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Journal articles on the topic 'Canadian and American'
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1
Buckner, Phillip. "The Canadian Civil Wars of 1837–1838." London Journal of Canadian Studies 35, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 96–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.14324/111.444.ljcs.2020v35.005.
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Canadian historians have traditionally stressed that the rebellions of 1837 and 1838 in Upper and Lower Canada were revolts against British imperial authority. Less stressed has been the fact that the rebellions were also civil wars and that British troops were aided by substantial numbers of loyalists in defeating the rebels. In recent years historians have tended to downplay the importance of French-Canadian nationalism, but by 1837–8 the rebellion in Lower Canada was essentially a struggle between French-Canadian nationalists and a broadly-based coalition of loyalists in Lower Canada. Outside Lower Canada there was no widespread support for rebellion anywhere in British North America, except among a specific group of American immigrants and their descendants in Upper Canada. It is a myth that the rebellions can be explained as a division between the older-stock inhabitants of the Canadas and the newer arrivals. It is also a myth that the rebels in the two Canadas shared the same objectives in the long run and that the rebellions were part of a single phenomenon. French-Canadian nationalists wanted their own state; most of the republicans in Upper Canada undoubtedly believed that Upper Canada would become a state in the American Union. Annexation was clearly the motivation behind the Patriot Hunters in the United States, who have received an increasingly favourable press from borderland historians, despite the fact that they were essentially filibusters motivated by the belief that America had a manifest destiny to spread across the North American continent. Indeed, it was the failure of the rebellions that made Confederation possible in 1867.
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Gluek, Jr., Alvin C. "The Riel Rebellion and Canadian-American Relations." Canadian Historical Review 102, s1 (June 2021): s159—s177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr-102-s1-012.
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The Riel Rebellion presents an interesting case in Canadian-American history. For relations between the two nations, already strained by the Civil War, Fenian movements within the United States, and the American rejection of reciprocity, took a turn for the worse in 1869–70 when Canada was suddenly confronted with the insurrection in Rupert’s Land. Beguiled by the evasive dream of becoming a continental republic, Americans had long coveted the lands of their northern neighbour. That the new Dominion of Canada could survive – indeed, could dare to envision its own transcontinental glory – was inconceivable to many Americans. In their own self-interest, they exaggerated the signs of disaffection within the Dominion. And when the Metis of Rupert’s Land forcibly rejected political union with Canada, and certain citizens of British Columbia petitioned President Grant for admission into the United States, it seemed that all British North America was breaking up and that its separate members would soon become a part of the American family to which they “naturally” belonged.
3
Mount, Graeme S., and Edelgard E. Mahant. "Review of Recent Literature on Canadian-Latin American Relations." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 27, no. 2 (1985): 127–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165721.
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In 1976, Macmillan of Canada published the first recent book-length study of Canadian-Latin American relations, Gringos from the Far North: Essays in the History of Canadian-Latin American Relations, 1866-1968, by Professor J.C.M. Ogelsby of the University of Western Ontario (1976a). Ogelsby deals with interactions between the residents of Canada and those of the Latin American republics – diplomatic, trade, business and religious relations; he includes subjects such as the emigration of Canadian Mennonites to South America. Ogelsby, who consulted Canadian and Spanish-American archives and travelled to the scenes of many of the events he describes, sets a standard for others in the field.
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Grauzľová, Lucia. "Canadian literature as an American literature : CanLit through the lens of hemispheric American literary studies." Brno studies in English, no. 1 (2022): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/bse2022-1-8.
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This paper addresses the noticeably low presence of Canadian literature in hemispheric American literary research. The fact that hemispheric literary studies focuses on a comparison of the United States and Spanish America is partly because of Canada's marginal position in the Americas, its lack of identification with the continent, and Canadian scholars' reluctance to engage in hemispheric studies due to their insecurity concerning cultural identity and the discipline's potential imperialistic impulses. By examining a representative history of Canadian literature and several literary studies for intersections and tangencies between Canadian literature and other literatures of the Americas, this paper will demonstrate that there are natural links between them, which make a transnational comparative approach to Canadian literature both legitimate and desirable.
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Piroth, Scott. "How does taking a Canadian Studies course influence how American students think about Canada?" Southern Journal of Canadian Studies 7 (September 1, 2016): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/sjcs.v7i0.312.
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In this article, I discuss what American students think about Canada before and after taking a Canadian Studies course. I reflect on what I am trying to convey when I teach Canadian Studies courses regarding how Canada differs from the United States and why it is important for Americans to study Canada. The article reports results from a survey of students who have taken Introduction to Canadian Studies in past semesters. These results are discussed in the broader contexts of what American students think about Canada and how taking the course influences these views.
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MacDonald, Shannon L., and Lawrence R. Robinson. "Academic Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Acute Care Consultations." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 45, no. 4 (May 8, 2018): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2018.18.
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AbstractThe objective of this study was to describe the provision of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation acute care consultations in the United States and Canada. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation department chairs/division directors at academic centers in Canada and the United States were mailed an 18-item questionnaire. Seven of 13 (54%) Canadian and 26/78 (33%) American surveys were returned. A majority of Canadian and American academic institutions provide acute care consultations; however, there were some national differences. American institutions see larger volumes of patients, and more American respondents indicated using a dedicated acute care consultation service model compared with Canadians.
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Colapinto, Cynthia K., Mark S. Tremblay, Susanne Aufreiter, Tracey Bushnik, Christine M. Pfeiffer, and Deborah L. O'Connor. "The direction of the difference between Canadian and American erythrocyte folate concentrations is dependent on the assay method employed: a comparison of the Canadian Health Measures Survey and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 11 (October 8, 2014): 1873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514002906.
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Fortification of select grain products with folic acid and periconceptional supplementation recommendations in Canada and the USA have improved folate status, and have been associated with a reduced risk of neural tube defects. In the present study, we aimed to conduct a comparison of erythrocyte folate concentrations from the 2007–9 Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) and the 2007–8 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Erythrocyte folate concentration was assessed in participants aged 6–79 years (CHMS,n5248; NHANES,n7070). To account for different folate assays employed – Immulite 2000 immunoassay (CHMS) and microbiological assay (NHANES) – a conversion equation was generated (n152 adults) to adjust the CHMS data.tTests were used to examine country differences. Median Canadian erythrocyte folate concentrations (method-adjusted) were lower than those of Americans (988 and 1100 nmol/l, respectively), but unadjusted median Canadian erythrocyte folate concentrations were higher (1250 nmol/l). The upper 95 % CI boundary of the method-adjusted Canadian erythrocyte folate distribution overlapped that of the American erythrocyte folate concentrations, while the lower 95 % CI boundary of the method-adjusted Canadian erythrocyte folate data was below the American distribution. In summary, the fact that erythrocyte folate concentrations were either higher or lower in Canadians compared with Americans, depending on whether an adjustment was made to account for assay differences, suggests that caution must be exercised in evaluating erythrocyte folate data from different countries because analytical methods are not readily comparable. Furthermore, we cannot unequivocally conclude that there are true differences in erythrocyte folate concentrations between the Canadian and American populations in the post-fortification era.
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Kidd, Bruce. "How Do We Find Our Own Voices in the “New World Order”? A Commentary on Americanization." Sociology of Sport Journal 8, no. 2 (June 1991): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.8.2.178.
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“Americanization” is a much more useful term than “globalization” in the Canadian context. The specific practices of commercial sport that have eroded local autonomy began as explicitly American practices, and state-subsidized American-based cartels flood the Canadian market with American-focused spectacles, images, and souvenirs. But the term does oversimplify the complexity of social determinations and masks the increasing role the Canadian bourgeoisie plays in continentalist sports. “American capitalist hegemony” is therefore preferable. The long debate over Americanization in Canada has also focused on the appropriate public policy response. Traditionally, Canadians have turned to the state to protect cultural expression from the inroads of American production, but that becomes increasingly difficult under neoconservative renovation and the regional trading bloc created by the 1989 U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement. The popular movements will need new means to protect and strengthen the presentation and distribution of their own sporting culture.
9
Eagan, William. "The Multiple Glaciation Debate1 The Canadian Perspective, 1880-1900." Earth Sciences History 5, no. 2 (January 1, 1986): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.5.2.j07477w72623j288.
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While geologists in the United States were engaged in a debate about the multiple glaciation of the North American continent, geologists in Canada were still debating the more basic concept of continental glaciation itself. Inhibited by the political setting of Canada, with western development well behind that of the United States, and by the British allegiance and dominating personality of Sir William Dawson of McGill, the Canadians were decidedly behind their American colleagues in their interpretation of glacial phenomena. Only with a younger generation of Canadians utilizing American periodicals and ideas in the early 1890's did Canadian glacial geology come into agreement with the ideas used in the United States.
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Mancke, Elizabeth. "Early Modern Imperial Governance and the Origins of Canadian Political Culture." Canadian Journal of Political Science 32, no. 1 (March 1999): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900010076.
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AbstractFor the last three decades, scholars of Canadian political culture have favoured ideological explanations for state formation with the starting point being the American Revolution and Loyalist resettlement in British North America. This article challenges both the ideological bias and the late eighteenth-century chronology through a reassessment of early modern developments in the British imperial state. It shows that many of the institutional features associated with the state in British North America and later Canada—strong executives and weak assemblies, Crown control of land and natural resources, parliamentary funding of colonial development and accommodation of non-British subjects—were all institutionalized in the imperial state before the American Revolution and before the arrival of significant numbers of ethnically British settlers to Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and Quebec. Ideological discourses in the British North American colonies that became Canada, unlike those that became the United States, traditionally acknowledged the presence of a strong state in its imperial and colonial manifestations. Rather than challenging its legitimacy, as had Americans, British North Americans, whether liberals, republicans or tories, debated the function of the state and the distribution of power within it.
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Matthies, Norah-Faye, Ryan A. Paul, Tim Dwyer, Jaskarndip Chahal, and Daniel Whelan. "A Survey of Treatment Trends for Acute Quadriceps Tendon Ruptures Among North American Surgeons." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 232596712110453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211045399.
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Background: To date, little clinical evidence exists to support a specific surgical technique or postoperative rehabilitation protocol for quadriceps tendon ruptures. With a lack of evidence-based superiority, assessment of clinical practices and surgeon preferences is pertinent. Purpose: To describe the current surgical technique and rehabilitation preferences among members of the Canadian Orthopaedic Association and American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine pertaining to acute quadriceps tendon rupture. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Orthopaedic staff members of the Canadian Orthopaedic Association and American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine were invited to complete an internet-based survey composed of 26 questions assessing current trends in the management and rehabilitation of acute quadriceps tendon rupture. Survey questions were developed after a thorough review of current literature. Survey responses were analyzed and reported using descriptive statistics (absolute values, frequencies, and percentages) where appropriate. Statistical comparisons and contrasts between Canadian and American surgeons were made using chi-square analyses and Student t tests. Results: A total of 264 surgeons participated in the survey (136 Canadians; 128 Americans). Canadian surgeons were more likely to obtain a preoperative ultrasound as compared with Americans (43.0% vs 6.7%; P < .00001), while American respondents were more likely to obtain magnetic resonance imaging scans (65.8% vs 10.2%; P < .00001). The transosseous drill hole technique was the most commonly utilized (70.2%); the suture anchor technique was used 20.6% of the time. Canadian respondents trended toward a higher use of transosseous tunnels; however, this was not statistically significant (75.8% vs 64.2%; P = .068). American respondents were more likely to utilize suture anchors (27.5% vs 14.1%; P = .0096). Most respondents advanced range of motion goals stepwise in 2-week intervals of 30° (Canadians, 54.0% vs Americans, 58.5%; P = .3091); timing of range of motion initiation varied. Conclusion: Among North American surgeons who responded to this study, the transosseous technique was the most commonly used, and range of motion was generally advanced in a 2-week stepwise fashion. We found several differences in practice between Canadian and American respondents, including the type of preoperative imaging and the frequency of using the suture anchor technique.
12
Burnett, Wendy. "Linguistic Resistance on the Maine-New Brunswick Border." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 51, no. 2-3 (November 2006): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100004047.
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AbstractPrior studies have established that the Atlantic region of Canada constitutes a dialect zone. Data from the Dialect Topography of New Brunswick, gathered from 2001 to 2003, permit a comparison of linguistic trends in this part of the Atlantic region with those observed in the Golden Horseshoe region of Ontario. In both cases, there is a convergence towards American forms. However, at a certain point on the border between New Brunswick and Maine, where there is significant social contact between Canadians and Americans, the data suggest that Canadian youth are resisting adoption of several American forms. The present study considers this border effect in the responses of 14–19-year-olds living in St. Stephen, New Brunswick, and in the adjacent town of Calais, Maine. Sixteen items identified as Canadian/American shibboleths in the Golden Horseshoe study are examined, and the results are assessed in relation to the Boberg’s (2000) claims regarding geo-linguistic diffusion.
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Beach, Richard, and George Sherman. "Rethinking Canada: Canadian Studies and Study Abroad." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 6, no. 1 (December 15, 2000): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v6i1.79.
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Americans have been studying “abroad” in Canada on a freelance basis for generations, and for many different reasons. Certain regions of Canada, for example, provide excellent, close-to-home opportunities to study French and/or to study in a French-speaking environment. Opportunities are available coast-to-coast for “foreign studies” in an English-speaking environment. Additionally, many students are interested in visiting cities or areas from which immediate family members or relatives emigrated to the United States.
Traditionally, many more Canadians have sought higher education degrees in the United States than the reverse. However, this is about to change. Tearing a creative page out of the American university admissions handbook, Canadian universities are aggressively recruiting in the United States with the up-front argument that a Canadian education is less expensive, and a more subtle argument that it is perhaps better.
14
Blocker, Jack S. "Grappling with the GAPE: A Canadian Perspective." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 1, no. 4 (October 2002): 296–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400000311.
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For a variety of reasons, the study and teaching of both United States history in general and the history of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era in particular should be thriving in Canada more than in other nations. Geographic proximity and shared language would advance this probability, even if the pervasive presence of American mass media did not. For students in Canadian colleges and universities, a combination of exposure to American doings through television and little prior academic opportunity to explore the history of the United States often whets an appetite for study at the post-secondary level. Interest in the GAPE arises — if for no other reason — from the fact that during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, both Canadians and Americans witnessed the emergence of corporate capitalism as a, perhaps the, principal shaper of their societies. At the last count in December 2001, Canada contained the largest concentration of H-SHGAPE subscribers outside the United States (25).
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Noll, Mark A. "What Happened to Christian Canada?" Church History 75, no. 2 (June 2006): 245–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000964070011131x.
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By asking “what happened to Christian Canada,” I begin with an assumption that there once was a Christian Canada which is now gone. That assumption is intentional. It is intended to highlight not only the dramatic changes that have taken place in Canadian religious life over the last sixty years, but also substantial contrasts between the religious histories of Canada and the United States, which otherwise are so similar in so many respects. This paper explores the question primarily with American observers in mind, for whom the Canadian past is often as much a shadowy mystery as the great expanse of Canadian geography. But I hope Canadians who read this account may benefit from observing how one sympathetic American views their history and also from realizing that the splendid array of marvelous historical studies that have been produced by a splendid array of marvelous Canadian historians have reached at least some appreciative readers in the United States.
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Farrow, Lee A. "Grand Duke Alexis Visits Canada." Ontario History 106, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 34–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1050720ar.
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In 1871-1872, Grand Duke Alexis of Russia visited the United States and Canada over a period of three months, stopping in all the major cities of both countries and visiting sites like Niagara Falls. While in the United States, reception of the Duke was gushing and extravagant, his reception in Canada was much more subdued. While the extremely cold weather and the illness of the Prince of Wales explains some of this difference, it is also true that Canadians (and their British protectors) viewed the Russian-American friendship with trepidation and this influenced public reaction to the young Russian. British and Canadian newspapers followed the Grand Duke's progress through the United States, commenting in particular on American toadyism and hypocrisy in fawning over royalty, and suggesting that Canadians would take a different approach. Given the various calls for annexation from American politicians, and America's recent purchase of Alaska, it is understandable why Canadians and their British brethren might be concerned about the Russian-American friendship and underlying purpose of the Grand Duke's visit.
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Cahuas, Madelaine C. "The struggle and (im)possibilities of decolonizing Latin American citizenship practices and politics in Toronto." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 38, no. 2 (April 2020): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775820915998.
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This paper explores the tensions racialized migrants negotiate when politically organizing and enacting citizenship within the context of the Canadian white settler state. I focus on the experiences of Latin Americans in Toronto and the politics surrounding a cultural celebration – Hispanic Heritage Month. While some Latin Americans sought to use this event to gain recognition and assert their belonging to Canadian society, others opposed its naming, objectives and organization, and opted to create an alternative celebration – the Latin-America History Collective’s Día de la Verdad/Day of Truth Rally. I demonstrate that the narratives and practices mobilized around Hispanic Heritage Month and Latin-America History Collective’s Rally reveal how different forms of migrant political organizing can internalize, reproduce and contest white settler colonial social relations. Overall, this paper aims to contribute to and complicate debates on the fraught nature of racialized migrants’ citizenship, politics and identity formation in Canada, by emphasizing the vast heterogeneity of Latin American communities and decolonizing possibilities.
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Rosemeyer, Tom. "Canadian & American." Rocks & Minerals 81, no. 2 (January 2006): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/rmin.81.2.134-135.
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Petersen, William. "Canadian-American relations." Society 39, no. 1 (November 2001): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02712623.
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Hoffman, C. P. "“The Mother of Combines”: Representations of the United States in Early Canadian Discourse on the Combines Problem and the Formation of Canadian National Identity." Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 36, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2020.37.
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AbstractIn 1887, Canada was in a fervour over so-called “combines,” a term used to cover price-fixing schemes, pool agreements, trusts, and other cartel arrangements. The public debate led to the passage in 1889 of the Anti-Combines Act, the world’s first modern competition statute, enacted a year prior to the United States’ Sherman Antitrust Act. But while Canada acted before its neighbour to the south, the United States was omnipresent in the Canadian debates in four ways: as a benchmark against which the Canadian economy and the combines problem should be judged; as a model for potential legal action; as a potential economic liberator; and as the very source and propagator of the combines problem. Canadians thus alternately presented the United States as saviour or devil, as paragon or antithesis. The result was a paradox of a sort: Canadians borrowed American ideas in order to avoid becoming American.
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Mauser, G. A., and M. Margolis. "The Politics of Gun Control: Comparing Canadian and American Patterns." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 10, no. 2 (June 1992): 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c100189.
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In this paper two questions are asked: To what extent do the Canadian and US publics differ in their beliefs about firearms-control legislation, and to what extent do these differences help to account for the stricter firearms legislation found in Canada? Surveys indicate that Canadians and Americans have remarkably similar attitudes towards firearms and gun control. Linear regression is used to analyze the factors that underlie the popular support for (or opposition to) stricter gun-control legislation. It is found that, with respect to support for gun control, cultural differences between Canadians and Americans are overshadowed by socioeconomic variables, such as gender and gun ownership. The similarities in public attitudes between Canadians and Americans suggest that the explanation for stricter firearms legislation in Canada lies more with the differences in political elites and institutions than with differences in public opinion. The differences in public attitudes in the two countries are insufficient to explain the stark contrast in firearms legislation.
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Heffernan, Kevin, Alison J. Borden, Alexandra C. Erath, and Julie-Lynn Yang. "Preserving Canada’s ‘honour’." Written Language and Literacy 13, no. 1 (March 4, 2010): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.13.1.01hef.
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Recent studies of orthographic variation have demonstrated that ideology plays a central role in determining which spelling variants are adopted by a community. This study examines the role of ideology in diachronic changes in spelling variant usage in Canadian English. Previous research has shown that patriotic Canadians are opposed to American spelling variants. We hypothesized that American spelling variant usage decreased during periods in which the United States was viewed negatively in Canada, such as the Vietnam War era. Furthermore, we also hypothesized that trends set during periods of anti-American sentiment have resulted in an overall decrease in American spelling variant usage in Canada over the last century. We gathered over 30,000 tokens of spelling variants spanning a period of approximately 100 years. Our results corroborate the first hypothesis but reject the second hypothesis, leading to a complex view of the role of ideology in diachronic change in Canadian English.
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Catling, P. M., K. W. Spicer, M. Biernacki, and J. Lovett Doust. "The biology of Canadian weeds. 103. Vallisneria americana Michx." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 883–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-160.
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American wild celery (Vallisneria americana Michx.) is a native submerged aquatic plant that differs from other ribbon-leaved aquatics in having leaves with a well-defined midvein and paler zones on either side of a central dark band. In southern Ontario and Québec the dense leaf growth, and in particular the floating plants dislodged from the sediment, impede water traffic and restrict water-based recreation. Mechanical harvesting may be the best method of control in most situations. American wild celery is beneficial as an important food source for waterfowl and other wildlife, as cover and spawning area for fish, and may also be used as fertilizer and to feed livestock. There is also potential for increased use in biomonitoring. Widespread in eastern North America, it reaches its northern limit in southeastern Canada. It is introduced in British Columbia and the northwestern United States, and has also recently been reported from the southwestern United States, Mexico, the Carribean islands, northern Central America, southeast Asia and Australia. American wild celery occurs in alkaline to slightly saline waters with pH > 6, at depths of 0.3–7 m, and in a variety of sediment types. Clonal growth is extensive. Parent rosettes can each produce 20 or more new shoots within a season. These develop from buds at the tip of stolons, some of which overwinter as turions. Pollination takes place on the surface of the water with free-floating male flowers tipping into the surface depression created by the larger, attached female flowers. Fruits mature under the water. Key words:Vallisneria americana, American wild celery, weed biology, aquatic macrophyte, Canada, distribution
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Rowe, Brian H., Gary W. Bota, Sunday Clark, and Carlos A. Camargo. "Comparison of Canadian Versus American Emergency Department Visits for Acute Asthma." Canadian Respiratory Journal 14, no. 6 (2007): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/450489.
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BACKGROUND: Acute asthma is a common emergency department (ED) presentation in both Canada and the United States.OBJECTIVE: To compare ED asthma management and outcomes between Canada and the United States.MEHODS: A prospective cohort study of 69 American and eight Canadian EDs was conducted. Patients aged two to 54 years who presented with acute asthma underwent a structured ED interview and telephone follow-up two weeks later.RESULTS: A total of 3031 patients were enrolled. Canadian patients were more likely to be white (89% versus 22%; P<0.001), have health insurance (100% versus 69%; P<0.001) and identify a primary care provider (89% versus 64%; P<0.001) than American patients. In addition, Canadian patients were more likely to be using inhaled corticosteroids (63% versus 44%; P<0.001) and had higher initial peak expiratory flow (61% versus 48%; P<0.001). In the ED, Canadians received fewer beta-agonist (one versus two; P<0.001) and more anticholinergic (two versus one; P<0.001) treatments in the first hour; use of systemic corticosteroids was similar (60% versus 68%; P=0.13). Canadians were less likely to be hospitalized (11% versus 21%; P=0.02). Corticosteroids were prescribed similarly at discharge (60% versus 69%; P=0.13); however, Canadians were discharged more commonly on inhaled corticosteroids (63% versus 11%; P<0.001) and relapses were similar.CONCLUSIONS: Canadian patients with acute asthma have fewer barriers to primary care and are more likely to be on preventive medications, both before the ED visit and following discharge. Admissions rates are higher in the United States; however, relapse after discharge is similar between countries. These findings highlight the influences of preventive practices and heath care systems on ED visits for asthma.
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Guerrini, Susan C., and Mary C. Kennedy. "Cross-Cultural Connections: An Investigation of Singing Canadian and American Patriotic Songs." Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, no. 182 (October 1, 2009): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27861460.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to compare American and Canadian high school choral students’ knowledge of their respective patriotic songs. The questions of the study are as follows: (a) do students sing accurately their respective national anthems relative to melody and lyrics; (b) do students sing accurately "America" and "God Save the Queen" relative to melody and lyrics; (c) do students sing accurately the national anthems of each other’s country relative to melody and lyrics; and (d) is there a difference in the accuracy when students sing their respective and each other’s patriotic songs? The sample consisted of 102 secondary school students who were enrolled in non-auditioned choir classes and audio taped singing unaccompanied versions of their respective national anthems and "America" or "God Save the Queen." Results indicated that overall, Americans were significantly more proficient than Canadian singers. When converted to percentages, 77% of American students and 41% of Canadian students were judged as proficient when singing lyrics and melody of their own National Anthem. American students were significantly more accurate (p < .0001) in melody and lyrics when singing "America" than Canadian students who performed "God Save the Queen." Implications for practical application indicate that more emphasis should be placed on giving choir students the opportunity to sing their own national anthems, with special attention to typical lyric mistakes.
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Evren, Sevan, Andrew Yuzhong Bi, Shuchi Talwar, Andrew Yeh, and Howard Teitelbaum. "Doctors of osteopathic medicine (DO): a Canadian perspective." Canadian Medical Education Journal 5, no. 1 (December 17, 2014): e62-e64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36834/cmej.36622.
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Background: Doctors of osteopathic medicine (DO) are one of the fastest growing segments of health care professionals in the United States. Although Canada has taken significant leaps in the acknowledgment of US trained DOs, there continues to be a lack of understanding of the profession by Canadian trained physicians. In this article, we provide a brief overview of osteopathic medical education and training in the United States.Method: Current information of osteopathic training by American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM) and American Osteopathic Association (AOA) was presented. Data pertaining to Canadians enrolled in osteopathic colleges was compared with allopathic (MD) and international medical graduates (IMGs).Results: Doctors of osteopathic medicine programs provide an additional pathway for students interested in pursuing a medical education. Canadian applications to osteopathic colleges are expected to grow due to successful post-graduate US residency matching, increased difficulty of matriculating at Canadian medical schools, and a greater awareness of the profession in Canada.Conclusions: Given the increasing enrollment of Canadian students in US osteopathic medical schools, we expect that Canadian DOs will play a significant role in shaping health care in both the US and Canada.
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Glueck, William F. "American Transfer Policies : Costs and Benefits." Relations industrielles 26, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 708–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/028249ar.
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This article reviews Canadian-American business relations, describes how Canadian can be affected by transfer policies, discusses the causes, the costs and benefits of this policy and examines some policy implications for personnel administration in Canada and the United States.
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Elkins, David J. "Facing Our Destiny: Rights and Canadian Distinctiveness." Canadian Journal of Political Science 22, no. 4 (December 1989): 699–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900020217.
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AbstractThe Canadian Constitution contains several distinctive rights not found in the United States Constitution. Indeed, the collective and community-based rights Canadians take for granted are inimical to American liberal traditions. Negative rights or interpretive provisions, such as thenon obstanteclause, are unique to Canada among Western democracies. The author argues that these rights derive from the country's historical concerns with religious and linguistic communities—especially in Quebec—and that they in turn condition how politics must be conducted in Canada.
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Soderlund, Walter C. "A Comparison of Press Coverage in Canada and the United States of the 1982 and 1984 Salvadoran Elections." Canadian Journal of Political Science 23, no. 1 (March 1990): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900011628.
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AbstractThis article investigates press coverage in Canada and the United States of the 1982 and 1984 Salvadoran elections employing the concept of the “demonstration election,” which posits that some elections occur not to select governments and solve problems but rather to confer international legitimacy on the government holding the election. The press plays a vital role in creating this aura of legitimacy. There is some evidence that the American press played a legitimizing role in the elections. While the elections received twice as much coverage in the American press as they did in the Canadian press, with the exception of some differences in leader evaluation and emphasis on issues, Canadians received essentially the same media portrayal of the elections as did Americans.
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Boberg, Charles. "A Closer Look at the Short Front Vowel Shift in Canada." Journal of English Linguistics 47, no. 2 (March 24, 2019): 91–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424219831353.
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This paper examines several aspects of the “Short Front Vowel Shift” (SFVS) in Canadian English, known in most previous research as the “Canadian Vowel Shift.” It is based on acoustic analysis of a list of one hundred words produced by sixty-one Canadian and thirty-one American university students. The analysis focuses on three questions: (1) the relations among the vowels involved in the shift, including relations with vowels not traditionally considered part of the shift; (2) the behavior of individual words in each vowel category, which displays allophonic variation; and (3) the role of regional and national identity (western versus eastern Canadian, and Canadian versus American) and speaker sex in predicting the degree of participation in the shift, which is measured with a unitary quantitative index of the shift that is proposed here for the first time. The analysis finds that the short front vowels (kit, dress, and trap) lower and retract as a set, but that shifts of several back vowels (particularly foot, goat, and strut) are also correlated but not necessarily structurally connected with these; that following voiceless fricatives favor the SFVS while preceding velars disfavor it; that women are more advanced in the shift than men; that there is no regional difference within Canada in the progress of the shift; and, most surprisingly, that, once the American comparison group is restricted to those with a low-back merger, Americans are more shifted than their Canadian peers, calling into question the association of the shift with Canada in most previous research on Canadian English.
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da Silva, Larissa Clare Pochmann. "Transnational Class Actions: The Canadian Experience and the Improvement of Access to Justice in Latin America." Athens Journal of Law 8, no. 4 (September 30, 2022): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajl.8-4-1.
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This paper analyses how the Canadian experience of class actions could contribute to the improvement of access to justice in Latin American, in a scene that damages are no longer restricted to state borders. For that, the text clarifies the concept of transnational class actions and how they could improve the prevention and reparation of damages that are no longer restricted to state borders. Then, based on the Canadian experience, that are different models of class actions, proposals are made for the admissibility and enforcement of transnational class actions in Latin American context. Keywords: Transnational class actions; Latin America; Canada.
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MAPACИHOBA, E. H. "Canadian American Slavic Studies." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 38, no. 1-2 (2004): ix—32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221023904x00368.
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Kapches, Mima Brown. "Canadians and the Founding of the Society for American Archaeology (1934–1940s)." Canadian Journal of Archaeology 45, no. 1 (2021): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51270/45.1.53.
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In December of 1934 the Society for American Archaeology was officially constituted. In 1935, in an effort to grow the membership, professional archaeologists were asked to propose members who they endorsed to become affiliated with the SAA. The two professional archaeologists in Canada at that time, Diamond Jenness and William J. Wintemberg of the Dominion Museum, Ottawa, proposed names of individuals across Canada who were collectors, museum curators, and historians. A small number suggested for membership joined, but most did not. This was an interesting period in North American archaeology as professionals worked in committees to establish cultural and temporal frameworks of the archaeological past, establish excavation guidelines, and lobby against the sale of antiquities. Some Canadian avocationals who joined were positively impacted by their association with American archaeologists and their legacies continue through to today. The bottom line is that there were very few professional archaeologists in Canada following Wintemberg’s death in 1941, and that lack coupled with WWII, meant that Canadians looking for professional support and guidance looked to the south of the border. The Society for American Archaeology was important for the growth and development of Canadian archaeology during this time.
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Iacovetta, Franca. "Ninety-Second Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians." International Labor and Working-Class History 57 (April 2000): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900212787.
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From April 22–25, 1999, the Organization of American Historians held its ninety-second annual meeting in Toronto, Canada. The theme was “State and Society in North America: Processes of Social Power and Social Change.” More than seven hundred scholars were on the program, an impressive showing; and for Canadian historians, whose community is comparatively small, a source of envy. The participants were, of course, overwhelmingly American and US specialists, but many Canadian colleagues presented papers or attended, as did other international scholars, including Americanists based overseas. While most sessions were held at a downtown hotel, organizers made use of local cultural venues and historic sites. They scheduled a session on the Underground Railroad, for instance, at St. Lawrence Hall, site of the first meeting of the Colored Free Men in Canada and an antislavery lecture by Frederick Douglas.
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Heller, Henry. "Imperialist Canada, Todd Gordon, Winnipeg: Arbeiter Ring Publishing, 2011." Historical Materialism 20, no. 2 (2012): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341239.
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Abstract In the immediate postwar period, liberal internationalism was the hallmark of Canadian foreign policy. In part this position was intended to protect Canadian sovereignty from the too-close embrace of US Cold-War imperialism. But this multilateral and peacekeeping approach was partly a veneer meant to disguise the fact that Canada was of necessity a close American ally in the fight against communism. This strategy was abandoned by the Canadian state in the late 1990s in favour of a more militaristic and aggressive approach. The dependency-school of Canadian Marxist political economy that flourished from the 1970s argued that Canadian conformity with American foreign policy resulted from the fact that American economic dominance over Canada and lack of a strong national bourgeoisie made it a willing instrument of American foreign policy. Reflecting a challenge by a new school of Marxist political economy, Todd Gordon argues convincingly that Canada is an imperialist entity with its historic roots lying in the dispossession of the indigenous peoples. It is based on its strong national bourgeoisie which is flourishing under neoliberalism. But whether imperialist Canada is independent of the United States is more contestable.
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Patrick, Margie. "Political neoconservatism: A conundrum for Canadian evangelicals." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 38, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 481–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00084298090380030501.
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This essay examines the relationship between Canadian evangelicals and political neoconservatism. While some evangelicals support neoconservatism to advance a socially conservative platform, neoconservatism as it developed in Canada is unable to protect the traditional family as evangelicals desire, thereby creating a political conundrum for evangelicals. Dynamics within the evangelical community contribute to the dilemma, for key leaders espouse social and economic commitments that are not neoconservative. The conundrum also demonstrates the degree to which both Canadian neoconservatism and the Canadian “religious right” differ from their American counterparts. La relation entre les chrétiens évangéliques canadiens et le néoconservatisme politique est l’objet de cet article. Les chrétiens évangéliques appuient le néoconservatisme afin de promouvoir un programme social conservateur. Cependant, le néoconservatisme n’arrive pas à protéger la famille traditionnelle, contrairement au souhait des chrétiens évangéliques. Ce paradoxe politique est entretenu par une tension interne de la communauté évangélique, notamment par le fait que certains leaders ont des engagements socio-économiques qui ne cadrent pas avec le néoconservatisme. Ce paradoxe montre en quoi le néoconservatisme canadien et la droite religieuse canadienne diffèrent de leurs vis-à-dis états-uniens.
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McLauchlin, Theodore. "Partnerships in Military Interventions and the Canadian Public." Canadian Journal of Political Science 50, no. 3 (December 15, 2016): 773–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423916000998.
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AbstractDo Canadians’ preferences for Canada's role in the world depend on who Canada acts with and not just what Canada does? This question is particularly important in the context of overseas military intervention, which Canada never undertakes on its own. This paper presents a survey experiment measuring how support for a hypothetical peace operation changes with the leader of the mission. Missions led by the United Nations and by Canada's European allies receive more support than American-led missions do, especially among respondents who also favour peace operations for substantive reasons. The finding suggests that the UN and the European connection are alternative ways for a mission to benefit from a preference for multilateralism. While the results confirm some tension between American-led missions and internationalism, European partnerships may offer a way of reconciling an interest in alliances with the internationalist Canadian public.
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Khoroshilov, Evgeny. "Biden Administration and Canada's Economic Interests." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 3 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760017049-0.
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In the XXI century, there is a slight decline in the importance of the United States for Canada as an economic partner, but the United States remain the main external force influencing the development of the Canadian economy. Canada is interested in unhindered access of its goods to the American market, free flow of capital between the two countries, the development of North American economic integration and, most importantly, in sustainable economic growth in the United States. If the economic policy of the Joe Biden administration ensures the dynamic development of the American economy, then this will have a positive impact on the Canadian economy. At the same time, a number of provisions of Biden's economic strategy, such as raising the corporate income tax, strengthening control over mergers and acquisitions, and the "Buy American" policy, contradict Canadian economic interests. At first glance, the Biden administration's commitment to combating climate change is also negative for Canada. However, a number of Canadian stakeholders may also become beneficiaries of the new "green" course of the American economy. In general, the Canadian establishment believes that Canada’s national interests are in further integration of the US and Canadian economies. The Biden administration's tenure in the White House is unlikely to be an obstacle to this process.
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Balthazar, Louis. "Les relations canado-américaines : Nationalisme et continentalisme." Études internationales 14, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701465ar.
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This paper's objective is to bring forth some elements which confirm the following hypothesis : Canada is consigned to continentalism, namely to economic and cultural integration with the United States though this fact is shrouded in a Canadian nationalism of sorts. The continentalist mentality is rooted in the history of British North America, inhabited mostly by refugees from America who have remained inherently "Yankees" in spite of their anti-americanism. The Confederation itself is based on a sort of complicity with the United States. More recently there were talks of a "North American nationality", and continentalism both cultural and economic has come to be seen as a 'force of nature" which the governments, at the most, put into a chanelling process. Still, it is possible for Canadian nationalism to exist provided it does not go beyond the threshold whence it would run headlong into the continental mentality. Canada has defined itself through an international or non-national perspective far too long for today's nationalism not to remain weak and poorly established. But the Americans whose "manifest destiny" has succeeded in spreading over Canada without even their having tried to hoist their flag there find it to their advantage to maintain some form of Canadian sovereignty. Canada as a "friendly nation" can be of use to Washington. That is why there are almost as many advocates for Canada's independence in the United States as there are north of the border. Canadian nationalism can thus further the interests of some Canadian elites without seriously prejudicing continental integration which can very well afford not to be set up into formalized structures.
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Wright, Maria da Gloria Miotto, Catherine Caufield, Genevieve Gray, and Joanne Olson. "International research capacity-building programs for nurses to study the drug phenomenon in Latin America: challenges and perspectives." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 13, spe2 (December 2005): 1095–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692005000800002.
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The First International Research Capacity-Building Program for Nurses to Study the Drug Phenomenon in the Americas is a result of a partnership between the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) of the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Faculty of Nursing in the University of Alberta, with financial support from the Government of Canada. The program was divided into two parts. The first part of the program was held at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It involved capacity-building in research methodologies at the Faculty of Nursing, which lead to the preparation of four multi-centric research proposals for drug demand reduction in the home countries of the eleven participants in the program. The second part of the program was related to the implementation of multi-centric research proposals in seven countries in Latin America and in Canada. This program presented expertise in research methodology to members of Latin American Schools of Nursing and introduced Latin American expertise to members of a Canadian Faculty of Nursing. The International Research Capacity-Building Program for Nurses to Study the Drug Phenomenon in the Americas has fostered the kind of inter-cultural respect and mutual appreciation necessary to confront the global health problem of the abuse of both licit and illicit drugs.
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Waters, Rosanne. "African Canadian Anti-Discrimination Activism and the Transnational Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1965." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 24, no. 2 (May 15, 2014): 386–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025083ar.
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Several recent historical works have challenged interpretations of the civil rights movement in the United States as a strictly domestic story by considering its connections to anti-racist struggles around the world. Adding a Canadian dimension to this approach, this article considers linkages between African Canadian anti-discrimination activism in the 1950s and early 1960s and African American civil rights organizing. It argues that Canadian anti-discrimination activists were interested in and influenced by the American movement. They followed American civil rights campaigns, adapted relevant ideas, and leveraged the prominent American example when pressing for change in their own country. African Canadian activists and organizations also impacted the American movement through financial and moral support. This article contributes to the study of African Canadian history, Canadian human rights history, and the American civil rights movement by emphasizing the local origins of anti-discrimination activism in Canada, while also arguing that such efforts are best understood when contextualized within a broader period of intensive global anti-racist activism that transcended national borders.
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Heaman, Elsbeth. "Constructing Innocence: Representations of Sexual Violence in Upper Canada’s War of 1812." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 24, no. 2 (May 15, 2014): 114–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025076ar.
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This essay explores the way in which rape was represented in Upper Canada circa 1812. It draws upon a broadly defined Upper Canadian print culture that drew upon and reacted against wider trends, especially those prevalent in the United States. Whereas American newspapers spoke openly of sexual violence against American women during the War of 1812, Upper Canadian sources tended to suppress any such discussion, for reasons that reflect profound cultural and political differences. Americans stoked a rowdy, popular patriotism that Canadians distrusted and sought to avert. The analysis of national differences is contextualized within broader changes in the ways that rape was constructed in the press and the courts over the first half of the nineteenth century, in ways that worked to muffle women’s public voice. But the War of 1812’s most famous heroine, Laura Secord, was not silenced. Writing almost half a century later, Secord challenged discursive conventions of gender when she had her say and made herself a hero. The final section examines how Secord and her early commentators interwove literary signals of danger and respectability in their published accounts.
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Hayday, Matthew. "Brought To You by the Letters C, R, T, and C: Sesame Street and Canadian Nationalism." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 27, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 95–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1040526ar.
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The wildly popular educational program Sesame Street arrived in Canada during a key transitional period for Canadian broadcasting policy in the early 1970s. An American-made program, it was threatened with cancellation by stations seeking to meet their Canadian content (CanCon) quotas with the least possible financial cost. A heated debate that included public protests and lobbying ensued, involving the Canadian Radio-Television Commission (CRTC), the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the media, parliamentarians, parents and even children. Each group advanced their particular interests regarding the issue of Canadianizing television. Ultimately, the CBC provided a compromise solution with the Canadianization of Sesame Street, whereby a portion of the program’s segments would be replaced by Canadian-made material that aimed to provide messages about Canada for young children. This tumultuous debate and its ultimate solution reveal the ambivalent attitudes held by Canadians, private broadcasters, and even the CBC about both the CRTC’s Canadianization policies and the quantitative approaches used to meet its objectives. It also demonstrates the roles that activist groups and more established interests such as broadcasters have played in shaping Canadian broadcasting policy.
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McQuillan, D. Aidan. "Franch-Canadian Communities in the American Upper Midwest during the Nineteenth Century." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 23, no. 58 (April 12, 2005): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/021423ar.
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The pattern of nineteenth-century French-Canadian settlements in the American Midwest bore no relation to the pattern of fur-trading posts of the eighteenth century. French-Canadians of the nine-teenth century were attracted by employment opportunities along the farming, lumbering, and mining frontiers. Detroit, Chicago, and Minneapolis-St. Paul developed French-Canadian parishes which maintained links with rural communities. Survival of the French language, cultural heritage, and affiliation with the Catholic Church varied throughout the region. Americanization of French-Canadians went hand in hand with their commercial success. A French-Canadian identity survived in the poorest, marginal, rural areas of northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.
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Sepúlveda, Gabriela Aceves. "Encounters with “Latin American Art” in Canada." Latin American and Latinx Visual Culture 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/lavc.2022.4.1.122.
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This Dialogues section seeks to contribute to the scholarship on Latin American art in Canada and “Latinx Canadian art.” We aim to broaden the historical and current narratives of art and artists from Latin America north of the United States, taking into account Canada’s history of migration and its official bilingual status (French-English), multilingual and multicultural reality, and relationship with Indigenous peoples. Adding to the urgency of studying the presence of Latin American art in Canada, there is also a need to focus on the work of artists and curators with a Latin American background. They are developing languages of expression, practices, and aesthetics that no longer conform to the “Latin American art” category. It is thus essential to highlight the multiple artistic initiatives that are allowing them to gain visibility and recognition within both the local and global artistic milieus. We posit that today it is almost impossible to overlook both the historical and the ongoing presence of Latin American art and artists in Canada and the recent emergence of a vibrant, ever-expanding contemporary Latinx Canadian art scene. This section proposes six groundbreaking contributions that, from coast to coast, offer further data and analysis, case studies, and investigations into museum archives: from Vancouver to Montréal, from pre-Columbian art and material culture to contemporary art, from the Chilean diaspora of the 1970s to more recent migration waves, from curatorial strategies to the classroom.
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Thompson, Cheryl. "Black Minstrelsy on Canadian Stages: Nostalgia for Plantation Slavery in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 31, no. 1 (November 9, 2021): 67–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1083628ar.
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Blackface minstrelsy, which began in the American northeast in the 1820s and 1830s, featured White, mostly male performers, who crossed racial boundaries by mimicking African Americans with the supposedly “authentic” music, humour, and dance ostensibly common on southern plantations. By the 1860s, newly emancipated African Americans also performed on stages in blackface. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, Black actors performed out of blackface, but they were still required to perpetuate stereotypes plucked from the plantation. These troupes were led by both Black and White managers who promoted their performances as “authentic” and “nostalgic.” These elements of the black minstrel show — most prominently its supposedly “real” depictions of the American South and plantation slavery — resonated with Canadian audiences. It therefore provides another lens — outside of immigration policies and de facto Jim Crow — through which to explain the presence of anti-Black racism and xenophobia in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century Canada. By examining the content of black minstrelsy, the role its managers play in its productions, and promotion in newspapers, this article raises questions about the extent to which Canadians have been historically complicit in the denigration of Black people.
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DUFOUR, GENEVIÈVE, and PIERRE-LUC MORIN. "Buy America and Buy American: Can Canada Expect a Deal from the Biden Administration?" Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 59 (November 2022): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cyl.2022.24.
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AbstractAfter US President Joe Biden took office, some believed he would take a different path from that of his predecessor and that the Trump years were over. However, one of President Biden’s first moves was to strengthen American protectionism by heightening the United States’s “Buy America” and “Buy American” requirements. With this, the American government procurement market started to close off even more, and Canadian suppliers, in turn, grew worried. Given the United States’s international procurement commitments and the specificity of the Buy American Act and the Buy America Policy, this article explores the pathways to favourable treatment of Canadian suppliers in keeping with applicable international trade rules.
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Shuttleworth, Roger. "Computer Language Settings and Canadian Spellings." TESL Canada Journal 29, no. 1 (February 27, 2012): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v29i1.1094.
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The language settings used on personal computers interact with the spell-checker in Microsoft Word, which directly affects the flagging of spellings that are deemed incorrect. This study examined the language settings of personal computers owned by a group of Canadian university students. Of 21 computers examined, only eight had their Windows “Default Input Language” set to English (Canada); the remainder had it set to English (United States). Furthermore, only eight of the computers had the Microsoft Word “Primary Editing Language” set to English (Canada), whereas 11 had it set to English (United States). When asked to state their preferred spelling for words where the spelling differs between Canadian English and American English, a significant proportion of students preferred American spellings for some words. The study indicates that computer language settings may contribute to the increasing use of American spellings among Canadian students. The implications for ESL teaching are discussed.
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Luppold, William G. "The Canadian Connection in the North American Hardwood Lumber Export Market." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/9.3.91.
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Abstract Canada has consistently been the largest international market for U.S. hardwood lumber in both value and volume terms. Although much of the lumber shipped to Canada is used by Canadian industries, a significant amount is re-exported to Europe by Canadian brokers and wholesalers. In addition, 10 to 20% of U S. hardwood lumber exports to Europe are transshipped through Canadian ports. Most exports to Canada and transshipments through Canada exit the United States at inland points in the Northeast. This paper provides an alternative look at exports of lumber from the United States to Canada and examines the connection between Canada and U.S. exports to Europe. However, the volume of U.S. lumber and logs reprocessed in Canada and then exported is not known. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):91-93.
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Donneur, André. "La pénétration économique en Amérique latine." Études internationales 14, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701468ar.
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In 1970, Canada decided to develop its relations with Latin America, especially in the economic sector. Adhesion to the Interamerican Bank of Development and the status of observator in the Organisation of American States was a good institutional basis for increasing these relations. However, the absence of objectives on refugee and immigration questions prevented adoption of a clear policy towards Chilian and Haitian refugees. Generally Canada had met the 1970 objectives. Trade increased substantially, partly as a result of Canadian policies, but also because of the development of the main countries: Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela and the increase in oil prices. It could be more important if vigourous policies were implemented. Canada has important investments in Latin America, especially in Brazil. In percentage of total Canadian aid, aid to Latin America declined from 1970. Relations with Latin America will increase during the 1980's, but they would be more important if Canada adopted a more coherent policy.