songs. They used these songs to sing the praises of their own candidate and policies while at the same time attacking the opposing party's candidate and policies. As early as 1842 these songwriters began writing songs in anticipation of the campaign in 1844. Prior to the nomination of candidates in May, 1844, the Whigs had published several songbooks including hundreds of song titles. In addition to supporting the candidacy of Henry Clay as the Whig candidate, the songs ridiculed several potential Democratic candidates including Martin Van Buren, John C. Calhoun, James Buchanan, and others. Whigs also used imagery to support their candidate and attack the foe. Despite extensive efforts to influence the election with campaign songs, no hard evidence exists that documents the effect of campaign songs, either positively or negatively.

During the presidential contest of 1884, Republicans used singing as a campaign tactic at rallies, meetings, and parades. Their songs may be divided into several categories, such as rally songs, songs of praise for the party and its candidate, "bloody shirt" songs, mudslinging songs, and issue-based songs. Songs provide a perspective on the overall tenor of the campaign, while a lack of songs on certain topics, such as temperance, reflects the party's reluctance to alienate voters by taking a strong stand on controversial issues. Although the campaign has often been called one of the dirtiest in American history, this negativity is not reflected in the majority of the songs.

L’objectif de la présente thèse est d’étudier la médecine (comprise au sens large, c’est-à-dire le monde des malades, de la maladie et des médecins) dans trois romans français du XIXe siècle, à savoir Le Médecin de campagne (1833) d’Honoré de Balzac, Madame Bovary (1857) de Gustave Flaubert et Le Docteur Pascal (1893) d’Émile Zola. Ce travail est divisé en trois grandes parties. La première partie, qui compte cinq chapitres, offre un tableau de l’histoire de la médecine, depuis ses origines jusqu’au dix-neuvième siècle, où sont abordés les méthodes diagnostiques et thérapeutiques, les théories et les pratiques médicales propres à chaque période historique. De même, y sont montrées quelques-unes des maladies qui sévissaient à certaines époques. Les cinq chapitres sont disposés en ordre chronologique, c’est-à-dire d’abord de la préhistoire au Moyen Âge, ensuite du XVIe au XIXe siècle, avec un chapitre par siècle. Dans la deuxième partie, j’examine les catégories professionnelles de la santé du XVIe jusqu’au XIXe siècle. Cet ensemble est, lui aussi, divisé chronologiquement, siècle par siècle, sauf la période comprise par la Révolution Française, le Consulat et l’Empire qui constitue un chapitre à part, comme il est d’usage dans les ouvrages d’histoire de France. Dans ces deux premières parties, mon étude est donc conçue sous une perspective particulière où la médecine et les sciences sont analysées historiquement. La troisième et dernière partie de la thèse a pour objet essentiel d’étudier trois personnages de médecins qui apparaissent dans trois romans de la littérature française du XIXe siècle ; à chacun d’eux correspond un chapitre. Précédant l’examen de ces trois figures fictionnelles, se trouve un chapitre qui s’efforce de fournir une brève synthèse sur les sciences et les techniques au XIXe siècle. La perspective de travail de cette troisième partie est analytique et historique. Le docteur Benassis, médecin de campagne et maire hygiéniste à la veille des années 1830 dans Le Médecin de campagne (1833) d’Honoré de Balzac, est le premier protagoniste examiné. Après une brève présentation de l’intrigue, je commence ce chapitre par une analyse du personnage, avant de montrer sa formation et son quotidien de clinicien, c’est-à-dire son train de vie, ses revenus et sa pratique médicale proprement dite. Puis, j’étudie les travaux hygiénistes de Benassis qui sont accompagnés de mises en contexte sur la France rurale et sur les théories hygiénistes qui prévalent à l’époque. Ensuite, est analysé Charles Bovary, officier de santé dans Madame Bovary (1857) de Gustave Flaubert. Tout au début, il y a une brève présentation de l’intrigue. Je commence l’examen de ce personnage par une courte introduction sur l’officiat de santé. Puis, s’ensuivent la formation médicale de Charles, ses revenus, son train de vie, les disputes corporatives qui apparaissent dans Madame Bovary et la pratique médicale de Bovary. Enfin, j’analyse sa compétence et son impéritie médicales. Le dernier chapitre porte sur Pascal Rougon, médecin et chercheur qui est le protagoniste du Docteur Pascal (1893), roman d’Émile Zola. Après avoir présenté brièvement l’intrigue, j’organise ce chapitre en trois parties principales. Tout d’abord, il s’agit de Pascal, médecin clinicien, c’est-à-dire sa formation médicale, ses débuts comme médecin, sa demeure, son train de vie, ses habitudes et ses cas cliniques, de même que sa renommée. Ensuite, je me penche sur les théories scientifiques auxquelles il se rattache et l’emploi qu’il en fait : les théories de l’hérédité, la peur de la dégénérescence et de la montée de la mortalité, ainsi que les théories hygiénistes. Finalement, j’analyse la pratique de chercheur du docteur Pascal: d’abord ses études sur l’hérédité ; ensuite, son sérum, remède universel ; puis sa double postérité (postérité intellectuelle et postérité par la paternité) ; enfin son credo scientifique et l’idéologie du progrès.
O objetivo da presente tese é estudar a medicina (em seu sentido amplo, ou seja, o mundo dos doentes, da doença e dos médicos) em três romances franceses do século XIX: Le Médecin de campagne (1833) de Honoré de Balzac, Madame Bovary (1857) de Gustave Flaubert e Le Docteur Pascal (1893) de Émile Zola. Este trabalho divide-se em três grandes partes. A primeira parte, com cinco capítulos, oferece um quadro da história da medicina, desde suas origens até o século XIX, no qual são abordados métodos diagnósticos e terapêuticos, teorias e práticas médicas próprias a cada período histórico. Da mesma forma, são mostradas algumas das doenças prevalentes em certas épocas. Os cinco capítulos estão dispostos em ordem cronológica, da seguinte forma: inicialmente da pré-história à Idade Média, na sequência, dos séculos XVI a XIX, contando um capítulo por século. Na segunda parte, examino as categorias profissionais da saúde do século XVI ao XIX. Este conjunto divide-se também cronologicamente, século por século, exceto o período referente à Revolução, ao Consulado e ao Império que constitui um capítulo à parte, fórmula usual nas obras de história da França. Em suas duas primeiras partes, este estudo concebe-se sob uma perspectiva particular, na qual a medicina e as ciências são analisadas historicamente. A terceira e última parte da tese tem por objeto principal estudar três personagens de médicos que aparecem em três romances da literatura francesa do século XIX. A cada um corresponde um capítulo. Precedendo o exame destas três figuras ficcionais, encontra-se um capítulo que se esforça para fornecer uma breve síntese das ciências e das técnicas no século XIX. A perspectiva de trabalho desta parte é analítica e histórica. O doutor Benassis, médico rural e prefeito higienista às vésperas dos anos 1830 em Le Médecin de campagne (1833) de Honoré de Balzac, é o primeiro protagonista examinado. Após uma breve apresentação da intriga, começo por uma análise do personagem, antes de mostrar sua formação e seu quotidiano de clínico, ou seja, seu padrão de vida, seus honorários e sua prática médica propriamente dita. Segue o estudo dos trabalhos higienistas de Benassis, que se fazem acompanhar de contextualizações sobre a França rural e sobre as teorias higienistas então prevalentes. Logo após, é analisado Charles Bovary, officier de santé em Madame Bovary (1857) de Gustave Flaubert. Inicialmente há uma breve apresentação da intriga. Na sequência, começo o exame deste personagem por uma curta introdução sobre o officiat de santé. Seguem a formação médica de Charles, seus honorários e seu padrão de vida, as disputas corporativas que aparecem em Madame Bovary e sua prática médica. Por fim, analiso sua competência e sua imperícia médicas. O último capítulo concerne a Pascal Rougon, médico e pesquisador, que protagoniza Le Docteur Pascal (1893), romance de Émile Zola. Após uma apresentação sucinta da intriga, divido o capítulo em três partes principais. Primeiramente, trata-se de Pascal, médico clínico, ou seja, sua formação e seu começo como médico, sua casa, seu padrão de vida, seus hábitos de vida e de trabalho e seus casos clínicos, assim que sua reputação. Em seguida, debruço-me sobre as teorias científicas que o norteiam e o uso que faz delas, incluindo as teorias da hereditariedade, o medo da degenerescência e do aumento da mortalidade, assim como as teorias higienistas. Por fim, analiso a prática de pesquisador de Pascal: inicialmente seus estudos sobre a hereditariedade, o soro que desenvolve, espécie de panaceia universal, depois sua dupla posteridade (posteridade intelectual e posteridade pela paternidade), enfim, seu credo científico e a ideologia do progresso.

Abstract Sequoyah, although lackingaformal education, endowed his nation, the Cherokees, with an eighty-six-character alphabet that allowed an entire people to become literate and record their history and culture in a way more lasting than the oral tradition. The only individual, working alone, ever to invent and perfect an entire syllabary, one successfully adopted ya whole society, Sequoyah is so invisible today few people know that the largest tree in North America bears his name (in a variant spelling). Sequoyah, inventor of the Cherokee syllabary, was born in the Cherokee town of Tuskegee in present-day eastern Tennessee, of uncertain parentage. He married Sally (maiden name unknown) in 1815, and they had four children. According to Emmet Starr’s History of the Cherokee Indians (1921), Sequoyah also married Utiyu at an unknown date; they had three children. Sometimes referred to as George Guess, or Gist, he was a silversmith by trade, but he had been a warrior. During the Creek War (1813-1814), he enlisted in Colonel Gideon Morgan’s Cherokee regiment and served three months. Accounts of the inspiration for committing Cherokee to writing vary, but Sequoyah revealed to Samuel Lorenzo Knapp in 1827 that his interest stemmed from the capture of a white soldier in a late-eighteenth-century campaign. His war party discovered a letter in the soldier’s possession, and the warriors debated