Academic literature on the topic 'CANADA: QUEBEC/1990s'

AbstractDespite what would appear to be pressures for policy convergence in Canada due to growing continental integration and market competitiveness, agro-environmental policies in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario have become increasingly divergent over the past decade. Quebec's policies are comprehensive, coercive in approach and intrusive in the production process; those in Ontario, while comprehensive, rely more on industry self-regulation and shy away from intruding significantly into farming practices. Three institutional factors help explain this policy divergence. First, Quebec's main environmental act enabled the Ministry of the Environment to participate in the agro-environmental policy community's “subgovernment,” while the Ministry of the Environment in Ontario remained in the “attentive public.” Second, the agricultural policy network in Ontario took on many attributes of closed bipartite corporatism during the 1990s, thereby enhancing the power potential of Ontario's farmers. Third, path dependence related to policy feedback predisposed Ontario to self-regulatory approaches, but favoured strong statist policies in Quebec. The combination of these institutional differences creates distinct negotiation settings in the two provinces. Consequently, in Ontario, policy discussions tend to focus on wealth generation to the exclusion of distributive justice, while in contrast, Quebec's institutions focus more on distributive issues, perhaps at the expense of aggregate value creation.

The article are investigated the domestic historiography of French-Canadian nationalism. The article analyzes approaches to French-Canadian nationalism, both by researchers in independent Ukraine and by representatives of the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada. It is noted that the domestic historiography of the French-Canadian question can be divided into four directions: the genesis of French-Canadian nationalism; research about the status of the French language in Quebec and Canada in general; the relations between Quebec and the Federation Center; «Quiet Revolution» in Quebec and the French-Canadian national issue at present. It is established that in the research of French-Canadian nationalism in domestic historiography, some researchers focus not only on the historical aspects of this issue, but also on political and legal ones. This approach from the standpoint of theory of state and law allows us better understand some aspects of French-Canadian nationalism. It has been found that most researchers focus their attention on the study of the French-Canadian national question of the period from Quiet Revolution in Quebec in 1960s and the 1990s. Attention also is drawn that this lack of coverage in the domestic historiography of the French-Canadian question of the period before the «Quiet Revolution» in Quebec needs further research to better understand the specifics of the problem. It is emphasized that due to the problem of access to Canadian archival sources when researching the issue in Ukraine, it is extremely important the recent publication of documents on the Internet, which can significantly affect the future prospects of domestic historiography of the French-Canadian problem.

The cruciferous weed Lepidium latifolium, perennial pepper-grass, is a relatively recent immigrant with a disjunct distribution in North America. Although first reported in the 1930s in Quebec and 1940s in Alberta, L. latifolium only started to attract attention as an invasive weed when it began to spread rapidly in the western parts of its US range in the 1980s, reaching British Columbia in the 1990s. Lepidium latifolium is a perennial weed of coastal wetlands, inland waterways, irrigation ditches, rangeland, hay meadows and waste areas, and tolerates saline/alkaline environments. Prolific seed production, rapid and substantial vegetative growth, creeping rhizomes with high storage capacity, potential for bud production at each node, and deep rhizome penetration have contributed to the widespread establishment of L. latifolium. Canopy height and density, combined with an accumulation of dead stalks in wetlands, has interfered with the regeneration of native plants and the habitats of birds and other animals, as well as hampering control of mosquitoes. In rangelands and pastures, L. latifolium can compete with native species and reduce forage quality. Lepidium latifolium has recently invaded agricultural crops such as cereal grains and alfalfa, and can contaminate hay shipments. Decaying litter may increase sodium content in surface soil, with a potential negative impact on salt-intolerant species. Lepidium latifolium has few natural enemies in North America. It has been partially controlled by flooding, intensive grazing, mowing and herbicides, but herbicides are of restricted use along waterways and in areas with native vegetation. Potential biological controls have shown little promise to date. Key words: Lepidium latifolium, perennial pepper-grass, perennial pepperweed, lépidie à feuilles larges, LEPLA, weed biology, invasive alien

The article analyzes the demographic and economic ties and describes the social and cultural factors that in Canada in the 1950 -1990s determined changes in the tasks, organization, and training of teachers to work in primary school, taking into account the cultural needs of the population and government education policies. The application of historical and genetic as well as comparative methods of documentary sources analysis made it possible to identify the social and cultural-regional conditionality of the tasks and content of teacher training and their preparation for work in primary schools in different provinces. The article highlights the main contexts according to which the professional training of Canadian primary school teachers was carried out: historical, multicultural, traditional cultural, pedagogical, and religious. As a result of the comparative analysis of historical development, it was found that in Canadian cities such as Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver there were concentrated large settlements of migrants, which played a dominant role in social and cultural development of Canada. Two main vectors of teacher training, multicultural and cross-cultural, which met the requirements of Canadian social environments and educational policy of Canadian governments, are studied. The training programs for primary school teachers in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia, initiated mainly by the federal government of Canada, are described. The Government of Canada, together with the Ministries of Education, colleges and universities, has been found to have influenced the training of Canadian primary school teachers by creating a variety of educational programs best suited for the needs of society.

Prostate brachytherapy can be used as a monotherapy for low- and intermediate-risk patients or in combination with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) as a form of dose escalation for selected intermediate- and high-risk patients. Prostate brachytherapy with either permanent implants (low dose rate [LDR]) or temporary implants (high dose rate [HDR]) is emerging as the most effective radiation treatment for prostate cancer. Several large Canadian brachytherapy programs were established in the mid- to late-1990s. Prostate brachytherapy is offered in British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick. We anticipate the need for brachytherapy services in Canada will significantly increase in the near future. In this review, we summarize brachytherapy programs across Canada, contemporary eligibility criteria for the procedure, toxicity and prostate-specific antigen recurrence free survival (PRFS), as published from Canadian institutions for both LDR and HDR brachytherapy.

Abstract. Background: The Province of Quebec, Canada (PQ), witnessed a drastic rise in suicide among adult men between 1990 and 2000, followed by a continuous drop since then. At the end of the 1990s, men's suicide became recognized as a social issue, leading to implementation of gender-responsive strategies focusing on positive aspects of masculinity. Many of these strategies received positive assessments. Aims: This article offers a critical overview of the evolution of social responses to men's suicide in PQ. Method: We highlight elements of success with examples of interventions targeting men directly, professionals who work with men, and natural support networks of men. Results: Results and discussion suggest the benefits to shift towards salutogenic, gender-transformative approach to men's suicide prevention. Conclusion: Closing remarks question the current gaps and upcoming challenges in suicide prevention among men.

Built at the height of the atmospheric theatre fad in early 1929, the Granada Theatre of Sherbrooke, Quebec has been many things to many people over the years. Starting as a double-bill house of United Amusements of Quebec (owned by Famous Players of Toronto,in turn owned by Paramount of New York), the Granada eventually became the premier performance space in Sherbrooke in the 1940s and 1950s. It was eventually replaced in this function in the late 1960s by cultural centres at the two local universities. While it was sold off by Famous Players in the early 1970s it still survives relatively intact, at the end of this century a curious architectural reminder of how things once were and perhaps still are. The theatre's past, present and future provide the author with an opportunity to reflect upon his own place in late 20th century Quebec.

Objective: The 1990s saw widespread expansion of new forms of legalized gambling involving video lottery terminals (VLTs) in community settings (that is, in bars and restaurant lounges) and permanent casinos in several Canadian provinces. To date, there has never been a national survey of gambling problems with representative interprovincial data. Using a new survey, we sought to compare prevalence figures across the 10 Canadian provinces. Method: Using the Canadian Problem Gambling Index, we investigated the current 12-month prevalence of gambling problems in the Canadian Community Health Survey: Cycle 1.2—Mental Health and Well-Being, in which a random sample of 34 770 community-dwelling respondents aged 15 years and over were interviewed. The response rate was 77%. The data are representative at the provincial level and were compared with the availability of VLTs per 1000 population and with the presence of permanent casinos for each province. Results: Manitoba (2.9%) and Saskatchewan (also 2.9%) had the highest prevalence of gambling problems (specifically, moderate and severe problem levels combined). These 2 provinces had significantly higher levels than the 2 provinces with the lowest prevalence of gambling problems: Quebec (1.7%) and New Brunswick (1.5%). Conclusions: The 12-month prevalence of gambling problems in Canada was 2.0%, with interprovincial variability. The highest prevalence emerged in areas with high concentrations of VLTs in the community combined with permanent casinos. These findings support earlier predictions that the rapid and prolific expansion of new forms of legalized gambling in many regions of the country would be associated with a considerable public health cost.

The syenites in the western part of the Grenville Province in Quebec have been known since the 1990s, but few studies have been carried out on them. Over the last three years, a mapping project carried out by the Ministère de l’Énergie et des Ressources naturelles has revealed the presence of several rare earth element (REE)–bearing syenitic intrusions in this area. In this paper, we present a geodynamic model for their formation based on geochemical, thermobarometric, and geochronological data. The intrusions were emplaced between 1038 +15/−13 Ma and 1009 ± 3 Ma. The syenites can be divided into two groups: (1) an older, REE-bearing group associated with a volcanic arc and (2) a younger group with lower REE contents associated with an anorogenic event. Formation temperatures were between 898 and 1005 °C, and pressures were between 2 and 10 kbar. This model involving two intrusive periods is in conflict with the model of a large, hot, long-duration collisional orogen proposed by Rivers et al. (2009) but is consistent with more recent studies.

As climate changes, boreal forest ecosystems may become subject to disturbances that were previously uncommon in some regions. In recent decades, large tracts of northeastern boreal forest of Canada have been affected by different types of climatic events causing a lot of partial and some total stand mortality. Since these disturbances may become more important drivers of forest dynamics, there is a need to document their impact on forest structure. The objectives of this study were to describe temporal dynamics of partial windthrows and determine the effect of partial windthrow on stand composition and understory vegetation. The study was conducted in the North-Shore region of Quebec (Canada). Eighteen plots in closed forests were paired with 18 adjacent windthrow areas, in which trees experienced similar edaphic and climatic conditions. Dendroecological analyses, combined with vegetation sampling, were conducted on each site to determine stand structure and vegetation development through time. Significant increases in balsam fir and shade-tolerant species were observed in windthrow gaps. Tree mortality in windthrown stands was a slow process until the mid-1990s, a period during which spruce budworm defoliation may have played a role in weakening trees and making them more vulnerable to partial windthrow. Greater mortality observed following the mid-1990s was most certainly related to a regional storm. The initial composition of stands plays an important role in driving postwindthrow succession, as balsam fir is more susceptible to treefall. As opposed to stand-replacing windthrow and spruce budworm outbreaks that generate various postdisturbance responses, partial windthrow appears to only create opportunities for pre-established balsam fir to undergo release in gaps.

La perception du Canada à travers les magazines Time et Newsweek (1995-2000) décrit la présence canadienne dans deux principaux magazines américains d’informations. Le Canada apparaît comme un pays paisible, même si, les journalistes des deux magazines présentent des articles sur des actes de violence impliquant des Canadiens. Le Canada est une nation multiculturelle, et sur ce plan, des conflits existent. Les Québécois sont divisés au sujet de la question de leur appartenance au Canada et beaucoup d’autres communautés ressentent les effets de l’exclusion (racisme…) ; les Inuit et les Québécois francophones ont choisi le nationalisme pour exprimer leurs identités distinctes. Alors que les Canadiens de diverses origines se préoccupent de leur identité sur le plan national, le pays dans son ensemble ressent l’impact de la présence américaine. Alors que les Canadiens se focalisent sur la consistance de leur identité nationale, les journalistes de Time et de Newsweek perçoivent le Canada comme un pays distinct ayant ses propres traits identitaires : le respect de la paix, celui des diversités culturelles, ou encore celui de la nature ; des caractéristiques qui représentent le Canada dans le monde<br>Perception of Canada in Time and Newsweek magazines (1995-2000) describes the Canadian presence in two main American newsmagazines. Canada appears as a peaceful country, even if, both magazines present violence-related stories involving Canadians. Canada is a multicultural country, and as far as diversity is concerned, the country does not seem peaceful. Quebeckers are divided concerning the question of their belonging to Canada and many other communities feel the effects of rejection (racism…); the Inuit and the French Quebeckers have chosen nationalism to express their different identities. While Canadians of different heritage are concerned by their identity in Canada, the whole country feels the impact of the American presence. And while Canadians focus on the substance of their national identity, Time and Newsweek journalists perceive Canada as a distinct country with its own characteristics based on peace, multiculturalism or even Nature; characteristics representing Canada in the world

Cette thèse (Sciences Po Paris &amp; Université Saint-Louis – Bruxelles) étudie le dilemme généré par l’immigration et la diversité pour les élites politiques dans deux communautés sous-nationales culturellement et linguistiquement distinctes : la Flandre (Belgique) et le Québec (Canada). Pour ces communautés, l’intégration des immigrés représente à la fois des opportunités et des défis. L’immigration peut à la fois augmenter le poids démographique de la communauté sous-nationale mais aussi affaiblir sa cohésion culturelle et linguistique. En étudiant la période de 1999 à 2014 et en utilisant l’institutionnalisme discursif, cette recherche questionne la réponse des élites sous-nationales à ce dilemme : comment les élites politiques flamandes et québécoises envisagent-elles l’intégration des immigrés ? Confrontées au dilemme de l’intégration des immigrés, sur une échelle qui irait de la menace à l’opportunité, comment les élites politiques se positionnent-elles ? Sur base d’une analyse des débats parlementaires, cette thèse identifie le positionnement des élites politiques (élus et ministres) et leur rhétorique sur quatre dimensions de l’intégration des immigrés : institutionnelle, démographique, linguistique et culturelle. Contrairement à d’autres recherches qui se sont uniquement concentrées sur les élites sous-nationalistes et les positions des partis régionalistes, notre focus sur les discours politiques et l’ensemble des élites permet de montrer comment les idées circulent et évoluent à travers les législatures. Cette recherche montre que les arguments-clés sont partagés par les élites politiques quand il s’agit des dimensions linguistique, démographique et culturelle de l’intégration des immigrés. Néanmoins et indépendamment de ces conceptions, des divergences claires existent sur les arrangements institutionnels à privilégier entre l’autorité fédérale et la sous-nation pour l’intégration des immigrés<br>My PhD dissertation (Sciences Po Paris &amp; Université Saint-Louis) considers the dilemma generated by immigration and diversity for political elites in two culturally and linguistic distinct sub-national communities: Flanders (Belgium) and Quebec (Canada). For such communities, immigration represents both opportunities and challenges. Immigration might increase the relative demographic strength of the sub-national community yet, it might also weaken its cultural or linguistic cohesion. Focusing on the 1999-2014 timeframe and using discursive institutionalism, I ask how subnational elites respond to this dilemma. Using discourse analysis, I identify the position of members of regional parliaments and their rhetoric on four dimensions of immigrant integration (institutional, demographic, linguistic, and cultural). Contrary to other researches that have focused only on sub-nationalist and regionalist party positions, my focus on political discourse allows me to show how ideas circulate and evolve through legislatures. My results run contrary to some expectations from immigration studies and federalism theory. I show that key arguments are shared between political elites when it comes to the linguistic, demographic and cultural dimensions of immigrant integration. Nevertheless and independently from the conceptions of integration put forward, I show that clear divergences remain when it comes to federal-subnational institutional arrangements for immigrant integration

Cette étude propose l’analyse des écritures de l’Histoire à travers un corpus de huit œuvres romanesques publiées au Québec entre 1980 et 1990. Il s’agit de La Tribu et Les Plaines à l’envers de F. Barcelo, de la trilogie des Fils de la liberté de Louis Caron, du Premier jardin de Anne Hébert, de La Maison Trestler ou le 8ème jour d’Amérique de Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska et d’Un dernier blues pour Octobre de Pierre Turgeon. Là où la langue anglaise distingue « history » et « story », le français utilise le vocable « histoire ». Si sa polysémie peut engendrer des confusions, elle peut aussi générer les réflexions qui ont sous-tendu cette analyse. Comment l’histoire raconte-t-elle l’Histoire ? Comment les histoires permettent-elles de réécrire une Histoire plurielle dans le Québec des années 1980 ? Pour répondre à ces questions, trois axes sont développés. Le premier s’attache à analyser les rapports fraternels puis fratricides entre la littérature et l’Histoire, disciplines devenues distinctes au XIXème, puis il propose une réflexion sur le roman historique et les écritures romanesques de l’Histoire. Le deuxième axe présente une mise en regard des discours historique et romanesque au sein des œuvres constitutives du corpus. Enfin, dans une troisième partie, notre réflexion nous conduit à analyser les poétiques québécoises afin de montrer comment ces textes participent, par une réécriture mémorielle, à l’émergence d’une identité collective québécoise en cette fin de XXème siècle<br>This study aims at analysing the writing of history through a corpus of eight novels, published in Quebec between 1980 and 1990. The corpus is comprised of La Tribu and Les Plaines à l’envers by F. Barcelo, of Louis Caron’s trilogy Fils de la liberté, of Premier jardin by Anne Hébert, of La Maison Trestler ou le 8ème jour d’Amérique by Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska’s and of Un dernier blues pour Octobre by Pierre Turgeon. While English distinguishes « history » from « story », French uses the single term « histoire ». If that polysemy may cause confusion, it may also generate a reflection, just as the one underlying this analysis: How does a story tell history? How have stories contributed to the rewriting of Quebec’s plural history in the 1980s? Answering these questions will require three main developments. The first part will be an attempt to explain and understand the fraternal yet fratricidal relationship between literature and history, two disciplines which became distinct in the 19th century. Moreover, it proposes a reflection on the historical novel and historical fiction. The second part will be devoted to the comparative study of the historical and narrative discourses within the constituent novels of the corpus. And finally, in a third part, our reflection will lead us to consider Quebec’s poetics, in order to show how –by rewriting memory– those texts have participated in creating Quebec’s collective identity at the very end of the 20th century

Thesis of (Ph.D)--University of Alberta, 2009.<br>Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on October 7th, 2009). "Fall, 2009." At head of title: University of Alberta. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduates Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Sociology, University of Alberta. Includes bibliographical references.

Puisque de plus en plus d’enfants sont exposés à la séparation de leurs parents, plusieurs d’entre eux doivent partager leur temps entre les logements et la supervision de leur mère et leur père. Qu’on nomme cette réalité « garde », « résidence » ou « temps parental », elle complique grandement la description et la mesure des structures familiales dans lesquelles évoluent les enfants. Dans ce contexte, la thèse comporte deux objectifs principaux. Le premier consiste à préciser l’évolution historique des différents concepts légaux et sociologiques en jeu et à montrer comment le flou terminologique entourant la garde entraîne des problèmes lors de la mesure des arrangements résidentiels des enfants. Pour exposer la problématique, je tente de déterminer la prévalence de la double résidence égalitaire en faisant une évaluation critique des sources de données disponibles au Québec et au Canada. En fin de compte, en raison des lacunes de ces diverses sources et de leurs résultats parfois divergents, il s’avère pratiquement impossible de répondre à la question : « Combien d’enfants vivent en garde partagée (ou en double résidence) ? ». Le second objectif, qui occupe la majeure partie de la thèse, vise à illustrer le caractère dynamique des arrangements de temps parental, un aspect souvent ignoré dans la littérature scientifique. À partir des données des treize premiers passages de l’Étude longitudinale du développement des enfants du Québec (ÉLDEQ) (n=2120), je distingue quatre arrangements de temps parental postséparation : 1) la résidence maternelle (avec peu ou pas de contacts père-enfant) ; 2) la résidence maternelle (avec contacts père-enfant réguliers) ; 3) la double résidence ; 4) la résidence paternelle. En ordonnant les informations disponibles à différents points dans le temps pour un même enfant, j’ai pu reconstituer des trajectoires de temps parental complètes. Les analyses réalisées sur ces trajectoires sont rapportées dans deux articles. Je m’intéresse, dans le premier article, aux caractéristiques familiales liées à l’établissement d’un arrangement donné au moment de la séparation ainsi qu’à la durée de cet arrangement. J’y montre par exemple que la part du temps parental assumée par le père au moment de la séparation est positivement associée au niveau de scolarité des parents, au travail à temps plein des mères et au sentiment de plaisir parental des pères. On y constate aussi que les arrangements initiaux ne sont pas tous aussi durables les uns que les autres. Même si les facteurs associés à cette durée sont plus difficiles à discerner, le niveau de scolarité des parents semble être important dans le processus. Dans le second article, je construis des tables de survie multiétats afin de résumer les trajectoires de temps parental de la perspective d’un enfant « moyen ». Je cherche entre autres à déterminer combien de temps les enfants passent dans chacun des quatre arrangements définis plus tôt et à identifier les facteurs sociodémographiques associés à cette répartition. J’y conclus que le temps passé en double résidence par un enfant moyen est faible, mais qu’il augmente avec le niveau de scolarité des deux parents. La double résidence est cependant une composante centrale de la paternité postrupture. Malgré une grande fluidité dans les trajectoires de temps parental, l’arrangement établi au moment de la séparation demeure un bon prédicteur de l’expérience parentale ultérieure. Les enfants initialement en double résidence, par exemple, perdent rarement contact avec leur père au cours des cinq années qui suivent la séparation, et ce, même si plusieurs d’entre eux finiront par habiter principalement avec leur mère.<br>As more children are exposed to the separation of their parents, many of them have to share their time between the homes and the supervision of their mother and father. Whether this reality is referred to as “custody”, “residence” or “parenting time”, it greatly complicates the description and measurement of the family structures in which children evolve. In this context, the thesis has two main objectives. The first is to clarify the historical evolution of the various legal and sociological concepts involved and to show how the terminological confusion surrounding child custody raises problems when trying to measure children’s living arrangements. In particular, I try to determine the prevalence of egalitarian dual residence by critically assessing the various data sources available in Quebec and Canada. In the end, because of the shortcomings of these various sources and their sometimes divergent results, it is virtually impossible to answer the question: “How many children live in shared physical custody (or dual residence) ?” The second objective, which comprises most of the thesis, aims to illustrate the dynamic nature of parenting-time arrangements, an element often overlooked in the scientific literature. With data from the first thirteen waves of the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD) (n = 2120), I distinguish four postseparation parenting-time arrangements: 1) mother residence (with little or no father-child contact); 2) mother residence (with regular father-child contact); 3) dual residence; 4) father residence. By ordering the information available at different time points for each child, I was able to reconstruct complete parenting-time trajectories. The analyzes carried out on these trajectories are reported in two articles. In the first article, I look at family characteristics related to the establishment of specific arrangements at separation and at the duration of this arrangement. For instance, I show that the share of parenting time assumed by fathers following separation is positively associated with parents’ education level, mothers’ full-time employment and father’s feeling of parental enjoyment. The article also shows that initial arrangements are not all as durable as each other. Although the factors associated with this duration are difficult to identify, the parents’ level of education appears to be play an important role. In the last article, I build multistate life tables in order to summarize parenting-time trajectories from the perspective of an average child. I try to determine, inter alia, how much time children spend in each of the four arrangements defined earlier and what sociodemographic factors are associated with this distribution of time. I show that time spent in dual residence by an average child is low, but that it increases with the education level of both parents. Dual residence is, however, a central component of postseparation fatherhood. Despite great fluidity in parenting-time trajectories, arrangements established at separation remain good predictors of the subsequent parenting experience. Children initially in dual residence, for instance, seldom lose contact with their father during the first five years following separation even if many of them eventually end up living mainly with their mother.

L’hypothèse qui soutient cette thèse est que les écritures au féminin, au Québec, des années soixante-dix à quatre-vingt-dix, livrent une expérience singulière du temps. Les œuvres étudiées présentent une réflexion sur les possibilités de la littérature à mettre en œuvre une transformation, voire une liquidation du temps patriarcal. Cette thèse montre comment les écritures au féminin, tout en voulant instaurer un changement de paradigme dans le temps, héritent tout de même de paramètres, de formes, d’histoires dont elles désirent se détacher. C’est à cette mise en tension entre rupture et récupération que je m’intéresse en étudiant différentes thématiques et pratiques formelles dans un corpus composé de textes publiés en revues, de livres et de films. Le premier chapitre analyse des textes philosophiques et littéraires qui questionnent le genre sexuel et ses relations au politique, et montre comment les écritures au féminin sont indissociables d’un discours sur la littérature elle-même. Dans le deuxième chapitre, à partir des œuvres de Nicole Brossard et de Louky Bersianik, je vois comment la mémoire est posée comme le lieu de renouvellement des connaissances. Le troisième chapitre se consacre au motif de la cassure face au temps patriarcal dans Cyprine (1978) de Denise Boucher et dans Dieu, de Carole Massé (1979). La construction d’une histoire littéraire au féminin dans la revue littéraire La Barre du jour/La Nouvelle Barre du jour (1965 1990) est le sujet du quatrième chapitre. Le cinquième et dernier chapitre s’intéresse aux manières de construire une temporalité au féminin dans des textes rédigés à plusieurs mains : Retailles, (1977) de Madeleine Gagnon et Denise Boucher et La théorie, un dimanche (1988), de Louky Bersianik, Nicole Brossard, Louise Cotnoir, Louise Dupré, Gail Scott et France Théoret. Insufflant du féminin dans le récit androcentré de l’histoire, les œuvres du corpus travaillent une pratique littéraire consciente d’elle-même et de ses procédés, valorisant l’exploration formelle comme pratique politique.<br>This thesis posits that the movement called writing in the feminine in Quebec, active from the seventies to the nineties, reflects a singular experience of time. I study works that examine on how literature articulate, if not implement, a transformation or even potential evacuation of patriarchal time. In establishing a paradigm shift in time, this thesis shows, nevertheless, how writing in the feminine inherits parameters, that is to say, particular histories and forms from which the authors wish to detach. Thus, as I examine different themes and formal practices in texts published in journals, books and in films, I am invested in this tension between rupture and recuperation. The first chapter focuses on philosophical and literary texts that interrogate the relationship between gender and politics. It shows how writing in the feminine is inextricably linked to a discourse on literature itself and the realities it engenders. The second chapter studies the works of Nicole Brossard and Louky Bersianik, in which I analyze memory as a place for the renewal of knowledge. The third chapter is devoted to Denise Boucher's Cyprine (1978) and Carole Massé's Dieu (1979), more precisely, to the motif of the rupture of the face to patriarchal time. The construction of a literary history for women in the literary journal La Barre du jour/La Nouvelle barre du jour (1965-1990) is the subject of the fourth chapter. Finally, the fifth chapter looks at ways of constructing a feminine temporality in texts signed by several authors: Retailles (1977), by Madeleine Gagnon and Denise Boucher and La théorie, un dimanche (1988), by Louky Bersianik, Nicole Brossard, Louise Cotnoir, Louise Dupré, Gail Scott and France Théoret. Instilling the feminine into the androcentric narrative of history, this thesis showcases a literary practice that is conscious of itself and its processes, ultimately valuing formal exploration as a political practice.

In theory, Canada is one nation. ‘Nationalisms’ shows that the reality is more complex. English Canada, Quebec, and First Nations groups have distinct identities, as does Newfoundland. The First World War divided English Canada and Quebec over conscription, and the Second World War also tested Canada’s national fault lines. The Quiet Revolutions made the 1960s and 1970s a period of excitement, cultural experimentation, and even violence, which was quashed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Legally, Quebec is a province but after referendums in the 1980s and 1990s, its struggle for independence was successful in everything but name.

High Speed Rail (HSR) is gaining popularity around the world for a variety of reasons. However, North America lags behind and in particular Canada, where there is no HSR. There has been discussion of implementing HSR in Canada since the 1970s in two possible corridors (one in central Canada and the other in Alberta). In this chapter, the feasibility studies that have been done on both corridors are discussed. In this respect, the focus is on the recent studies, from different sources including the Alberta Legislature, Ontario and Quebec Governments, consulting companies, and a non-profit transportation institute. The factors that influence the viability of HSR are discussed and reference is made to HSR implementations in other countries that could inform the development of HSR in Canada. On a positive note, it appears that the Ontario government plans to move ahead with HSR in part of the central Canadian corridor.

In the face of ongoing Canadian colonialism and displacement, blockading has become an important tactic through which Indigenous communities reassert their traditional forms of place-based culture and governance. This chapter will examine three important reclamation sites in Canada over the past twenty five years, ranging from the spontaneous and relatively-short lived blockades of the Oka Crisis near the Kanesatake and Kahnawake Mohawk reserves in Quebec (1990), through the long-term Anishinaabe anti-clearcutting blockade at Grassy Narrows in northern Ontario (begun in 2002), to the growing and evolving anti-pipeline reclamation site in Unist’ot’en territory, in the British Columbia interior, which began in 2009. These three sites can reveal important lessons about Indigenous resurgence and the efficacy of protest camps as reoccupations of stolen land.

This chapter examines a paradox in the connection between modernity and ethnic violence: the earliest and most successful modernizers experienced severe ethnic violence prior to World War II, yet cases of ethnic violence have been relatively rare among early modernizers over the past seven decades. It begins with a comparison of Nazi and postwar Germany to show how the country transformed from extreme ethnic violence—and more specifically genocide—to relative peace. To further elucidate the causes of relative peace in early modernizers, the chapter considers the conflict resulting from the Quebec nationalist movement, which gained strength beginning in the 1950s and 1960s. Drawing on the German and Canadian experiences, it discusses a variety of factors that limited ethnic violence after World War II by shaping the strength and contours of ethnicity, reducing emotional motivation, limiting ethnic obligations, and minimizing the opportunity for mass violence.

This chapter talks about Buffalo as a once booming industrial city that enjoyed a prolonged modernist golden age, beginning with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825. It describes that the Erie Canal was midway en route between New York City and Detroit and linked the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, which brought an influx of new opportunities to the region and earning Buffalo the moniker of “the Queen City.” It also cites the 1901 Pan-American Exposition that placed Buffalo in the international eye. The chapter explains how Buffalo had become the butt of jokes in the opening monologues of late-night comedians by the 1970s after the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway in 1959 made the Erie Canal system obsolete for moving freight. It mentions that the National Endowment for the Arts and the New York State Council on the Arts provided funds for the expansion of the massive neoclassical Albright-Knox complex.