Journal articles on the topic 'Camps, food service'

This article is the second in a series of several by members of the Committee on the Control of Foodborne Illness of the International Association of Food Protection, and it continues the analysis of 816 outbreaks where food workers were implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. In this article, we discuss case morbidity and mortality and the settings where the 816 outbreaks occurred. Some of the outbreaks were very large; 11 involved more than 1,000 persons, 4 with more than 3,000 ill. The larger outbreaks tended to be extended over several days with a continuing source of infections, such as at festivals, resorts, and community events, or the contaminated product had been shipped to a large number of customers, e.g., icing on cakes or exported raspberries. There were five outbreaks with more than 100 persons hospitalized, with rates ranging from 9.9 to 100%. However, overall, the hospitalization rate was low (1.4%), and deaths were rare (0.11% of the 80,682 cases). Many of the deaths were associated with high-risk persons (i.e., those who had underlying diseases, malnutrition, or both, as in a refugee camp, or young children), but a few occurred with apparently healthy adults. An analysis of the settings for the food worker–related events showed that most of the outbreaks came from food service facilities (376 outbreaks [46.1%]), followed by catered events (126 outbreaks [15.4%]), the home (83 outbreaks [10.2%]), schools and day care centers (49 [6.0%]), and health care institutions (43 outbreaks [5.3%]). However, many cases resulted from relatively few outbreaks (<30 each) associated with community events (9,726), processing plants (8,580), mobile/temporary service (5,367), and camps/armed forces (5,117). The single most frequently reported setting was restaurants, with 324 outbreaks and 16,938 cases. Improper hygienic practices in homes, on picnics, or at community events accounted for 89 of the 816 outbreaks. There were 18 outbreaks associated with commercial travel in air flights, trains, and cruise ships over several decades, although only the last seems to be a major concern today. Sixteen outbreaks occurred where food, primarily produce, was harvested and shipped from one country to another. Sometimes the presence of an infected worker preparing food was only one of several factors contributing to the outbreak.

Over the past 40 years, a complex review and oversight system has grown within the United States and internationally to regulate the conduct of human subjects research. This system developed in response to revelations of abuses of human subjects in experiments such as those conducted in the Nazi concentration camps, the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, the Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies, and the studies described by Beecher in his 1966 article in the New England Journal of Medicine. The oversight system is based on a foundation, first implemented by the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) in 1966 and by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1971, of prior review and approval of a written experimental protocol by an independent committee. The World Medical Association articulated the ethical centrality of independent review in its 1975 revision of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research endorsed the requirement in its flagship Belmont Report.

AbstractThe Somali government has had to deal with serious health problems in the refugee population, especially malnutrition, tubercolosis, malaria, schistosomiasis, and parasitic diseases, arising from changes in environment and living patterns, the process of migration itself, lack of food, and the settlement in special camps. Emergency health plans have therefore been formulated by the Ministry of Health in concert with international agencies, foreign governments, and private aid organizations. An original contribution has been made by the Department of Community Health at the Faculty of Medicine at the National University, in the field of health education and health care. A number of problems were encountered, originating from varying philosophies of intervention and from the particular cultural characteristics of the population. The authors compare their experience with the period of mass resettlement during and after the 1974-75 drought in order to arrive at recommendations for the planning of health services in similar situations.

Purpose – Professional service entrepreneurs (PSEs) paradoxically practice their profession in highly institutionalized contexts that require intense socialization, while also enacting another role as an entrepreneur. Activities consistent with entrepreneurship may be unnecessary for – and possibly contradictory with – activities consistent with professional roles. The purpose of this paper is to address the question of how two highly important role identities (professional and entrepreneurial) relate to entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in professional firms. Design/methodology/approach – Using a survey methodology, the authors measure entrepreneurial and professional role identity importance, and PSE’s perceptions of firm-level EO, using a sample of 138 medical practitioners who own and operate their own small-to medium-sized professional practices. In this paper, the authors examine the associations of the importance of these identities, and the relative importance of one to another, with EO. Findings – The authors find that a PSE’s entrepreneurial role identity importance is positively related to the EO dimensions of risk taking and innovativeness, while professional role identity importance is negatively related to risk taking. Additionally, the authors find that the degree of relative importance (centrality) of an entrepreneurial role identity to a professional role identity is related positively to the EO dimensions of risk taking, innovativeness, and proactiveness. Research limitations/implications – This is a cross-sectional study. As such, the authors examine associations rather than a process. The sample is limited to professional medical practitioners in the USA who own and operate their own practices. Originality/value – This paper helps to better understand why some professional firms are more entrepreneurial than others. The findings suggest that, even in the conservative context of professional services, the PSEs entrepreneurial role centrality is consistent with the EO of the firm’s strategies.

AbstractItalian physicians who, from Oct. 1979 to April 1981 directed an emergency medical team in the Ogaden refugee camps of the Qorioley district of Somalia, report on location, general set-up, vital statistics, health aspects, water and food supply, sanitation, disposal of waste matter, health hazards, spread and control of diseases, health education, and planning of health services and health teams.Invited by the Caritas of Somalia and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) office in Mogadishu, Somalia, from October 15, 1979 to December 31, 1980, two Italian medical teams of the Associazione Universitaria per la Cooperazione Internazionale (AUCI) worked among the Ogaden Refugees in 3 camps of the Qorioley District, lower Shabelli Region of Somalia. Each team consisted of one physician and 2 registered nurses. The Qorioley district, about 140 km SW of Mogadishu, has high day-time temperatures and high humidity throughout the year. The day to night temperature gradients are high. Strong winds are blowing to and from the Indian Ocean.The 3 camps had been set up in the bush, on the right bank of the Shabelli river, about 8 km NW of Qorioley Town. The refugees in these camps were of Somali extraction and of Muslin culture and religion. They were housed in large military tents, aqal (round roofed skin covered hut of nomads), “mundul” (circular grass-thatched hut built around a central pole) and “arysh” (rectangular hut, corrugated iron tile roofs), aggregated at a very high density. More than 5000 people lived on one hectar. It was so crowded lhat there was no more space than 1.5 m2 of shelter per person. They lacked all hygienic services.Each camp had a food storage hut (mud walled with corrugated iron roof) and 2-3 water collection ponds, fed from the river. At the time of our arrival, two “arysh” with a total of 20 beds were in use for non-ambulatory patients. Scattered in the camps there were 6 “medical posts.”

Research into how war-displaced communities value or prioritize aid response is limited. A clearer conceptualization of what affected populations seek from the international humanitarian response to their needs would be valuable in planning for emergencies.AimExploring internally displaced person's (IDP) experiences and perceptions of the humanitarian response, with a focus on health risks, resources, and health services received during their displacement.MethodA mixed-method approach using both quantitative and qualitative methods was used. This study assessed the perceptions of IDPs on provision of health and other services using an interviewer-administered-questionnaire (survey) using a sample frame that included the entire displaced population of 150,000 IDPs living in 97 camps. Findings from the survey were synthesized with the key themes that emerged through the qualitative methodology. In-depth interviews were conducted with health cluster actors. An innovative child-to-child (CTC) based research methodology was used to ascertain the insights and perceptions of displaced children and adolescents.ResultsThe survey revealed community satisfaction with health care services immediately after displacement (within IDP camps) improved considerably from 63% to 80% (6 months after the acute phase). Significant gains also were registered for shelter (54.2% to 81.4%), and sanitation (47.4% to 62%). Satisfaction of services rendered by primary healthcare workers also were high; 81.7% for public health midwife (who provided maternal and child health care), and 76.8% for public health inspectors (who provided environmental health and disease control). However, CTC workshops revealed inequalities in access to food based on ‘caste’ and occupation. Protection issues relating to violence from community and militant groups were reported.ConclusionsDespite IDP satisfaction with healthcare services, there were gaps in food security and violence/protection activities. Recognizing of the role/impact community health volunteers play in health care is an important factor in enhancing primary health care services in IDP camps.

Since 2009, an estimated 3 million people were displaced in Pakistan of which 10% took refuge in “camps”. To ascertain their health needs and care-seeking behavior an exploratory crosssectional survey was undertaken from November 2017 to April 2018 in Jalozai camp by interviewing 318 household heads and 318 married females using systematic and convenient sampling techniques respectively. Study findings revealed that 91% of the IDPs received some assistance for shelter, food, water, sanitation and basic health services while 37% of respondents had difficulties in fulfilling their family food demands, 38% had poor access to water. The prevalence of communicable and non-communicable diseases in the camp was 29% and 23% respectively. Demand for basic public health needs and health services was high and required active and coordinated interventions by both the public and private sectors. The study recommends a national health framework for IDPs.

Remnant camas prairies and associated oak woodlands are the focus of contemporary Indigenous food sovereignty efforts in the Salish Sea (aka Puget Sound) region of western Washington. They are also the focus of research and restoration to conserve at-risk species of animals and plants protected under the United States Endangered Species Act. Currently there is little collaboration between tribes and restoration scientists. These conditions create an opportunity and ethical imperative for developing undergraduate curriculum that highlights the connections between biodiversity conservation and traditional Indigenous ecological knowledge. Patchy mosaic prairie-oak woodland vegetation visibly reflects the imprint of human activity, which includes past burning to foster native food plants including common camas (Camassia quamash) and Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana). Using a floristic research project focused on these cultural landscapes as a case study, this essay illustrates how interdisciplinary inquiry and service learning can enrich college-level plant taxonomy curriculum, while creating rich opportunities for students to link their botanical studies to a historically-grounded understanding of why the conservation challenges exist in the first place. Through this collaborative, multi-year research effort, students contribute to the production of needed resources useful to regional conservation efforts. Affiliated learning communities also consider what it might mean to decolonize botanical knowledge in the context of ecological restoration.

Panos Vostanis, Guv Bassi, Howard Meltzer, Tamsin Ford and Robert Goodman examine data from the England survey on the use of services by looked after children with behavioural problems (or conduct disorders — CD). Of the total 1,039 looked after children who participated, 384 (37%) fulfilled criteria for CD, of whom 57 (or 17% of children with CD) had an additional hyperkinetic and 46 (or 12% of the CD group) an additional emotional disorder. Children had high rates of multiple and overlapping contacts with social care, health, education and youth justice services. Children with additional emotional and hyperkinetic disorders had particularly high rates of contact with primary care, specialist child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS), child health and special educational services. In conclusion, looked after children and young people with behavioural problems are likely to require access to a range of services, but these should be clearly defined and co-ordinated, with local care pathways and referral criteria, in order to maximise the use of resources. Although CAMHS involvement should not automatically be requested for all behavioural problems, looked after children with underlying mental health or developmental disorders would particularly benefit from specialist CAMHS input.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to answer the following question: what motivates refugees to create their own businesses in a developing country, and how do they go about it? Design/methodology/approach A quantitative study was conducted before Syrian refugees in main camps in Lebanon. The self-administrated survey was translated into the Arabic language to fit the respondents understanding of the questions asked and answers choices. Closed questions with nominal ratio and Likert scales were used to gather the primary data in the line of the study of Wauters and Lambrecht. The data were analysed with a logistic regression analysis under SPSS. Findings The findings show that 71 per cent of Syrian refugees seem to have a willingness to start a new business in Lebanon. The respondents are mostly young, with 62 per cent being between the ages of 18 and 35. Most of them are men (66.67 per cent) against 33.33 per cent of women. 60 per cent have already been entrepreneurs, and they are mostly motivated by earning a living but in the sector they used to work in before in their home country. Finally, the obstacles seem to be linked to financial and administrative issues, but also to the local policies. However, the fact that they share some cultural values with Lebanese such as the language or food, allow them to integrate easier and to create social bonds. Research limitations/implications The research is limited by the fact that the authors cannot generalise the findings since the Lebanese environment is very different from other countries’ environment. Besides, the Syrian refugees share already a lot of values and lifestyle with Lebanese. So, the authors cannot transpose their case to other ethnic population. Also, the study is limited by the lack of a gender statement and the link between the education level and the decision of creating a new business. Practical implications The authors propose some recommendations to the Lebanese Government and NGOs in order to facilitate and support the entrepreneurship actions of refugees shortly after they arrive to Lebanon. Social implications This paper confirms the importance of social ties in encouraging entrepreneurship in the case of refugees. Originality/value In this paper, the authors make four contributions to the academic debate: first, the authors studied the entrepreneurial motivations of refugees in a middle-eastern developing country while the other studies have focussed upon the adaptation of such individuals in a western and developed environment. Second, the refugees are motivated by pull and push factors at once as the authors discussed in the precedent section. Third, although adaptation to the Lebanese culture is easier, resilience is nevertheless needed due to the Lebanese Government’s policies, which forbid refugees to work in the country. Fourth, with regard to migration studies in general, this paper stands half way between the various studies conducted on ethnic entrepreneurship, immigrant entrepreneurship and refugees. Indeed, the authors brought together many concepts such as social bonds, social capital, culture, political environment, and the service industry. On the managerial level, the findings allow the institutions and the government to target those refugees who show an appetence to entrepreneurship to stimulate their action, shortly after arriving in Lebanon, as their entrepreneurial intent decreases with the time they spend, often unemployed, in the host country. Should government policy change, both the integration of refugees, and entrepreneurship in general would benefit.

Since August 2017, a massive influx of over 800,000 Rohingya refugees have arrived in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The Rohingya state is one the poorest states in Myanmar, with ghetto-like camps and a lack of basic services and opportunities. In 1982, a new citizenship law was passed, effectively rendering the Rohingya stateless. As a result of this law, their rights to access health services have been restricted. Now, many Rohingya are living in Cox’s Bazar in tent-based refugee camps under extremely poor conditions without access to proper medical care, hygiene, sanitation, food or education. Lack of proper maternal health care, together with early marriage, malnutrition, poverty and the physical characteristics of the women in this community (small body shapes), exposes Rohingya women to a very dangerous position with high chances of developing obstetric fistula during childbirth. HOPE Hospital provides clinical care for women affected with obstetric fistula and is the only provider and referral center of fistula care in the region. Since the influx began, many fistula repairs have been carried out on Rohingya women at HOPE Hospital. This paper looks at fistula care and the psychosocial impact of fistula on victims in the refugee population, amid a massive humanitarian crisis.

There is a lack of data on the generation and composition of waste in rural areas worldwide. The present study analyzed the composition of solid waste in Al Jabal Al Akhdar, a rural mountain region in the Sultanate of Oman, which is presently experiencing a rapid rate of urbanization due to tourism development. The solid wastes here are generated by the municipality collecting waste from residential, commercial, institutional and recreational areas, the military from a training camp and a few non-governmental private companies from their camps and hotels. The whole load from each of the three sources was manually segregated each month from June 2013 – May 2014. The results indicated that plastic is the dominant category in the wastes collected by the municipality and accounts for 26.7%, followed by paper (17.9%) and then food (14.4%). Food is the dominant category in the wastes collected by the military and private companies and accounts for 36.5% and 45.5% respectively. Management issues associated with solid waste are briefly considered. The study concluded that the municipality should implement an improved system for the collection of plastic waste and initiate a system for recycling it; the military and private companies should reduce the quantities of food waste by improved planning and management of the catering services.

Born in Budapest in 1925, Andrs Keller was the only child of Jewish parents. He entered the University of Budapest in 1943 on a Jewish quota to study natural philosophy. Studies became increasingly difficult because of the activity of fascists in the university as Hungary was an ally of Nazi Germany and was expected to be seen to pursue an anti–Semitic policy. Perhaps inevitably, he had to join a Jewish labour battalion, which is where Jewish men of military service age were sent instead of into the armed forces. After several days at a drafting centre in a Budapest brickworks, he was taken east to Ruthenia, which was in Slovakia and is now in the Ukraine, and was put to work building airfields. His battalion was moved around and it is difficult to know exactly where he was sent and when. However, one possible fixed point is that he remembers his train alongside a train of German troops who were celebrating the assassination of Hitler (as they thought), which would indicate a date very soon after the 6 July 1944 plot; false rumours of its success had been circulated initially to aid in the hunt for those involved. The food was poor and they were overworked, so they supplemented their diet by cooking mushrooms on shovels. The Russians were advancing and almost completely encircled Ruthenia, leaving just one narrowing corridor towards the west. As the work battalion was being marched towards it, Keller and a friend jumped the column into nearby undergrowth and hid. For several days they lived off the land and then separated as Keller wanted to wait until the Russian front had passed by. He hid behind hay in the roof space of an abandoned barn and was nearly found when the barn was searched; however, the soldiers did not look behind the hay, they just prodded it and departed. Keller watched the Russian troops occupy the village led by a mounted cavalry officer followed by an ox cart. He heard later that only one of his group survived the winter of 1944/45. He tried to work his way westwards behind the front, but was soon picked up by the Russians near to Szatmr (now known by its Rumanian name of Satu–Mare), who sent him to a displaced persons' camp in Bessarabia in Rumania. Although the Russians were tolerant, they left the day–to–day running of the camp to the senior German prisoners, who made life particularly hard for a young Jew. Keller noted batches of prisoners being taken away in trains, and he suspected, correctly, that they were being taken deep into Soviet territory. He decided to escape, and on the next moonless night he managed to crawl under three rolls of barbed wire where they had been stretched across a depression in the ground, and then over a wooden palisade that collapsed under him and alerted the guards. However, the guards did nothing, Keller surmising that they had orders to stop escapers they could see, but no orders that told them what to do if the fence fell over. He ran into the night, unhurt, and started once again to trek back to Budapest. Initially he reached Bucharest, where he was helped by a Jewish resident called Goldfarb, and finally back to Budapest, which he reached in February 1945, shortly after the city's liberation by the Red Army. Most of the surviving remnant of Hungarian Jews was in Budapest, the majority of the prewar Jewish population of 600 000 having been deported to death camps during the spring of 1944. These included Keller's father, uncle and aunt, who were all sent to Buchenwald and never seen again. At that time his young cousin had been sent across Budapest to his mother, with the family gold hidden in the head of her doll, and together they survived the holocaust, as did his paternal grandparents.

A gestão de risco e a gestão colaborativa sinalizam complementaridades e contribuem para a mitigação de riscos e a redução das incertezas na cadeia de suprimentos. Esta pesquisa explora essas duas abordagens na intenção de responder se tal afirmação pode ser aplicada em operações de food- service. Realizou-se um estudo exploratório com 13 empresas pertencentes a mesma cadeia de suprimentos. Com base em aspectos de convergência entre as abordagens foram estabelecidas cinco proposições, as quais foram avaliadas na pesquisa de campo com 34 profissionais. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se estatística descritiva e teste estatístico pareado. Resultados destacaram que as questões relacionadas as perdas comprometem a inserção da gestão de risco na gestão colaborativa, e incorpora fracamente a mitigação e as incertezas.

Part of curriculum requirements for year 3 medical students at AIMST University is to organise a medical camp at end of their community medicine posting. The purpose was two-fold: to orientate medical students towards health needs of the people at primary care level and to bring health awareness to communities that have less access to basic health care services. Annually, seven such camps are held. Our aim was to assess the lessons learned by medical students in this activity and we based our findings from a camp held on January 2018 in village PB. This is a descriptive review. Once the location is selected, the rest is by the medical students - format of camp, flow, type of services offered, medications, invitations, alternate programmes, consultations and referral with assistance from faculty. A stipend of RM 500.00 is provided to cover expenses. A post-mortem is held finally to review feedback, lessons learned and to compile a report. Total of 154 people registered at this camp. We involved the students with an aerobic session. We engaged the village leaders in the opening ceremony. We worked with the local health department to assist in the programmes. Lessons learned were planning, teamwork, empathy, self-efficacy, compromise, leadership quality and resourcefulness. Funding was insufficient, and we sourced through well-wishers and supportive local doctors. Medical camps benefit students, community and the institution the students are from. Community involvement and intersectoral collaboration is essential for best benefits.

Background: Foot blisters are common and painful nuisances in competitive sports and in military service. The pathogenesis of the problem is related to excessive frictional forces experienced on or under the foot. The incidence of foot blisters in marathon runners can reach 39%. Similarly, up to 42% of cadets in Reserve Officers’ Training Corps camps might be prone to foot blisters. Although the problem usually disappears within 5 days, a single blister might be a major problem in competitive sports or in a wilderness setting. Military training and combat effectiveness might also be compromised by foot blisters. This study sought to reveal the distribution of plantar shear forces in athletic individuals and its relevance to foot blisters. Methods: Three groups of 11 participants each were studied: blister, adult control, and pediatric control. A custom-built shear and pressure platform was used to collect plantar pressure and shear data while the participants walked over the device. Data were analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: The blister group had significantly increased pressure and shear stress magnitudes compared with the other groups, although no significant group-site interaction was found. The shear-time integral values were increased approximately 50% at specific sites of the athletic feet, suggesting that contact time may play a role in blister formation. Conclusions: The biomechanical interaction on the plantar surface of a blister-prone person is different from that of individuals who are less prone to the problem. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 100(2): 116–120, 2010)

Somalia, Kenya and Ethiopia, situated in the Horn of Africa, are highly vulnerable to climate change, which manifests itself through increasing temperatures, erratic rains and prolonged droughts. Millions of people have to flee from droughts or floods either as cross-border refugees or as internally displaced persons (IDPs). The aim of this study was to identify knowledge status and gaps regarding public health consequences of large-scale displacement in these countries. After a scoping review, we conducted qualitative in-depth interviews during 2018 with 39 stakeholders from different disciplines and agencies in these three countries. A validation workshop was held with a selection of 13 interviewees and four project partners. Malnutrition and a lack of vaccination of displaced people are well-known challenges, while mental health problems and gender-based violence (GBV) are less visible to stakeholders. In particular, the needs of IDPs are not well understood. The treatment of mental health and GBV is insufficient, and IDPs have inadequate access to essential health services in refugee camps. Needs assessment and program evaluations with a patients’ perspective are either lacking or inadequate in most situations. The Horn of Africa is facing chronic food insecurity, poor population health and mass displacement. IDPs are an underserved group, and mental health services are lacking. A development approach is necessary that moves beyond emergency responses to the building of long-term resilience, the provision of livelihood support and protection to reduce displacement by droughts.

Resumo: O Palmas Que Te Acolhe é um serviço que compõe a rede de atenção à população em situação de rua do município de Palmas, Tocantins, baseado no modelo de HousingFirst, que propõe garantir o acesso ao pacote de direitos (moradia, alimentação, trabalho, renda, cultura e lazer) às pessoas em situação de rua e usuários de álcool e outras drogas. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo desse trabalho – derivado de uma pesquisa de campo exploratória realizada entre 2017 e 2019 –, sustentado por inspirações cartográficas, é compreender de que modo se constitui a clínica ética-estética-política e como esses modos de ser e de viver se configuram na produção de cuidado a partir da experiência do Palmas Que Te Acolhe. A fim de dar voz aos participantes que compõem esse serviço, foram realizadas 13 entrevistas a partir de um roteiro norteador, além de diários de campo que buscaram traduzir as sensações, sentimentos e impressões presentes no campo. Nesse escrito, propõe-se desterritorializar a noção da clínica tradicional, inscrita entre quatro paredes, para pensar uma clínica que se faz nos encontros territoriais e afetivos que vai de encontro à proposta do Palmas Que Te Acolhe.Palavras-chave: Clínica. Álcool e outras drogas. Pessoas em situação de rua. Abstract: Palmas Que Te Acolhe is a service that makes up the network of care for the homeless in the municipality of Palmas, Tocantins, based on the Housing First model, which proposes to guarantee access to the package of rights (housing, food, work, income, culture and leisure) to homeless people and users of alcohol and other drugs. In this perspective, the objective of this work - derived from an exploratory field research carried out between 2017 and 2019 -, supported by cartographic inspirations, is to understand how the ethical-aesthetic-political clinic is constituted and how these ways of being and living are configured in the production of care based on the experience of Palmas Que Te Acolhe. In order to give voice to the participants who make up this service, 13 interviews were conducted using a guiding script, in addition to field diaries that sought to translate the sensations, feelings and impressions present in the field. In this writing, it is proposed to deterritorialize the notion of the traditional clinic, inscribed within four walls, to think of a clinic that takes place in territorial and affective encounters that goes against the proposal of Palmas Que Te Acolhe.Keywords: Clinic. Alcohol and other drugs. Homeless people.

For various reasons, but mostly because of violence, millions of people all over the world have been forced to leave their homes and are looking for security and shelter elsewhere. They have either crossed a border, and are called refugees, or they have remained within their own country and are known as internally displaced persons (IDPs). The crossing of a border is important, since this has several legal and practical implications. In general, the level of assistance for IDPs is on a lower scale. The majority of the refugees and IDPs consists of women and children. Homeless women are very vulnerable. They are especially prone to rape and sexual abuse. Moreover, sexual discriminatory practices may take place with regard to the distribution of food, goods and services. When they are housed in emergency camps and shelters, relief workers, international organisations and host countries should be made aware of these special needs and circumstances. Once awareness is created, solutions must be found. Several recommendations are made, some of them consisting of pragmatic measures, like illumination at night and sex segregated latrines and washing facilities. Since both UNHCR and the Special Rapporteur on IDPs have acknowledged the special plight of women, and both mechanisms have analysed the specific problems, much attention is paid to their findings.

Introduction: Greece has experienced a double challenge of being under austerity for the past decade and also facing an influx of refugees and migrants (R&Ms), mostly fleeing war zones. The purpose of this case study is to report on a shelter camp in Greece. Method: An ethnographic case study technique was used. Data were collected via interviews, personal observations, and field notes. Analytic themes based on the coded data and personal memo writing were created. The sample consisted of the shelter camps’ living social reality. Results: Analysis revealed five thematic categories: ground rules, makeshift layout, food and drinks, children, and nursing perspectives. These were subsequently collated into a coherent “story” about routine daily life in the shelter camp. Discussion: As camp facilities had been hastily erected, the services were basic and life was harsh. The need to provide better facilities including social and psychological support for R&Ms is evident for this particular host facility. Implications for Practice: In Greece, R&Ms and staff cooperation is constantly sought as this new societal arrangement is a highly complex and volatile mix for everybody involved. Nurses have both a humanistic and a professional duty to be involved and help out. As the camp was run by the army, one could question the impact on culturally conflicting care provision.

Refugee relief organizations and refugee studies have refugees as their first concern and focus. Adverse impacts of refugees on hosts are relatively neglected. When impacts are considered, they are seen in terms of host country governments, economies and services rather than people or different groups among host populations. In rural refugee-affected areas, the better-off and more visible hosts usually gain from the presence of refugees and from refugee programs. In contrast, the poorer among the hosts can be hidden losers. This is more so now than in the past, especially where land is scarce and labor relatively abundant. The poorer hosts 2 can lose from competition for food, work, wages, services and common property resources. Vulnerable hosts also lack refugees’ option of sending their weaker dependents to camps and settlements. Development programs in refugee-affected areas and refugee studies will do a disservice if they neglect adverse effects of refugees on vulnerable hosts. These effects further strengthen the case for development to benefit the whole population in refugee-affected areas. 2 Here and elsewhere ‘the poorer hosts’ means ‘the poorer people among the host population'. ‘Once I accompanied one of our Ministers to the Eastern Region, and we all drove out of town to look at a new wave of refugees arriving from Eritrea. Before reaching the camp, the Minister — who was not familiar with the region — saw a cluster of shelters made of mats and under their shade were a number of families with children who were very thin and almost in rags. The Minister turned to the Governor of the Region and asked him whether these were refugees, and the Governor promptly replied, ‘No, Your Excellency, these are the hosts'. (The Sudanese Ambassador to Britain, from the transcript of the Proceedings of the International Symposium ‘Assistance to Refugees: Alternative Viewpoints', Oxford, March 1984).

Beneficiado por condiciones agroecológicas, el Cinturón Hortícola Marplatense (CHM) se posiciona como uno de los principales abastecedores de hortalizas de hoja y fruto al resto del país. El avance e intensificación de la actividad hortícola en el área resulta evidente en las últimas décadas. En este contexto, surgen diversos problemas ambientales derivados, principalmente, del amplio uso de plaguicidas. En este marco, el presente trabajo propone evaluar comparativamente el impacto potencial de contaminación por plaguicidas para dos casos de estudio en sistemas bajo cubierta y dos casos a campo dentro del CHM. Luego, identificar las posibles implicancias que la dependencia de estos insumos genera sobre los servicios ecosistémicos (SE) y, por último, plantear estrategias de manejo para preservar estos servicios. De acuerdo a los casos analizados, el sistema bajo cubierta obtuvo valores más elevados (0,15 y 0,18), que el sistema a campo (0,01 y 0,03) respecto a su potencial de contaminación. Los SE mayormente comprometidos serían los de polinización; control de plagas, enfermedades y malezas; fuente de alimento y hospedaje para especies benéficas; provisión de alimentos, y provisión de agua para consumo humano. En este sentido, es posible implementar estrategias que permitan combinar la conservación de los ecosistemas con la obtención de beneficios económicos. Finalmente, se considera importante avanzar sobre el análisis de nuevos casos para alcanzar una evaluación completa del sistema, y profundizar en propuestas tendientes a la sustentabilidad de los agroecosistemas.Palabras clave: Intensificación hortícola, Problemas ambientales, Planificación ambiental.Abstract Benefited by agro-ecological conditions, the “Cinturón Hortícola Marplatense (CHM)” [Marplatense Horticultural Belt] is positioned as one of the main suppliers of leaf and fruit vegetables to the rest of the country. The advance and intensification of the horticultural activity in the area is evident in the last decades. In this context, several environmental problems arise, mainly due to the wide use of pesticides. Within this framework, the present work proposes to evaluate comparatively the potential impact of contamination by plaguicides for two cases of study in greenhouse systems and two cases in open field inside the CHM. Then, identify the possible implications that the dependence of these inputs generates on ecosystem services (ES) and, finally, propose management strategies to preserve these services. According to the analyzed cases, the greenhouse system obtained higher values (0.15 and 0.18) than the open field system (0.01 and 0.03) in relation to its contamination potential. The most compromised ES would be pollination; pests’ control, diseases and weeds; food source and hosting for beneficial species; food supply, and provision of safe drinking water. In this sense, it is possible to implement strategies that allow combining the conservation of ecosystems with the attainment of economic benefits. Finally, it is therefore considered important to advance on the analysis of new cases to achieve a complete evaluation of the system, and expound on proposals tending to the sustainability of agroecosystems.Keywords: Horticultural intensification, Environmental problems, Environmental planning.

BackgroundLow/middle-income countries (LMICs) face triple burden of malnutrition associated with infectious diseases, and non-communicable diseases. This review aims to synthesise the available data on the delivery, coverage, and effectiveness of the nutrition programmes for conflict affected women and children living in LMICs.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases and grey literature using terms related to conflict, population, and nutrition. We searched studies on women and children receiving nutrition-specific interventions during or within five years of a conflict in LMICs. We extracted information on population, intervention, and delivery characteristics, as well as delivery barriers and facilitators. Data on intervention coverage and effectiveness were tabulated, but no meta-analysis was conducted.ResultsNinety-one pubblications met our inclusion criteria. Nearly half of the publications (n=43) included population of sub-Saharan Africa (n=31) followed by Middle East and North African region. Most publications (n=58) reported on interventions targeting children under 5 years of age, and pregnant and lactating women (n=27). General food distribution (n=34), micronutrient supplementation (n=27) and nutrition assessment (n=26) were the most frequently reported interventions, with most reporting on intervention delivery to refugee populations in camp settings (n=63) and using community-based approaches. Only eight studies reported on coverage and effectiveness of intervention. Key delivery facilitators included community advocacy and social mobilisation, effective monitoring and the integration of nutrition, and other sectoral interventions and services, and barriers included insufficient resources, nutritional commodity shortages, security concerns, poor reporting, limited cooperation, and difficulty accessing and following-up of beneficiaries.DiscussionDespite the focus on nutrition in conflict settings, our review highlights important information gaps. Moreover, there is very little information on coverage or effectiveness of nutrition interventions; more rigorous evaluation of effectiveness and delivery approaches is needed, including outside of camps and for preventive as well as curative nutrition interventions.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019125221.

Aim This study aimed to assess the fear of COVID-19 and its associates among older Rohingya (Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals or FDMNs) in Bangladesh. Method We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 416 older FDMNs aged 60 years and above living in camps of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on participants’ socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics, pre-existing non-communicable chronic conditions, and COVID-19 related information. Level of fear was measured using the seven-item Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) with the cumulative score ranged from 7 to 35. A multiple linear regression examined the factors associated with fear. Results Among 416 participants aged 60 years or above, the mean fear score was 14.8 (range 8–28) and 88.9% of the participants had low fear score. Participants who were concerned about COVID-19 (β: 0.63, 95% CI: -0.26 to 1.53) and overwhelmed by COVID-19 (β: 3.54, 95% CI: 2.54 to 4.55) were significantly more likely to be fearful of COVID-19. Other factors significantly associated with higher level of fear were lesser frequency of communication during COVID-19, difficulty in obtaining food during COVID-19, perception that older adults are at highest risk of COVID-19 and receiving COVID-19 related information from Radio/television and friends/family/neighbours. Conclusions Our study highlighted that currently there little fear of COVID-19 among the older Rohingya FDMNs. This is probably due to lack of awareness of the severity of the disease in. Dissemination of public health information relevant to COVID-19 and provision of mental health services should be intensified particularly focusing on the individual who were concerned, overwhelmed or fearful of COVID-19. However, further qualitative research is advised to find out the reasons behind this.

Las actividades turísticas, en especial los servicios de alojamiento y restauración han mantenido una importante participación en la economía del Ecuador durante los últimos años, a partir de esta premisa se consideró relevante realizar el presente estudio que consiste en el análisis de la evolución del sector en mención y su contribución al desarrollo económico de la comuna Ayangue ubicada en la provincia de Santa Elena. Para ejecutar la investigación de campo se tomó una muestra de establecimientos dedicados a las mencionadas actividades, así como también se realizó un estudio socioeconómico mediante la aplicación de encuestas y entrevistas las mismas que permitieron obtener información cualitativa y cuantitativa, cuyos resultados evidenciaron cómo ha evolucionado este sector y el impacto que ha generado en el desarrollo de la comunidad a través del tiempo, los mismos que reflejaron el incentivo de emprendimientos, la generación de plazas de trabajo y el mejoramiento del nivel económico y social de los comuneros. AbstractTourist activities, specially Accommodation and provision of food and beverages services, have had an important participation in the economy of Ecuador in the last years, based on this premise it was considered relevant to carry out the present study, which is an analysis of the sector in question and their contribution to economic development of the Ayangue Commune, in Province of Santa Elena. For perform field investigations, it took a sample of establishments and was performed a socio-economic study, using surveys and interviews, which they allowed to obtain qualitative and quantitative information, whose results showed the evolution of this sector and the impact generated in the community development through time, resulting incentive enterprises, generating jobs and improving the economic and social level of the community members.

Purpose The internally displaced persons (IDPs) are often overlooked population, falling between the cracks of international and national commitments. Displaced women and children go through more hardship than the male counterpart, as they are frequently at greater risk and do not get adequate access to the reproductive healthcare rights; they suffer from poor health amid threats of eviction. The purpose of this paper is to look into the IDPs reproductive healthcare situation in India and sustainable development goal (SDG) role in addressing the reproductive healthcare rights of the IDPs in India. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on the available literature on reproductive rights of IDPs in India, analysis of the SDGs 3 and other legal safeguards. Findings The newly arrived IDPs in the camps have complex needs and health problems. They are susceptible to a number of health problems due to the exposure to physical and environmental threats, violence and trauma. Many of them face a loss of social networks and assets, knowledge and information in the new environment, and lack food security. They have inadequate shelter, healthcare services, sanitation and access to safe water. Research limitations/implications This is a viewpoint paper and most of the information in this paper are taken from different sources which are cited in the reference section. There is a lack of sufficient data on IDPs in India. Most of the IDPs figures/data are quoted from Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre and other literature. Practical implications To achieve the SDGs by 2030, India needs to take account of all people’s vulnerabilities to address their humanitarian and sustainable development needs. It is important that the development, humanitarian actors, along with the local communities, work collectively to respond to the health needs of the IDPs. Moreover, the active role of the government can provide the necessary assistance to guarantee the rights of IDPs health, adequate standard of living and to social security. Originality/value This paper highlights the reproductive healthcare rights of the IDPs in India and the challenges faced by them. It has analyzed the policy gaps. The paper also suggests few measures that can be undertaken to address those challenges under the SDGs.

Every citizen deserves a lengthy, healthy and successful life. Survival competence and successful ageing basically require (i) ability to counteract gravitational force through adequate muscle strength, flexibility and postural control (ii) healthy nutrition (iii) optimal respiratory efficiency at rest and during physical activity (iv) mental health and (v) supportive family. Lifespan of people is basically under the control of both individual and community participation. The burden for the individual after acquiring either communicable or non-communicable diseases is always unique, based on numerous variables like age, gender, socioeconomic status, occupation, lifestyle, severity of the disease, co-morbidities and access to legitimate health services. If the burden of the morbidity is not alleviated effectively, various crippling effects interweave and lead to irreversible loss of structures and functions, eventually deteriorating or destroying the competence to sustain an occupation or the level of independence. Mishaps, calamities and wars are also capable of exerting immediate effect to cause irreparable damages in the body (burns, spinal cord injuries, head injuries, fractures) forcing the sufferer to endure a troublesome life. Though harms to the body are unpredictable events, the extent at which every individual and the community as a whole are prepared with skills and technology to encounter them, controls the outcomes. Some disease states demand prolonged or lifelong health care that relies on affordability and family structure. On the other hand, completely costless health services are unrealistic and unsustainable to private sectors or private practitioners in the medical field, excluding sporadic exceptions where the health care is rendered on humanitarian basis. To certain extent, volunteers could provide different types of support using limited resources (few examples are walking aids, medicine supply, water supply, food supply, housing, blood donations, medical camps) to save or sustain life. But very often, many diseases require extensive interdisciplinary approach where multiple specialties are involved, so the total cost of the medical procedures (diagnosis and treatment) get elevated, due to which the deprived will be forced to limit or avoid or procrastinate treatments facilitating chances for the disease to mature incurably. The rehabilitation of patients is explicitly complicated but prevention of diseases looks less complicated if the public health model accentuates its focus on exercise, nutrition and health education to powerfully resist morbidities and premature mortalities through integrated efforts of health care professionals and all other overlapping domains. Based on substantial literature support, this article proposes a framework ‘SHARE’ to encourage necessary refinements to flourish the civilization as scrupulous as possible. It is also need of the hour for professionals of various disciplines to examine how their expertise could support this framework. KEY WORDS: Public Health, Life Expectancy, Salutogenesis, Mortality, Morbidity, Exercise, Nutrition, Epidemiology, Spiritual Intelligence, Population ageing.

Os sistemas agroflorestais são adotados como forma de atender à produção sustentável. Este sistema de produção apresenta uma perspectiva de promoção do bem-estar único (One Welfare – OW). Com o objetivo de visualizar características e tendências para atender às premissas de OW em sistemas agroflorestais e desenvolver uma estrutura conceitual, foi realizada uma análise bibliométrica na literatura científica. Os dados foram extraídos da Web of Science (WoS) por meio da seleção de campos de pesquisa específicos para sistemas agroflorestais. Como resultado, 2.479 artigos foram encontrados e analisados no software VOSviewer, e um mapa bibliométrico foi produzido. Os principais clusters e interconexões foram descritos e discutidos. Os 2.479 artigos abrangeram a maioria das áreas de pesquisa, como agricultura, silvicultura, ecologia de ciências ambientais, ciências ambientais e vegetais, tecnologia; ou seja, artigos que integraram agrossilvicultura, produção animal, solo-planta e serviços ambientais; e, em menor número de publicações, biomedicina, ciências da vida, geografia física e farmacologia. Quatro grandes clusters foram formados por meio de interconexões: "crescimento e produtividade de plantas em sistemas agroflorestais", "biodiversidade, gestão e serviços ecossistêmicos", "dinâmica do carbono, biomassa e nitrogênio no solo" e "potencial da agrofloresta para segurança alimentar, mudanças climáticas, uso do solo e a sustentabilidade”. Nossos resultados demonstraram que há um crescimento de artigos sobre sistemas agroflorestais, mas poucas pesquisas que abordaram diretamente o OW nesses sistemas. Há um grande potencial de progresso no tema abordado, dadas as interconexões formadas. Palavras-chave: Bem-estar. Clusters. Integração. Sustentabilidade. Abstract Agroforestry systems adopted as a way to meet the sustainable production. This production system presents a perspective for the promotion of One Welfare (OW). In order to visualize characteristics and trends to meet the premises of OW in agroforestry systems and develop a conceptual structure, a bibliometric analysis was carried out in the scientific literature. The data were extracted from the Web of Science (WoS) through the selection of specific research fields for agroforestry systems. As a result, 2.479 articles were found and analyzed using the VOSviewer software, and a bibliometric map was produced. The main clusters and interconnections have been described and discussed. The 2.479 articles covered most areas of research, such as agriculture, forestry, ecology of environmental sciences, environmental and plant sciences, technology; that is, articles that integrated agroforestry-animal production, soil-plant and environmental services; and, in a smaller number of publications, biomedicine, life sciences, physical geography and pharmacology. Four large clusters were formed through interconnections: "plant growth and productivity in agroforestry systems", "biodiversity, management and ecosystem services", "carbon dynamics, biomass and nitrogen in the soil" and "agroforestry potential for food security, climate change, land use and sustainability”. Our results have shown that there a growth in articles on agroforestry systems, but little research that directly addressed OW in these systems. There is great potential for progress in the topic addressed given the interconnections formed. Keywords: Welfare, Clusters, Integration, Sustainability.

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La parasitosis intestinal es una infección que se puede presentar en cualquier ser humano, sin embargo, es evidente su prevalencia en la población infantil, situación que incide en su estado nutricional, los infantes infectados tienden a tener variantes en su comportamiento y nutrición, una situación que puede obstaculizar seriamente su desarrollo físico e intelectual. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar la relación entre la parasitosis intestinal y estado de nutricional en los niños de 1 a 3 años del Centro Infantil del Buen Vivir María Paz de la Ciudadela Almeida en el cantón Milagro durante el periodo de noviembre 2016 a mayo 2017. La metodología responde a los paradigmas cuantitativos de carácter descriptivo, apoyadas por una investigación de campo que permitió la recolección de datos antropométricos y las muestras fecales para la realización de exámenes coprológicos: 23 de los niños y niñas presentaron parasitosis intestinal (60,5%), mientras que 15 niños dieron negativos (39,5%) de los que presentaron parasitosis; 14 infantes se vieron afectados con bajo peso, debido a la presencia de parásitos (37%), Además, en la encuesta a los padres de familia, más del 65% de los hogares no tienen una adecuada norma de cuidado para prevenir la infección por parásitos intestinales, y el consumo de agua sin hervir así como la ingesta de frutas y legumbres sin lavado previo. Se puede concluir que la carencia de servicios básicos, hábitos de higiene alimentaria y el desconocimiento de los riesgos es determinantes para la presencia de parásitos intestinales en los infantes y por ende afecta el estado nutricional. AbstractIntestinal parasitosis is an infection that can occur in any human being; however, its prevalence could affect mostly the nutritional status of children. Therefore, infected infants tend to have variations in their behavior and nutrition, a situation that can seriously impede their physical and intellectual development. The objective of the present work was to identify the relationship between intestinal parasitosis and nutritional status in children from 1 to 3 years old of Centro Infantil del Buen Vivir María Paz of Ciudadela Almeida in Milagro Canton during the period from November 2016 to May 2017. The methodology responds to quantitative paradigms of a descriptive nature, supported by a field investigation that allowed the collection of anthropometric data and fecal samples for the performance of coprological examinations. From those who presented parasitosis: 23 of the children showed parasitosis intestinal (60.5%) while 15 children were negative (39.5%); 14 are affected with low weight due to the presence of parasites (37%). Also, more than 65% of households do not have an adequate standard of care to prevent infection by intestinal parasites, and consumption of water without boiling as well as the intake of fruits and vegetables without previous washing was observed in the survey of parents. It can be conclude that the lack of basic services, habits of food hygiene, the ignorance of the risks are determinant for the presence of intestinal parasites in infants and therefore affects the nutritional status.

Introducción: En la actualidad, instituciones privadas y públicas no tienen entre sus servicios la atención de usuarios con discapacidad y los cuidadores no cuentan con un adecuado programa de educación en la alimentación Objetivo: Establecer el esquema de alimentación y el conocimiento de los cuidadores en niños de 1 a 10 años con parálisis infantil del Centro Integral de Equinoterapia de la Prefectura de Guayas. Metodología: Esta investigación es descriptiva, de campo, su diseño transversal aplicando dos modalidades la cualitativa y la cuantitativa, se aborda la muestra y la población, instrumento de investigación, métodos, técnicas y el procedimiento de datos. Resultados: Se evidenció que los cuidadores si tienen un conocimiento básico de frecuencia y horarios de las comidas de los niños, pero no en sus raciones, consumo de fibra. Así como los niños presentan mayormente síntomas y signos de reflujo gastroesofágico, con desnutrición de moderada a grave. Conclusiones: Desconocimiento de los cuidadores sobre las enfermedades gastrointestinales causadas por la PCI que padecen los niños saben los signos y síntomas que tienen ellos, además se encontró que los pacientes sufren de desnutrición de leve a grave, por las diferentes sub- patologías que se dan a nivel gastrointestinal causada por parálisis cerebral infantil. Por lo tanto, es indispensable que se mejoré el esquema de alimentación de los cuidadores de los niños 1-10 años que asisten al centro integral de Equinoterapia de la Prefectura del Guayas, con la socialización de una guía de alimentación saludable para cada una de sus patologías. Palabras claves: Parálisis Cerebral Infantil, Esquema de Alimentación, Cuidadores, salud pública. AbstractIntroduction: Currently, private and public institutions do not have among their services the care of users with disabilities and caregivers do not have an adequate food education program Objective: Establish the feeding scheme and knowledge of caregivers in children from 1 to 10 years old with infantile paralysis of the Centro Integral de Equinoterapia de la Prefectura de Guayas. Methodology: It is a field´s research, descriptive, with a transversal design applying two qualitative and quantitative modalities. To select the population and the sample, several research instruments, methods, techniques were applied. Results: It was evidenced that caregivers have a basic knowledge of the frequency and schedules of children’s meals, but not in their rations and the fiber consumption. For that reason, children have mostly symptoms and signs of gastroesophageal reflux, with moderate to severe malnutrition. Conclusions: Because of caregivers’ignorance about the gastrointestinal diseases caused by PCI that children suffer from. The children knows the signs and symptoms they have. In addition, it was found that patients suffer from severe malnutrition, due to the different subpathologies that occur at thegastrointestinal level caused by childhood cerebral palsy. Therefore, it is essential that the feeding scheme for caregivers of children 1-10 years old, who attend to the Centro Integral de Equinoterapia de la Prefectura de Guayas, be improved, with the socialization of ahealthy eating guide for each of its pathologies. Keywords: Infantile Cerebral Palsy, Feeding Scheme, Caregivers, public health.

El objetivo de este artículo es caracterizar la movilidad humana en la zona fronteriza Ecuatoriana Colombiana, que se moviliza desde el norte y centro de Ecuador, motivados por los precios bajos de ciertos artículos y servicios que encuentra en las ciudades más próximas a la frontera norte de Ecuador, Ipiales y Pasto. Los resultados permiten definir la población que se moviliza de acuerdo a las siguientes variables, origen de las personas, género y rango de edad, destino principal por ciudades, horas de viaje incurridas, tiempo de estadía en la zona de frontera; considerada como la provincia de Carchi en Ecuador y el departamento de Nariño en Colombia, lugar e inversiones en hospedaje, alimentación y bienes duraderos, gastos en ocio y recreación, entre los más fundamentales. En cuanto a la percepción de calidad de las personas de la movilidad, han sido definidas como visitantes y no como turistas, aunque desde muchos puntos de vista, la información que se encuentra en este artículo puede ser la base para el desarrollo de acciones que permita ofertar actividades de recreación que mejore la experiencia de visita de los movilizados. En la parte final de este trabajo, se incluye el análisis inferencial que incorpora la cuantificación realizada en función de los resultados de campo obtenidos, y que se mide por cada 1000 visitantes en la zona fronteriza, con el objetivo de que el indicador, pueda ser multiplicado por las cifras reales de personas que cruzan la frontera en diversos momentos y así obtener mediciones actualizadas. Finalmente, se advierte al lector, que es necesario que estos resultados pueden ser leídos a través de conocer el principal impulsor de movilidad humana, que para el tipo de cambio de dólares americanos a pesos colombianos, para el caso de este estudio corresponde a la tasa oficial que para los días del levantamiento corresponde a 3.441,40 por dólar americano del 17 y 18 de agosto de 2019. Con este tipo de cambio se cotiza las compras a través de medios electrónicos, mientras que existe un mercado informal de cambio de dinero físico, en cuyo caso la tasa se encontraba en 3100 pesos colombianos por cada dólar americano. Palabras clave: Movilidad Humana, Turismo de compras, Frontera AbstractThe objective of this article is to characterize human mobility in the Colombian Ecuadorian border area, which is mobilized from the north and center of Ecuador, motivated by the low prices of items and services found in the cities closest to the northern border of Ecuador, Ipiales and Pasto. The results define the population that is mobilized according to the following variables, origin of people, gender and age range, main destination by cities, travel hours incurred, time spent in the border area; exactly like the province of Carchi in Ecuador and the department of Nariño in Colombia, place and investments in lodging, food and durable goods, leisure and recreation expenses, among the most fundamental. Regarding the perception of quality of mobility people, they have been defined as visitors and not as tourists, although from many points of view, the information found in this article can be the basis for the development of actions that can offer recreation activities that improve the visiting experience of the mobilized. In the final part of this work, the inferential analysis is included that incorporates the quantification performed based on the results of the field obtained, and that is measured per 1000 visitors in the border area, with the objective that the indicator can be multiplied by the actual figures of people crossing the border at various times and thus obtain updated measurements. Finally, the reader is warned that it is necessary that these results can be read through knowing the main driver of human mobility, which for the exchange rate of US dollars to Colombian pesos, in the case of this study corresponding to the rate official that for the days of the uprising corresponds to 3,441.40 per US dollar from August 17 and 18, 2019. With this exchange rate, purchases are quoted through electronic means, while there is an informal market for physical money exchange, in which case the rate will be taken at 3100 Colombian pesos for each US dollar.Keywords: Human Mobility, Shopping Tourism, Border

DOSSIER : Spécificités de l’élevage de ruminants en montagne Avant-propos Dans le cadre de l’organisation d’une séance annuelle commune, l’Académie d’Agriculture de France et l’Académie Vétérinaire de France ont choisi pour 2013 le thème de l’élevage en montagne (séance publique du 17 avril 3013). Sur fond de crise, d’évolution des politiques agricoles européennes et de fluctuation des revenus des éleveurs, l’Académie d’Agriculture, et plus particulièrement la section « Production Animale », réfléchit sur les conditions de restauration de perspectives positives pour l’élevage ; elle assume l’hypothèse qu’une clé est l’ancrage territorial de cette activité, associé à un effort d’imagination pour valoriser des produits propres à combler l’attente des citoyens. Choisir en premier lieu d’approfondir l’évolution de l’élevage en montagne et d’en analyser quelques traits spécifiques est un prologue tout indiqué pour cette réflexion. De manière convergente l’Académie Vétérinaire, confrontée à la déprise territoriale du métier de vétérinaire notamment dans les zones dites difficiles ou défavorisées que représentent certaines régions de montagne, a relevé de manière frappante les risques associés, sur les plans sanitaire et épidémiologique, aux systèmes de transhumance et de mise en commun des troupeaux toutes générations confondues, loin de leurs « camps de base » et des yeux attentifs de leurs propriétaires. Rassembler des troupes issues d’exploitations multiples, c’est aussi favoriser les échanges de leurs agents pathogènes respectifs risquant ainsi d’exposer brutalement à de tels agents des jeunes peu ou pas immunisés. Dans les milieux de montagne la détection précoce des maladies est rendue difficile par la dissémination des animaux sur de vastes territoires. Loin de toute vision rousseauiste sur la salubrité et la paix des alpages, l’élevage de montagne est de plus confronté à des prédateurs tolérés voire défendus par les profanes (ours et loup) et à la mitoyenneté avec une faune sauvage porteuse d’agents pathogènes non contrôlés, parfois responsables de zoonoses (agent de la brucellose, notamment). Le thème de l’élevage des ruminants en montagne était donc particulièrement bienvenu pour cette séance commune. L’Editeur d’« Inra Productions Animales », René Baumont, a bien voulu reconnaître l’intérêt des travaux présentés en cette occasion sur quelques aspects géographique, technique, économique, historique et sanitaire, même s’ils ne traitent qu’une partie des problèmes de l’élevage en montagne. Grâce à ses exigences, et à celles des lecteurs critiques des articles, ce dossier a pris figure et pourra constituer une base estimable de références pour de nombreux lecteurs intéressés à l’élevage en montagne. Dans le respect de la pluralité professionnelle représentée dans nos académies nous avons demandé à de jeunes chercheurs d’une part, à des professionnels praticiens en activité d’autre part, de présenter différentes facettes des forces et faiblesses de ces systèmes pastoraux. Bruno Martin, avec Michel Lherm et Claude Béranger, dresse un panorama très documenté, dans l’espace et dans le temps, des atouts qui ont permis à des éleveurs dynamiques et imaginatifs demaintenir par leurs initiatives et leur sens de l’entraide la stabilité économique de ces modes de production, tout en assurant un service écologique par la préservation de milieux fragiles, qui légitime des soutiens publics spécifiques. Stabilité, il est vrai, à un niveau de revenus moindre que leurs homologues des plaines, beaucoup plus affectés par la crise de l’élevage. L’avenir de la production de ruminants en montagne passe comme en plaine par la nécessaire maîtrise des coûts, mais surtout par la capacité des filières animales à valoriser les atouts spécifiques de ces territoires notamment autour de la notion de paniers de biens. Marie Dervillé, avec Gilles Allaire, s’interroge sur le devenir de la production laitière de montagne après la suppression en 2015 des quotas laitiers protecteurs. Détaillant les mécanismes de concurrence entre montagne et plaine d’une part, et entre différentes régions de montagne d’autre part, elle montre que la différenciation des productions de montagne par rapport à celles qui peuvent être obtenues en plaine est la stratégie essentielle d’adaptation à la libéralisation des marchés. Développer au niveau d’un territoire une capacité d’innovation et la construction d’une réputation collective, répondant à l’imaginaire des citoyens, conditionnera la survie de la production laitière et fromagère de montagne. Jean-Pierre Alzieu, en collaboration avec Jeanne Brugère-Picoux et Christophe Brard, montre que les dominantes pathologiques sont d’abord et surtout des maladies dites de groupe, principalement d’étiologie infectieuse. Il explicite les raisons de la plus grande susceptibilité sanitaire de ce type de conduite des troupeaux, face à une diversité de maladies (respiratoires, parasitaires ou boiteries entre autres) qui vont trouver dans le pâturage de montagne des conditions favorables à leur propagation. S’il existe au sein du troupeau un ou plusieurs états cliniques avant la montée à l’estive, ceux-ci seront amplifiés et propagés aux autres animaux réunis, d’où l’importance primordiale des mesures prophylactiques en amont et notamment durant l’hivernage. Christophe Roy présente, au regard de ces conditions sanitaires particulières, les contraintes spécifiques à l’activité vétérinaire en montagne. Celles-ci contribuent à une légère découverture du maillage vétérinaire. Or, la veille sanitaire est très importante en montagne, sans doute plus qu’ailleurs étant donné les risques liés à l’élevage dans ces régions. L’auteur nous livre quelques pistes d’adaptation afin de maintenir une offre de service aussi efficace et performante que possible alors que l’engouement pour les produits de montagne, notamment fromagers, appelle une vigilance soutenue. Outre ces avertissements sanitaires, des alertes sont perceptibles : une partie de la production laitière, trop générique, résistera mal à la concurrence des plaines. Des appétits fonciers apparaissent, pas seulement pour des activités de loisir consommatrices de territoires et de ressources en eau : des compétitions nouvelles pour l’accès aux estives apparaissent avec des investisseurs aux capacités financières affirmées. A un titre ou un autre tous les auteurs de ce dossier soulignent néanmoins les atouts de cette production montagnarde, basée sur une culture collective d’acteurs durs au labeur : recours à une ressource herbagère peu coûteuse, utilisation de races locales rustiques, référence à des terroirs évocateurs de dépaysement, robustesse d’une activité fromagère calée sur des appellations contrôlées et dans laquelle les urbains se plaisent à reconnaître une naturalité respectueuse du bien-être animal, au servicedu maintien de milieux et de paysages à préserver. La conjonction d’acteurs de montagne combatifs et sobres, de citoyens avides d’images pastorales devrait favoriser l’acceptation de soutiens financiers spécifiques et la pérennisation économique de systèmes d’élevages ancrés sur ces territoires tout en sachant s’adapter.

Rapid urbanization rates impact significantly on the nature of Land Cover patterns of the environment, which has been evident in the depletion of vegetal reserves and in general modifying the human climatic systems (Henderson, et al., 2017; Kumar, Masago, Mishra, & Fukushi, 2018; Luo and Lau, 2017). This study explores remote sensing classification technique and other auxiliary data to determine LULCC for a period of 50 years (1967-2016). The LULCC types identified were quantitatively evaluated using the change detection approach from results of maximum likelihood classification algorithm in GIS. Accuracy assessment results were evaluated and found to be between 56 to 98 percent of the LULC classification. The change detection analysis revealed change in the LULC types in Minna from 1976 to 2016. Built-up area increases from 74.82ha in 1976 to 116.58ha in 2016. Farmlands increased from 2.23 ha to 46.45ha and bared surface increases from 120.00ha to 161.31ha between 1976 to 2016 resulting to decline in vegetation, water body, and wetlands. The Decade of rapid urbanization was found to coincide with the period of increased Public Private Partnership Agreement (PPPA). Increase in farmlands was due to the adoption of urban agriculture which has influence on food security and the environmental sustainability. The observed increase in built up areas, farmlands and bare surfaces has substantially led to reduction in vegetation and water bodies. The oscillatory nature of water bodies LULCC which was not particularly consistent with the rates of urbanization also suggests that beyond the urbanization process, other factors may influence the LULCC of water bodies in urban settlements. Keywords: Minna, Niger State, Remote Sensing, Land Surface Characteristics References Akinrinmade, A., Ibrahim, K., & Abdurrahman, A. (2012). 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The conflict in Syria has led to one of the biggest refugee crises in history. An estimated 660,000 Syrian refugees have moved to neighbouring Jordan, many of whom are highly vulnerable to monetary poverty and food shortages. To reduce the daily inequalities faced by Syrian refugees, humanitarian agencies are progressively shifting to programmes that encourage financial inclusion and self-reliance. Operating since 2016, Building Blocks, a cash-based assistance programme created by the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP), uses blockchain technology rather than traditional financial service providers to supply monetary assistance for food purchases by Syrian refugees in Jordan. Beneficiaries have their identities confirmed though iris scanning when purchasing goods at supermarkets within the camps. Following authentication, monetary assistance is provided to complete the transaction. This system benefits over 100,000 Syrian refugees registered on the UNHCR’s PRIMES database and WFP has plans to scale up the programme to include more beneficiaries. This technology assessment focuses on understanding the governance of blockchain technology in Building Blocks (if any), and on finding opportunities for WFP operating partner agencies consisting of UNHCR, UNICEF, UN Women, Oxfam and Mercy Corps, to coordinate with and join the programme. Scaling up Building Blocks will benefit refugees and displaced people by giving these individuals a semblance of normalcy in a situation of vulnerability and crises. We advise WFP to collaborate with its partners to form a blockchain humanitarian consortia governing Building Blocks to avoid duplicating efforts and to achieve their shared objectives of delivering humanitarian aid in a sustainable manner. Other recommendations include to have UNOCHA and UNHCR as data aggregator and coordinator, respectively, to grant joint access to PRIMES for non-UN operating partners, to coordinate efforts with UNHCR’s Common Cash Facility programme, to consider renewable energy sources and to build local technical capacity for women in refugee camps. The involvement of operating partners in governing technology used in such processes will ensure equity of aid delivery, resulting in a broader governance, thus reducing inequality.

ABSTRACT Introduction In the spring of 2014, there was an outbreak of Yersinia enterocolitica (YE) gastroenteritis in four Norwegian military camps—the largest outbreak ever reported in Norway. YE is usually transmitted via food, and the gastrointestinal disease caused by the bacterium is considered a public health problem in several countries. Common symptoms of YE gastroenteritis are abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Post-infectious complications can occur after YE gastroenteritis, the most common of which are erythema nodosum and reactive arthritis. Based on self-reported data, we describe the duration of illness, the duration of any absence from service, and the incidence of symptoms of post-infectious complications in two groups of servicepeople: one diagnosed with YE gastroenteritis and the other with an unspecified acute infectious gastroenteritis. Materials and Methods The Norwegian Armed Forces Health Register (NAFHR) is a central health register that contains data from conscripts and from military and civilian personnel in the Norwegian Armed Forces. In this study, we identified all individuals with a diagnosis of YE gastroenteritis in the NAFHR in the period from January 1 to June 30, 2014 (n = 128) as well as all those with a diagnosis of an unspecified acute infectious gastroenteritis in the same period (n = 323) to participate as controls. In October 2018, a link to an internet-based questionnaire was distributed by e-mail to all identified individuals. The questionnaires collected data on the duration of illness, the duration of absence from service, and the incidence of symptoms of post-infectious complications. Results Of all those who received the questionnaire, 72 (59%) were included in the YE group and 117 people (36%) were included in the control group. Half of those in the YE group were ill for more than 13 days, while almost all (90%) of those in the control group recovered after 1 week. There were no differences between the groups in the incidence of symptoms of post-infectious complications during the 6 weeks after recovery. There was a significantly larger proportion of officers than conscripts in the YE group who reported symptoms of post-infectious complications. None of the respondents reported symptoms of post-infectious complications in the 6 months after the termination of military service. Conclusion One strength of this study is that we were able to investigate a large outbreak of YE gastroenteritis in a group of individuals with good underlying health. Weaknesses are the low response rate, especially in the control group, and the fact that we sent out the questionnaire >4 years after the acute gastroenteritis occurred. YE gastroenteritis among personnel in the Norwegian Armed Forces was associated with a significantly longer duration of illness and a longer duration of absence from service than that resulting from an unspecified acute infectious gastroenteritis. However, YE gastroenteritis was not associated with more symptoms of post-infectious complications.

While the food movement includes many critical positive initiatives, it shows little recognition of the labor contributions of the farmworkers who produce the food. A visit to a few local towns in western Michigan revealed farmworkers are invisible in “farm to table” tropes. A study was undertaken to explore farmworkers and their living conditions, and the links between their local invisibility and historic, political, and global processes. Using ethnographic fieldwork, the author visited housing camps, spoke with farmworkers, rode along with outreach workers, and volunteered at migrant summer schools. A framework of structural violence informed the analysis. The findings include descriptions of migrant housing camps, in which migrants face substandard and overcrowded conditions, and their placement in hard to access locations. The study describes how outreach is conducted, highlighting strategies and methods outreach staff/interns use to connect with farmworkers in labor camps, taking information and services directly to them, sensitive to their circumstances, which include limited time availability and communal living conditions. The study also highlights the invisible faciality of farmworkers locally and in international agribusiness restructuring and concludes with a discussion on the role of social work in increasing farmworkers’ visibility in the food movement and practice.

Aims: To highlight the fistula care and the psychosocial impact of fistula victims in the refugee population in the midst of a massive humanitarian crisis. Scenario: Since August 2017 massive influx of over 800,000 Rohingya people took place in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh TheRohingya women have a very high risk to develop obstetric fistula. Rohingya State is one the poorest states in Myanmar, with ghetto-like camps and a lack of basic services and opportunities. In 1982, a new citizenship law was passed, effectively rendering the Rohingya stateless. As a result of the law, their rights to access health services have been restricted. Now many Rohingya are living in Coxs Bazar in tent-bases refugee camps under extremely poor conditions without access to proper medical care, hygiene, sanitation, food or education.The lack of proper maternal health care, together with; early marriage, malnutrition, poverty and the physical characteristics of the women in this community (small body shapes), exposures this women into a very dangerous position with high chances of developing obstetric fistula during childbirth.Many of the Rohingya women are found to have obstetric fistula. HOPE hospital is recommended as the referral center and only provider of fistula care. Since August, many fistula repair have been carried out on Rohingya women at HOPE Hospital

O segmento de food service tem como característica um ambiente de grande pressão sua mão de obra tem como característica ser pouco qualificada. Este artigo tem como objetivo geral analisar o papel e influência das lideranças contemporâneas no clima para serviços em restaurantes. Foi adotada a modelagem de equações estruturais, utilizando software Smart-PLS. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que determinados estilos de liderança impactam positivamente o engajamento, que impacta positivamente o clima para serviços. O trabalho aqui realizado contribui com o campo de gestão de alimentos e bebida, considerando a escassez de estudos relacionados no Brasil.

Abstract Background Child malnutrition is still a concern in marginalized groups of populations, such as immigrants living in very low socio-economic conditions. Roma children are within the most hard-to-reach populations, susceptible to undernutrition and growth retardation. In the city of Rome (Italy), the Hospital “Bambino Gesù”, in collaboration with the Catholic Association Community of Saint’Egidio, is dedicating free services for the health and nutritional needs of vulnerable people. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on immigrant children visited at different ages (0–11 years old). Records including nutritional and growth assessment were collected from 2016 up to May 2020. Malnutrition was classified following the WHO 2006 standards. Data for Roma children living in extra-urban camps and non-Roma immigrant children living in urban areas were analyzed, odds ratios and univariate binary regressions were performed to investigate the risk of malnutrition within the two groups. Results A sample of 414 children (57% under-five; 51.9% Roma), was included in the database. In the under-five children, underweight accounted for 7.6%, stunting for 11.7%, and wasting for 2.9%. The first year of life was the most crucial for nutritional status. Compared to the counterpart, Roma children accounted for nearly the total rate of malnutrition (wasting 4.8% vs. 1%; stunting 21.4% vs. 2%; underweight 14.2% vs. 1%). Univariate logistic regression confirmed under-five Roma children being at the highest risk of stunting at 12 months (OR: 16.1; CI 2–132; p = 0.01). When considering the 176 school-aged children, undernutrition affected most Roma children (13% vs 1.9%), followed by stunting (5.8% vs 0.9%). Univariate logistic regression confirmed that Roma school-aged children were more likely to be underweight (OR: 7.8; CI 1.6–37.6; p = 0.01). Conclusions Malnutrition in immigrant children is still of high concern in Italy. Its prevalence in Roma children living in extra-urban camps exceeds that of immigrant children living in urban areas and the rates of underweight, stunting and wasting of Roma children living in the Balkans. This exacerbating condition highlights the need of better assisting this fragile population that is at most risk of poverty, food insecurity and social exclusion in Italy, particularly during this pandemic crisis.

Aim: To show how the surgery helped to eliminate the fear of the stigma associated with Hansen’s disease. Presentation of Cases: We present a case series of two patients with right ulnar nerve paralysis and one patient with left foot drop. They all underwent surgery for correction of their deformities with excellent outcome. Discussion: From the cases presented it was clear that though all of them were treated with multi-drug therapy for one year but they were still living under the fear of stigmatization until they had their deformities corrected through surgery. There was a great transformation in the lives of these affected individuals when they had their deformities corrected through surgery. They all overcame their fear of stigmatization after the successful surgery. Conclusion: Correction of deformities is one of the ways of eliminating fear of stigmatization among the patients who have residual deformities after completing their treatment for Hansen’s disease. The government and non-governmental agencies could do more to make the service readily available and accessible to these individuals. This will help in reintegrating the treated individual back into the community and it will eventually lead to the closure of Leprosy camps.

A INSERÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL NO ENSINO DA GEOGRAFIA A PARTIR DO RECONHECIMENTO DOS SERVIÇOS ECOSSISTÊMICOS PRESTADOS POR ABELHAS NATIVAS RESUMOO presente artigo tem como objetivo avaliar a possibilidade de inserção da Educação Ambiental como tema transversal no Ensino da Geografia com a utilização de conhecimentos relativos às abelhas nativas, demonstrando a relevância delas nos seus habitats através dos serviços ecossistêmicos que prestam e com isso o papel que têm na manutenção da vida no Planeta, sensibilizando, não só os alunos em sala de aula, mas toda comunidade escolar e a partir deles para além dos muros da escola. Para tanto, foram apresentadas algumas das principais causas do desaparecimento de um dos principais agentes polinizadores e as consequências que podem ocorrer com a extinção desses insetos, como o declínio da produção de alimento e a perda da biodiversidade, desta derivando-se relevantes desequilíbrios nas teias alimentares. A pesquisa inclui uma intervenção nas aulas de geografia na escola, campo do estudo, que possibilitou a análise comparativa do desenvolvimento e do nível de interesse dos alunos por atividades contextualizadas.Palavras chave: Ensino de Geografia. Educação Ambiental. Abelhas Nativas. Serviços Ecossistêmicos. THE ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION INSERTION IN GEOGRAPHY TEACHING, THROUGH THE RECOGNITION OF THE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES PROVIDED BY NATIVE BEES ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to evaluate the possibility of inserting Environmental Education as a cross-cutting topic in Geography Teaching using the knowledge related to brazilian native bees, demonstrating their relevance in their habitats through the ecosystem services they provide, and thus, the role they play in the maintenance of life on the Planet, raising sensitizing not only classroom students, but the whole school community and consequently, going beyond school's walls. In order to do so, it has been showed some main causes of pollinating agents' disappearance and the consequences that may occur due to the extinction of these insects, such as decline of food production and loss of biodiversity, resulting in significant imbalances in the food chain. The research includes an intervention in school's geography classes, research field that made possible the comparative analysis of students' development and level of interest in contextualized activities.Keywords: Geography Teaching. Environmental Education. Brazilian Native Bees. Ecosystemics Services. LA INSERCIÓN DE LA EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL EN LA ENSEÑANZA DE GEOGRAFÍA A PARTIR DEL RECONOCIMIENTO DE LOS SERVICIOS ECOSISTÉMICOS PRESTADOS POR ABEHAS NATIVAS RESUMENEl objetivo de este artículo es evaluar la posibilidad de insertar la Educación Ambiental como un tema transversal en la Enseñanza de la Geografía, utilizando el conocimiento relacionado con las abejas nativas brasileñas, demostrando su relevancia en sus hábitats a través de los servicios ecosistémicos que prestan y con ello el papel que tienen en el mantenimiento de la vida en el Planeta, creando conciencia, no solo de los estudiantes en el aula, sino de toda la comunidad escolar y a partir de ellos más allá de las paredes de la escuela. se presentaron algunas de las principales causas de la desaparición de uno de los principales agentes polinizadores y las consecuencias que pueden ocurrir con la extinción de esos insectos, como el declive de la producción de alimentos y la pérdida de biodiversidad, lo que resulta en desequilibrios significativos en la cadena alimenticia. La investigación incluye una intervención en las clases de geografía en la escuela, el campo del estudio, que posibilitó el análisis comparativo del desarrollo de los estudiantes y del nivel de interés en las actividades contextualizadas.Palabras Clave: Enseñanza de Geografía. Educación Ambiental. Abejas Nativas Brasileñas. Servicios Ecosistémicos.

Extensive livestock production in southern South America occupies ~0.5 M km2 in central-eastern Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil. These systems have been sustained for more than 300 years by year-long grazing of the highly biodiverse native Campos ecosystems that provides many valuable additional ecosystem services. However, their low productivity (~70 kg liveweight/ha per year), at least relative to values recorded in experiments and by best farmers, has been driving continued land use conversion towards agriculture and forestry. Therefore, there is a pressing need for usable, cost effective technological options based on scientific knowledge that increase profitability while supporting the conservation of native grasslands. In the early 2000s, existing knowledge was synthesized in a path of six sequential steps of increasing intensification. Even though higher productivity underlined that path, it was recognized that trade-offs would occur, with increases in productivity being concomitant to reductions in diversity, resilience to droughts, and a higher exposure to financial risks. Here, we put forward a proposal to shift the current paradigm away from a linear sequence and toward a flexible dashboard of intensification options to be implemented in defined modules within a farm whose aims are (i) to maintain native grasslands as the main feed source, and (ii) ameliorate its two major productive drawbacks: marked seasonality and relatively rapid loss of low nutritive value-hence the title “native grasslands at the core.” At its center, the proposal highlights a key role for optimal grazing management of native grasslands to increase productivity and resilience while maintaining low system wide costs and financial risk, but acknowledges that achieving the required spatio-temporal control of grazing intensity requires using (a portfolio of) complementary, synergistic intensification options. We sum up experimental evidence and case studies supporting the hypothesis that integrating intensification options increases both profitability and environmental sustainability of livestock production in Campos ecosystems.

ObjectiveTo study operation feasibility and prepadness of a a tablet-based participatory syndromic surveillance among pilgrims during annual ritual circumbulation (Panchkroshi Yatra) coveirng 15 miles daily in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh IndiaIntroductionPanchkroshi yatra is an annual ritual of circumambulation (yatra) of temples (Mahadevs) and 100,000 devotees walk for around 15 miles per day for six days and cover a total of 73 miles to worship important Mahadevs. The festival is held every year at the city of Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, Central India. The yatra attracts large number of pilgrims especially from rural areas and usually women outnumber men. During the yatra, the pilgrims halt at several places and prepare their food in outdoors. We described the public health preparedness, implemented a tablet-based participatory syndromic surveillance among pilgrims of the yatra and reviewed satisfaction of the pilgrims regarding implementation of public health measures, Ujjain during 21-26, April, 2017.MethodsWe described preparedness and arrangements done for the Yatra. We designed tablet-based android to collect information from pilgrims on socio-demographic-economic details, location and self-reported health problems (syndromes). Trained investigators collected data from consenting pilgrims at strategically located halting places. We interviewed a convenient sample of consenting participants to assess satisfaction regarding the public health measures such as sanitation, water, safety, food and cleanliness.ResultsThe district team organized round-the-clock medical camps in strategic locations (mainly at temple or halting place) of the route of the Yatra with few camps having admission facility for emergency conditions. There were no mobile medical units. Ambulance services were on standby at all medical camps. Our satisfactory survey of 360 participants indicated that 79% were satisfied with these medical facilities (79%). District administration alongwith local village administration (panchayat) had set up outlets selling provisions necessary meeting cooking needs. Eighty percent pilgrims were satisfied with food and refreshment arrangements. Permanent and temporary toilets were set-up at the halt-locations but not on the route. Snitation measures such as chlorination and solid waste management were in place. Pilgrims’ satisfaction for urinals (53%) and toilets (60%) was less as compared to cleanliness (74%). Electrical supply and lighting were arranged properly. Volunteers were available to provide assistance to pilgrims. Provision of safe drinking water and potable water were arranged by the authorities and the village-residents made water available through well, pots etc. The survey suggested that only 5% of them were not satisfied with water related arrangements. Security arrangements such as deployment of police, crowd management, and traffic control and fire safety were well-arranged by the authorities and majority of the respondents expressed satisfaction on these arrangements (79-84%).We interviewed 6435 pilgrims for any self-reported symptoms. More than half (56%) of the responders were female and majority (64%) aged 15- 59 years. Around 44% were from Ujjain district. Every second person (around 47%) reported illness with one or other symptoms. Most of them complained of injury with blister (11%). Other common complaints include stomach ache (8%), redness in eyes (7%), fever (7%), cough (6%), vomiting (4%), diarrhea (4%) and throat pain (3%) (Figure)ConclusionsThe participants’ response indicates that all the public health and safety measures were satisfactory except the need for setting up urinals along the fixed route of circumambulation. Table-based surveillance during the yatra indicated that injury was the most commonly self-reported health problem. Implementation of such surveillance helps in tracking health events and therefore, may facilitate preparedness and response. We recommend implementation of such tablet-based surveillance during such mass gathering events.References1. Qanta A Ahmed, Yaseen M Arabi, Ziad A Memish, Health risks at the Hajj, Lancet 2006; 367: 1008–15 2. Tam JS, Barbeschi M, Shapovalova N, Briand S, Memish ZA & Kieny MP. Research agenda for mass gatherings: a call to action. The Lancet infectious diseases, 2012;12,3, 231-239 3. Henning KJ, Overview of syndromic surveillance. What is syndromic surveillance? MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53 (Suppl): 5-11 (2004). 4. Chandrasekhar, CP, Ghosh J Information and communication technologies and health in low income countries: the potential and the constraints. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2001, 79: 850–855

<p>O setor agrícola foi severamente afetado pela pandemia de Covid-19, gerando incertezas sobre a produção e a distribuição de alimentos, o que afetou diretamente o trabalho de milhões de agricultores. Este artigo visa a analisar o impacto da pandemia na produção de alimentos em Brasília-DF, especialmente entre os agricultores assentados/acampados da reforma agrária. Para a análise, foram utilizados dados primários obtidos através de um questionário on-line destinado ao público da reforma agrária em áreas rurais das regiões administrativas da capital federal, além de dados secundários, disponibilizados por instituições públicas. Os resultados mostraram que o impacto da pandemia foi intenso entre os agricultores, deixando-os extremamente vulneráveis, principalmente nos meses iniciais da pandemia. Como forma de enfretamento dos efeitos da pandemia, os trabalhadores adotaram quatro medidas específicas: a utilização do serviço de entrega delivery; a venda de cestas agroecológicas; a participação em redes solidárias e a venda direta em feira de reforma agrária. Essas novas dinâmicas de comercialização têm transformado as formas de interação campo-cidade ao demandar estratégias diferenciadas para alcançar os consumidores finais, contribuindo para amenizar os efeitos disruptivos da pandemia nos sistemas alimentares locais.</p><p><span>Abstract</span></p><p>IMPACTS OF COVID-19 ON FOOD PRODUCTION AND COMMERCIALIZATION IN BRASILIA-DF: CHALLENGES FOR AGRARIAN REFORM SETTLERS/CAMPED</p><p>The agricultural sector was severely affected by the pandemic of Covid-19, genera- ting uncertainties about food production and distribution, which directly affected the work of millions of farmers. This article aims to analyze the impact of the pandemic on food production in Brasília-DF, especially among farmers settled in agrarian reform settlements. The analysis used primary data obtained through an on-line questionnaire addressed to the public of agrarian reform in rural areas of the administrative regions of the federal capital, as well as secondary data made available by public institutions. The results showed that the impact of the pandemic was intense among farmers, leaving them extremely vulnerable, especially in the initial months of the pandemic. As a way of countering the effects of the pandemic, workers have adopted four specific measures: the use of delivery services; the salof agro-ecological baskets; participation in solidarity networks; and direct sales at agrarian reform fairs. These new commercialization dynamics have transformed the forms of countryside-city interaction by demanding different strategies to reach final consumers, contributing to mitigate the pandemic’s disruptive effects on local food systems.</p>

Estilos de vida de los clientes y calidad de servicio de la asociación de comerciantes agro artesanal San Borja Dora Alejandrina Polo Cerna Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2011.0044/ RESUMEN La presente investigación titulada: Estilos de vida de los clientes y calidad de servicio de la asociación de comerciantes agro artesanal de San Borja (ACMSB), tuvo como objetivo general determinar la relación que existe entre los estilos de vida de los clientes y la calidad de servicio de los empresarios de la ACMSB; los objetivos específicos fueron: Identificar los estilos de vida de los clientes; conocer la percepción de los clientes respecto a la calidad de servicio de los empresarios de la ACMSB. El método general utilizado fue el método científico, los instrumentos fueron dos cuestionarios Servqual y estilos de vida. La muestra compuesta de 171 clientes, varones y mujeres mayores de 18 años, cuyo consumo supero los S/.10.00 y que el día de la encuesta se encontraban comprando bienes y servicios en las instalaciones de la ACMSB, se incluyeron a las empleadas del hogar y se excluyeron a clientes mayores de 80 años. La hipótesis fue: Existe relación entre estilos de vida y la calidad de servicio de los clientes de la ACMSB. Para el análisis de datos se hizo uso de la estadística descriptiva y para la prueba de hipótesis el análisis inferencial. La prueba de Pearson arroja 0.746 que significa que existe una relación de 74% entre calidad de servicio y estilos de vida de los clientes de la asociación de comerciantes agro artesanal del San Borja. El estilo de vida de los clientes de la ACMSB es el moderno; este resultado coincide con los hallazgos de Arellano [1] quien reporto que el estilo de vida moderno es el preponderante en nuestro país. El hallazgo encontrado por De Soto [2] que los recién llegados del campo a la ciudad, encontraron un muro impenetrable de reglas, que los marginaban de las actividades sociales y económicas legalmente establecidas, en los que era sumamente difícil entrar a negocios formales, se ha logrado superar; puesto que estas micro y pequeñas empresas son viables, legales y están siendo muy bien vistos por los clientes. Mayor argumento constituye el reporte estadístico del INEI [3], que informa que la actividad comercial tuvo un crecimiento del 10,96 % , esto es una tendencia positiva en la mayoría de sus rubros componentes, destacándose entre otros, la venta minorista de alimentos, a través de las cadenas de supermercados e hipermercados y grandes almacenes. Se concluye que las empresas del sector retail en especial de la ACMSB, están reinventando estrategias en torno a la satisfacción del cliente y son conscientes de la invasión de las grandes cadenas de supermercados e hipermercados y grandes almacenes. Esta investigación servirá como base para futuras estrategias a adoptar por los empresarios de la ACMSB, a fin de mantener a los clientes satisfechos, con alta calidad de servicio. Descriptores: estilos de vida, clientes, calidad de servicio, asociación de comerciantes agro artesanal San Borja. ABSTRACT This research entitled: Lifestyle and quality customer service the business assocation artisanal agro San Borja (ACMSB), generally aimed at determining the relationship between the lifestyles of our customers and quality service employers in the ACMSB, the specific objectives were: To identify the lifestyles of our customers, know the customer perception about the quality of service for entrepreneurs ACMSB. The general method used was the scientific method, the instruments were two questionnaires Servqual and lifestyles. The sample consists of 171 clients, men and women over 18, whose consumption exceeded the S/.10.00 and the day of the survey were buying goods and services ACMSB facilities are included domestic workers and excluded clients over 80 years. The hypothesis was: There is a relationship between lifestyle and quality of service for customers ACMSB. For data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing for inferential analysis. Pearson test sheds 0,746 which mean there is a ratio of 74% between service quality and lifestyles of customers in the traditional agro business association of San Borja. The lifestyle of the customers is the modern ACMSB, this result agrees with the findings of Arellano [1] who reported that the modern lifestyle is preponderant in our country. The finding found by De Soto [2] that the newcomers from the countryside to the city, found an impenetrable wall of rules, that marginalized social and economic activities legally established, in which it was extremely difficult to get into formal business was has been overcome, since these micro and small businesses are viable, legal, and are still very well regarded by customers. Major argument is the statistical report INEI [3], which reports that business grew by 10.96%, this is a positive trend in most of its component items, highlighting among others, retail food through supermarkets and hypermarkets and department stores. It concludes that companies in the retail sector especially the ACMSB are reinventing strategies around customer satisfaction and are aware of the encroachment of large chains of supermarkets and hypermarkets and department stores. This research will serve as a basis for future strategies to be adopted by employers in the ACMSB, in order to keep customers satisfied with high quality service. Keywords: lifestyle, customers, service quality, artisanal agro business association San Borja.

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Thomassen, B., & Krebs, J. D. (2001). Reconnaissance for noble metals in Precambrian and Palaeogene rocks, Amdrup Fjord, southern East Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 189, 76-80. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v189.5161 _______________ A zone of hydrothermal veins in the Kangerlussuaq region, southern East Greenland, is the focus of a oneyear project by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). The project aims to localise, map, sample and analyse silver-gold-bearing veins in a selected area of Precambrian and Palaeogene rocks north of Amdrup Fjord (Figs 1, 2). This report describes the field work and presents some preliminary results. The study area comprises a c. 3 km wide and 10 km long ridge between Amdrup Fjord and Søndre Syenitgletscher, centred on the 938 m high mountain Flammefjeld (Figs 2, 3). The area is of alpine character with small glaciers and with extensive snow cover most of the year. The field programme was chosen to coincide with the time of minimum snow cover, from 25 July – 23 August. During this period, the major part of the area was investigated on daily foot traverses from four fly camps, helped by helicopter lifts on two occasions. Logistically, the work was part of a larger expedition to East Greenland – EG 2000 – organised by the Danish Lithosphere Centre and GEUS, which is reported on elsewhere (Nielsen et al. 2001, this volume). A temporary field base in Sødalen, some 50 km east of Amdrup Fjord, supported the expedition’s Ecureuil AS 350 helicopter and provided services for the field teams of the various activities attached to EG 2000. Air connections with Iceland were maintained by Twin Otter aircraft operating from a gravel landing strip in Sødalen (Fig. 1).

Abstract Background Refugees fleeing conflict often experience poor mental health due to experiences in their country of origin, during displacement, and in new host environments. Conditions in refugee camps and settlements, and the wider socio-political and economic context of refugees’ lives, create structural conditions that compound the effects of previous adversity. Mental health and psychosocial support services must address the daily stressors and adversities refugees face by being grounded in the lived reality of refugee’s lives and addressing issues relevant to them. Methods We undertook a rapid qualitative study between March and May 2019 to understand the local prioritisation of problems facing Congolese refugees living in two refugee settings in Uganda and Rwanda. Thirty free list interviews were conducted in each setting, followed by 11 key informant interviews in Uganda and 12 in Rwanda. Results Results from all interviews were thematically analysed following a deductive process by the in-country research teams. Free list interview findings highlight priority problems of basic needs such as food, shelter, and healthcare access; alongside contextual social problems including discrimination/inequity and a lack of gender equality. Priority problems relating to mental and psychosocial health explored in key informant interviews include discrimination and inequity; alcohol and substance abuse; and violence and gender-based violence. Conclusions Our findings strongly resonate with models of mental health and psychosocial wellbeing that emphasise their socially determined and contextually embedded nature. Specifically, findings foreground the structural conditions of refugees’ lives such as the physical organisation of camp spaces or refugee policies that are stigmatising through restricting the right to work or pursue education. This structural environment can lead to disruptions in social relationships at the familial and community levels, giving rise to discrimination/inequity and gender-based violence. Therefore, our findings foreground that one consequence of living in situations of pervasive adversity caused by experiences of discrimination, inequity, and violence is poor mental health and psychosocial wellbeing. This understanding reinforces the relevance of feasible and acceptable intervention approaches that aim to strengthening familial and community-level social relationships, building upon existing community resources to promote positive mental health and psychosocial wellbeing among Congolese refugees in these settings.