Academic literature on the topic 'Campaign literature, 1964'
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Journal articles on the topic "Campaign literature, 1964"
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WILLIAMSON, Piers R., and Miori NAGASHIMA. "Imagining Insurance in Japanese High Schools during the Era of Rapid Modernisation: From ‘Distrust’ to the Japanese ‘Spirit’." Social Science Japan Journal 22, no. 2 (2019): 229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyz012.
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AbstractIndividual private insurance is a risk-management practice that plays an important role in many people’s lives. Despite its prominence in industrialised countries, it remains an understudied area in Japan studies, where most work has focused on social insurance. Using insights from the governmentality literature, and in particular François Ewald’s concept of an ‘insurantial imaginary’, we examine the changing perceptions towards private non-life insurance during Japan’s period of high growth and rapid modernisation (1964–1992). While individual private insurance developed in Western Europe and the US over hundreds of years, it did not take off in Japan until the early postwar era. We argue that, like in Western Europe and the US, individual private insurance in Japan had to overcome normative resistance. The norms in Japan, however, were different. To illustrate this, we look at winning essays from an annual high school writing competition run by the Japanese insurance industry as part of a wide-ranging publicity campaign. We conclude that private insurance in Japan passed through four stages of moral understanding to successfully incorporate existing counter norms centred on ‘sincerity’ and ‘mutual aid’. What was initially viewed with ‘distrust’ ended up as a supposed manifestation of the Japanese ‘spirit’.
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Meiners, Norbert. "Economics of ageing: research area and perspectives." Quality in Ageing and Older Adults 15, no. 2 (June 3, 2014): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qaoa-07-2013-0020.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the latest findings on the economic potential of ageing and compare them primarily from a consumables perspective. The relevant question relating to this research was: What are the economic consequences of the demographic development in relation to consumer demand for products and services in old age? Design/methodology/approach – Narrative systematic publications were thoroughly reviewed and collated. A systematic search was carried out in journals, books, databases, the internet as well as within the scientific community from November 2012 to May 2013. Findings – A total of 115 relevant scientific publications were identified in this review (from 1964 to 2013). In order to gain an actual overview of the relevant literature, the results show the most recent publications from 2000 to 2013. Research limitations/implications – There are three limitations within this paper: First, the search process used only four databases. Second, this review only took into account publications in English and German. Therefore, the review may fail to encompass all published literature. Finally, this study did not endeavour to evaluate the methodological quality of each scientific publication. Study findings were taken as reported. Originality/value – This paper aims at analysing the economic potentials of ageing primarily from the perspective of consumption. The focus of this economics of ageing investigation is on the “demography-related” consequences in terms of the demand behaviour of the older consumers (the elderly as potential buyers). The paper deals with all the “silver economy” as a cross-sector campaign and research area for economics of ageing – a still fairly young discipline, both in science and in practical applications.
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Eversone, Madara. "Kampaņa pret abstrakcionismu un formālismu 1963. gadā. Latvijas Padomju rakstnieku savienības valdes nostāja." Letonica, no. 35 (2017): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35539/ltnc.2017.0035.m.e.43.52.
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Between 1962 and 1963 the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev launched several campaigns against abstractionists and formalists in Moscow, thus marking the end of the so-called Thaw throughout the Soviet Union. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Latvia also started a campaign against national abstractionists and formalists. On the 22nd and 28th of March 1963 the works of the new poets Vizma Belševica, Monta Kroma, Ojārs Vācietis as well as writer Ēvalds Vilks came under the criticism cross-fire at the Intelligentsia Meeting of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic. After the criticism from the Communist Party the above mentioned authors also had to be discussed at the Board meetings of the Latvian Soviet Writers’ Union and the local organization meetings of the Party. The article examines the attitude of the Board of Soviet Writers’ Union towards the campaign initiated by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Latvia in March 1963 by looking at the documents of the Latvian Soviet Writers’ Union and the Union’s local organization of the Communist Party that are available at the State Archives of Latvia. Crucial and artistic aspects of the works of the above-mentioned authors have not been included in the analysis. Examining the debates that evolved in the Writers’ Union within the ideological campaign, it is possible to state that the Board, which was loyal to the Communist Party, kept its official stance in line with the Party principles, hereafter paying special attention to the ideologically artistic achievements of particular authors. Generally, the position of the Board of the Latvian Soviet Writers’ Union in respect to the criticized authors can be evaluated as passive, because no repressions were carried out against the new authors and no creative activities were completely suspended by the Board. The campaign of 1963 strongly demonstrates the differences between the generations and the views of the writers. It also reveals the older generation’s struggle for keeping their position and prestige in the field of literature while the younger generation took an increasing opposition.
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Schaftenaar, Susanne. "How (wo)men rebel." Journal of Peace Research 54, no. 6 (October 18, 2017): 762–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343317722699.
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Previous studies find a strong relationship between armed conflict and gender equality, but only compare armed conflict to no armed conflict onset. However, opposition movements use different means to challenge governments, such as nonviolent or armed strategies. This study explores this variation and poses the question: How does the level of gender equality affect the onset of nonviolent campaigns and armed conflicts? It makes two contributions. First, I quantitatively test the impact of gender equality on different forms of conflict onset, and second, I propose a comprehensive gendered mobilization argument based on strategic choice theory. Nonviolent campaigns rely on mass participation, and the nonviolent conflict literature claims that they are open to a wider array of participants, including women, compared to armed conflicts. I argue that gender norms affect movements’ expectations of mobilization (mass or limited) as well as conflict norms (nonviolent or violent) in society, and subsequently, the choice of conflict strategy. I hypothesize that higher levels of gender equality, measured by fertility rate and female-to-male primary school enrolment ratio, increase the likelihood of nonviolent campaign onset, compared to both armed and no campaign onset. This study analyses country-year data from the UCDP and NAVCO datasets between 1961 and 2006 and finds that increases in gender equality are, on average, associated with an increased likelihood of nonviolent conflict onset.
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Emre, Yunus, and Burak Cop. "The 1961 Constitutional Referendum in Turkey." Sociology of Islam 3, no. 1-2 (August 25, 2015): 49–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00301002.
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The 1961 referendum on the new constitution was the first referendum held in the history of the Turkish republic. However, no deeper analysis of this phenomenon has been conducted in the English-language academic literature. This paper undertakes that objective. The new constitution was drafted and adopted under anti-democratic conditions. The post-coup era was a missed opportunity for instituting a stronger democracy. The referendum was the last nationwide vote in which traditional actors played significant roles in determining voting behavior. The notables and major landowners of the under-developed provinces led the masses to vote in favor of the new constitution. Starting in 1965, politics in Turkey became ideology-centered and class-oriented, thus causing the influence of traditional actors to diminish. Although the campaign for votes to support the referendum dominated the political scene in 1961, the electorate showed its distance from the coup anyway.
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Chasar, Mike. "The Business of Rhyming: Burma-Shave Poetry and Popular Culture." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 125, no. 1 (January 2010): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2010.125.1.29.
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This essay uses the example of the long‐lived and popular Burma‐Shave advertising campaign to argue that literary critics should extend their attention to the vast amounts of poetry written for advertising purposes in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Burma‐Shave campaign—which featured sequences of rhyming billboards erected along highways in the United States from 1926 to 1963—not only cultivated characteristics of literary and even avantgarde writing but effectively pressured that literariness into serving the commercial marketplace. At the same time, as the campaign's reception history shows, the spirit of linguistic play and innovation at the core of Burma‐Shave's poetry unintentionally distracted consumers' attention away from the commercial message and toward the creative forces of reading and writing poetry. A striking example of popular reading practices at work, this history shows how poetry created even in the most commercial contexts might resist the commodification that many twentieth‐century poets and critics feared. (MC)
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Chu, Tiffany S., and Alex Braithwaite. "The impact of foreign fighters on civil conflict outcomes." Research & Politics 4, no. 3 (July 2017): 205316801772205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168017722059.
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There has been a great deal of discussion about the large volumes of foreign fighters involved in civil conflicts in Syria and Iraq over recent years. Yet, there remains little systematic evidence about the effect, if any, that foreign fighters have upon the conflicts they join. Existing literature distinguishes between the resources fighters bring to rebel groups and the liability they represent in regards to campaign cohesion. We seek to establish preliminary evidence as to whether or not foreign fighters contribute to the success of the campaigns they join. Our multinomial logistic and competing risks regression analyses of civil conflicts between 1946 and 2013 suggest that foreign fighters are associated with a decreased likelihood of government victory. Furthermore, we offer partial evidence to suggest that foreign fighters from non-contiguous countries are more likely to help rebels achieve a negotiated settlement or to continue their struggle against the government, but not to directly help them achieve victory.
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Elvira, Carolina Bonilla. "Edward Paulino. Dividing Hispaniola: The Dominican Republic’s Border Campaign against Haiti, 1930-1961." Revista Iberoamericana, no. 265 (November 27, 2018): 1235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/reviberoamer.2018.7695.
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Nekrasov, I. "Russian Russian-Japanese war of 1904–1905 in the works of Russian literature of the beginning of the XX century (on the example of L. Andreev's story “Red laughter” and the story of V. Veresaev “On the Japanese war”)." Voprosy kul'turologii (Issues of Cultural Studies), no. 6 (July 1, 2020): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-01-2006-07.
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In the paper, the author considers the reflection of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 in the works of famous Russian writers of the 19–20th centuries. The heavy and ill-prepared military campaign against Japan, which Russia waged in Manchuria, led to unjustified losses and unsuccessful battles for the Russian army.
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Hirshfield, Claire. "The Actresses' Franchise League and the Campaign for Women's Suffrage 1908–1914." Theatre Research International 10, no. 2 (1985): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030788330001066x.
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In the great suffrage campaign waged in the decade preceding the First World War, women established a multitude of organizations in order to exert collective pressure upon a reluctant House of Commons. Some, such as the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), which was founded by Emmeline Pankhurst, favored confrontational tactics and resorted to occasional violence against property, as a means of attracting notice to the cause. Others, most notably the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) over which Mrs Millicent Fawcett presided, defined themselves as ‘constitutional’ and utilized the classic methods of persuasion and lobbying, in preference to the more dramatic tactics of their ‘militant’ sisters. Between the extremes of the WSPU and the NUWSS were numerous organizations composed of women activists of varying backgrounds, occupations, and views, sharing nonetheless a common dedication to the principle of female enfranchisement and caught up in the excitement and pageantry of a campaign which at times appeared almost religious in tone and character.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Campaign literature, 1964"
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Horan, Marion. "Trafficking in danger working-class women and narratives of sexual danger in English and United States anti-prostitution campaigns, 1875-1914 /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
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Christin-Veyrenche, Sonia. "Percezione e visione del paesaggio nel cinema italiano da Sole a Deserto rosso (1929-1964) : le concordanze e le autonomie del rapporto con la letteratura." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100017.
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Le paysage représente un point de rencontre entre un modèle culturel et une perception. Ils existent deux types de paysages : celui que l’on peut concevoir comme objet d’observation et qui renvoie à un paysage pictural et artistique ; et le paysage vu en tant « qu’espace vécu » et qui appartient au domaine du paysage géographique. La littérature tout comme le cinéma, se sont depuis toujours intéressés à l’importance du paysage. Le regard que le cinéma porte sur le paysage fait référence à de nombreux modèles culturels, artistiques, littéraires et sociaux qui connaissent une évolution constante. Notre travail porte sur la perception et sur les visions du paysage qu’offrent les œuvres littéraires et cinématographiques italiennes entre 1929 et 1964. La thèse se fonde sur les théoriciens du paysage et des critiques cinématographiques et littéraires et tente de mettre en évidence les diverses fonctions (identitaires culturelles, symboliques et esthétiques) du paysageThe landscape represents a meeting point between a cultural model and people’s perception of the world. There are two types of landscape: one, conceived as object of observation which refers to a pictorial and artistic landscape, and other, seen as a lived space, part of the field of geographical landscape. Literature, as well as cinema, is mindful of the importance of the landscape. The regard cinema addresses to the landscape refers to several cultural, artistic, literary and social patterns, all of which are in constant evolution. Our study will focus on the perception and vision of the landscape displayed in Italian literary and cinematographic works between 1929 and 1964. Based on landscape theoreticians and critics of film and literature, we attempted to outline the various functions (cultural identity, symbolic, aesthetic) assumed by the landscape itself
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Felten, Georges. "Explosions en rase campagne. Narration, description et leurs implications esthético-politiques dans deux textes d’Arno Schmidt et de Peter Weiss." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040171.
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Considérées, aujourd’hui, comme des œuvres majeures de la littérature allemande du XXe siècle, Scènes de la vie d’un faune et L’Ombre du corps du cocher sont, à l’origine, deux textes pour le moins à part dans le paysage littéraire allemand du début des années 1950 – au point que celui de Weiss n’a même pas trouvé d’éditeur avant 1960. La présente étude analyse les deux récits autodiégétiques à partir des traits saillants suivants : leur dispositif d’énonciation à double voix (narrateur vs. instance auctoriale non anthropomorphe), leurs réseaux de métaphores à valeur poétologique, et surtout les multiples interactions entre le foisonnement des microséquences descriptives et les macroséquences narratives quelque peu occultées par les premières, mais toujours indéniablement présentes. Dès lors, l’analyse dégage les implications esthético-politiques de chacun des deux textes ; en résonance avec des intertextes soit romantiques et d’ordre mythique (pour Scènes de la vie d’un faune), soit surréalistes et freudiens (pour L’Ombre du corps du cocher), chacun soulève une question ‘explosive’ en ce qu’elle est négligée ou évitée par la production littéraire allemande dominante de ces années-là. L’idylle convulsive d’Arno Schmidt : Quel est le prix à payer pour un récit fictionnel traitant de l’époque national-socialiste qui ne veut pas renoncer au plaisir de la métaphore ? Le psychodrame chosifié de Peter Weiss : Quelles zones la littérature allemande de l’après-guerre laisse-t-elle dans l’ombre en se tournant entièrement vers le recensement du monde extérieur et en optant pour un langage prétendument univoque, apposant des contours stables au réel ?Today, Scenes from the Life of a Faun and The Shadow of the Coachman’s Body are considered as major works of the 20th century German literature ; originally however, at the beginning of the 1950s, they were rather isolated in the German-language literary landscape – to such an extent that Peter Weiss’ text was not even published until 1960. The present work analyses the two auto-diegetic narratives by choosing the following axes of comparison : the tension between the narrator’s voice and the voice of the authorial, non anthropomorphic instance ; the networks of metaphors with poetological implications and, above all, the interaction between the abounding descriptive micro-sequences and the narrative macro-sequences, somewhat hidden behind the descriptions but nonetheless and undeniably present. By following these tracks, the analysis shows the aesthetic-political implications of the two texts ; echoing with either romantic and myth-like (as far as Scenes from the Life of a Faun is concerned) or surrealist and Freudian (The Shadow of the Coachman’s Body) intertexts, each of the texts raises a specific ‘explosive’ question, neglected or avoided by the dominant literary production. Thus, Arno Schmidt’s convulsive idyll asks : What is the price to pay for a fictional narrative about the Nazi-years if it is not willing to give up the pleasures of the metaphor ? And Peter Weiss’ matter-of-fact psycho-drama : What is it that post-war German literature keeps out by focusing entirely on the outlines of the exterior world and by relying on a supposedly non-metaphorical language with stable meanings ?
Books on the topic "Campaign literature, 1964"
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N, Babenko V. Otechestvennai͡a︡ voĭna 1812 g.: Ukazatelʹ sovetskoĭ literatury 1962-1987 gg. Moskva: Akademii͡a︡ nauk SSSR, In-t nauch. informat͡s︡ii po obshchestvennym naukam, 1987.
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The people's voice: An annotated bibliography of American presidential campaign newspapers, 1828-1984. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987.
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O'Neill, Robert John. World War II: Northwest Europe, 1944-1945. New York: Rosen Pub., 2010.
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Selling Canada: Three propaganda campaigns that shaped the nation. Vancouver: Stanton Atkins & Dosil Publishers, 2011.
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Jaeyong, Kim. "Modern Korean Literature and Manchukuo." In Manchukuo Perspectives, 285–93. Hong Kong University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528134.003.0019.
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This chapter provides a general overview of how Korean writers in Manchukuo envisioned their new role as intellectuals, expressed in political views that often continued into the post-war period with the division of the Korean peninsula into North and South during the emerging Cold War. Deepening state intervention through the naisen-ittai [Korea and Japan as One Body] campaign in the late 1930s also forced Korean writers to take sides amidst imperial Japanese occupation. The lives and works of writers including Yeom Sang-seop (1897-1963) Ri Ki-yong (1896-1984), and Han Seol-ya (1900-1976), among others, will be examined.
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Rozenbaum, WŁodzimierz. "The Anti-Zionist Campaign in Poland of 1967‒1968: Documents." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 16, 491–504. Liverpool University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774730.003.0029.
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This chapter describes the anti-Zionist campaign in Poland of 1967-1968. The anti-Zionist campaign in Poland which culminated in March of 1968 has been given much attention in the last few years by historians. However, for the most part, published works have focused on anecdotal evidence rather than analysis, mainly because of restricted access to the archives, lack of familiarity with primary sources, and insufficient knowledge of the period. Moreover, the Jewish aspect of the events of March of 1968 has been relegated to the status of an almost secondary, ‘embarrassing’ factor, and the authentic heroes of the events who chose to remain in Poland ‘Polonized’ the character of these events in their own recollections and analyses. A monograph by Dariusz Stola, a historian at the Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk (Institute of Political Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences) in Warsaw, is a remarkable departure from the standard literature on the subject published to date. Stola sets the record straight in his introduction, referring to the perverse character of the anti-Zionist campaign. Stola maintains—and the documentation he has assembled bears him out—that Polish political leaders had no qualms about applying racist criteria when launching the anti-Zionist campaign.
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Laws, Meghan, Richard Ntakirutimana, and Bennett Collins. "‘One Rwanda For All Rwandans’: (Un)covering the Twa in Post-Genocide Rwanda." In Rwanda Since 1994, 125–44. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786941992.003.0008.
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The leading academic literature on Rwanda tends to focus on the Hutu-Tutsi dichotomy, either directly or indirectly, thus resigning the historical narratives of the Twa to a footnote, permanently buried in history. Based on interviews and focus groups, as well as personal testimony provided by three Twa civil society leaders, this chapter explores Twa perceptions and experiences of national unity and reconciliation during the post-genocide period. As a component of this, our chapter examines popular perceptions of the Historically Marginalized Peoples (HMP) label, a quasi-legal category generally associated with the Twa, within the broader framework of the government's unity-building and reconciliation campaign. This snapshot of Twa interactions with government policy and practice shows that Twa often feel excluded from efforts to foster national pride, unity and reconciliation. Equally, the majority of Twa object to the use of the HMP label, and many emphasize the continued relevance of Twa identity and culture at a community level.
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Battisti, Danielle. "The Deep Roots of White Ethnicity, 1965 and Beyond." In Whom We Shall Welcome, 235–42. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823284399.003.0009.
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The conclusion examines the impact Italian American involvement in immigration reform campaigns and interactions with Italian newcomers had on their racial and ethnic identities in the postwar period. The prevailing literature in the field contends that white ethnic revivals in the late twentieth century emerged primarily as a backlash to the Civil Rights Movement as groups like Italian Americans attempted to distance themselves from the nation’s history of racial oppression and articulated their culture of white ethnic grievance in response to minority rights movements. This chapter, however, suggests an earlier chronology and more diverse origins for the roots of those ethnic revivals.
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von der Goltz, Anna. "From Berlin to Saigon and Back." In The Other '68ers, 143–80. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849520.003.0005.
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This chapter argues that centre-right activists had a distinct internationalist imagination. In spite of an ever-growing literature on the Global 1960s, we know surprisingly little about how centre-right activists conceived of the global. This chapter broadens—and ultimately hopes to correct—our view of student internationalism around 1968 by showing that the centre-right also looked beyond the borders of the Federal Republic. It explores three areas on their ‘mental map’ in detail: the powerful ways in which the Cold War binary structured the centre-right’s view of the world; the (Western) European ties of conservative and centre-right student groups; and, finally, their campaigns for human rights in the wake of 1968.
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Gibson, Rachel K. "The Late Bloomer." In When the Nerds Go Marching In, 134–67. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195397789.003.0007.
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This chapter examines developments in digital campaigning in France during the period 1994–2012. It does so by reviewing the findings from the secondary literature, and conducting original analysis of web content and national survey data. These data sources build a picture of key changes in the supply and demand for digital campaigning in France, and particularly whether they fit the four-phase model of development. The results show that French parties and voters were slower than their UK and Australian counterparts in engaging with web campaigning. The inertia was due in part to the presence of the rival digital infrastructure Minitel and extensive regulations governing campaign communication in France. The direct importation of US expertise from the Obama 2008 campaign saw a rapid acceleration of party usage, with the Socialists proving the most enthusiastic adopters. The response of voters, however, still proved less enthusiastic than for the other cases studied.
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Gibson, Rachel K. "The Early Bloomer." In When the Nerds Go Marching In, 107–33. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195397789.003.0006.
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This chapter examines developments in digital campaigning in Australia from 1994 to 2013. It does so by reviewing the findings from the secondary literature, and conducting original analysis of web content and national survey data. These data sources build a picture of key changes in the supply and demand for digital campaigning in Australia and particularly whether they fit the four-phase model of development. The results show that digital campaigning has broadly followed the anticipated cycle with parties making a strong early start. However, efforts slowed considerably following a highly publicized failure by prominent right-wing state politician and web campaigner Jeff Kennett. Much of the subsequent innovation appears to have been driven by the mainstream left and also the non-party online activist group GetUp!
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Bednarz, Sarah W., and Roger M. Downs. "Geography Education." In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0041.
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The evolution of the profession of geography as an academic discipline has been intertwined with the teaching of geography in schools and colleges (Warntz 1964; Blouet 1981; Cormack 1997; Douglas 1998). Even today, the largest proportion of members of the Association of American Geographers (AAG) is employed in higher education and is charged with teaching high school graduates. The short-term fortunes of academic Departments of Geography are a direct function of student credit hours generated. Therefore, the long-term viability of Departments is a function of significant numbers of students being willing—or required—to take college geography courses. Motivation for optional or mandatory participation in geographic learning at all levels of instruction is a cause of and a response to society’s valuation of geographic knowledge. Over the past two decades, American society has placed an increasing value on geographic literacy, although what it means to be geographically literate remains subject to debate. In this chapter, we use the definition from the National Geography Standards (hereafter referred to as the Standards) (Geography Education Standards Project 1994: 34), “The outcome of Geography for Life is a geographically informed person (1) who sees meaning in the arrangement of things in space; (2) who see relations between people, places, and environments; (3) who uses geographic skills; and (4) who applies spatial and ecological perspectives to life situations.” The increasing valuation of geographic knowledge has been facilitated by an infrastructure ranging from the National Geographic Society’s (NGS) state alliance network to the AAG’s Commission on College Geography, publicized through activities such as the National Geographic Bee, and Environmental Science Research Institute (ESRI)’s “Geography Matters” campaign, and codified through public commitment to programs such as the Standards and the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). In light of the changing role of geography in American society, the Geography Education Specialty Group (GESG) adopted a revised mission statement in 1999. Its goal is, “To promote research on the lifelong development of knowledge about the world through geography; to develop the theory and foster the practice of teaching and learning geography in formal and informal educational contexts; and to be an advocate for geographic literacy” (AAG GESG 1999: 1).