Academic literature on the topic 'Campaign literature, 1972'

1975 seems light years away. In parts of the field of Byzantine studies, at any rate, the world has shifted, and perhaps most of all in that contested territory of early Byzantium, otherwise known as late antiquity. The first issue ofByzantine and Modern Greek Studieswas published only four years after Peter Brown’sThe World of Late Antiquity,1and before the ‘explosion’ of late antiquity.2This was also the start of another explosion: the emergence of late antique archaeology as a discipline, leading to its vast expansion and the enormous and ever-growing amount of material available today. For the first time, John Hayes'sLate Roman Pottery(1972) enabled reliable dating criteria for the ceramic evidence that became the foundation of a new understanding of trade and economic life.3The UNESCO Save Carthage campaign, a landmark in the reliable recording of excavations of the late antique period, began in the following year, and since then the growth in data has been exponential.

Abstract To persuade the electorate to vote ‘Yes’ in the June 1975 referendum on the United Kingdom’s membership of the European Economic Community, Britain in Europe, the pro-European campaign organization, adopted a pragmatic approach, focusing on the economic benefits of membership and warning about the potentially grave consequences of withdrawal. Importantly, they avoided discussing proposed future advances in European integration. However, this theme was of importance to pro-European youth and student campaign groups—the subject of this article. Through a detailed analysis of their campaign literature, this article further transforms understanding of the 1975 referendum and, especially, the nature of the ‘Yes’ campaign by demonstrating how radical youth groups’ arguments for continued membership were. It argues that young activists yearned to discuss sovereignty and deeper integration in great detail as they offered idealistic visions for how the EEC could develop and benefit Britain. The article also advances knowledge of youth politics in the turbulent 1970s. Greater light is shone on the frustration pro-European youth groups felt towards the main Britain in Europe campaign. Meanwhile, it serves as a case study on the extent to which the perspectives of party-political youth groups and their superiors differed on a specific, highly salient policy issue.

Abstract There have been a number of milestones in the (re-)writing of the history of the Gallipoli campaign (1915). First, the dominant Turkish nationalist historiography ‘Turkified’ the victory of the Ottoman Imperial Army. Narratives of the 1930s were also constructed in such a way that the presence of Mustafa Kemal (later Atatürk) was used as a bridge to attach the Gallipoli campaign of 1915 to the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922). In later years, Islamist poets such as Mehmet Akif wrote poems presenting the campaign as a kind of ‘Resistance of Islam against the Infidel’. However, it was not until the mid-1990s that the Gallipoli campaign came to be framed as an ‘Invasion of Crusaders into the House of Islam’. This new narrative reflects a jihadist revision. In this article, these trends will be analysed within the framework of operations of political power in both civil society and the state.

Between 1962 and 1963 the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev launched several campaigns against abstractionists and formalists in Moscow, thus marking the end of the so-called Thaw throughout the Soviet Union. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Latvia also started a campaign against national abstractionists and formalists. On the 22nd and 28th of March 1963 the works of the new poets Vizma Belševica, Monta Kroma, Ojārs Vācietis as well as writer Ēvalds Vilks came under the criticism cross-fire at the Intelligentsia Meeting of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic. After the criticism from the Communist Party the above mentioned authors also had to be discussed at the Board meetings of the Latvian Soviet Writers’ Union and the local organization meetings of the Party. The article examines the attitude of the Board of Soviet Writers’ Union towards the campaign initiated by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Latvia in March 1963 by looking at the documents of the Latvian Soviet Writers’ Union and the Union’s local organization of the Communist Party that are available at the State Archives of Latvia. Crucial and artistic aspects of the works of the above-mentioned authors have not been included in the analysis. Examining the debates that evolved in the Writers’ Union within the ideological campaign, it is possible to state that the Board, which was loyal to the Communist Party, kept its official stance in line with the Party principles, hereafter paying special attention to the ideologically artistic achievements of particular authors. Generally, the position of the Board of the Latvian Soviet Writers’ Union in respect to the criticized authors can be evaluated as passive, because no repressions were carried out against the new authors and no creative activities were completely suspended by the Board. The campaign of 1963 strongly demonstrates the differences between the generations and the views of the writers. It also reveals the older generation’s struggle for keeping their position and prestige in the field of literature while the younger generation took an increasing opposition.

In 1968, an antisemitic campaign, launched by the Polish government, caused around 13,000 Jews to leave Poland. About 2500 of these refugees came to Denmark, while only about 25 ended up in Norway. The migration to Norway could potentially have reached low hundreds, but as oral-history sources indicate, the Jewish congregation in Oslo turned down a government initiative in 1969. Based on written and oral sources, and secondary literature, I argue that there was an equally important factor differentiating the two countries. Comparing the Danish and Norwegian refugee reception policies, the article finds that Danish authorities and their NGO partners at decisive stages in the process were more proactive than their Norwegian counterparts in their efforts to persuade Polish Jews to come. The most critical point was in June 1969, when Denmark’s embassy in Warsaw started issuing Jews with automatic visas, while Norway retained its existing application process.

The essay sets off by arguing that since the 1950s, there has been a growing enthusiasm in political advertising discourse. This was because political advertising became prominent as an effective communicative and publicity tool in the 1952 U.S. presidential election campaign when Dwight D. Eisenhower deployed its instruments to win the most prestigious and highest political post in the U.S. (Reece 2003). Since that time, several rhetorical strategies have been adopted by politicians all over the world to cast and communicate political messages to their various audiences. Most previous research efforts appear to be in the monolingual or L1 settings (e.g. Chilton and Schäffner 1997; Obeng 1997). In this study, we examine how Nigerian politicians demonstrate their bilingual creativity in an innovative manner, employing linguistic facilities to publicise and sell their political programmes, especially in the use of media multilingualism, a novel persuasive strategy that has come to characterise political campaign texts. Specifically, we consider this recent phenomenon in Nigerian political discourse in which political candidates ‘marry’ and exploit the resources of both the exogenous (English) and indigenous languages (and sometimes along with pidgin) in the same campaign texts in order to woo voters. So the term ‘media multilingualism’ here is taken to be the variety of code-mixing and codeswitching in written political texts. The paper thus examines inter/intrasententially code-mixed facts found in the written campaign texts and discusses their functional implications especially as part of the discourse strategies deployed by the politicians to elicit support and woo voters to support their candidatures. Relevant literature on codeswitching and theories (e.g. Speech Accommodation Theory) that provide theoretical underpinning for the study are reviewed. An attempt is also made to demonstrate that codeswitching in political discourse is an interpersonal strategy that can be used to create, strengthen or destroy interpersonal boundaries, and thus it functions as a discourse strategy for pragmatic and strategic purposes (Wei 2003). The framework for analysis follows the insights provided in Rational Choice Models (RC) as seen in the works of Myers-Scotton (1993), Myers-Scotton and Agnes Bolonyai (2001) and Wei (2003). The essay concludes by presenting a summary of some important analytical observations that arose from the study. It also suggests that a similar pattern is bound to occur in political discourse found in other L2 contexts. The data set for this work came from selected political texts produced during the 2003 governorship and presidential elections campaigns in Nigeria and sourced from selected Nigerian national newspapers.

This article reviews literature on visual rhetoric in political campaigning and synthesizes several strands of current research devoted to the rhetorical potential of communicating with visuals in online environments. It uses rhetorical concepts of identification and manoeuvring, as well as the category of topos, to discuss the implications of an abductive analysis of a coded corpus of 1976 Instagram images posted during 2019 election to the European Parliament campaign in Poland. On this basis, the article offers recommendations related to the awareness of topoi in visual rhetoric to foster users’ creative inventory. In the context of increasingly strategically designed and creative online political communications, scholarship should offer guidance on how to parse images according to how they (mis)represent political reality to fit the purposes of elite communicators, and how to challenge them.

Considérées, aujourd’hui, comme des œuvres majeures de la littérature allemande du XXe siècle, Scènes de la vie d’un faune et L’Ombre du corps du cocher sont, à l’origine, deux textes pour le moins à part dans le paysage littéraire allemand du début des années 1950 – au point que celui de Weiss n’a même pas trouvé d’éditeur avant 1960. La présente étude analyse les deux récits autodiégétiques à partir des traits saillants suivants : leur dispositif d’énonciation à double voix (narrateur vs. instance auctoriale non anthropomorphe), leurs réseaux de métaphores à valeur poétologique, et surtout les multiples interactions entre le foisonnement des microséquences descriptives et les macroséquences narratives quelque peu occultées par les premières, mais toujours indéniablement présentes. Dès lors, l’analyse dégage les implications esthético-politiques de chacun des deux textes ; en résonance avec des intertextes soit romantiques et d’ordre mythique (pour Scènes de la vie d’un faune), soit surréalistes et freudiens (pour L’Ombre du corps du cocher), chacun soulève une question ‘explosive’ en ce qu’elle est négligée ou évitée par la production littéraire allemande dominante de ces années-là. L’idylle convulsive d’Arno Schmidt : Quel est le prix à payer pour un récit fictionnel traitant de l’époque national-socialiste qui ne veut pas renoncer au plaisir de la métaphore ? Le psychodrame chosifié de Peter Weiss : Quelles zones la littérature allemande de l’après-guerre laisse-t-elle dans l’ombre en se tournant entièrement vers le recensement du monde extérieur et en optant pour un langage prétendument univoque, apposant des contours stables au réel ?
Today, Scenes from the Life of a Faun and The Shadow of the Coachman’s Body are considered as major works of the 20th century German literature ; originally however, at the beginning of the 1950s, they were rather isolated in the German-language literary landscape – to such an extent that Peter Weiss’ text was not even published until 1960. The present work analyses the two auto-diegetic narratives by choosing the following axes of comparison : the tension between the narrator’s voice and the voice of the authorial, non anthropomorphic instance ; the networks of metaphors with poetological implications and, above all, the interaction between the abounding descriptive micro-sequences and the narrative macro-sequences, somewhat hidden behind the descriptions but nonetheless and undeniably present. By following these tracks, the analysis shows the aesthetic-political implications of the two texts ; echoing with either romantic and myth-like (as far as Scenes from the Life of a Faun is concerned) or surrealist and Freudian (The Shadow of the Coachman’s Body) intertexts, each of the texts raises a specific ‘explosive’ question, neglected or avoided by the dominant literary production. Thus, Arno Schmidt’s convulsive idyll asks : What is the price to pay for a fictional narrative about the Nazi-years if it is not willing to give up the pleasures of the metaphor ? And Peter Weiss’ matter-of-fact psycho-drama : What is it that post-war German literature keeps out by focusing entirely on the outlines of the exterior world and by relying on a supposedly non-metaphorical language with stable meanings ?

This thesis examines Spanish representations of Muslim and Jewish cultures in Morocco during the colonial campaigns in the Rif (1909-1927) in relation to constructions of Spanish identity during this period. It focuses on visual and textual narratives in the press (colonial photojournalism) and on three literary texts: Carmen de Burgos' En la guerra (1909), Ernesto Giménez Caballero's Notas marruecas de un soldado (1923) and Arturo Barea's La ruta (1943). The analysis undertaken centres on the use of the motifs of the body and the city and references to the medieval Castilian ballad tradition, the Romancero, by writers and photographers to explore the cultural relationship between Spain and North Africa. The chapters explore the delineation of boundaries between Spanish and Moroccan cultures by contemporary commentators and the power structures that underpin those boundaries, considering the different hierarchies that are established in Spain's relationship with Moroccan Muslims and Jews. Chapter 1 concerns the socio-historical context of the colonial campaigns and highlights the significance of the question of Spain's identity in relation to Morocco during this period. Chapter 2 compares representations of cultural and ethnic affinity between Spain and Morocco, arguing that beyond merely serving as a tool of colonial domination, they are harnessed in some cases to support the colonial venture, in others to challenge it, and yet in others to explore the pre-modern origins of the Spanish nation. In many of the examples examined, a process of self-Orientalisation is observed, where the 'Orientalist' and colonialist gaze is turned back on Spain as well as on Morocco. Chapter 3 examines representations of Muslim and Jewish alterity, arguing that these assertions of difference reveal Spanish anxieties about non-difference from North Africa, cultural regression, national fragmentation, and Spain's ability to dominate the protectorate. I conclude that these anxieties provide the fundamental underpinning to Spanish constructions of Morocco during the Rif War, and that this self-awareness about non-difference and failures of domination unsettles the predominant paradigm of discourse analysis within colonial studies.

L’objectif de la présente thèse est d’étudier la médecine (comprise au sens large, c’est-à-dire le monde des malades, de la maladie et des médecins) dans trois romans français du XIXe siècle, à savoir Le Médecin de campagne (1833) d’Honoré de Balzac, Madame Bovary (1857) de Gustave Flaubert et Le Docteur Pascal (1893) d’Émile Zola. Ce travail est divisé en trois grandes parties. La première partie, qui compte cinq chapitres, offre un tableau de l’histoire de la médecine, depuis ses origines jusqu’au dix-neuvième siècle, où sont abordés les méthodes diagnostiques et thérapeutiques, les théories et les pratiques médicales propres à chaque période historique. De même, y sont montrées quelques-unes des maladies qui sévissaient à certaines époques. Les cinq chapitres sont disposés en ordre chronologique, c’est-à-dire d’abord de la préhistoire au Moyen Âge, ensuite du XVIe au XIXe siècle, avec un chapitre par siècle. Dans la deuxième partie, j’examine les catégories professionnelles de la santé du XVIe jusqu’au XIXe siècle. Cet ensemble est, lui aussi, divisé chronologiquement, siècle par siècle, sauf la période comprise par la Révolution Française, le Consulat et l’Empire qui constitue un chapitre à part, comme il est d’usage dans les ouvrages d’histoire de France. Dans ces deux premières parties, mon étude est donc conçue sous une perspective particulière où la médecine et les sciences sont analysées historiquement. La troisième et dernière partie de la thèse a pour objet essentiel d’étudier trois personnages de médecins qui apparaissent dans trois romans de la littérature française du XIXe siècle ; à chacun d’eux correspond un chapitre. Précédant l’examen de ces trois figures fictionnelles, se trouve un chapitre qui s’efforce de fournir une brève synthèse sur les sciences et les techniques au XIXe siècle. La perspective de travail de cette troisième partie est analytique et historique. Le docteur Benassis, médecin de campagne et maire hygiéniste à la veille des années 1830 dans Le Médecin de campagne (1833) d’Honoré de Balzac, est le premier protagoniste examiné. Après une brève présentation de l’intrigue, je commence ce chapitre par une analyse du personnage, avant de montrer sa formation et son quotidien de clinicien, c’est-à-dire son train de vie, ses revenus et sa pratique médicale proprement dite. Puis, j’étudie les travaux hygiénistes de Benassis qui sont accompagnés de mises en contexte sur la France rurale et sur les théories hygiénistes qui prévalent à l’époque. Ensuite, est analysé Charles Bovary, officier de santé dans Madame Bovary (1857) de Gustave Flaubert. Tout au début, il y a une brève présentation de l’intrigue. Je commence l’examen de ce personnage par une courte introduction sur l’officiat de santé. Puis, s’ensuivent la formation médicale de Charles, ses revenus, son train de vie, les disputes corporatives qui apparaissent dans Madame Bovary et la pratique médicale de Bovary. Enfin, j’analyse sa compétence et son impéritie médicales. Le dernier chapitre porte sur Pascal Rougon, médecin et chercheur qui est le protagoniste du Docteur Pascal (1893), roman d’Émile Zola. Après avoir présenté brièvement l’intrigue, j’organise ce chapitre en trois parties principales. Tout d’abord, il s’agit de Pascal, médecin clinicien, c’est-à-dire sa formation médicale, ses débuts comme médecin, sa demeure, son train de vie, ses habitudes et ses cas cliniques, de même que sa renommée. Ensuite, je me penche sur les théories scientifiques auxquelles il se rattache et l’emploi qu’il en fait : les théories de l’hérédité, la peur de la dégénérescence et de la montée de la mortalité, ainsi que les théories hygiénistes. Finalement, j’analyse la pratique de chercheur du docteur Pascal: d’abord ses études sur l’hérédité ; ensuite, son sérum, remède universel ; puis sa double postérité (postérité intellectuelle et postérité par la paternité) ; enfin son credo scientifique et l’idéologie du progrès.
O objetivo da presente tese é estudar a medicina (em seu sentido amplo, ou seja, o mundo dos doentes, da doença e dos médicos) em três romances franceses do século XIX: Le Médecin de campagne (1833) de Honoré de Balzac, Madame Bovary (1857) de Gustave Flaubert e Le Docteur Pascal (1893) de Émile Zola. Este trabalho divide-se em três grandes partes. A primeira parte, com cinco capítulos, oferece um quadro da história da medicina, desde suas origens até o século XIX, no qual são abordados métodos diagnósticos e terapêuticos, teorias e práticas médicas próprias a cada período histórico. Da mesma forma, são mostradas algumas das doenças prevalentes em certas épocas. Os cinco capítulos estão dispostos em ordem cronológica, da seguinte forma: inicialmente da pré-história à Idade Média, na sequência, dos séculos XVI a XIX, contando um capítulo por século. Na segunda parte, examino as categorias profissionais da saúde do século XVI ao XIX. Este conjunto divide-se também cronologicamente, século por século, exceto o período referente à Revolução, ao Consulado e ao Império que constitui um capítulo à parte, fórmula usual nas obras de história da França. Em suas duas primeiras partes, este estudo concebe-se sob uma perspectiva particular, na qual a medicina e as ciências são analisadas historicamente. A terceira e última parte da tese tem por objeto principal estudar três personagens de médicos que aparecem em três romances da literatura francesa do século XIX. A cada um corresponde um capítulo. Precedendo o exame destas três figuras ficcionais, encontra-se um capítulo que se esforça para fornecer uma breve síntese das ciências e das técnicas no século XIX. A perspectiva de trabalho desta parte é analítica e histórica. O doutor Benassis, médico rural e prefeito higienista às vésperas dos anos 1830 em Le Médecin de campagne (1833) de Honoré de Balzac, é o primeiro protagonista examinado. Após uma breve apresentação da intriga, começo por uma análise do personagem, antes de mostrar sua formação e seu quotidiano de clínico, ou seja, seu padrão de vida, seus honorários e sua prática médica propriamente dita. Segue o estudo dos trabalhos higienistas de Benassis, que se fazem acompanhar de contextualizações sobre a França rural e sobre as teorias higienistas então prevalentes. Logo após, é analisado Charles Bovary, officier de santé em Madame Bovary (1857) de Gustave Flaubert. Inicialmente há uma breve apresentação da intriga. Na sequência, começo o exame deste personagem por uma curta introdução sobre o officiat de santé. Seguem a formação médica de Charles, seus honorários e seu padrão de vida, as disputas corporativas que aparecem em Madame Bovary e sua prática médica. Por fim, analiso sua competência e sua imperícia médicas. O último capítulo concerne a Pascal Rougon, médico e pesquisador, que protagoniza Le Docteur Pascal (1893), romance de Émile Zola. Após uma apresentação sucinta da intriga, divido o capítulo em três partes principais. Primeiramente, trata-se de Pascal, médico clínico, ou seja, sua formação e seu começo como médico, sua casa, seu padrão de vida, seus hábitos de vida e de trabalho e seus casos clínicos, assim que sua reputação. Em seguida, debruço-me sobre as teorias científicas que o norteiam e o uso que faz delas, incluindo as teorias da hereditariedade, o medo da degenerescência e do aumento da mortalidade, assim como as teorias higienistas. Por fim, analiso a prática de pesquisador de Pascal: inicialmente seus estudos sobre a hereditariedade, o soro que desenvolve, espécie de panaceia universal, depois sua dupla posteridade (posteridade intelectual e posteridade pela paternidade), enfim, seu credo científico e a ideologia do progresso.

This chapter provides a general overview of how Korean writers in Manchukuo envisioned their new role as intellectuals, expressed in political views that often continued into the post-war period with the division of the Korean peninsula into North and South during the emerging Cold War. Deepening state intervention through the naisen-ittai [Korea and Japan as One Body] campaign in the late 1930s also forced Korean writers to take sides amidst imperial Japanese occupation. The lives and works of writers including Yeom Sang-seop (1897-1963) Ri Ki-yong (1896-1984), and Han Seol-ya (1900-1976), among others, will be examined.

This chapter presents a perspective theory, not yet fully developed, that seeks to analyze the connections between “Social Representations and Corporate Communication” (Penz, 2006; Usunier & Lee, 2009). It is divided into two sections. In the first, descriptive section we identified the organizational dynamics of the Benetton Company utilizing structural elements found in the enterprise’s literature and documents. The objective was to understand Benetton galaxy’s role in globalization and its complex market strategies. Since this was an internal view of the company, data was obtained from internal documents, including the company’s publications, such as Global Vision and Colors publications. In order to understand the company from an external perspective, we consulted studies conducted on the Benetton universe that considered the marketing element as interaction between the company and the market (Kotler, 1997; Nardin, 1987; Semprini, 1996; Moliner, 1996; Tafani, 2006). In the second, empirical section, the social representation of the Benetton brand is analyzed using a large sample of Benetton’s advertisements, selected as the basis for research to identify the perceptive modalities of advertising messages and attitudes in Benetton’s communication strategies (de Rosa, 1998, 2001; de Rosa & Losito, 1996; de Rosa & Bocci, 2009). In this second section the relationship between social representations and corporate communication will be presented in a dialogical perspective that examines the social discourse “of” Benetton in regard to social issues. We will look at the different phases of advertising campaigns (1992-2008, with special focus on one of the controversial campaigns: Autumn-Winter 1992\1993) and the discourse “about” Benetton. The targets of reference for our research program are considered to be not only recipients of the company’s advertising campaigns, but also potential buyers.