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Journal articles on the topic 'Camping sites'
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1
Boxall, Peter C., Bonita L. McFarlane, and Michael Gartrell. "An aggregate travel cost approach to valuing forest recreation at managed sites." Forestry Chronicle 72, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc72615-6.
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Travel cost models were estimated for camping trips to designated recreation areas in the Rocky-Clearwater Forest in Alberta during 1994. Trips were aggregated by postal code and resulting trip counts from each postal code were utilized in truncated Poisson and negative binomial regressions. The study involved the design of a camping fee collection permit which allowed a census of users rather than a sample to be utilized in the analysis. Per trip consumer surplus estimates resulting from the Poisson model revealed that aggregate nonmarket benefits provided by the Alberta Land and Forest Service forest recreation areas were about $750,000 in 1994. The study suggests that with little effort and some planning, fee collection permit systems can be used in concert with travel cost and geographic information systems to provide estimates of some nontimber values in Canada's forests. Key words: nontimber values, camping, travel cost models, forest recreation, geographical information systems
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Kim, Hakjun, and Hyejin Yoon. "Developing Quality Standards for Camping Sites in Kyunggi Province, Korea." Journal of Tourism and Leisure Research 31, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31336/jtlr.2019.12.31.12.369.
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Ермаков, Александр, Aleksandr Ermakov, Даниил Черепанов, and Daniil Cherepanov. "Optimizing the placement of camping camping on the criterion of efficiency and safety." Services in Russia and abroad 10, no. 2 (June 16, 2016): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19728.
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The article offers new selection principles of camping sites. Camping-parking for transit car-tourists and camping for tourists have different selection processes, preparation and organization of the site for them. It is important to take into account the maximum combination of attractions in the camping that is created. Geographical location of a site also assumes high level of security of car tourists in a camping. The authors consider requirements for the organization and following of fire safety instructions as the basic rules of security. Complying with the rules adopted for the European campgrounds is important in ensuring fire safety. They take into account a rational organization of the parking accommodation for vehicles (autocampers), tents or small houses, space for barbecue, administrative and other buildings. The authors develop a mathematical model of searching of rational placement camping for tourists, and make proposal for drawing up regulatory instruments that will reduce the threat of fire in camping. The economic efficiency of the proposed organizational and regulatory solutions is provided by reducing of costs and attractiveness increasing of these places of accommodation both for domestic and foreign car tourists.
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Kim, Ji-Hye, Hyung-Joong Won, and Jee-In Yoon. "Recreational Hassle Scale Development and Validation at the Korean Camping Sites." Korean Journal of Sports Science 26, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2017.02.26.1.117.
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Cho, Ye-Ram, and Seong Ok Lyu. "Family Campers’ Preferences for Camping Sites : A Discrete Choice Experimental Approach." Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies 69 (August 31, 2017): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51979/kssls.2017.08.69.217.
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Marinov, Filip. "Camping Sites State and Development Potential along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." Izvestia Journal of the Union of Scientists - Varna. Economic Sciences Series 8, no. 2 (2019): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ijusv-ess/2019.8.2.198.
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McFarlane, Bonita L., and Peter C. Boxall. "Exploring forest and recreation management preferences of forest recreationists in Alberta." Forestry Chronicle 72, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc72623-6.
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Understanding social values of stakeholder groups is an essential part of ecosystem management. Values of one stakeholder group, campers at managed sites in the Rocky-Clearwater Forest of Alberta, were examined using campground management preference and forest attitude scales. On-site and mail surveys were used to collect data from campers during 1994. Four specialization clusters were delineated that identified differences in management preferences. Campers most familiar with the area and those with the most camping experience were the least supportive of traditional timber management and campground development. Overall, campers did not support increased facility development at campgrounds. This study suggests that campers may be supportive of an ecosystem approach to forest management that incorporates nontimber values. Key words: camping, ecosystem management, forest recreation, management preferences, recreation specialization, social values
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Taylor, Alan H. "Impacts on Back-Country, Picnic, and Car Camping Sites in the Colorado Front Range, U.S.A." Mountain Research and Development 8, no. 4 (November 1988): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3673558.
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Li, Yanjun, and Minglan Ge. "Analysis on the General Conception and Planning of the Road Trip Campsite along the Land Silk Road in China." E3S Web of Conferences 283 (2021): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128302008.
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This article is based on the cultural background of the land section of the "Silk Road" and the surrounding status quo research basis, combined with its own characteristics of tourism resources, folk culture and traffic conditions, establish a self-driving camping site system in the five provinces of Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and New Zealand on the domestic section of the "Silk Road". This paper summarizes the current situation and constraints of campsites in each province through data collection, data analysis and field investigation. On this basis, we put forward the overall construction and planning ideas of the camp. The purpose is to scientifically, reasonably and orderly plan the construction scheme of road trip routes, camping sites and campsites along the Silk Road.This will further promote the healthy development of tourism and cultural experience in the areas along the Silk Road, provide convenient and safe travel routes and recreation environment for tourists, but also improve the economy and people's living standards in the areas along the route.
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Obolentseva, Larysa, Nataliya Bogdan, and Valeriia Devon. "GLOBAL AND UKRAINIAN HOTEL STATISTICS ANALYZE: UKRAINIAN CAMPSITES COMPETITIVENESS RESEARCH." Series: Economic science 5, no. 158 (September 25, 2020): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-5-158-10-23.
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This article analyses the Global and Ukrainian hotel industry development statistics and in particular, camping in 2020. In order to find ways to improve the competitiveness of Ukrainian campsites we look at statistics about travel and tourism impact of COVID-19. The hotel services sector remains today one of the most dynamically developed sectors of the Ukrainian economy. In recent years, the hotel market in Ukraine is gradually recovering after a sharp drop in 2014. Against this background, more and more investors are planning to buy a ready-made hotel business such as campsites. It is established that the development of the hotel industry is facilitated by the opening of low-cost airlines, which leads to an increase of foreign tourists number. However, according to the forecasts of the World travel and tourism council, the share of tourism in Ukraini-an GDP by 2028 will increase to only 1.7%, and the number of foreigners visiting Ukraine in a year will increase to 21 million from the current 15 in 2028 (the share of tourists among them less, since statistics take into account transit travelers), which indicates the low attractiveness of Ukraine as a tourist destination. The low pace of de-velopment of the industry is due to COVID-19 in the beginning of 2020 and the absence in Ukraine of legislation favorable for the development of the tourist industry and the necessary infrastructure, and the lack of quality ho-tels and campsites. Therefore, despite the increase in inbound tourist flow, Ukrainians themselves have been and remain the main guests of Ukrainian hotels and campsites, and the volume of domestic tourism continues to grow rapidly, especially in the south of the country. It is proved that hotel services markets of various levels including campsites represent an excellent opportunity for hotel operators to confidently enter the Ukrainian market and pursue a policy of expanding their influence in the industry. The dynamics of their development depends on how effectively the hospitality industry representatives will carry out the analysis of the market situation, which will also depend on the composition of participants in the Ukrainian hospitality industry market. The article analyzes Global and Ukrainian markets key camping statistics for 2020, identifies and explores key trends in the camping industry by demographics, best destinations, equipment, types of camping, customer behavior and reasoning, the latest technologies and other indicators. Introducing professionals and experts with the results of the article will contribute to positive changes in the Ukrainian camping market, which will increase the number of investors interested in doing camping business in Ukraine. Ukraine has a huge potential for the development of camping tourism, and the article should be the first step to increase interest in the development of this type of hotel business and prosperity in this niche. Stabilization of the situation with coronovirus throughout the world, as well as in Ukraine, improving the political situation and improving economic indicators, technological progress development and following global trends in the development of the hospitality industry, investment growth in the tourism sector and the reanimation of recreational, protected and natural sites in Ukraine will lead to successful development of campsites in our country. Keywords: camping competitiveness, camping statistics 2020, tourism statistics, hospitality market statistics.
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Zabinski, Catherine, Todd Wojtowicz, and David Cole. "The effects of recreation disturbance on subalpine seed banks in the Rocky Mountains of Montana." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-031.
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We investigated the soil seed bank in a subalpine ecosystem with patchy disturbance from camping. Soil cores were collected from three site types, heavily impacted, lightly impacted, and undisturbed, that differed in area of bare ground and depth of surface organic matter. We hypothesized that the density and composition of the seed bank would vary with depth of surface organic matter and distance from established vegetation. Seedling emergence was determined in the greenhouse. Seed density was significantly lower on disturbed sites, averaging 441 seeds/m2 on heavily impacted sites, 1495 seeds/m2 on lightly impacted sites, and 4188 seeds/m2 on undisturbed sites. Seed density declined exponentially with distance from established vegetation and increased with depth of surface organic matter. The number of species present did not vary across site types, but 10 species that occurred on lightly impacted and undisturbed sites were not present on heavily impacted sites. We concluded that disturbance that causes removal of surface organic matter can affect natural revegetation by lowering the density of propagules and affecting the species represented in the seed bank.Key words: seed bank, subalpine, patchy disturbance, recreation impacts.
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Kireeva, Yulia Alexandrovna. "Development of glamping in Russia and abroad." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, Extra-B (May 31, 2021): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-b970p.553-560.
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This article discusses the innovative format of accommodation during traveling: glamping. Historical preconditions of this accommodation format in the world are considered, its popularization from the time of its origination to present times, as well as the main differences between glamping and camping are analyzed. At present, glamping is at the stage of active development and implementation into the technology of tourist accommodation all over the world. Unified classification of glamping as means of accommodation is also unavailable. This article presents information about glamping sites located abroad and in some regions of Russia. Information about services and cost policy of the most interesting glamping sites is summarized. Analysis of various materials has made it possible to describe the state of glamping in Russia and to conclude that this accommodation format is very promising for Russia, since it promotes development of tourism in regions.
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Poulin, Ghislain. "La fréquentation différentielle d’une aire de camping en forêt : un indice et une application." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 24, no. 62 (April 12, 2005): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/021476ar.
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Les techniques de mesure de la fréquentation sont variées et, souvent, elles ne permettent pas de distinguer la fréquentation d'un lieu, de l'attraction exercée par celui-ci, et, si l'on y parvient, il est alors presqu'impossible d'associer les attributs préférés du paysage végétal aux préférences énoncées par les utilisateurs. L'indice de fréquentation différentielle élaboré ici permet non seulement de démontrer l'existence d'inégalités dans la fréquentation des sites, mais aussi d'associer ces inégalités de la fréquentation aux attraits du milieu forestier ambiant. En effet, la distribution spatiale de ces inégalités d'attraction n'est pas attribuable au seul fait du hasard. Au contraire, ces inégalités sont réparties d'une manière organisée, et leur appartenance à un type de communauté forestière contribue certainement à leur explication. Cette appartenance n'est pas le seul facteur explicatif de l'attraction. Toutefois, bien que la recherche ait porté sur plus d'une vingtaine de paramètres tant physiques, spatiaux que forestiers, cet article se limite uniquement à présenter l'indice de fréquentation différentielle mis au point et, à faire la preuve de l'existence de ce lien entre l'attraction d'un site de camping et son milieu forestier ambiant.
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Gan, Jianbang, Stephen H. Kolison, and James H. Miller. "Public Preferences for Nontimber Benefits of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Stands Regenerated by Different Site Preparation Methods." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 24, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/24.3.145.
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Abstract This study assesses public preferences for nontimber benefits of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands regenerated 15 yr earlier using different site preparation treatments at national forest and industrial forestry sites. Treatments tested on the Tuskegee National Forest were none, chainsaw felling, tree injection, and soil-active herbicide. At the industrial site, experimental treatments included chopping and burning, followed by no additional treatment, woody control, herbaceous control, and total control. Both sites were planted with loblolly pine seedlings. Two user surveys employing color photography were conducted to identify the respondents' ratings of the young stands in terms of perceived nontimber benefits, including aesthetics, picnicking, hiking/walking/cycling, camping, hunting, bird watching, wildlife habitat, and biodiversity. The site preparation treatments were rated without consideration of the treatment cost and its distribution. Results indicate that the respondents preferred the minimal or no treatment options at both study sites. The respondents' preferences were significantly affected by their age, education, income, employment status, and living distance from the experimental sites, but not gender. Respondents considered wildlife habitat as the most important benefit and hunting as the least important. Most of the respondents also felt that both national forests and industrial forests should be managed for nontimber as well as timber products. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):145-149.
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Marion, Jeffrey L., and Toivo Sober. "Environmental Impact Management in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 4, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/4.1.7.
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Abstract Increases in wilderness and backcountry recreational use have resulted in significant environmental impacts that are requiring more intensive visitor and resource management by the managing agencies. Resource impacts in the nation's most highly used wilderness, the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, have been reduced through the implementation of a designated site camping policy in the early 1970s. The number and location of sites are matched to visitor numbers and use patterns by a travel model developed from visitor trip records. Recently, a campsite rehabilitation program has been extended to campsites currently in use in an effort to restore natural conditions and prevent impacts from reaching unacceptable levels. This has been accomplished through the use of native materials and plant species to reduce both the area and the extent of impact at each campsite. North. J. Appl. For. 4:7-10, Mar. 1987.
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Lin, Hu. "Perceptions of Liao urban landscapes. Political practices and nomadic empires." Archaeological Dialogues 18, no. 2 (October 26, 2011): 223–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203811000274.
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AbstractIn traditional models, nomadic empires are often depicted as ‘parasitic’ on the neighbouring sedentary polities. Inspired by the development of anthropologies and archaeologies of colonialism, this paper adopts the political-landscape approach to address the emerging steppe urbanism of the nomadic Liao Empire. Perceptions of Liao urban landscapes are discussed from six viewpoints – settlement location, city walls, architectural orientation, camping sites, spatial segregation and sacred places – in order to understand the political practices of city making. I argue that the nomadic Khitan did not simply emulate spatial strategies of settled agricultural polities in the heartland of China, but rather produced a radically new form of urbanism that was brought forth as one of the creative instruments constitutive of authority, formed and transformed in the process of nomadic empire building in which traditions of nomadic pastoralism with ties to eastern Eurasia were manipulated and remade along with Chinese urban planning.
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Taylor, JA, DA Hedges, and RDB Whalley. "Effects of fertilizer and grazing sheep on pasture heterogeneity in a small-scale grazing experiment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, no. 2 (1985): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9850315.
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The presence of plant species and the amount of sheep faeces were recorded systematically across the plots of a fertilizer x grazing randomized block experiment. Sampling sites were classified according to species presence, and the number of classificatory groups was taken as a measure of paddock heterogeneity. Unfertilized plots were more heterogeneous than fertilized plots. Irrespective of fertility level, pastures were generally more heterogeneous at the higher stocking rates. However, the floristic heterogeneity of a plot partly reflected the fertility and stocking level of the neighbouring plots. This suggests that the arrangement of plots within small-scale grazing experiments can influence the results by modifying the botanical consequences of the imposed treatments. The camping and grazing behaviour of sheep also influenced the homogeneity and composition of the pasture of the plots. On the unfertilized plots, these animal-induced differences were as large as those induced by the fertilizer treatments.
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Rota, M. C., M. G. Caporali, and M. Massari. "European Guidelines for Control and Prevention of Travel Associated Legionnaires' Disease: the Italian experience." Eurosurveillance 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.09.02.00445-en.
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In Italy, 35 clusters of travel associated Legionnaires' disease were identified from July 2002, when the European Guidelines for Control and Prevention of Travel Associated Legionnaires' Disease have been adopted by the EWGLINET network, to October 2003. Eight per cent (28.6%) would not have been identified without the network. The clusters detected were small, ranging from 2 cases to a maximum of 6. All clusters involved 5 camping sites and 30 hotels/residences, and an overall of 87 patients. The diagnosis was confirmed in 92.0% of the cases and mainly performed by urinary antigen detection (84.7%). A clinical isolate was available only in one case. Following environmental investigations, samples were collected for all the 35 clusters from the water system, and Legionella pneumophila was found in 23 occasions (65.7%). In 15 resorts out of 35, investigations were already in progress at the time of EWGLI cluster notification, since in Italy full environmental investigation is performed even after notification of a single case. Control measures were implemented in all accommodation sites at risk and one hotel only was closed. In all the 35 clusters, reports were completed and sent on time, highlighting that it is possible to comply with the procedures requested by the European Guidelines.
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Lazaridis, Nikolaos. "“Like Wringing Water from a Stone!” Information Extraction from Two Rock Graffiti in North Kharga, Egypt." Heritage 4, no. 3 (September 7, 2021): 2253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030127.
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In the course of the last ten years, the North Kharga Oasis–Darb Ain Amur Survey team, led by Salima Ikram (American University in Cairo), has been exploring a network of interconnected desert paths in Egypt’s Western Desert, known as Darb Ain Amur. These marked paths run between Kharga Oasis and Dakhla Oasis, linking them to Darb el-Arbain, a notorious caravan route facilitating contacts between Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa since prehistoric times. Ancient travelers using the Darb Ain Amur spent several days in the midst of the Western Desert and were thus forced to use areas around sandstone rock outcrops as makeshift stopovers or camping sites. During these much-needed breaks, ancient travelers identified accessible, inscribable surfaces on the towering sandstone massifs and left on them their personalized markings. In this essay, I examine two short rock graffiti carved by such travelers in a site north of Kharga Oasis, focusing on the types of information one may extract from such ancient epigraphic materials.
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Atuo, Fidelis Akunke, Samuel T. Ivande, Zingfa Wala, and Timothy J. O'Connell. "Effects of hunting camps on breeding grey-necked picathartes Picathartes oreas in south-east Nigeria." Oryx 48, no. 3 (March 26, 2014): 460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313000719.
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AbstractThe dependence of forest communities on bushmeat as a source of protein and income is a challenge to wildlife conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa. We investigated the use of caves and overhanging rocks as hunting camps and the consequences for breeding grey-necked picathartes Picathartes oreas in the forests of Cross River in south-east Nigeria. We recorded 84 nesting colonies during guided and random searches. We found 14 (16.7%) breeding sites that had been used as hunting camps, with evidence including fire stands, sleeping spots, cooking utensils and drying racks. Fire stands were the most frequently recorded evidence of camping and were found in 11 of the camps. At the 14 breeding sites only two nesting attempts were made by P. oreas during the survey. Thirty-seven nests (c. 95%) recorded in hunting camps were empty and showed no evidence of ongoing or potential breeding activities, suggesting that the nests may have been abandoned. We attributed the low nesting attempt rate to disturbance caused by hunters, who also affected breeding success through direct removal of eggs and fledglings from nests. We encourage conservation education for the protection of P. oreas and other threatened species in the region and recommend strict enforcement of wildlife laws and disciplinary sanctions. Given the role of the forests of Cross River as a critical habitat for several endemic and threatened species, management efforts targeted at improving the integrity of the forest will benefit grey-necked picathartes and other avian species of conservation concern.
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Akimova, E. V., V. M. Kharevich, and I. V. Stasyuk. "Research of the Late Paleolithic Site Pritubinsk I in the South-Minusinsk Hollow: On the Variability of Kokorevo Culture of the Middle Yenisei." Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series 31 (2020): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2020.31.3.
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Since the XIX century, South-Minusinsk hollow has been an area of scientific interest for the Paleometal Epoch and Middle Ages researches although many years of intense focus investigations of any ancient sites have not brought the expected outcomes. Based on current data, the territory of South-Minusinsk hollow had been affected by disastrous meltwater freshets three times during the Sartan period (MIS 2), which destroyed cover deposits that could have included the Late Paleolithic sites and Pleistocene fauna remains. Currently, the only known Late Paleolithic site there is Pritubinsk I. Survey works were conducted in 2017–2018. The first cultural layer (11 492±200 ВР) included 853 stone artefacts, mostly small flakes and generalized flakes. The collection also consists of wedge-shaped microcores, graftoir scrapers, burins on small blades and flakes, choppers, retouched flakes and blades. The second cultural layer (14 485±150 ВР) included 320 items among them wedge-shaped core, bigger burins, circular end-scrappers, fragments of blades and microblades, numerous pieces and flakes. The most interest is a «trove» of five end-scrappers (three of them had a broken handle), large blades, flakes with retouche, a piece of a chisel-like tool and three flakes. Trasological study revealed traces of scraping, supplemented by traces of cutting and shaping on six subjects, as well as traces of transportation, which indicate that cores, blanks and tools had been carried all together. Stone inventory of both cultural layers allows us to attribute it to the Kokorevo archaeological culture of the Middle Yenisei. However, the southernmost Kokorevo sites are remote north-west from Pritubinsk I for more than 150 kilometers. Discovering of the site in the lower reaches of Tuba river rises a question about the references of industries between Kokorevo sites of the Yenisei and remote Pritubinsk I. The collection of stone inventory is characterized by multiple multifunctional tools and lack of large cores, which are traditional for Kokorevo. We suppose that Pritubinsk I could have been a hunter’s camping with certain functions (dressing, production of the tools etc.). As for the large cores, they could have been produced in other places. As a result, Pritubinsk I is the only evidence that Kokorevo people settled far away to the East from the indicated area.
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Ashrafi, Tannaz Alizadeh, and Øystein Myrland. "Determinants of trip duration for international tourists in Norway; a parametric survival analysis." European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation 8, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ejthr-2017-0008.
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AbstractHow long a tourist stays in a host country acts as an indicator of tourism industry’s contribution towards the national economy. The purpose of this study is to examine how socio-demographic characteristics of international tourists, their travelling purpose, tourism products and characteristics of the destination influence the length of stay in Norway, by estimating a parametric survival model. Total cost of trip, purpose of travel, type of accommodation and transportation, age of tourist and geographical area are key elements that explain the variation in the length of tourist stay in Norway. The Cox proportional hazard model with time-independent covariates indicates the survival probability of tourists with less budget constraints and younger ages is higher than that of low-spending tourists and elderly travelers. Moreover, tourists with the purpose of friend and family visitation are at lower risk of leaving Norway than are tourists with other purposes. In terms of tourism products, choosing camping sites as the type of accommodation and road transport as the mode of transportation are associated with the highest survival probability. Another key finding is that tourists stay longer in northern Norway than in southern Norway; hence, on average, tourists’ overall expenditures are higher in northern Norway.
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Hall, Troy E., and Tracy A. Farrell. "Fuelwood depletion at wilderness campsites: extent and potential ecological significance." Environmental Conservation 28, no. 3 (September 2001): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290100025x.
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Recreational camping in wilderness areas causes a number of biophysical impacts, including loss of woody debris through campfires. Although extensive research has documented trampling impacts to vegetation, few studies have explored the extent of woody material depletion. This study adapted planar transect methods to measure the relative loss of fine (<0.6 cm), small (0.6 to 2.5 cm), medium (2.6 to 7.6 cm) and large (>7.6 cm) diameter materials in three concentric rings extending 0–5 m, 5–10 m and 10–15 m from the centre of 58 campsites in different environments ranging in elevation from 1250 to 2225 m in the Cascades Mountains in Oregon, USA. Compared to matched controls, losses were greatest for small (40%) and medium-sized (63%) materials, but were evident for fine (25%) and large (30%) materials as well. Surprisingly, depletion (across all sizes) was no greater in the centre of sites than in the outer measurement ring, even though the outer ring was often in intact vegetation. This suggests that impacts on woody debris extend beyond those impacts to vegetation typically monitored at campsites. Such recreational impacts to woody debris have rarely been systematically described. However, research on woody debris removal related to forest management indicates possible ecological effects of fuelwood consumption.
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Weinstein Nelson, Bonnie, and Jeffrey Tumlin. "Yosemite Regional Transportation Strategy: Creating a Public-Private Partnership." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1735, no. 1 (January 2000): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1735-09.
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In 1992 the Yosemite Area Regional Transportation Strategy (YARTS) group began meeting to discuss access and transportation needs of visitors to the Yosemite region. The group included representatives of the five rural counties surrounding Yosemite National Park, the National Park Service, the state department of transportation, and eventually the U.S. Forest Service and other state and federal agencies. Urgency increased after the park instituted a program of gate closures to address congestion and parking problems within Yosemite Valley. Although the closures lasted only a matter of hours, the impact was felt for months to come as visitors changed their plans in the face of potential closures. Two years later, a flood permanently removed infrastructure within the park, including parking spaces and camping sites, making access from the surrounding communities even more critical. After 8 years of planning, YARTS has implemented the first regional transit service ever focused on the 4 million annual visitors to Yosemite. The 2-year demonstration service plan is not intended to replace automobile access to the park but rather to provide an alternative mode of access. The plan is creating a unique partnership between YARTS and private vendors who will provide the service and assume much of the start-up risk. The plan provides a working outline of the service, including anticipated service levels and fares. All of these plan highlights are discussed, along with a history of the YARTS organization, which describes the technical and political challenges to implementation.
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Ushotanefe, U., F. E. Mbajiogu, and A. O. Sanya. "Physiotherapy utilisation by sports physicians for musculoskeletal injuries in selected elite sports in Nigeria." South African Journal of Physiotherapy 56, no. 3 (August 31, 2000): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajp.v56i3.538.
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In Nigeria, the majority of injured athletes seen in sports physiotherapy units are referred by sports physicians. The extent to which a physician utilises the services of physiotherapy in sport depends largely on the level of awareness or knowledge of physiotherapy services that such physicians have. This survey evaluated the degree of utilisation of physiotherapy services for the treatment of injuries during preparation for multi-sports events by sports physicians in selected elite sporting events in Nigeria.One hundred and twenty-eight athletes, coaches, sports administrators, scientists, medical doctors and physiotherapists located at four different camping sites, were sampled. The responses between different professional groups on the non-utilisation of physiotherapy services by sports physicians during preparation for multi-sport events, was not significant. However, Nigerian professionals who were surveyed, accepted the hypothesis that sports physicians did not utilize physiotherapy services for the management of musculoskeletal injuries during training and pre-games preparation in selected elite sports in Nigeria.This retrospective study of the actual referral records at the clinic of the sports medicine centre revealed that 20 (91%) different types of musculoskeletal injuries sustained by volley ball players were referred for physiotherapy. Nine (56.3%) injuries sustained by basketball players, 62 (87.3%) by track and field athletes, and 6 (74%) by football players were referred for physiotherapy between 1992 and 1995. The majority of the injuries sustained were ligamentous sprain and muscular strain with joints of the lower limbs and the back mostly affected.
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Ермаков, Александр, and Aleksandr Ermakov. "Modeling of information and methodological support for caravanning in the Republic of Crimea." Servis Plus 9, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11307.
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Caravanning is a traditional type of tourism for the Republic of Crimea. Quality of service in the caravanning is formed by the level of their performance, which is dependent on their compliance with modern requirements. The modern development of information and methodological support of tourism requires its improvement for trailering. The author of the article prompts to introduce a numerical score for impressions of the route depending on car safety. The author anticipates a significant improvement in traveling experience due to the flexible capabilities to modify the route with an objective assessment by car tourists. The basis for such decisions is the method of determining the characteristics of the route using graph theory. Knowledge of highway congestion and evaluation of tourist facilities and service companies will allow adjusting the car tourists´ travel itineraries. The proposed evaluation of the quality of services on the route can reasonably conduct design. Creation of tourist information centers of the tourist resources of the Republic of Crimea with the representation in estimates of impressions from visiting the tourist sites allow users to create their generalized objective assessment. Development of the trailering must be based on respect for the principles of sustainable trailering. The introduction of innovative solutions for family trailering make it more competitive in the tourism market. Openness and availability of information on the quality of camping, catering, leisure, etc. will make caravanning more attractive in the Republic of Crimea for both domestic and foreign tourists.
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Aryal, Suman, Geoff Cockfield, and Tek Narayan Maraseni. "Effect of summer livestock grazing on plant species richness and composition in the Himalayan rangelands." Rangeland Journal 37, no. 3 (2015): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj14088.
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Grazing systems in the high Himalayas are changing in response to socioeconomic factors and policy decisions. As well as effects on livelihood of herders, such changes may have significant impacts on plant species richness and composition. The objectives of this study were to explore how plant species richness and composition respond to livestock grazing in the high Himalayan rangelands. The study was conducted in three mountainous Protected Areas of Nepal viz. Sagarmatha (Mt Everest) National Park, Gaurishankar Conservation Area and Khaptad National Park. Species and environmental data were collected along perpendicular transects outwards from goths (semi-permanent stopping and camping points). It was found that the distance from goths generally represents a grazing disturbance gradient. The core areas near goths had low species richness per plot (α-diversity) where nitrophilous and grazing-tolerant species were commonly found. However, the highest species richness, total numbers of species and occurrences of rare species at mid- and farther distances from goths within 800 m suggest that negative effects of summer livestock grazing were small and confined to limited areas near goths. Altitude, soil moisture content, percentage shrub cover and distance from goths were the variables significantly correlated with species composition, although the relative importance of these factors varied across study sites. This research can be used to inform decision-making about seasonal livestock grazing in the Himalayan rangelands, which should incorporate both ecological as well as socioeconomic considerations.
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Leu-Burke, G. M., G. Mendoza, and I. Rue. "Risk of Urban Zoonosis from Geese Colonized with Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, Supplement_1 (October 2020): S140—S141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa161.308.
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Abstract Introduction/Objective Zoonotic disease occurs through direct fecal contact with increased exposure resulting in higher infection rates. Antimicrobial resistant colonization occurs in wild birds, however the spread of microbial resistance correlates with increased human activity. Anchorage actively develops urban park environments with pastoral lawns and abundant water sources creating an inviting habitat for human and geese populations. By 2018, Alaska Fish and Game reported a 10-fold increase in migrating Canadian Geese resulting in significant environmental damage, including fecal contamination. At the same time, Anchorage experienced an uptake use of their parks and costal trails for both recreation and homeless camps. To determine potential exposure, sixty-eight geese fecal samples were collected in fourteen urban park locations. Methods Fecal samples were incubated in thioglycolate broth at 37oC for 24 hours then cultured to chromogenic screening agar for vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE), methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) enterobacteriaceae. Potential MRSA, VRE or ESBL colonies were further identified using standard biochemical testing with confirmation of antimicrobial resistance by disk diffusion. Results Forty percent of all fecal samples collected were colonized with VRE or ESBL producing Escherichia coli with eighty-six percent of collection sites positive for one or more antimicrobial resistant bacterium. Seven percent of fecal samples were positive for both organisms. MRSA was not identified. The highest concentration of antimicrobial resistant bacteria was discovered on the Campbell Creek Trail (83%), which winds alongside Providence Hospital. Conclusion Transmission of infectious agents can occur due to environmental exposure, which increases in individuals who are either housing insecure or chronically homeless. Urban green spaces are often sites for unregulated camping by individuals who lack consistent residential housing. Discovery of antimicrobial resistant colonization in geese populating nearly ninety percent of Anchorage’s parks and trails creates a significant public health issue, with the homeless population targeted for poor outcome due to their immunocompromised status. Continued evaluation is essential to predict infection risk and impact on healthcare delivery, especially in vulnerable populations.
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Rogozina, Elvira, Tatiana Okonnikova, Ekaterina Pimenova, Elena Kalach, and Tatiana Ovsyannikova. "Development of eco-tourism in foreign and Russian national parks." E3S Web of Conferences 296 (2021): 05011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129605011.
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The article gives a comparative analysis of eco-tourism development in North American, European and Russian national parks. The most successful examples of eco-tourism development in Russia and foreign countries are represented. North American and European national parks are noted to be the most attractive for visitors and possess a highly developed infrastructure. There are visitor centers, rental centers, cafes, camping sites, hiking trails, signboards, etc. In Russia, such factors as shortage of specialized tour operators, lack of solid collaboration between national parks and tour operators, poor mechanisms of creating awareness among independent tourists and encouraging their involvement in eco-tourism as well as lack of effective legislative and regulatory framework harden the development of eco-tourism. High transportation costs which contribute to the overall cost of eco-travel have a negative impact on the development of tourism in general making eco-tourism even less attractive. In January 2021 a questionnaire survey was carried out in order to reveal the significance of eco-tourism, its attractiveness for the citizens of the Udmurt Republic and prospective lines of its future development. The survey, based on a questionnaire method and random sampling, involved citizens of the Udmurt Republic. According to the survey findings, the respondents consider Russia to have all the necessary conditions for the development of eco-tourism. About one third of the respondents participated in eco-tours around Russia. Their experience and level of satisfaction differ. High cost of travel, poor infrastructure and lack of independent tours are limiting factors for those who have never tried eco-tours.
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Loganathan, P., AD Mackay, J. Lee, and MJ Hedley. "Cadmium distribution in hill pastures as influenced by 20 years of phosphate fertilizer application and sheep grazing." Soil Research 33, no. 5 (1995): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9950859.
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Cadmium (Cd) accumulating in the kidneys of older grazing animals threatens the continued access of New Zealand offal products to traditional markets. Phosphatic fertilizers represent the largest input of Cd into pastoral farming systems. Little research has been conducted on the cycling of Cd in grazed pastures. To estimate the distribution of Cd in grazed pastures, soil samples were collected from self-contained farmlets which had received either high superphosphate (HF) inputs (765 kg P ha-1), low superphosphate (LF) inputs (113 kg P ha-1) or no phosphate fertilizer (UF) inputs over the previous 20 years. The average total Cd concentration in the surface soil (0-30 mm; bulk density 0.64 g cm-3) of the farmlets which had received HF inputs was 0.40 mg kg-1 soil (range 0.18-0.60 mg kg-1), whereas farmlets which had received LF or no fertilizer inputs had an average Cd concentration of 0.10 mg kg-1 (range 0.02-0.19 mg kg-1). Cadmium concentration decreased with soil depth. The concentration of Cd in mixed herbage reflected the difference in soil Cd between the HF (mean � standard error = 0.321 � 0.033 mg Cd kg(-1) dry matter) and LF (0.063 � 0.004 mg Cd kg(-1) dry matter) farmlets. Soil Cd accumulation was highest on low slopes (0-12�) and lowest on high slopes (> 26�) in both LF and HF farmlets, whereas pasture Cd concentration in the HF farmlet increased with slope from 0.178 � 0.035 mg Cd kg-1 on low slopes to 0.487 � 0.053 mg Cd ha-1 on high dopes. A strong relationship was obtained between soil Cd and P in the 0-30 mm layer of the HF farmlet, demonstrating the link between phosphate fertilizer use and Cd accumulation. Zinc to Cd ratios were much lower in this layer compared with those in LF and UF sites, providing further evidence of the contribution of phosphate fertilizer to soil Cd. A model originally developed to explain the distribution of soil P in sheep-grazed fertilized hill pastures gave good predictions of present day soil Cd distribution in the HF farmlet. The model predicts Cd accumulation in soil by using the amounts of Cd applied in fertilizer per unit surface area of land and functions which calculate the redistribution of Cd by animal grazing and camping behaviour. The model on an average overpredicted the measured soil Cd by 17% in the high slope sites and by 10% in the low slope sites.
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Belonovskaya, E. A., V. V. Vinogradova, M. A. Ponomaryov, A. A. Tishkov, and N. G. Tsarevskaya. "Evaluating the recreation potential of the national park “Valdayskiy” (Novgorodskaya Oblast, Russia)." Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriya geograficheskaya, no. 4 (August 28, 2019): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019497-111.
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The National Park “Valdayskiy” (the Park) was established to preserve the unique lake-forest complex of the Valday upland and to create conditions for the development of organized recreation on this territory. Incomparable beautiful views of different landscapes attracthere thousands of tourists from various Russian regions.The greater number of them prefers lakeshores for camping,so special attention in the research was paid tothe studyofriparian and shallow water vegetation of lakesin zones with different recreation pressureto establish the patterns of vegetation digression.The materials of our observations are supplemented with data on the attendance of tourist sites collected by the Park staff.The region recreation capacities were studied on the base of bioclimatic indices (Bodman’s indices and subjective temperature).It was revealed that only for the period of 1 month (mid-July to mid-August), there is a massive influx of tourists and intensive use of recreation sites on the lakeshores.This leads to degradation of riparian forest and meadow vegetation; destruction of the protective (buffer) zone of aquatic vegetation, erosion of the banks near camps, pollution of shallow water by sewage and garbage. Thus, irregular recreation pressure on water bodies leads to local degradation of natural complexes and eventually to lowering the aesthetic value of riparian landscapes. But such factors as humid (moderate) continental climate with a prolonged cold winter and high relative air humidity throughout the year reduce the period of a strong recreation pressure, and the complicated accessibility of many lakeshores reduce the negative impact of recreation and delay the destruction of natural vegetation. Evaluation of the bioclimatic indices allows Valday to be attributed to regions with a lack of thermal resources, it is preferable to develop here dynamic types of recreation activities practically all over the year. For soft recreation activity the Valday upland are available with limitation from 7 to 8 months in a year and without limitation nearly 1 month in a year. For nature conservation in the Park it is necessary to organize monitoring of lakeshore’s complexes, control of recreation use, determine pressure of tourist traffic, normalizing and differentiating this pressure by the types of possible use and conservation regime.
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Kartal, Burak, Mustafa Tepeci, and Hakan Atlı. "Examining the religious tourism potential of Manisa, Turkey with a marketing perspective." Tourism Review 70, no. 3 (August 17, 2015): 214–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-09-2013-0048.
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Purpose – This paper aims to, by having a marketing perspective, assess the potential of Manisa for religious tourism and shed some light on the ways of increasing that potential and to add to the religious tourism literature and practice in general. Design/methodology/approach – A number of depth interviews were conducted with the experts of culture, tourism, religion and religious assets in Manisa. People and institutions regarding religious tourism were called, visited and asked for the names of right interviewees. As a result, a total of 14 interviews were arranged and successfully accomplished. In addition to depth interviews, top 15 most popular travel Web sites (www.ebizmba.com/articles/travel-websites) are examined for tourist and guide opinions toward Manisa’s religious sites and its surroundings. Findings – The findings indicate that Manisa has highly important religious monuments belonging to three major religions, including three of the seven churches mentioned in the Apocalypse section of the Bible. Many suggestions have been made regarding possible changes in products, referring to religious monuments and sites in this study, and other marketing mix elements like possible ways of promoting the product. Research limitations/implications – The findings are based on a qualitative study, which limit their generalizability. Yet, the sample of interviewees is fairly large and utmost attention is given to the selection of them. In the future, more stakeholders can be involved in the data collection process. Also, the views of general public on the topic can be investigated through surveys to determine the details of religious tourism activities. Practical implications – Preparations for selling souvenirs (like miniatures of religious monuments) and other religious and cultural goods near the sites of attraction can be made. In addition to selling souvenirs (e.g. miniatures, postcards), local food (i.e. Mesir paste, Mesir delight) and local drinks (i.e. Mesir tea, Sübye) can be offered at gift shops or stores to be opened next to religious monuments. Social implications – With the rising popularity of experiential and event marketing, tourists coming to Manisa to see religious monuments will be better off experiencing the atmosphere of these monuments. A specific team of experts from each related organization can be formed and an action plan be prepared to determine the steps to be taken regarding religious tourism. A wise planning and an effective implementation of religious tourism efforts require an intense coordination. Originality/value – Policy makers and managers who want to promote religious tourism need to determine the tourism products and services which appeal to a diverse types of tourists visiting any religious destination. Religious tourism products and services in other destinations can be offered in combination with such activities as camping, hiking and sightseeing or such other types of tourism as social and group tourism and adventure. Standard marketing strategies may not work for religious tourism because spiritual travel will take different forms and have different meanings. Promotional activities are utilized to make potential customers aware of products, induce demand and provide incentives to purchase.
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Mahatara, D., S. Rayamajhi, and G. Khanal. "Impact of anti-poaching approaches for the success of Rhino conservation in Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Banko Janakari 28, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v28i2.24185.
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Nepal has succeeded in granting better protection for its Asian rhino population that has become exemplary in the world. Effective law enforcement along with community participation has been acclaimed as a reason for this achievement. However, there have been very few studies to assess the effectiveness of current anti-poaching strategies. In this study, we assessed the performance of SMART patrolling and population trend of rhino in Chitwan National Park (CNP). The patrol data collected through patrolling logbooks were used to visualize the coverage of SMART in the CNP and its Buffer Zone by dividing it into 1km*1km grid cell. Logistic regression models were used to analyze whether or not the patrol effort and patrol frequency correlate with the reduction in occurrences of illegal activities. A total of 6,593 patrols were conducted within the last fifteen months. Logistic regression models revealed that sites with a greater frequency of patrols, rather than the combined distance walked, had a lower probability of occurrence of illegal activities (βPatrol.frequency= -8.6428 & βPatrol.effort= -4.1804). This implies that patrol frequency was found more significant than patrol efforts in reducing prevalence of illegal activities in and around the CNP. The poaching activities were found high during insurgency period. The trend in rhino poaching was found to be decreased with increase in number of security posts, Community-based Anti-poaching Unit formation, conservation education and sweeping/camping operations. To maintain the continuous success in the long-run, it is crucial to regulate and enhance effective law enforcement capability and more advance techno-based modality in close coordination with stakeholders including community institutions.
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Kurniawan, Riki, Renni Anggraini, and Irin Caisarina. "EVALUASI SARANA DAN PRASARANA PARIWISATA PANTAI PASIR PUTIH DESA LAMREH KECAMATAN MESJID RAYA KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR." Jurnal Arsip Rekayasa Sipil dan Perencanaan 2, no. 4 (December 10, 2019): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jarsp.v2i4.14947.
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Pasir Putih Beach located in Lamreh Village is a unique and distinctive tourist attraction which differs from the beaches in other regions. The existence of this beach has not been balanced with the availability of adequate facilities and infrastructure, to provide comfort and activity for tourists. The physical potential found on Pasir Putih Beach is the unique white sand with treesgrowing in the water, calm waves, existing local traditional fishing boat bases, photogenic spots, places which often used as camping sites and barbecues, it is far from the city noise, and close to other tourist objects such as Bukit Suharto Peak, Bukit Lamreh, and Ujung Kelindu. The non-physical potential found in Pasir Putih Beach is the friendly attitude, and the culture of the community. This study aims to identify existing conditions of tourism facilities and infrastructure in Pasir Putih Beach, the level of community participation in tourism development, and to identify strategies for developing tourism facilities and infrastructure. Primary data is obtained through the distribution of questionnaires, observations and interviews. Data analysis used descriptive analysis and SWOT. The results showed that the tourism facilities and infrastructure in Pasir Putih Beach were mostly in accordance with 12 indicators (52.17%). In the development of Pasir Putih Beach tourism, the level of community participation is still low, 72.95% of the community has never participated. The strategy for the development of tourism facilities and infrastructure in Pasir Putih Beach is to increase the quantity and quality of facilities and infrastructure, increase community participation/involvement in facilities and infrastructure maintenance activities, implement legal products in the development of facilities and infrastructure, and form partnerships that can strengthen collaboration in developing the infrastructure.
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Sapkota, Sunil, Dhan Bdr Gurung, Arjun Nepal, and Karan Bdr Shah. "Ecological Niche Modelling of King Cobra, Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) in Nepal." Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI) 2, no. 2 (August 22, 2021): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47540/ijsei.v2i2.259.
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The fragile ecosystem of greater Himalaya is home to diverse flora and fauna which are vulnerable to climate change impact. This study aimed to determine the suitable habitat of King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) in the current scenario and near-future scenario of the year 2040-2060 (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5). Geographic coordinates of its occurrence were obtained from published literature and environmental layers were obtained from worldclim.org and processed using ArcGIS and software R. The model was developed using MaxENT algorithms. The model was validated using the area under the curve (AUC) and True skill statistics (TSS), which showed that the model is very good (AUC =0.86) and (TSS=0.6). The results showed that altitude is a prime factor affecting the distribution of King Cobra in Nepal with a percent contribution of 31% followed by actual evapotranspiration 14.4% and least by Mean diurnal range (Bio2nep) 7%. The model predicted an area of 41,214 Km2 as suitable habitat for King Cobra in Nepal. The Chitwan National Park possesses a maximum suitable area (726.89 km2) followed by Chitwan-Buffer Zone (601.68 sq. Km2) and least by Sagarmatha National Park (1.73 km2) and Shey-Phoksundo-buffer zone (1.73 Km2). Our data indicate urban areas being the most suitable sites followed by open forest covers. The projection indicates contraction of 8% and 4% in a suitable area for RCP 4.5 and RCP 2.6 respectively, whereas RCP 8.5 showed expansion of 4%. Having probably suitable habitat in urban areas research proposes frequent awareness camping about conservation and protection of vulnerable King Cobra in Nepal.
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West, M. H., and A. P. Maxted. "An assessment of tundra degradation resulting from the presence of a field camp in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard." Polar Record 36, no. 198 (July 2000): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400016466.
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AbstractDuring the last two decades the archipelago of Svalbard has evolved as a focal point for tourism and scientific research in the Arctic. In 1995 the Norwegian authorities inaugurated a management plan in order to conserve Svalbard and to minimise environmental degradation resulting from increased anthropogenic activity. However, the potential for accelerated modification of the tundra, as a result of field camps, was not addressed. Parameters, such as percentage vegetation cover, soil compaction, and soil infiltration rate were measured before and after a four-week period of field-camp activity, under controlled conditions, during July 1997. The study site was located near Ny-Ålesund, Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen. Statistical analysis showed that where no significant differences in the parameters were recorded at the control site, the presence of a field camp did cause a significant impact on the Arctic heath tundra surface. For example, mean soil compaction, increased from 1.16 kg cm-2 to 2.57 kg cm-2. The use of good practice procedures, such as moving tents regularly and utilising a groundsheet, did not prevent an impact on the environment. Key parameters at the main study sites were reassessed in July 1999, revealing that no significant recovery from the impact caused in 1997 had occurred. An established campsite at Ny-Ålesund was also studied in 1997, and the results support the findings of the main survey: a significant difference recorded for the parameters measured at the campsite, compared to negligible or no changes at the control site. In order to achieve a sustainable tourism and science-based community in Svalbard, i t is proposed that the existing management plan be expanded to incorporate a set of guidelines for wilderness camping, with the aim of mitigating the impact of field camps on the tundra.
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Masi, F., N. Martinuzzi, R. Bresciani, L. Giovannelli, and G. Conte. "Tolerance to hydraulic and organic load fluctuations in constructed wetlands." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.507.
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This paper describes a two-year performance evaluation of four different constructed wetland (CW) treatment systems designed by IRIDRA Srl, located in central Italy. All four CW systems were established to treat wastewater effluent from different tourist activities: (1) one single-stage CW for secondary treatment of domestic wastewater (30 p.e.) at a holiday farm site; (2) a hybrid compact system consisting of two stages, a horizontal flow (HF) system followed by a vertical flow (VF) system for the secondary treatment of effluent from a 140 p.e. tourist resort; (3) a single-stage vertical flow (VF) CW for a 100 p.e. mountain shelter; and (4) a pair of single-stage, HF CWs for the secondary treatment of segregated grey and black water produced by an 80 p.e. camping site. These tourism facilities are located in remote areas and share some common characteristics concerning their water management: they have high variability of water consumption and wastewater flow, depending on the season, weather and weekly regularities; they have no connection to a public sewer and most sites are located in a sensitive environment. Total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), ammonium (N-NH+4), nitrate (N-NOx), total nitrogen (Ntot), total phosphorus (Ptot), total coliform (TC), faecal coliform (FC), E. coli removal efficiencies for all four CW systems are presented. The results from this study demonstrate the potential of CWs as a suitable technology for treating wastewater from tourism facilities in remote areas. A very efficient COD reduction (83–95%) and pathogen elimination (3–5 logs) have been achieved. Furthermore, the CWs are easily maintained, robust (not sensitive to peak flows), constructed with local materials, and operate with relatively low cost.
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González, L. A., G. Bishop-Hurley, D. Henry, and E. Charmley. "Wireless sensor networks to study, monitor and manage cattle in grazing systems." Animal Production Science 54, no. 10 (2014): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14368.
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Monitoring and management of grazing livestock production systems can be enhanced with remote monitoring technologies collecting information with high temporal and spatial detail. However, the potential benefits of such technologies have yet to be realised and challenges still exist with hardware, and data analysis and interpretation. The objective of this paper was to propose analytical methods and demonstrate the value of remotely collected liveweight (LW) and behaviour of beef cattle grazing tropical pastures. Three remote weighing systems were set up at the water troughs to capture LW of three groups of 20 animals for 341 days. LW data reflected short-term effects following the first rain event (>50 mm) at the end of the dry season, which resulted in LW losses of 22 ± 8.8 kg of LW at a rate of –1.54 ± 0.46 kg/day (n = 60). This period was followed by a peak daily LW change (LWC) of +2 kg/day. The remote weighing system also captured longer environmental effects related to seasonal changes in forage quality and quantity with highest LWC during the wet season and weight loss during the dry season. Effects of management on LW and LWC were observed as a result of moving animals to paddocks with more edible forage during the dry season when the negative trend in LWC was reversed after rotating animals. Behavioural monitoring indicated that resting and ruminating took place at camping sites, and foraging resulted in grazing hotspots. Remotely collected LW data captured both short- and long-term temporal changes associated with environmental and management factors, whereas remote monitoring collars captured the spatial distribution of behaviours in the landscape. Wireless sensor networks have the ability to provide data with sufficient detail in real-time making it possible for increased understanding of animal biology and early management interventions that should result in increased production, animal welfare and environmental stewardship.
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Shablii, O., L. Zastavetska, K. Dudarchuk, I. Illiash, and N. Smochko. "The main problems of healthcare and wellness tourism in Ukraine." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 27, no. 2 (November 2, 2018): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111858.
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The data of the conducted research testify to the high potential of Ukraine, taking into account factors such as favourable climate, location near two seas and rich natural resources for healthcare and wellness tourism. Significant weaknesses have been identified, which consist of an outdated infrastructure of healthcare and wellness enter- prises and the narrow range of services provided by them. Only 67% of the total number of establishments of the sanatorium and resort complex have service departments inside, but even if they are available, most of the health-improvement facilities according to the requirements of the National Standard for Accommodation do not even correspond to category 1. In the course of the conducted research, methods of statistical analysis were applied to study the dynamics of the number of sanatoria and health facilities in Ukraine and the number of tourists. Methods for diagnosing the state of development and modeling (including SWOT analysis, cluster approach) were used to study the functioning of tourist territories of different taxonomic ranks. It was found on the basis of study that although Ukraine has all the resources for the development of healthcare tourism, it is still a depressed industry owing to numerous problems. The materials of this research can become a practical basis for the development of this kind of tourism. The main problems of development of tourist infrastructure of healthcare tourism are described. The directions of its development are proposed: construction of new hotels, recreation centers, shelters, hotels, camping sites, etc. and reconstruction of available accommodation facilities. It was found that a similar situation is observed in the places of public catering (their significant insufficiency negatively affects the development of this sphere of tourism ). It is proposed to create an innovative cluster of health-improving type on mono-territories, which will allow the best possible social and economic development projects to be designed and implemented, as well as helping to effectively build and implement a strategy for long-term development of the territory, which has favourable conditions for sanatorium and resort treatment
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Barkey, Karen. "Shared Sacred Sites." Journal of Law, Religion and State 9, no. 1 (March 2, 2021): 67–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22124810-00803002.
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Abstract This paper analyzes the conditions under which the sharing of sacred sites in Turkey is still possible despite the serious Sunnification campaign of the akp regime. I argue that ideological, cultural, and pragmatic motivations led the Turkish state to refrain from interfering in practices the ruling party deems sacrilegious and distasteful.
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Souley, Boubacar, and Robert H. Wicks. "Tracking the 2004 Presidential Campaign Web Sites." American Behavioral Scientist 49, no. 4 (December 2005): 535–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764205279434.
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Seidl, Winfried, Gefion Brunnemann, Lucia Kins, Eva Köhler, Karin Reußwig, and Ralph Dlugi. "Über die ionische Zusammensetzung von Aerosolteilchen und zugehörige Spurengase an zwei Meßorten während der Meßkampagne SANA 2." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 5, no. 5 (November 22, 1996): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/metz/5/1996/257.
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Chersich, S., P. Galvan, L. Frizzera, and L. Scattolin. "Humus form variability at two experimental sites in the mountain Norway spruce forest, Trentino, Italy." Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 4, no. 2 (June 19, 2007): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor0451-0040220.
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Wicks, Robert H., and Boubacar Souley. "Going Negative: Candidate Usage of Internet Web Sites during the 2000 Presidential Campaign." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 80, no. 1 (March 2003): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769900308000109.
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This study examines the news releases that were posted on the official campaign Web sites of George W. Bush and Al Gore during the 2000 presidential campaign. Analysis of each of the 487 news releases posted during the campaign season reveals that nearly three-quarters of these contained an attack on the opponent. This parallels data on the incidence of attacks appearing in televised political advertising during the 2000 campaign. The study provides support for the Political Competition Model, which posits that close races produce significant negativity. Furthermore, the study offers insights on how presidential political campaigns may use campaign Web sites in the future.
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Wang, Tai‐Li. "A comparative study of campaign blogs and web sites." Online Information Review 34, no. 2 (April 20, 2010): 229–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14684521011036963.
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Bosinski, G. "The Representation of Female Figures in the Rhineland Magdalenian." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 57, no. 01 (1991): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00004874.
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The Magdalenian sites of Andernach and Gönnersdorf are located in the central Rhineland at the northwestern end of the Neuwied Basin (fig. 1). The first investigation of the Andernach-Martinsberg site was carried out in 1883 by H. Schaaffhausen (1888); between 1979 and 1983 a new campaign of excavations took place at the same site (Veil 1982a). The site of Gönnersdorf was investigated between 1968 and 1976 (Bosinski 1979). The two sites are located directly facing each other above the Rhine, which at the time of the occupation was much wider than at the present day; Andernach is sited on a Middle Pleistocene lava flow, while Gönnersdorf is on the Middle Terrace of the Rhine. Both sites are assigned by pollen analysis to the end of the Bølling interstadial; the great similarities in their archaeological material, down to individual details, suggest that the two sites were contemporary.
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Warnick, Barbara, Michael Xenos, Danielle Endres, and John Gastil. "Effects of Campaign-to-User and Text-Based Interactivity in Political Candidate Campaign Web sites." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 10, no. 3 (June 23, 2006): 00. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00253.x.
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Peng, Bo, Jianbin Li, Tingyi Piao, Jianmin Sun, and R. G. Strom. "Radio Spectral Monitoring Campaign at Proposed SKA Sites in China." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 120, no. 868 (June 2008): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/588679.
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Hun Myoung Park and James L. Perry. "Do Campaign Web Sites Really Matter in Electoral Civic Engagement?" Social Science Computer Review 26, no. 2 (December 3, 2007): 190–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439307309026.
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Mian, Afsar. "Ecological Impact of Arab Falconry on Houbara Bustard in Baluchistan." Environmental Conservation 13, no. 1 (1986): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900035852.
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The love for ancient desert sport, dwindling of the population of Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata) in the traditional hunting grounds of the Gulf States, Middle East, and North Africa, and also in some accessible parts of Pakistan through hectic mechanized hunting, has attracted the now-rich Arab falconers to strike at the populations wintering in relatively inaccessible areas of Baluchistan during the last 5–10 years. The present paper is the first known attempt at analysing the multidirectional effects of falconry in that last area, and depends upon the information collected during the Author's tours of different areas of Baluchistan and through information collected from various agencies.The falconry that is now being done in the wintering grounds of the Houbara Bustard in Baluchistan is liable to have a very severe impact on the birds' population as the summering population is packed in some 1/8th of its summering grounds, thus yielding a very high density of birds. The falconry activities not only constitute a direct assault on the population of the Asian Race of Houbara, with a hunting toll of 4,955 during 1984–85 (a progressive increase from 418 during 1981–82 as reported but in reality expected to be much higher). There is also a significant effect on the population of falcons, some 300–400 being used every year, though the actual toll is probably much higher, as many are lost during trapping, training, transportation, and selling. The hunting parties are also responsible for direct and/or indirect killing of associated wildlife including hares, various deer, See-see Partridges, sandgrouses, Stone Curlew, and Cream-coloured Courser, while some 200 head of antelope were taken out of their ecosystems and sold to, or wasted in the hands of, falconry parties during the 1983–84 season.The hectic activity of the falconers in the area, and their associated men and materials, are responsible for disturbing the biological phenomena of the animal wildlife, including hormonal balance and feeding activities. The period of mating and reproduction of most of the desert animals coincides with the falconry in the area, and hence these activities result in the production of malnourished, biologically unbalanced individuals.The indiscriminate killing of Houbara and falcons may result in unbalanced ecosystem, with the massive elimination of Houbara resulting in increases in the populations of harmful organisms lying at lower trophic levels, and decreases in the populations of organisms lying at higher trophic levels. The elimination of raptorial falcons has probably resulted in increases in the populations of rodents in the northeastern part of Baluchistan and hence increased damage to agricultural crops or water channels. The falconry also has the potential of physically destroying the habitat through crushing of the slow-growing plants, denuding the camping sites through movement of men and materials, dumping of nondegradable wastes, and woodcutting for camp fires. The movement of heavy hunting vehicles sometimes causes severe damage to small earthfilled dams that are used for storing irrigation water, slowing rapid runoff, and recharging ground-water resources.