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1
Montpetit, Éric, and William D. Coleman. "Policy Communities and Policy Divergence in Canada: Agro-Environmental Policy Development in Quebec and Ontario." Canadian Journal of Political Science 32, no. 4 (1999): 691–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900016954.
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AbstractDespite what would appear to be pressures for policy convergence in Canada due to growing continental integration and market competitiveness, agro-environmental policies in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario have become increasingly divergent over the past decade. Quebec's policies are comprehensive, coercive in approach and intrusive in the production process; those in Ontario, while comprehensive, rely more on industry self-regulation and shy away from intruding significantly into farming practices. Three institutional factors help explain this policy divergence. First, Quebec's main environmental act enabled the Ministry of the Environment to participate in the agro-environmental policy community's “subgovernment,” while the Ministry of the Environment in Ontario remained in the “attentive public.” Second, the agricultural policy network in Ontario took on many attributes of closed bipartite corporatism during the 1990s, thereby enhancing the power potential of Ontario's farmers. Third, path dependence related to policy feedback predisposed Ontario to self-regulatory approaches, but favoured strong statist policies in Quebec. The combination of these institutional differences creates distinct negotiation settings in the two provinces. Consequently, in Ontario, policy discussions tend to focus on wealth generation to the exclusion of distributive justice, while in contrast, Quebec's institutions focus more on distributive issues, perhaps at the expense of aggregate value creation.
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Baraboi, Myroslav. "Ukrainian Historiography of French-Canadian nationalism: the Current Status and the Prospects for Researching the Issue." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 8 (2019): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2019.08.04.
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The article are investigated the domestic historiography of French-Canadian nationalism. The article analyzes approaches to French-Canadian nationalism, both by researchers in independent Ukraine and by representatives of the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada. It is noted that the domestic historiography of the French-Canadian question can be divided into four directions: the genesis of French-Canadian nationalism; research about the status of the French language in Quebec and Canada in general; the relations between Quebec and the Federation Center; «Quiet Revolution» in Quebec and the French-Canadian national issue at present. It is established that in the research of French-Canadian nationalism in domestic historiography, some researchers focus not only on the historical aspects of this issue, but also on political and legal ones. This approach from the standpoint of theory of state and law allows us better understand some aspects of French-Canadian nationalism. It has been found that most researchers focus their attention on the study of the French-Canadian national question of the period from Quiet Revolution in Quebec in 1960s and the 1990s. Attention also is drawn that this lack of coverage in the domestic historiography of the French-Canadian question of the period before the «Quiet Revolution» in Quebec needs further research to better understand the specifics of the problem. It is emphasized that due to the problem of access to Canadian archival sources when researching the issue in Ukraine, it is extremely important the recent publication of documents on the Internet, which can significantly affect the future prospects of domestic historiography of the French-Canadian problem.
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Francis, Ardath, and Suzanne I. Warwick. "The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 8. Lepidium latifolium L." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 3 (2007): 639–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps06044.
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The cruciferous weed Lepidium latifolium, perennial pepper-grass, is a relatively recent immigrant with a disjunct distribution in North America. Although first reported in the 1930s in Quebec and 1940s in Alberta, L. latifolium only started to attract attention as an invasive weed when it began to spread rapidly in the western parts of its US range in the 1980s, reaching British Columbia in the 1990s. Lepidium latifolium is a perennial weed of coastal wetlands, inland waterways, irrigation ditches, rangeland, hay meadows and waste areas, and tolerates saline/alkaline environments. Prolific seed production, rapid and substantial vegetative growth, creeping rhizomes with high storage capacity, potential for bud production at each node, and deep rhizome penetration have contributed to the widespread establishment of L. latifolium. Canopy height and density, combined with an accumulation of dead stalks in wetlands, has interfered with the regeneration of native plants and the habitats of birds and other animals, as well as hampering control of mosquitoes. In rangelands and pastures, L. latifolium can compete with native species and reduce forage quality. Lepidium latifolium has recently invaded agricultural crops such as cereal grains and alfalfa, and can contaminate hay shipments. Decaying litter may increase sodium content in surface soil, with a potential negative impact on salt-intolerant species. Lepidium latifolium has few natural enemies in North America. It has been partially controlled by flooding, intensive grazing, mowing and herbicides, but herbicides are of restricted use along waterways and in areas with native vegetation. Potential biological controls have shown little promise to date. Key words: Lepidium latifolium, perennial pepper-grass, perennial pepperweed, lépidie à feuilles larges, LEPLA, weed biology, invasive alien
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Khomych, Oksana. "SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHER TRAINING IN CANADA (1950–1990S)." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 43, no. 6 (2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/4307.
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The article analyzes the demographic and economic ties and describes the social and cultural factors that in Canada in the 1950 -1990s determined changes in the tasks, organization, and training of teachers to work in primary school, taking into account the cultural needs of the population and government education policies. The application of historical and genetic as well as comparative methods of documentary sources analysis made it possible to identify the social and cultural-regional conditionality of the tasks and content of teacher training and their preparation for work in primary schools in different provinces. The article highlights the main contexts according to which the professional training of Canadian primary school teachers was carried out: historical, multicultural, traditional cultural, pedagogical, and religious. As a result of the comparative analysis of historical development, it was found that in Canadian cities such as Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver there were concentrated large settlements of migrants, which played a dominant role in social and cultural development of Canada. Two main vectors of teacher training, multicultural and cross-cultural, which met the requirements of Canadian social environments and educational policy of Canadian governments, are studied. The training programs for primary school teachers in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia, initiated mainly by the federal government of Canada, are described. The Government of Canada, together with the Ministries of Education, colleges and universities, has been found to have influenced the training of Canadian primary school teachers by creating a variety of educational programs best suited for the needs of society.
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Keyes, Mira, Juanita Crook, W. James Morris, et al. "Canadian Prostate Brachytherapy in 2012." Canadian Urological Association Journal 7, no. 1-2 (2013): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.218.
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Prostate brachytherapy can be used as a monotherapy for low- and intermediate-risk patients or in combination with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) as a form of dose escalation for selected intermediate- and high-risk patients. Prostate brachytherapy with either permanent implants (low dose rate [LDR]) or temporary implants (high dose rate [HDR]) is emerging as the most effective radiation treatment for prostate cancer. Several large Canadian brachytherapy programs were established in the mid- to late-1990s. Prostate brachytherapy is offered in British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick. We anticipate the need for brachytherapy services in Canada will significantly increase in the near future. In this review, we summarize brachytherapy programs across Canada, contemporary eligibility criteria for the procedure, toxicity and prostate-specific antigen recurrence free survival (PRFS), as published from Canadian institutions for both LDR and HDR brachytherapy.
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Roy, Philippe, Gilles Tremblay, and Émilie Duplessis-Brochu. "Problematizing Men's Suicide, Mental Health, and Well-Being." Crisis 39, no. 2 (2018): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000477.
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Abstract. Background: The Province of Quebec, Canada (PQ), witnessed a drastic rise in suicide among adult men between 1990 and 2000, followed by a continuous drop since then. At the end of the 1990s, men's suicide became recognized as a social issue, leading to implementation of gender-responsive strategies focusing on positive aspects of masculinity. Many of these strategies received positive assessments. Aims: This article offers a critical overview of the evolution of social responses to men's suicide in PQ. Method: We highlight elements of success with examples of interventions targeting men directly, professionals who work with men, and natural support networks of men. Results: Results and discussion suggest the benefits to shift towards salutogenic, gender-transformative approach to men's suicide prevention. Conclusion: Closing remarks question the current gaps and upcoming challenges in suicide prevention among men.
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Rittenhouse, Jonathan. ""Our Granada": The Granada Theatre, Wellington Street, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, America, the World and Me." Theatre Research in Canada 18, no. 2 (1997): 148–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/tric.18.2.148.
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Built at the height of the atmospheric theatre fad in early 1929, the Granada Theatre of Sherbrooke, Quebec has been many things to many people over the years. Starting as a double-bill house of United Amusements of Quebec (owned by Famous Players of Toronto,in turn owned by Paramount of New York), the Granada eventually became the premier performance space in Sherbrooke in the 1940s and 1950s. It was eventually replaced in this function in the late 1960s by cultural centres at the two local universities. While it was sold off by Famous Players in the early 1970s it still survives relatively intact, at the end of this century a curious architectural reminder of how things once were and perhaps still are. The theatre's past, present and future provide the author with an opportunity to reflect upon his own place in late 20th century Quebec.
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Cox, Brian J., Nancy Yu, Tracie O. Afifi, and Robert Ladouceur. "A National Survey of Gambling Problems in Canada." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 50, no. 4 (2005): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370505000404.
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Objective: The 1990s saw widespread expansion of new forms of legalized gambling involving video lottery terminals (VLTs) in community settings (that is, in bars and restaurant lounges) and permanent casinos in several Canadian provinces. To date, there has never been a national survey of gambling problems with representative interprovincial data. Using a new survey, we sought to compare prevalence figures across the 10 Canadian provinces. Method: Using the Canadian Problem Gambling Index, we investigated the current 12-month prevalence of gambling problems in the Canadian Community Health Survey: Cycle 1.2—Mental Health and Well-Being, in which a random sample of 34 770 community-dwelling respondents aged 15 years and over were interviewed. The response rate was 77%. The data are representative at the provincial level and were compared with the availability of VLTs per 1000 population and with the presence of permanent casinos for each province. Results: Manitoba (2.9%) and Saskatchewan (also 2.9%) had the highest prevalence of gambling problems (specifically, moderate and severe problem levels combined). These 2 provinces had significantly higher levels than the 2 provinces with the lowest prevalence of gambling problems: Quebec (1.7%) and New Brunswick (1.5%). Conclusions: The 12-month prevalence of gambling problems in Canada was 2.0%, with interprovincial variability. The highest prevalence emerged in areas with high concentrations of VLTs in the community combined with permanent casinos. These findings support earlier predictions that the rapid and prolific expansion of new forms of legalized gambling in many regions of the country would be associated with a considerable public health cost.
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Côté, Gabriel, Abdelali Moukhsil, Marc Constantin, and Jean David. "Geochemical Characterization, Geochronology, and Geodynamic Implications of Grenville Rare Earths Bearing Syenites, Haut-Saint-Maurice, QC, Canada." Minerals 8, no. 8 (2018): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8080336.
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The syenites in the western part of the Grenville Province in Quebec have been known since the 1990s, but few studies have been carried out on them. Over the last three years, a mapping project carried out by the Ministère de l’Énergie et des Ressources naturelles has revealed the presence of several rare earth element (REE)–bearing syenitic intrusions in this area. In this paper, we present a geodynamic model for their formation based on geochemical, thermobarometric, and geochronological data. The intrusions were emplaced between 1038 +15/−13 Ma and 1009 ± 3 Ma. The syenites can be divided into two groups: (1) an older, REE-bearing group associated with a volcanic arc and (2) a younger group with lower REE contents associated with an anorogenic event. Formation temperatures were between 898 and 1005 °C, and pressures were between 2 and 10 kbar. This model involving two intrusive periods is in conflict with the model of a large, hot, long-duration collisional orogen proposed by Rivers et al. (2009) but is consistent with more recent studies.
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Girard, François, Louis De Grandpré, and Jean-Claude Ruel. "Partial windthrow as a driving process of forest dynamics in old-growth boreal forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 10 (2014): 1165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0224.
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As climate changes, boreal forest ecosystems may become subject to disturbances that were previously uncommon in some regions. In recent decades, large tracts of northeastern boreal forest of Canada have been affected by different types of climatic events causing a lot of partial and some total stand mortality. Since these disturbances may become more important drivers of forest dynamics, there is a need to document their impact on forest structure. The objectives of this study were to describe temporal dynamics of partial windthrows and determine the effect of partial windthrow on stand composition and understory vegetation. The study was conducted in the North-Shore region of Quebec (Canada). Eighteen plots in closed forests were paired with 18 adjacent windthrow areas, in which trees experienced similar edaphic and climatic conditions. Dendroecological analyses, combined with vegetation sampling, were conducted on each site to determine stand structure and vegetation development through time. Significant increases in balsam fir and shade-tolerant species were observed in windthrow gaps. Tree mortality in windthrown stands was a slow process until the mid-1990s, a period during which spruce budworm defoliation may have played a role in weakening trees and making them more vulnerable to partial windthrow. Greater mortality observed following the mid-1990s was most certainly related to a regional storm. The initial composition of stands plays an important role in driving postwindthrow succession, as balsam fir is more susceptible to treefall. As opposed to stand-replacing windthrow and spruce budworm outbreaks that generate various postdisturbance responses, partial windthrow appears to only create opportunities for pre-established balsam fir to undergo release in gaps.
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Way, Robert G., and Antoni G. Lewkowicz. "Modelling the spatial distribution of permafrost in Labrador–Ungava using the temperature at the top of permafrost." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 10 (2016): 1010–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0034.
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Permafrost zonation in Labrador–Ungava ranges from very isolated patches through to continuous permafrost. Here we present a new estimate of the distribution of permafrost at high resolution (250 m × 250 m) using spatial numerical modelling supported by station data from 29 air and ground climate monitoring stations. Permafrost presence was estimated using a modified version of the temperature at the top of permafrost (TTOP) model. Mean ground surface temperatures were modelled using gridded air temperatures and a novel n-factor parameterization scheme that compensates for regional differences in continentality, snowfall, and land cover and is transferable to other Subarctic environments. The thermal offset was modelled using land cover and surficial material datasets. Predicted TTOP values for the average climate range regionally from −9 °C (for high elevations in northern Quebec) to +5 °C (for southeastern Labrador – Quebec). Modelling for specific temporal windows (1948–1962, 1982–1996, 2000–2014) suggests that permafrost area increased from the middle of the 20th century to a potential peak extent (36% of the total land area) in the 1990s. Subsequent warming is predicted to have caused a decrease in permafrost extent of one-quarter (95 000 km2), even if air temperatures rise no further, providing air and ground temperatures equilibrate. Zonal boundaries derived by upscaling the high-resolution model are highly scale dependent, precluding direct comparison with the Permafrost Map of Canada that was generated without the use of geographic information system based analyses.
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Akimov, Yury G. "CANADA, QUEBEC, AND THE FRANCOPHONE SUMMIT ISSUE (1970S - MID-1980S)." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations. Area Studies. Oriental Studies, no. 3 (2016): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2016-3-108-121.
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Ravvin, Norman. "On Refusing Canada, Canlit and More: National and Literary Identity in All Its Varieties." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 55, s2 (2020): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stap-2020-0014.
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Abstract Two recent anthologies of Canadian writing – Refuse: CanLit in Ruins and Resisting Canada: An Anthology of Poetry – reflect stances of resistance to mainstream institutional understandings of Canadian writing culture. They highlight recent scandals in academia and in literary communities, as well as highlighting the voices of Indigenous and women writers. These stances echo earlier forms of cultural revolution in Canada, in particular the Refus global manifesto, which provoked conventional Quebec society in the late 1940s. This paper contrasts these forms of refusal with a period in the 1950s and 1960s when influential Jewish writers, including Leonard Cohen and Irving Layton, took a counter-cultural stance while appearing in mainstream venues offered to them by CBC television and radio.
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Wright, Donald A. "Donald Creighton and the French Fact, 1920s-1970s." Montréal 1995 6, no. 1 (2006): 243–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031095ar.
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Abstract Donald Creighton is remembered as an anti-French bigot. Looking at his career in its entirety, this paper argues that such a caricature obscures a more complex story. As a historian, Creighton relied on a series of stereotypes - some negative, others positive - to describe and explain French Canada. In the 1960s and 1970s, his outdated stereotypes left him unable to understand Quebec nationalism. Although capable of intemperate remarks, Creighton's position was more thoughtful: for example, he distrusted devolution of powers to the provinces and he argued that French secondary schools in Ontario would render Franco-Ontarians second-class citizens, unable to compete in a labour market dominated by English.
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Innes, L., L. Marchand, P. Frey, M. Bourassa, and R. C. Hamelin. "First Report of Melampsora larici-populina on Populus spp. in Eastern North America." Plant Disease 88, no. 1 (2004): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.1.85b.
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In September 2002, yellow spots were observed on the leaf surface of a hybrid poplar (Populus maximowiczii Henry × P. balsamifera L.) grown at the Berthier forest nursery (46°2′N, 73°11′W) in the St. Lawrence Valley (Lanaudière Region, Québec, Canada). Disease severity was low, but the pathogen was present on a hybrid that was previously thought to be resistant to Melampsora medusae Thuem, the only reported poplar rust in eastern North America. Uredinia typical of a Melampsora sp. were observed on the abaxial leaf surface. The observed urediniospores were longer (32 to 48 μm) than the expected range for M. medusae (23 to 35 μm) and possessed an apical bald spot; thick paraphyses were also observed. These characteristics are diagnostic of M. larici-populina Kleb (2). Samples were deposited in the National Mycological Herbarium of Canada (DAOM 232107 and 232108) and in the Quebec Forest Biology Herbarium (QFB14703 and 14704). DNA was extracted from uredinia, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal RNA gene was amplified and sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. AY429656 and AY429657). There was a 100% match between the two sequences obtained and that of M. larici-populina (GenBank Accession No. AY375267), but there was approximately 12% divergence with the ITS sequence of M. medusae (GenBank Accession No. AY375273-5). This is the first report of M. larici-populina in eastern North America. This fungus was reported on P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides hybrids in the western United States in the early 1990s (1). It appears that M. larici-populina can overwinter in Québec because it was observed again at the nursery in September 2003. The occurrence of M. larici-populina in eastern North America has direct implications for the poplar industry since the host specificities of M. medusae and M. larici-populina differ; P. balsamifera and P. maximowiczii are sensitive to M. larici-populina (3). Hybrids with P. balsamifera or P. trichocarpa components may be particularly at risk. References: (1) G. Newcombe and G. A. Chastagner. Plant Dis. 77:532, 1993. (2) J. Pinon. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 3:221, 1973. (3) J. Pinon. Silvae Genet. 41:25, 1992.
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Handberg, Kristian. "Montreal Modern: Retro Culture and the Modern Past in Montreal." Culture Unbound 7, no. 1 (2015): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.157167.
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Through analyses of the retro scenes in Montreal, Canada, the article discusses retro culture’s role as cultural memory. It is shown how Montreal’s cultural identity is formed by memories of modern culture such as the Red-light and Sin City reputation of the illicit nightlife of the 1940s and 1950s, and the space age modernism of the 1960s following the Expo 67 and Quebec’s Quiet Revolution. This is reflected in the city’s thriving retro culture through the study of two groups of retro shops. In circulating specific memories and objects in a specific context, retro is an important negotiation of the past in the present. Especially, it is stated that the retro culture displays “local accents” and a new focus on the specificities of modern culture giving a revaluation to a previously overlooked identity such as the Quebecité.
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O'Neill, Michel. "Community Participation in Quebec's Health System: A Strategy to Curtail Community Empowerment?" International Journal of Health Services 22, no. 2 (1992): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/akbe-un31-6qef-vg15.
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Since the beginning of the 1970s, the province of Quebec has undergone a major reform of its health and social services system. Following this reform, the state has become a major protagonist, and the participation of the population is a built-in element in the system, guaranteed by law. Now, about 20 years later, there is a major effort to reorganize health services, in the wake of a “dewelfarization” mood that has reached Canada and Quebec. This article reviews the successes and pitfalls of public participation in Quebec's health system, presents the way in which participation is dealt with in current reform proposals, and draws lessons for people in many countries who have recently been encouraged to jump onto the bandwagon of participation as a strategy to promote the health of populations.
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Carisse, Odile, and Tristan Jobin. "Resistance to Dodine in Populations of Venturia inaequalis in Quebec, Canada." Plant Health Progress 11, no. 1 (2010): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2010-0614-01-rs.
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Dodine was introduced in the USA and Canada in the early 1960s for the control of apple scab. Following control failure, growers stopped using dodine in the mid-1970s. Despite the curtailment of dodine use more than 30 years ago, persistent resistance to the fungicide was suspected in V. inaequalis populations. The dodine sensitivity was determined for two populations that were not exposed to dodine for at least 30 years – a wild type population (25 monoconidial isolates) and a population constructed with isolates collected in orchards managed for apple scab (156 isolates). The sensitivity to dodine was determined by monitoring growth of these isolates on agar Petri dishes amended with 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 μg/ml of dodine. Sensitivity to fungicide was evaluated based on ED50 values. Both populations showed a lognormal distribution of ED50 values. The ED50 means were 0.525 μg/ml and 1.735 μg/ml for the wild type and managed orchards populations, respectively. In managed orchard, 31.4% of the isolates were resistant to dodine (ED50 > 1.0 μg/ml). Cross-resistance with myclobutanil and with kresoxim-methyl was tested and found not to be significant. The results of this study suggest that resistance to dodine is still present in the populations of V. inaequalis from Quebec and that reintroduction of dodine should only be done along with an appropriate resistance management strategy. Accepted for publication 27 April 2010. Published 14 June 2010.
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Hooper, Laura R. E., Peggy L. Dixon, and David J. Larson. "Distribution and seasonal activity of adult carrot rust flies (Diptera: Psilidae)." Canadian Entomologist 134, no. 5 (2002): 703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent134703-5.
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The carrot rust fly, Psila rosae F., is a major pest of carrots, Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae), in the principal production areas of Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia (Boivin 1994), as well as in temperate Europe and New Zealand (Ellis and Hardman 1992). Larvae cause damage by tunneling into the roots (Boivin 1994), reducing both yield and marketability. The insect was first recorded in Canada in 1885 but was not reported in Newfoundland until the 1930s (McClanahan and Niemczyk 1963). By the 1950s, P. rosae had spread from an initial infestation around St. John's to commercial farms and home gardens throughout the carrot-growing areas of Bonavista and Conception bays in eastern Newfoundland (Boivin 1994).
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Blake, Raymond. "Intergovernmental Relations Trumps Social Policy Change: Trudeau, Constitutionalism, and Family Allowances." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 18, no. 1 (2008): 207–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/018260ar.
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Abstract Family allowances were one of the few programs shared by all Canadian families from 1945 to 1992, and one of the few means of building social cohesion across Canada. Family allowances became embroiled in the minefield of Canadian intergovernmental relations and the political crisis created by the growing demands from Quebec for greater autonomy from the federal government in the early 1970s. Ottawa initially dismissed Quebec’s demands for control over social programs generally and family allowance in particular. However, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau offered family allowance reforms as a means of enticing Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa to amend the British North America Act. The government’s priority was constitutional reform, and it used social policy as a bargaining chip to achieve its policy objectives in that area. This study shows that public policy decisions made with regard to the family allowance program were not motivated by the pressing desire to make more effective policies for children and families.
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Clément, Pierre. "Geomorphic evolution of a North-Appalachian region (Quebec, Canada): A dynamic approach." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 34, no. 3 (1990): 283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/34/1990/283.
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CLEVELAND, JOHN W. "New Left, not New Liberal: 1960s Movements in English Canada and Quebec." Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 41, no. 1 (2004): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618x.2004.tb02170.x.
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Ouimet, Hubert Rioux. "Quebec and Canadian Fiscal Federalism: From Tremblay to Séguin and Beyond." Canadian Journal of Political Science 47, no. 1 (2014): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423914000237.
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AbstractSixty years ago, in late 1953, Quebec launched the hearings of the Royal Commission on Constitutional Problems—or Tremblay commission. Commenting the publication of its report, political scientist Alexander Brady boldly argued in this journal that Quebec had been, until the late 1950s, the “guarantor” of Canada's fiscal system's flexibility (1959: 270). Emphasizing the system's evolution since the 1950s “constitutional problems,” some specialists now contend, as the economist Robin Boadway does, that Canada became the “textbook best-practice of fiscal federalism” (2007: 99). The Tremblay commission's sixtieth anniversary and the termination, in 2014, of the current agreement on federal transfers, provide an opportunity to reassess this evolution and question the validity of this kind of statement.
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Grenier, Line. "The aftermath of a crisis: Quebec music industries in the 1980s." Popular Music 12, no. 3 (1993): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143000005687.
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Increased market concentration of multinational record companies, greater integration of major labels with international multi-media and entertainment conglomerates, as well as long economic recession were among the most striking developments of the 1980s to impact upon music-related industries. In the French-speaking province of Quebec (Canada), these developments, combined with local socio-political turmoil, left popular music in the throes of crisis and further jeopardised an indigenous music industry still in the making. The purpose of this paper is to examine the ways in which a local industry, by coming to terms with the aforementioned international developments, overcame what could well have spelled its doom.
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Sanborn, Paul, Luc Lamontagne, and William Hendershot. "Podzolic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution, and classification." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 91, no. 5 (2011): 843–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss10024.
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Sanborn, P., Lamontagne, L. and Hendershot, W. 2011. Podzolic soils of Canada : Genesis, distribution, and classification. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 843–880. Podzolic soils occupy 14.3% of the Canadian landmass, and occur in two widely separated areas, eastern Canada (northern Ontario, Quebec, Maritimes) and British Columbia, usually under coniferous forest and on non-calcareous parent materials. Broad climatic control of Podzol distribution and properties is evident at the national scale, with higher organic matter concentrations (Ferro-Humic Podzols) in wetter climates, in contrast to Humo-Ferric Podzols predominating in drier boreal forest regions. Humic Podzols are least abundant and are restricted to the wettest landscape positions. International and Canadian research suggests that a more diverse range of processes is involved in podzolization than was envisioned in the 1960s, and proposed mechanisms must account for observed patterns of organic matter distribution and a diverse array of inorganic amorphous constituents in profiles. Taxonomic concepts of Podzolic soils in the Canadian System of Soil Classification have remained consistent since the late 1970s, and the higher-level criteria defining the order and its great groups have proved to be meaningful in new applications, such as delineating soil carbon stocks across Canadian landscapes. Canadian contributions to pedological research on Podzols declined dramatically after 1990, coincident with shifting research priorities in soil science and diminished activity in soil survey.
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Moses, Nigel R. "Student Organizations as Historical Actors: The Case of Mass Student Aid." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 31, no. 1 (2001): 75–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v31i1.183379.
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The National Federation of Canadian University Students (NFCUS) and the Canadian Union of Students (CUS) had historicity; that is, they helped transform the field of historical action by convincing business, government, university administrators and public opinion on the need for mass student-aid programs and low tuition fees. From the 1950s to the mid-1960s, NFCUS and CUS campaigned for government-funded mass student-aid; in fact, it was their number one "national affairs" concern. Governments responded to the NFCUS and CUS accessibility lobby with the Canada Student Loan Program (CSLP) in 1964, the Ontario Student Assistance Plan (OSAP) in 1966 and "frozen" tuition fees by 1967. The achievement of the CSLP divided Quebec and English- Canadian students and began a process of removing traditional student movement catalysts. NFCUS's and CUS's lobby for non-repayable student bursaries was co-opted. However, the level of accessibility to post- secondary education was unprecedented and, in part, provided the social conditions for the emergence of new social movements.
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Meren, David. "“Plus que jamais nécessaires”: Cultural Relations, Nationalism and the State in the Canada-Québec-France Triangle, 1945–19601." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 19, no. 1 (2009): 279–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/037435ar.
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Abstract Charles de Gaulle’s cry of “Vive le Québec libre!” during his 1967 visit to Montreal was the product of the convergence of Canadian, Quebecois and Gaullist nationalist reactions to preponderant US influence and globalization’s rise after 1945. The dynamic was especially pronounced in the cultural sphere. Consistent with the trend towards increased transnational exchanges, cultural relations grew in the Canada-Quebec-France triangle in the fifteen years after the Second World War. Quebec neo-nationalism’s rise was accompanied by a greater appreciation of France as an ally as Quebec strove to preserve its francophone identity. Such preoccupations corresponded to French apprehensions about the ramifications on France at home and abroad of American cultural ‘imperialism.’ In addition to nationalist concerns in France and Quebec, English Canadian nationalists were preoccupied with American influences on the Canadian identity. If these three interacting nationalist reactions shared a preoccupation about American cultural power and Americanization that encouraged a growing state involvement in culture and promoted greater exchanges, the differences between them also helped set the stage for the tempestuous triangular relationship of the 1960s.
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Béland, Daniel, and R. Kent Weaver. "Federalism and the politics of the Canada and Quebec Pension Plans." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 35, no. 1 (2019): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2018.1526698.
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AbstractDrawing on the literature on federalism and public policy, the present article explores the recent politics of two highly-similar and closely integrated Canadian public pension programs created in the mid-1960s: the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and the Quebec Pension Plan (QPP). This article argues that the parallel evolution of CPP/QPP can be understood by examining how the unique jurisdictional arrangements for the CPP/QPP interacted with other factors to generate by these linked programs have led to the emergence of specific federalism policy dynamics, while muting or foreclosing other potential policy dynamics. As shown, governments have engaged in a process of ‘collusive benchmarking’ that has limited the scope of the available policy options. Differing demographic trends in Quebec and the ‘Rest of Canada’ have strained but also reinforced this policymaking dynamic in recent years. Simultaneously, intergovernmental race to the top dynamics have facilitated the recent push for both CPP and, later, QPP expansion.
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Hocking, Brian, John D. Robertson, David M. Olson, and Victor Funnell. "Book Reviews: Britain and Canada in the 1990s: Proceedings of a UK/Canada Colloquium, Canada, Quebec, and the Uses of Nationalism, Federalism in Canada: Selected Readings, The Collapse of Canada?, Representative Government in Western Europe, European Democracies, Professionals, Power and Solidarity in Poland: A Critical Sociology of Soviet-type Societies, Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-politics: Opposition and Reform in Poland since 1968, The Solidarity Congress, 1991: The Great Debate, Democratization in Poland, 1988–90: Polish Voices, The Cambridge History of China, Volume 15 the People's Republic, part 2: Revolutions within the Chinese Revolution 1966–1982." Political Studies 41, no. 2 (1993): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1993.tb01411.x.
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Allen, John G. "Redesigning Main Lines for Commuter Rail Electrification." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2648, no. 1 (2017): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2648-04.
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After decades of relative inactivity, interest in commuter rail electrification is growing. Long limited to already electrified systems in New York City; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Chicago, Illinois; and Montreal, Quebec, Canada, commuter rail electrification is increasingly being recognized as a way to increase speed and train throughput on busier properties. Several commuter railroads are planning or implementing new electrification, which presents challenges as well as opportunities. Installing overhead wires and support structures will make track alignments essentially final for the foreseeable future. Therefore, railroads should make any proposed changes to track layout and elevation before electrification. Other right-of-way considerations are also noted. As interest in commuter rail electrification grows, best practices from early 20th-century projects will be relevant for future installations. Between the 1900s and the 1930s, railroads electrifying their suburban and intercity passenger operations found ways to accommodate different types of trains, meet the needs of peak-period service, and keep different types of trains out of each other’s way, to the maximum extent possible. Alternatives for track arrangements are examined in the context of operating and right-of-way needs of the railroads implementing each configuration.
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Gendron, Robin S. "Educational Aid for French Africa: And the Canada-Quebec Dispute over Foreign Policy in the 1960s." International Journal 56, no. 1 (2000): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40203529.
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McDonough Dolmaya, Julie. "Dialogue, Reassurance and Understanding: Framing Political Translations during the 1980 and 1995 Quebec Sovereignty Referendums." Meta 59, no. 3 (2015): 578–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1028658ar.
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In Canada during the 1970s, 80s, and 90s, more than one thousand works – and about one hundred translations – were published on the topics of Quebec nationalism, independence movements, and sovereignty referendums, in both of Canada’s official languages. Despite the diversity of these publications, which included biographies, political analyses, and polemical essays, almost all the works touched on themes that have generated controversy in Canada. The paratexts in these translations are therefore an important resource that highlight perceived differences between the political opinions of Francophone and Anglophone readers. This article will analyze the paratexts in the English and French translations to show how the target language audience was encouraged to read a translation of a work that was very clearly not addressed to them, and which in some cases even criticized the very audience it now addressed. Finally, it will examine which features these English and French paratexts do and do not share, while trying to determine why these similarities and differences exist.
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Gordon, Alan. "Heroes, History, and Two Nationalisms: Jacques Cartier." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 10, no. 1 (2006): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030509ar.
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Abstract Historical heroes are created to represent particular social and political goals. Jacques Cartier is a case in point. He is really a nineteenth century figure. Although he lived in the sixteenth century, he was unremembered before the 1830s. Thus, he is a product of nineteenth-century scholarship, attitudes, and biases. Moreover, Cartier's historical meaning shifted over the course of some four decades from a religio-national affirmation to a symbol of cultural ties. Similarly, his historical context shifted; Jacques Cartier was never fixed in historical memory. In 1835, and again in 1889, Cartier was portrayed as the discoverer of Quebec, and in particular of Quebec City. By the 1930s, his significance had broadened to the discovery of Canada, with differing interpretations as to what that meant. But historical heroes are not rooted in reason. They are rooted in lived experience, or more precisely, in lived noumenal experience. The veneration of heroes is more emotional than rational.
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Ross, Pierre-Simon, Jean Goutier, Patrick Mercier-Langevin, and Benoît Dubé. "Basaltic to andesitic volcaniclastic rocks in the Blake River Group, Abitibi Greenstone Belt: 1. Mode of emplacement in three areas1This article is a companion paper to Ross et al. 2011. Basaltic to andesitic volcaniclastic rocks in the Blake River Group, Abitibi Greenstone Belt: 2. Origin, geochemistry, and geochronology. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 48: this issue.2MRNF Contribution BEGQ 8439-2010/2011-1. Natural Resources Canada, Earth Science Sector Contribution 20100253." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, no. 4 (2011): 728–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e10-090.
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The Archean Blake River Group (BRG) of Ontario and Quebec is dominated by submarine mafic to intermediate lavas, with more restricted felsic volcanic rocks. Given the good quality of outcrop, and high level of preservation of some BRG rocks, the mafic to intermediate lavas were used in the 1970s and 1980s to better understand the evolution of massive and pillowed submarine flows, and their associated fragmental facies (pillow breccias, hyaloclastite). Potentially, the BRG could also represent a useful volcanic succession for the study of explosive submarine eruption products in the ancient record. Before this is possible, however, a regional inventory of the mafic to intermediate volcaniclastic units is needed to clarify their characteristics and origins. In this paper, we compare and contrast volcaniclastic rocks from three areas within the same formation of the northern BRG in Quebec: the Monsabrais area, the Lac Duparquet area, and the D’Alembert tuff area. Close examination reveals pronounced differences in terms of lateral continuity, thickness, grading, bedding, clast shapes, textures, etc. in the volcaniclastic rocks. These differences are interpreted to reflect vastly different emplacement processes, ranging from hyaloclastite generation as a result of self-fragmentation and lava contact with water (dominant in the Monsabrais and Lac Duparquet areas) to aqueous density currents likely fed directly by explosive submarine eruptions (dominant in the D’Alembert tuff).
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Cohen, Yolande. "Enclaves ethniques et stratégies résidentielles des Juifs à Toronto et Montréal." Canadian Jewish Studies / Études juives canadiennes 30 (November 30, 2020): 83–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.40185.
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This paper explores the residential strategies developed by different waves of Jewish migrants in Toronto and Montreal since their early establishment in Canada. Tracking the creation of synagogues and centres of worship, as well as Jewish schools, allows us to evaluate their impact on the urban landscape. Where and how were these enclaves built? What were the strategies that have prevailed with each new wave of immigrants to incorporate their culture within these particular landscapes? Whereas religious and ethnic affiliations were essential expressions of identity in those enclaves, French language became the dominant factor of integration for Moroccan Jews in Quebec during the 1960s and 1970s. The paradox of their establishment in the 1960s is that even though most of them spoke French and founded their schools and main institutions in that language, they chose to live within established Jewish enclaves, which were multi-ethnic and anglophone. Did religion trump language?Cet article explore les stratégies résidentielles développées par différentes vagues de migrants juifs à Toronto et à Montréal depuis leur établissement initial au Canada. Suivre la création de synagogues et de centres de culte, ainsi que les écoles juives, nous permet d’évaluer leur impact sur le paysage urbain. Où et comment ces enclaves ont-elles été construites ? Quelles ont été les stratégies qui ont prévalu à chaque nouvelle vague d’immigrants pour intégrer leur culture dans ces paysages particuliers ? Alors que les affiliations religieuses et ethniques étaient des expressions essentielles de l’identité dans ces enclaves, la langue française est devenue le premier facteur de l’intégration des Juifs marocains au Québec dans les années 1960 et 1970. Le paradoxe de leur établissement dans les années 1960 est que, même si la plupart d’entre eux parlaient français et ont fondé leurs écoles et leurs principales institutions dans cette langue, ils ont choisi de vivre au sein des enclaves juives, qui étaient multiethniques et anglophones. La religion a-t-elle pris le pas sur la langue ?
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Acevedo, C., S. Romo, C. López, et al. "88 Evaluation of embryo transfer results using embryos cryopreserved in ethylene glycol for 8 years or in glycerol for 30 years." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 1 (2019): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv31n1ab88.
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Various permeating cryoprotectants, such as glycerol and ethylene glycol, have been used in the cryopreservation of embryos to help maintain cellular viability during indefinite and prolonged periods of storage in liquid nitrogen. The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of glycerol (G) and ethylene glycol (EG) after storage in liquid nitrogen for a considerable period of time before transfer. The work was carried out in Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico. A total of 50 embryos were transferred, 24 Brahman (G) cryopreserved in the 1990s and 26 Brangus (EG) cryopreserved in 2010. Synchronous recipients were selected based on 3 characteristics: body condition (5-7, scale of 1-9), reproductive health, and multiparity. Recipient cows (n=62) were synchronized using a FTET protocol as follows. On Day 0, cows received a progesterone intravaginal device (CIDR) and 2mg of oestradiol benzoate IM. On day 8, the CIDR was removed and all cows received 25mg of dinoprost tromethamine (Lutalyse, Pfizer Animal Health, Montreal, Quebec, Canada), 200IU of eCG, and 0.5mg oestradiol cipionate IM. Day 10 was considered the day of oestrus and embryos were transferred (n=50) to the ipsilateral uterine horn of those recipients with a corpus luteum greater than 1.5cm in diameter on Day 17. The G embryos were produced with 4 bulls whereas the EG embryos were produced with 6 different bulls. The G straws were thawed for 12s in the air plus 12s in 20°C water. Embryos were immersed for 8min in a thawing solution containing 1.0M sucrose (ViGRO One-Step) and then transferred to holding medium (ViGRO Holding) for rehydration before loading into straws for embryo transfer. The EG embryos were thawed by allowing the straws to stand in air for 10s and then immersing them in a 30°C water bath for 10s and were transferred immediately. Pregnancy diagnosis 35 days after the transfer revealed 19 pregnancies of 50 embryos transferred (38%), distributed as 46% embryos in EG (12 pregnant of 26 transferred) and 29% embryos in G (7 pregnant of 24). A Fisher’s exact test was performed showing that no significant difference existed between groups (P>0.05). There was no effect of bull on pregnancy rates, and Brahman breed results by individual bull were 5 pregnancies of 13 (38%), 2 of 6 (33%), 0 of 4 (0%), and 0 of 1 (0%) for bulls I to IV, respectively. Pregnancy rate by Brangus bulls were 6 pregnancies of 7 (86%), 2 of 3 (67%), 2 of 4 (50%), 2 of 4 (50%), 0 of 4 (0%), and 0 of 3 (0%) for bulls 1 to 6, respectively. It is important to remember that the embryos cryopreserved in G remained in the nitrogen tank for more than 30 years, whereas the embryos cryopreserved in EG remained stored in liquid nitrogen for less than 10 years. Although pregnancy rate was numerically lower with Brahman embryos stored in G, pregnancy rates were considered acceptable considering the length of storage. Future research is needed with greater numbers and different breeds to determine whether G or EG will consistently produce higher embryo viability and pregnancies after storage for considerable periods before transfer.
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Moss, Jane. "Québécois Theatre: Michel Tremblay and Marie Laberge." Theatre Research International 21, no. 3 (1996): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300015315.
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The French colonists (‘habitants’) who began settling Canada in the early seventeenth century brought with them the French language, the Catholic religion, and French cultural traditions. These basic elements of ‘le patrimoine’ continued to evolve in the North American context after France abandoned the colony in 1760. Under the influence of a conservative political establishment and the Catholic Church for two centuries, French Canadians perceived themselves as an isolated minority whose duty was to preserve their language, religion, culture, and agrarian traditions. A collective identity crisis during the 1960s led to the conclusion that the old social, educational, and religious institutions had failed to keep up with the forces of modernization, industrialization, and urbanization which had transformed the province. During the period known as the ‘Révolution tranquille’, political reforms gave Quebec greater autonomy within the Canadian confederation, economic reforms improved material conditions, and educational reforms began preparing future generations for productive careers. Rejecting the term ‘Canadien français’ because it connoted colonial status, Quebec intellectuals adopted the term ‘Québécois’ and called for the creation of a national literature, independent from its French roots and its Anglo-American connections. This distinctive Québécois literature would reflect the reality of their lives and speak to them in the language of Quebec.
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Catling, Paul M., and Gisèle Mitrow. "The Recent Spread and Potential Distribution of Phragmites australis subsp. australis in Canada." Canadian Field-Naturalist 125, no. 2 (2011): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v125i2.1187.
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To provide information on geographic occurrence, rate of spread, and potential distribution of European Common Reed, Phragmites australis subsp. australis, in Canada, we measured 1740 herbarium specimens from 21 collections across Canada, entered the information into a database, and mapped and analyzed these records. The European subspecies australis was first documented in Canada 100 years before it was recognized as an alien invader. It was not until the invading plants had entered a phase of rapid local increase after 1990 that they attracted sufficient attention that a comparison of the invasive and non-invasive plants was made. By 2001, two different races had been distinguished, and soon after they were separated as different subspecies. The first Canadian collection of the alien subsp. australis was made in southwestern Nova Scotia in 1910. By the 1920s, it occurred in southern Nova Scotia, along the St. Lawrence River near Quebec City and at Montreal. The first southwestern Ontario specimen was collected in 1948. Thus by 1950 subsp. australis was known from only four relatively small areas of Canada based on 22 collections. At this same time, the native race, subsp. americanus, had a widespread distribution in Canada represented by 325 collections. This strongly supported the comparable and limited distribution of subsp. australis at the time. By 1970, subsp. australis had spread locally but was still found only in southwestern Nova Scotia, in the St. Lawrence River valley, and in southwestern Ontario. By 1990, subsp. australis had become much more frequent in the St. Lawrence River valley and in southwestern Ontario, and it had extended westward into eastern Ontario. By 2010, it had spread throughout much of southern Ontario and southern Quebec, and it had a more extensive distribution in Atlantic Canada, but the biggest change was its spread into western Canada. It appeared in northern Ontario, northwestern Ontario, southern Manitoba, and interior southern British Columbia. The rate of spread is increasing and within a decade or two, based on the extent of appropriate plant hardiness zones currently occupied, it is expected to become abundant in the prairie provinces and across most of southern Canada.
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Dombrowski, Kirk. "Culture and praxis in post-modern times." Focaal 2010, no. 56 (2010): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2010.560106.
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My latest project examines how small-scale, rural village-level sustainability both depends on and at the same time acts against simple household reproduction.That is, I am interested in how “making a community” and “making a family” come to find themselves in opposition, such that “successful” communities continue to shed significant numbers of people, even during economically and politically “good times”. The research for this project takes place in Labrador, Canada, in predominantly Inuit coastal villages and neighboring, not-predominantly-Aboriginal cities. Since the 1960s, coastal villages have seen considerable numbers of residents leave. At the conclusion of the most recent land settlement, one-third of Labrador’s Inuit population was living in Goose Bay, site of a large NATO air base created during World War II, where they make up more than one-fifth of the total population. If other nearby cities are included—St. John’s in Newfoundland, Halifax in Nova Scotia, or Quebec City and Montreal in Quebec Province—more than half of the Labrador Inuit now live somewhere other than the villages with which they most closely identify.
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Johnston, Wendy. "Keeping Children in School: The Response of the Montreal Catholic School Commission to the Depression of the 1930s." Historical Papers 20, no. 1 (2006): 193–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030939ar.
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Abstract In Quebec, as elsewhere in Canada, the depression of the 1930s highlighted the inadequacies of existing welfare arrangements and ultimately compelled a shift towards greater state intervention and rationalization of philanthropy. Historians have so far devoted little attention to the situation of children and the evolution of child welfare services during this crucial period. This paper seeks to examine the effects of the depression on the origins, the nature and the impact of aid policies in a particular urban school system. The analysis centres on the Montreal Catholic School Commis- sion (MCSC), the largest of Quebec's local public school boards, during the period 1929 to 1940. In 1930, the Commission s primary and secondary schools boasted an enrolment of nearly one hundred thousand students. These mainly French-speaking children of working-class origin were particularly hard hit by the economic crisis. The author argues that the severe physical want experienced by schoolchildren in the depression years constituted a formidable obstacle to regular school attendance and to learning. Faced with this situation, MCSC officials were obliged to abandon a conception enshrining education, health and welfare as separate categories. The economic crisis thus compelled the commission to assume an enlarged, systematized and diversified role in student welfare. School authorities rationalized and expanded the long-standing policy of free schooling for indigents and, in 1934, created a social service agency to provide free milk and clothing to needy children. To this end, they allied a continuing reliance on private charity with the adoption of modern social work practices. However, lacking sufficient funding, MCSC assistance programmes proved hopelessly unequal to the enormous student need. The MCSC s depression-era ini- tiatives were, despite their inadequacies, developments of long-term significance, providing the springboard for social work's entry into the school system.
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Carisse, Odile, David-Mathieu Tremblay, Mary Ruth McDonald, Luc Brodeur, and Neil McRoberts. "Management of Botrytis Leaf Blight of Onion: The Québec Experience of 20 Years of Continual Improvement." Plant Disease 95, no. 5 (2011): 504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-10-0797.
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Botrytis leaf blight (BLB) of onion (Allium cepa) is caused by Botrytis squamosa. The disease has been reported on onion crops in several of the onion production areas of the world including North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, although it is not a problem in arid production regions such as the western United States. In eastern Canada, the disease is generally present every year and is especially severe on cultivars of yellow globe onion. The pathogen biology and disease epidemiology have been intensively researched. Over the last few decades, in the organic soil area of Quebec, extensive research effort has been devoted to the development and evaluation of predictive models and disease management strategies. There has been an active integrated pest management program for onions since the early 1980s, and scouting for disease has played a major role in disease management. In this article, the story of BLB management in eastern Canada over a period of two decades is summarized.
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Kristmanson, Paula, and Joseph Dicks. "Looking in the one-way mirror." Language Immersion Education 2, no. 2 (2014): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jicb.2.2.08kri.
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Since its inception in the late 1960s in St. Lambert, Quebec, Canada, one-way immersion has become a globalized phenomenon taking many forms and focusing on many target languages. In this paper, we will take a brief historical look at one-way immersion with regard to its program design and variants. We will then describe how immersion has evolved by focusing on five particular one-way immersion contexts: French immersion in Canada, French immersion in Louisiana, French immersion in Australia, English immersion in Hong Kong, and Chinese immersion in the U.S. We explore each of these programs by examining demographic issues as these relate to design and intercultural elements. Through these explorations, we will describe the changing face of immersion programs and the changing faces of teachers and learners. We will conclude with a discussion of what can be learned from the various models and suggest directions for future one-way immersion research.
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Caruso-Juliano, A., A. Gallagher, T. E. Morrison, and C. A. Rogers. "Seismic performance of single-storey steel concentrically braced frame structures constructed in the 1960s." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41, no. 7 (2014): 579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2013-0198.
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A general overview of the seismic performance of representative single-storey concentrically braced frame (CBF) buildings designed using the 1965 National Building Code of Canada and the 1965 S16 Canadian Standards Association Steel Structures for Buildings Standard was obtained through the use of nonlinear time history dynamic analyses and the testing of brace elements obtained from buildings constructed in the 1960s. The study comprised 16 representative buildings subjected to 20 site selected ground motions for three locations; Halifax (Nova Scotia) low seismicity, Montreal (Quebec) moderate seismicity, and Abbotsford (British Columbia) high seismicity. Incremental dynamic analyses were performed using various failure criteria as obtained from the test data; brace net-section fracture, bolt shear, block shear, bolt bearing and brace yielding. Fragility curves were created and the probability of failure was defined. The performance of the structures designed for Abbotsford was unsatisfactory for all of the brace connection failure mechanisms. In contrast, because of the lower current seismic hazard in Montreal, the 16 archetypical buildings demonstrated better performance. In Halifax the buildings performed well, based on the identified failure criteria. It was necessary to strengthen the roof diaphragms for all buildings to carry 2010 NBCC design level seismic forces.
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Hebert, Joel. "“Sacred Trust”: Rethinking Late British Decolonization in Indigenous Canada." Journal of British Studies 58, no. 3 (2019): 565–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.3.
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AbstractThis article considers the political activism of Canada's Indigenous peoples as a corrective to the prevailing narrative of British decolonization. For several decades, historians have described the end of empire as a series of linear political transitions from colony to nation-state, all ending in the late 1960s. But for many colonized peoples, the path to sovereignty was much less straightforward, especially in contexts where the goal of a discrete nation-state was unattainable. Canada's Indigenous peoples were one such group. In 1980, in the face of separatism in Quebec, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau pledged to renew the Canadian Confederation by bringing home the constitution, which was still retained by the British Parliament. But many Indigenous leaders feared that this final separation of powers would extinguish their historic bilateral treaties with the British crown, including the Royal Proclamation of 1763 that guaranteed Indigenous sovereignty in a trust relationship with Britain. Indigenous activists thus organized lobbying campaigns at Westminster to oppose Trudeau's act of so-called patriation. This article follows the Constitution Express, a campaign organized by the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs in 1981. Maneuvering around the nuances of British political and cultural difference, activists on the Constitution Express articulated and exercised their own vision of decolonization, pursuing continued ties to Britain as their best hope for securing Indigenous sovereignty in a federal Canada.
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Ferguson, Michael A. D. "Status and trends of Rangifer tarandus and Ovibos moschatus populations in Canada." Rangifer 12, no. 3 (1992): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.12.3.1017.
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We identified 97 Rangifer tarandus and 17 Ovibos moschatus populations in Canada. In July 1991, the Canadian populations totalled 1.9 to 2.6 million caribou, 13 600 reindeer and 108 600 muskoxen. Seven barren-ground caribou populations contributed about 75% to Canada's total number of caribou. Most population trends of these barren-ground caribou had shiftet from increasing in the early 1980s to stable or decreasing in the late 1980s. The George River herd of Quebec and Labrador has been decreasing since 1987, but remains the largest Canadian caribou population. The ecological factors driving barren-ground caribou population dynamics are not well understood. Arctic islands caribou are about 17% of all Canadian caribou. Over 60% of Arctic islands caribou occurred on Baffin Island. Most Arctic islands populations were decreasing with the exceptions of Southampton, Bathurst, Victoria and Baffin islands. Movements within and between islands are not well understood, and probably limit the usefulness of small surveys for indicating long-term trends of Arctic islands caribou populations. Woodland caribou form about 7% of all Canadian caribou, with about 40% of these occurring on the island of Newfoundland. Most Canadian woodland caribou have not been well studied or censused. In many areas, they were faced with an increasing rate of habitat loss. Exceptions included: some eastern Yukon populations and most Newfoundland populations which were increasing. Over 70% of the Canadian muskox population occurred on Banks and Victoria islands. Almost all muskox populations were increasing, especially those on Banks, Victoria, Melville and Bathurst islands. Muskoxen on the mainland Northwest Territories are re-colonizing southern portions of their historical distribution.
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Ouimet, Rock, Sylvie Tremblay, Catherine Périé, and Guy Prégent. "Ecosystem carbon accumulation following fallow farmland afforestation with red pine in southern Quebec." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 6 (2007): 1118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-297.
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We assessed the organic C stocks and inferred their changes in vegetation biomass, forest floor, and soil using a 50 year chronosequence of red pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations established on postagricultural fields in southern Quebec, Canada. The data come from soil and tree field surveys carried out in the 1970s in 348 sites. Organic C concentrations were usually measured in three major mineral soil horizons; for the remaining soil horizons, they were estimated using pedotransfer functions. The effect of soil order, drainage, and texture was analysed. Over 22 years, organic C accumulation rates (Mg C·ha–1·year–1) were 1.66 ± 0.03 in vegetation biomass, 0.56 ± 0.07 in forest floor, 0.86 ± 0.47 in loamy soils (0–100 cm), and –0.18 ± 0.24 in sandy soils (0–100 cm). The greater rate of C accumulation in loamy soils was due to the contribution of the 30–100 cm subsoil layer. The overall net accumulation of organic C in these plantation ecosystems was estimated to 51.4 ± 4.8 Mg C·ha–1 at 22 years. Soils of these plantations acted as a C sink in the first two decades, particularly in loamy soils compared with sandy soils, with no major differences among soil order or drainage.
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Efremkin, Evgeny. "Canada’s Invisible Nationality Policy: Creating Ethnicity, Managing Populations, Imagining a Nation." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 24, no. 2 (2014): 263–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025080ar.
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This article explores the process of national identity construction at Canadian borders in the 1930s. Based on the examination of customs declaration forms (transatlantic ship manifests) of arriving passengers at the port of Quebec in the first half of the 1930s, as well as Royal Canadian Mountain Police (RCMP) files, I suggest that the Canadian bureaucracy, informed by social Darwinist views of race and ethnicity, and the Anglophone bourgeois concern over modernization brought upon by the forces of industrialization and urbanization, developed an elaborate system of categorization of Canada’s population according to prescribed criteria of ethnicity, nationality, and race. Utilizing critical discourse analysis, I argue that in efforts to “know” and control its growing population, the Canadian state developed a rigid, albeit an invisible nationality policy. Although there was never an official nationality policy in place in Canada in the 1930s, public officials, the media, and security agencies not only operated with an acute awareness of national and ethno-racial differences in the society, but also worked to reinforce such divisions in attempts to maintain the social order and the cultural, social, and economic status quo. In this work, I imply that border officials were directly responsible for constructing specific representations of Canada’s ethnic populations, all within the context of an impending need to control the population of a rapidly modernizing society, where the Canadian community had to be made “knowable,” familiar, and recognizable in the official discourse.
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Smith, W. N., P. Rochette, C. Monreal, R. L. Desjardins, E. Pattey, and A. Jaques. "The rate of carbon change in agricultural soils in Canada at the landscape level." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 77, no. 2 (1997): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s96-113.
Full textAbstract:
The Century model [a computer simulation of the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC)] was used to estimate the rate of SOC change in agricultural soil in Canada. The analysis was carried out on 180 Soil Landscapes of Canada (SLC) polygons, representing 15% of the SLC polygons within agricultural regions. The analysis was stratified into soil zones and into soil textural classes. For each sampled polygon, Century was run for 1 to 5 types of crop rotations under conventional-tillage as well as no-tillage, providing that no-till was used on at least 5% of the land. From the Century simulations, it was estimated that the overall rate of SOC loss from agricultural soils in Canada for 1990 was 39.1 kg ha−1 yr−1 This implies that 1.93 Mt of SOC (7.08 Mt of CO2) was lost from agricultural soils in Canada. Compared to 1990, the SOC loss was estimated to have been greater by 11.9 kg ha−1 yr−1 in 1980 and 9.1 kg ha−1 yr−1 in 1985. The lower loss in 1990 was primarily due to the incorporation of no-till practices and reduction of summer fallow in the mid 1980s. In 1990, at the provincial level, Alberta had the highest rate of SOC loss at 74.5 kg ha−1 yr−1 followed by Manitoba with 66.1 kg ha−1 yr−1 In Ontario, Quebec, and the Atlantic Provinces the average provincial rate of SOC loss was less than 35 kg ha−1 yr−1 Higher SOC loss rates were typically found in soils with coarser texture and greater native SOC content. Key words: Carbon dioxide, greenhouse gas, Century model
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De Wals, Philippe. "Epidemiology and Control of Meningococcal Disease in Canada: A Long, Complex, and Unfinished Story." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2019 (November 25, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8901847.
Full textAbstract:
The epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Canada has been punctuated by outbreaks caused by serogroup A strains in the 1940s, virulent serogroup C clones from 1985 to 2001, a serogroup B clone in Quebec from 2003 to 2014, and more recently a W clone in British Columbia. Region- and province-wide immunization campaigns have been implemented to control these outbreaks using meningococcal C polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines, a quadrivalent ACWY conjugate vaccine, and a serogroup B protein-based vaccine. Meningococcal C conjugate vaccines have been included in routine immunization programs for children, and ACWY conjugate vaccines have been included in school-based programs for adolescents in most jurisdictions. In contrast, serogroup B protein-based vaccines were only recommended and used for high-risk individuals and to control outbreaks. Currently, the immunization schedules adopted in provinces and territories are not uniform. This is not explained by notable epidemiologic differences. Publicly funded immunization programs are the result of a complex decision-making process. Political factors including public opinion, media attention, interest groups’ advocacy campaigns, decision-makers’ priorities and budgetary constraints have played important roles in shaping meningococcal programs in Canada, and this should be recognized. As the recent occurrence of outbreaks caused by virulent W clones shows, continued investments in epidemiological surveillance at both the provincial and national levels are necessary, so there can be early warning and informed decisions can be made.
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Moore, Jean-David, Claude Camiré, and Rock Ouimet. "Effects of liming on the nutrition, vigor, and growth of sugar maple at the Lake Clair Watershed, Québec, Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 5 (2000): 725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-009.
Full textAbstract:
In the 1980s, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) dieback was observed across its range in Quebec. In spite of the recovery of the majority of stands during recent years, some have continued to show signs of dieback progression. At the Lake Clair Watershed experimental station, a study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of liming on the nutrition, vigor, and growth of sugar maple in an acid soil, poor in available Ca and Mg. A completely randomized experiment was established and selected sugar maples were treated in 1994 with dolomitic lime in amounts of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, or 50 t·ha-1. Four years after the lime application, improvements in foliar concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg were noted. Liming increased the radial growth of sugar maple by 45% for rates from 1 to 10 t·ha-1 and by 90% for rates of 20 t·ha-1, compared with the control trees. The beneficial effects of lime on dieback appeared only very slightly at the third and fourth years after treatment. The negative impact of liming on sugar maple K nutrition could be mitigated by application of potassium sulphate.