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Journal articles on the topic 'Canadian (English) and American'
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1
Shuttleworth, Roger. "Computer Language Settings and Canadian Spellings." TESL Canada Journal 29, no. 1 (February 27, 2012): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v29i1.1094.
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The language settings used on personal computers interact with the spell-checker in Microsoft Word, which directly affects the flagging of spellings that are deemed incorrect. This study examined the language settings of personal computers owned by a group of Canadian university students. Of 21 computers examined, only eight had their Windows “Default Input Language” set to English (Canada); the remainder had it set to English (United States). Furthermore, only eight of the computers had the Microsoft Word “Primary Editing Language” set to English (Canada), whereas 11 had it set to English (United States). When asked to state their preferred spelling for words where the spelling differs between Canadian English and American English, a significant proportion of students preferred American spellings for some words. The study indicates that computer language settings may contribute to the increasing use of American spellings among Canadian students. The implications for ESL teaching are discussed.
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Heffernan, Kevin, Alison J. Borden, Alexandra C. Erath, and Julie-Lynn Yang. "Preserving Canada’s ‘honour’." Written Language and Literacy 13, no. 1 (March 4, 2010): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.13.1.01hef.
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Recent studies of orthographic variation have demonstrated that ideology plays a central role in determining which spelling variants are adopted by a community. This study examines the role of ideology in diachronic changes in spelling variant usage in Canadian English. Previous research has shown that patriotic Canadians are opposed to American spelling variants. We hypothesized that American spelling variant usage decreased during periods in which the United States was viewed negatively in Canada, such as the Vietnam War era. Furthermore, we also hypothesized that trends set during periods of anti-American sentiment have resulted in an overall decrease in American spelling variant usage in Canada over the last century. We gathered over 30,000 tokens of spelling variants spanning a period of approximately 100 years. Our results corroborate the first hypothesis but reject the second hypothesis, leading to a complex view of the role of ideology in diachronic change in Canadian English.
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Dollinger, Stefan. "The Modal Auxiliaries have to and must in the Corpus of Early Ontario English: Gradient Change and Colonial Lag." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 51, no. 2-3 (November 2006): 287–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100004114.
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AbstractThe notion ‘drift’ plays an important role in the development of the modals have to and must in early Canadian English in relation to British and American English during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Have to is first found in texts that reflect informal usage, and for the period in question (1750–1849), have to is only attested with deontic readings; the data suggest that its rise was not exclusively conditioned by the defective paradigm of must. Must maintains its epistemic function in relation to its Late Modern English competitors. In early Canadian English, changes progress gradually, with individual variables following different directions. Canadian English epistemic must lags behind, while deontic have to has spread more quickly in North America, with Canadian English more progressive than British English varieties, but less so than American English. Within a more general drift towards have to, Canadian English shows independent development in successive periods.
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Boberg, Charles. "Foreign (a) in North American English: Variation and Change in Loan Phonology." Journal of English Linguistics 48, no. 1 (January 11, 2020): 31–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424219896397.
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Previous research has shown that Canadian English displays a unique pattern of nativizing the stressed vowel of foreign words spelled with the letter <a>, like lava, pasta, and spa, known as foreign (a), with more use of /æ/ (the trap vowel) and less use of /ah/ (the palm vowel) than American English. This paper analyzes one hundred examples of foreign (a), produced by sixty-one Canadian and thirty-one American English-speakers, in order to shed more light on this pattern and its current development. Acoustic analysis is used to determine whether each participant assigns each vowel to English /æ/, /ah/, or an intermediate category between /æ/ and /ah/. It reports that the Canadian pattern, though still distinct, is converging with the American pattern, in that Canadians now use slightly more /ah/ than /æ/; that men appear to lead this change but this is because they participate less than women do in the Short Front (Canadian) Vowel Shift; that intermediate vowel assignments are comparatively rare, suggesting that a new low-central vowel phoneme is not emerging; that the Canadian tendency toward American pronunciation is not well aligned with overt attitudes toward the United States and American English; and that the national differences in foreign (a) assignment result not from structural, phonological differences between the dialects so much as from a complex set of sociocultural factors.
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Beach, Richard, and George Sherman. "Rethinking Canada: Canadian Studies and Study Abroad." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 6, no. 1 (December 15, 2000): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v6i1.79.
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Americans have been studying “abroad” in Canada on a freelance basis for generations, and for many different reasons. Certain regions of Canada, for example, provide excellent, close-to-home opportunities to study French and/or to study in a French-speaking environment. Opportunities are available coast-to-coast for “foreign studies” in an English-speaking environment. Additionally, many students are interested in visiting cities or areas from which immediate family members or relatives emigrated to the United States.
Traditionally, many more Canadians have sought higher education degrees in the United States than the reverse. However, this is about to change. Tearing a creative page out of the American university admissions handbook, Canadian universities are aggressively recruiting in the United States with the up-front argument that a Canadian education is less expensive, and a more subtle argument that it is perhaps better.
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Gibbins, Roger, and Neil Nevitte. "Canadian Political Ideology: A Comparative Analysis." Canadian Journal of Political Science 18, no. 3 (September 1985): 577–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900032467.
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AbstractThis article explores contemporary political ideologies in English Canada, francophone Quebec and the United States using cross-national attitudinal survey data. Drawing central hypotheses from the qualitative Canadian-American political culture literature, the analysis focusses on three dimensions of political ideology—ideological polarization, the issue content of the respective lefts and rights, and ideological coherence. Evidence of distinctive national “lefts,” together with fundamental similarities in the English-Canadian and American ideological “rights” and important differences in the ideological structures of the three political cultures, call into question some conventional generalizations found in the nonquantitative literature.
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Pavlovych, Andrii. "AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH AND CANADIAN ENGLISH AS TWO EXAMPLES OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 9(77) (January 30, 2020): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-276-279.
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The article is devoted to the development of English in Australia and Canada. The analysis of historical, social and political prerequisites of formation of English in Australia and Canada has been conducted. The influence of extralinguistic factors on the development of English in the abovementioned countries, the universalization of vocabulary, grammar and phonetic structure of the language is described. The geographical location and lifestyle of Indigenous people and migrants had a significant impact on the development of Australian English. Concerning Canadian English, it should be mentioned that Canada is a bilingual country and French, and French, as well as American and British English, had a considerable influence on the development of language in this country.
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Boberg, Charles. "A Closer Look at the Short Front Vowel Shift in Canada." Journal of English Linguistics 47, no. 2 (March 24, 2019): 91–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424219831353.
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This paper examines several aspects of the “Short Front Vowel Shift” (SFVS) in Canadian English, known in most previous research as the “Canadian Vowel Shift.” It is based on acoustic analysis of a list of one hundred words produced by sixty-one Canadian and thirty-one American university students. The analysis focuses on three questions: (1) the relations among the vowels involved in the shift, including relations with vowels not traditionally considered part of the shift; (2) the behavior of individual words in each vowel category, which displays allophonic variation; and (3) the role of regional and national identity (western versus eastern Canadian, and Canadian versus American) and speaker sex in predicting the degree of participation in the shift, which is measured with a unitary quantitative index of the shift that is proposed here for the first time. The analysis finds that the short front vowels (kit, dress, and trap) lower and retract as a set, but that shifts of several back vowels (particularly foot, goat, and strut) are also correlated but not necessarily structurally connected with these; that following voiceless fricatives favor the SFVS while preceding velars disfavor it; that women are more advanced in the shift than men; that there is no regional difference within Canada in the progress of the shift; and, most surprisingly, that, once the American comparison group is restricted to those with a low-back merger, Americans are more shifted than their Canadian peers, calling into question the association of the shift with Canada in most previous research on Canadian English.
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Nylvek, Judith A. "Is Canadian English in Saskatchewan Becoming More American?" American Speech 67, no. 3 (1992): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/455564.
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Reeve, William C. "Büchner's Woyzeck on the English-Canadian Stage." Theatre Research in Canada 8, no. 2 (September 1987): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/tric.8.2.169.
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This article examines the various English-Canadian productions and adaptations of Georg Büchner's incomplete drama Woyzeck , beginning with George Luscombe's North-American premiere in 1963 and ending with Will H. Rockett's recent version (April 1987). In addition an attempt is made to put these stagings into the broader context of the European theatre.
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Rasmussen, Lisa. "Selected linguistic problems in indexing within the Canadian context." Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing 18, no. 2 (October 1, 1992): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.1992.18.2.7.
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Study of the problems inherent in indexing within a Canadian context. Takes into account the linguistic characteristics of Canadian English (the divided usage between British and American spelling and vocabulary; the literary warrant of words of Canadian origin) and of Canadian French (the frequency of vocabular, morphological, and semantic anglicisms, the differences in vocabulary between standard and Canadian French) and the problems involved in bilingual indexing because of the trend in the English language towards nominalization.
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Boberg, Charles. "The emergence of a new phoneme: Foreign (a) in Canadian English." Language Variation and Change 21, no. 3 (October 2009): 355–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394509990172.
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AbstractThe nativization or phonological adaptation of words transferred from other languages can have structural-phonological consequences for the recipient language. In English, nativization of words in which the stressed vowel is spelled with the letter <a>, here called “foreign (a)” words, leads to variable outcomes, because English <a> represents not one but three phonemes. The most common outcomes historically have been /ey/ (as inpotato), /æ/ (tobacco), and /ah/ (spa), but vowel choice shows diachronic, social, and regional variation, including systematic differences between major national dialects. British English uses /ah/ for long vowels and /æ/ elsewhere, American English prefers /ah/ everywhere, whereas Canadian English traditionally prefers /æ/. The Canadian pattern is now changing, with younger speakers adopting American /ah/-variants. This article presents new data on foreign (a) in Canadian English, confirming the use of /ah/ among younger speakers, but finds that some outcomes cannot be classified as either /æ/ or /ah/. A third, phonetically intermediate outcome is often observed. Acoustic analysis confirms the extraphonemic status of these outcomes, which may constitute a new low-central vowel phoneme in Canadian English.
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Newmark, Kalina, Nacole Walker, and James Stanford. "‘The rez accent knows no borders’: Native American ethnic identity expressed through English prosody." Language in Society 45, no. 5 (September 9, 2016): 633–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404516000592.
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AbstractIn many Native American and Canadian First Nations communities, indigenous languages are important for the linguistic construction of ethnic identity. But because many younger speakers have limited access to their heritage languages, English may have an even more important role in identity construction than Native languages do. Prior literature shows distinctive local English features in particular tribes. Our study builds on this knowledge but takes a wider perspective: We hypothesize that certain features are shared across much larger distances, particularly prosody. Native cultural insiders (the first two co-authors) had a central role in this project. Our recordings of seventy-five speakers in three deliberately diverse locations (Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, North/South Dakota; Northwest Territories, Canada; and diverse tribes represented at Dartmouth College) show that speakers are heteroglossically performing prosodic features to index Native ethnic identity. They have taken a ‘foreign’ language (English) and enregistered these prosodic features, creatively producing and reproducing a shared ethnic identity across great distances. (Native Americans, prosody, ethnicity, ethnic identity, English, dialects)*
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Tagliamonte, Sali A., and Alexandra D'Arcy. "The modals of obligation/necessity in Canadian perspective." English World-Wide 28, no. 1 (March 23, 2007): 47–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.28.1.04tag.
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The modal verbs of English have been undergoing change since the Late Old English and Early Middle English periods. Recent research suggests dramatic recent developments, particularly in American English. In this paper, we focus on the encoding of obligation/necessity, which involves the layering of must, have (got) to, got to, and need to. Building on a longitudinal research program on (spoken) English dialect corpora, the present investigation examines data from a 1.5 million word corpus of the indigenous population of Toronto, Canada, the country’s largest urban centre. Variation analysis reveals that the system of obligation/necessity in this community has undergone nearly complete specialization to have to. Moreover, a comparison of these results with earlier studies suggests that the underlying system is organized differently than elsewhere. We argue that while change is sensitive to the social evaluation of forms, internal (grammatical) constraints may differ across major varieties. Canadian English appears to be on the forefront of change.
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SHEVCHENKO, TATIANA. "ENGLISH WORD STRESS IN LONG-TERM LANGUAGE CONTACT." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 2 (2021): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2021_7_2_160_168.
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The paper summarizes the results of recent studies concerned with English accentual patterns dynamics in polysyllabic words, based on English and French language contact. Canadian English reflects the present-day situation of language contact. Intersection of a variety of tendencies is observed which are due to accentual assimilation in lexicon of Romance origin borrowed from French. The recessive and the rhythmical are the major ones in the historical perspective. The data collected in dictionaries are further supplied with sociocultural comments based on corpus and opinion survey cognitive analyses. The presence of rhythmical stress was discovered in British, American and Canadian Englishes with the growing tendency in compound words due to disappearing of the pattern with two equal stresses. The tendency is most vivid in bilingual speakers from the Province of Quebec who accentuate word-final syllable.
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Curtis, Bruce. "State of the Nation or Community of Spirit? Schooling for Civic and Ethnic-Religious Nationalism in Insurrectionary Canada." History of Education Quarterly 43, no. 3 (2003): 325–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2003.tb00125.x.
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This article focuses on the two leading projects in the educational “struggle for the hearts and minds” of the people in the British North American colony of Lower Canada (currently the southern portion of the Canadian Province of Quebec) in the wake of the insurrectionary struggles and armed border incursions of 1837–38. (See Figure 1.) English Radicals and Whigs, with some Canadian allies, promoted a broad-ranging reconstruction of colonial government and legal and cultural institutions. The educational component of their project centered on the “nationalization” of the French- and English-speaking populations through the attendance of young people in common schools, where they would be instructed in a nonsectarian civil religion later known as “our Common Christianity.” The cooperative management of such schools by adult male property holders would train men in the operations of local representative self-government. Most of those involved in promoting this project for a new form of community understood it to be aimed at the assimilation of French Canadians to a broadly “British” nationality.
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Boberg, Charles. "The Dialect Topography of Montreal." English World-Wide 25, no. 2 (December 22, 2004): 171–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.25.2.02bob.
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A new survey of variation and change in Canadian English, called Dialect Topography, has been extended from Southern Ontario, where it was conceived and originally implemented, to Montreal. In the tradition of earlier questionnaires investigating Canadian English, the new data contribute to our knowledge of Canadian English at several levels of structure, including phonology, morpho-syntax, and lexicon. In this paper, the Montreal data are compared to those from the Toronto region and to earlier studies of Quebec English, in order to examine differences between the varieties of English spoken in Canada's two largest cities from a diachronic perspective. Contrary to the conclusion of an earlier study, variables involving a contrast between British and American forms show similar frequencies in both cities. The data on these variables also show the frequency of American forms in Montreal speech to be increasing over time. Another set of variables displays wide discrepancies between the two regions. Some of the differences are explained in terms of settlement history and language contact; others are not so easily explained and are presented as a challenge for future research.
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Davies, Alan. "ASSESSING WORLD ENGLISHES." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 29 (March 2009): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190509090072.
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English worldwide may be viewed in terms of spread and of diffusion. Spread refers to the use in different global contexts, such as publishing and examinations, of Standard British or American English. Diffusion describes the emergence of local varieties of English in, for example, India or Singapore, comparable to the earlier emergence of Australian English, Canadian English, and so on. In nonformal settings, interlocutors make use of their own local variety of English, their World Englishes (WEs). In formal settings, notably in English language assessment, it seems that the norm appealed to is still that of Standard British or American English. Since English as a lingua franca (ELF) appears to make use only of the spoken medium, there is less of a demand for an ELF written norm. At present what seems to hold back the use of local WEs norms in formal assessment is less the hegemony of Western postcolonial and economic power and more the uncertainty of local stakeholders.
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Peters, Pam, and Margery Fee. "New configurations: The balance of British and American English features in Australian and Canadian English∗." Australian Journal of Linguistics 9, no. 1 (June 1989): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268608908599414.
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Eagles, Paul F. J., and Hector Ceballos-Lascurain. "Bias in American Ornithologists' Union Bird Names." Canadian Field-Naturalist 123, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v123i3.980.
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Ornithology has developed bodies to make collective decisions on the taxonomy, scientific names, and common names of birds. This tradition within ornithology assists with communication and reduces confusion. For North and Central America, a committee of the American Ornithologists' Union standardizes the taxonomy and nomenclature of all the birds that naturally occur within that area. This paper makes the point that this activity has been dominated by members from the United States, with insufficient attention paid to the appropriate use of the term "American" or to the concerns of citizens of countries other than the USA. As a result, the term "American" is used inappropriately as a synonym for North American in a geographic distribution sense. In addition, the terms "Canadian" and "Mexican" are used very sparingly or not at all in the English common name for species that occur in those countries. Suggestions are made with regards to the membership of the nomenclature committee and for remedying this problem with English common names.
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Deshors, Sandra C., and Sandra Götz. "Common ground across globalized English varieties: A multivariate exploration of mental predicates in World Englishes." Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 16, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2016-0052.
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AbstractThis study tests for similarities and differences in the uses of near-synonymous mental predicates by speakers of different ENL and ESL speech communities to capture whether, and if so to what degree, speakers of different first and second language English varieties use the four near-synonymous predicates semantically differently. Specifically, we focus on I believe, I think, I suppose and I guess in eight native and second-language varieties of English (i.e. American, British, Canadian, Irish, Hong Kong, Indian, Singapore and New Zealand). We adopt a multivariate modeling approach to analyze mental predicates annotated for six semantic variables (verifiability, epistemic mode, epistemic class, epistemic type, evaluation and negotiability) as well as genre. Our findings show the usefulness of exploring Englishes through the lens of semantic structure. Although, on the surface, two groups of English varieties emerge with different preferential patterns of predicates (British, Indian, Irish and Singapore vs. Canadian, Hong Kong and American), at a more abstract level, those predicates share similar semantic combinatory patterns common to all varieties in focus. It emerges that modeling the development of Englishes based on theoretical frameworks that account for simultaneous development of generic (i.e. common to all Englishes) and specialized (i.e. specific to individual Englishes) linguistic patterns may be beneficial. At a time when English has become a worldwide language shaped by globalization, the present study adds to the discussion on the developmental pathways that characterize the evolution of non-native Englishes in the twenty-first century.
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Hagiwara, Robert. "Vowel Production in Winnipeg." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 51, no. 2-3 (November 2006): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100004023.
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AbstractGeneral properties of the Canadian English vowel space are derived from an experimental-acoustic study of vowel production underway in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Comparing the preliminary Winnipeg results with similar data from General American English confirms previously described generalizations for Canadian English: the merger of low-back vowels, the relative retraction of /æ/, and the relative advancement of /u/ and /Ʊ/. However, a similar comparison of the Winnipeg sample with comparable Southern California data disputes the accuracy of the claim that Canadian Shift (Clarke et al. 1995) is a feature of ‘general’ Canadian and Californian English. An acoustic analysis uncovers subtle phonetic distinctions that make possible a more precise characterization of Canadian Raising: rather than only adjusting the height of the nucleus, Winnipeg speakers produce a directional shift in both the nucleus and offglide of the diphthongs /aɪ, aƱ/; this process applies to all three diphthongs (including /oɪ/).
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Clarke, Sandra, Ford Elms, and Amani Youssef. "The third dialect of English: Some Canadian evidence." Language Variation and Change 7, no. 2 (July 1995): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000995.
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ABSTRACTWhereas Labov (1991) made a case for the existence of three major dialects of English, this article offers Canadian evience that runs counter to the idea of a relatively homogeneous North American third dialect area in which vowel systems remain fairly stable. It shows that the lax vowels of Canadian English are undergoing a substantial shift, the pivot for which is suggested to be vowel merger in theCot/Caughtsets. This shift is to some degree conditioned by the voicing properties and the manner of articulation of a following consonant; gender differences prove significant as well. The article also examines back vowel fronting in Candian English and its relationship to the shift affecting the front lax vowels, as well as to the general principles of vowel chain shifting articulated by Labov (1994). The Canadian Shift raises the issue of internal versus external motivation of vowel change; in addition, it brings, macrosociolinguistic evidence to bear on the purely microsociolinguistic interpretation of similar patterns of vowel shifting as symbols of local group identity (Eckert, 1991b).
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Kealey, Gregory S. "Presidential Address: The Empire Strikes Back: The Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Canadian Secret Service." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 10, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030505ar.
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Abstract While the history of the RCMP security service is becoming better known, study of its nineteenth-century predecessors is just beginning. From experiments with a rural police force established in Lower Canada in the aftermath of the 1837 Rebellions, the United Provinces of Canada created two secret police forces in 1864 to protect the border from American invasion. With the end of the Civil War, these forces turned to protecting the Canadas from Fenian activities. The Dominion Police, established in 1868, provided a permanent home for the secret service. The NWMP followed in 1873. Unlike the English, whose Victorian liberalism was suspicious of political and secret police, Canadians appear to have been much more accepting of such organisations and did not challenge John A. Macdonald's creation or control of a secret police. Republicanism, whether in the guise of Quebec, Irish or American nationalism, was seen as antithetical to the new nation of Canada, and a secret police was deemed necessary to protect the nation against it.
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Poplack, Shana, and Sali Tagliamonte. "African American English in the diaspora: Evidence from old-line Nova Scotians." Language Variation and Change 3, no. 3 (October 1991): 301–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000594.
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ABSTRACTIn this article, we describe a new research project on African Nova Scotian English (ANSE), a variety spoken by descendants of African American slaves who immigrated to Nova Scotia in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Subsequent segregation from surrounding populations has created a situation favoring retention of the vernacular, in conjunction with Standard English. In addition to providing the first systematic linguistic documentation of ANSE, we detail the characteristics of the Canadian scenario that make it an ideal test of the creole-origins and divergence hypotheses: in particular, that, more clearly than other African American English varieties that evolved independently in the diaspora, the Canadian situation has featured no creole influence. This fact can effectively date the occurrence of any creole-like features in contemporary ANSE (and, by extension, other varieties of African American Vernacular English [AAVE]) to (at least) the late 18th century, an important time-depth characterization. We then present the results of a series of quantitative analyses of linguistically diagnostic features and compare them to those obtained for (1) another transplanted variety of African American English (Samaná English) and (2) a prototype variety (the Ex-slave Recordings), and note the striking similarities among them. The results militate in favor of a genetic relationship among ANSE and its counterparts as a common precursor of contemporary varieties, thereby providing the first methodologically consistent cross-linguistic comparison of three distinct vestiges of “early” African American English, and contributing missing links in the history and development of AAVE.
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McGowan, Mark G. "The De-Greening of the Irish : Toronto’s Irish‑Catholic Press, Imperialism, and the Forging of a New Identity, 1887-1914." Historical Papers 24, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 118–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030999ar.
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Abstract Traditionally Canadian and American historians have assumed thai Irish Catholics in urban centres constituted highly resistant subcultures in the face of a dominantProtestant majority. In Canada, scholars have stated that these Irish-Catholic subcultures kept themselves isolated, socially and religiously, from the Anglo- Protestant society around them. Between 1890 and 1918, however, the Irish Catholics of Toronto underwent significant social, ideological, and economic changes that hastened their integration into Toronto society. By World War One, Irish Catholics were dispersed in all of Toronto's neighbourhoods; they permeated the city's occupational structure at all levels; and they intermarried with Protestants at an unprecedented rate. These changes were greatly influenced by Canadian-born generations of Irish-Catholic clergy and laity. This paper argues that these social, ideological, and emotional realignments were confirmed and articulated most clearly in the city's Catholic press. Editors drew up new lines of loyally for Catholics and embraced the notion of an autonomous Canadian nation within the British Empire. What developed was a sense of English-speaking Catholic Canadian identity which included a love of the British Crown, allegiance to the Empire, and a duty to participate in Canadian nation-building. In the process, a sense of Irish identity declined as new generations of Catholics chose to contextualize their Catholicism in a Canadian cultural milieu. The press expressed a variant of the imperial-nationalist theme, which blended devout Catholicism with a theory of imperial “interdependence.” This maturation of a new identity facilitated Catholic participation in the First World War and underscored an English-speaking Catholic effort to evangelize and anglicize “new” Catholic Canadians. By the end of the war, Toronto's Irish Catholics were imbued with zealous Canadian patriotism, complemented, in part, by their greater social integration into the city's mainstream.
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Trudgill, Peter, and Elizabeth Gordon. "Predicting the past." English World-Wide 27, no. 3 (October 12, 2006): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.27.3.02tru.
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The division of the world’s Englishes into rhotic and non-rhotic types is clearly due to the fact that the former are conservative in not having undergone loss of non-prevocalic /r/, whereas the latter have. The beginnings of the loss of non-prevocalic /r/ in English have generally been dated by historians of the language to the 18th century. It is therefore obvious, and has been widely accepted, that Irish English, Canadian English, and American English are predominantly rhotic because the English language was exported to these colonial areas before the loss of rhoticity in England began; and that the Southern Hemisphere Englishes are non-rhotic because English was exported to these areas in the 19th century after the loss of rhoticity. Analysing newly-discovered data from Australia, we present some surprising evidence that shows that this obvious conclusion is incorrect.
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Grabb, Edward G., and James E. Curtis. "English Canadian-American Differences in Orientation toward Social Control and Individual Rights." Sociological Focus 21, no. 2 (April 1991): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380237.1988.10570973.
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De Wolf, Gaelan Dodds. "On phonological variability in Canadian English in Ottawa and Vancouver." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 18, no. 2 (December 1988): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100300003728.
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A uniform dialect of Canadian English (CE) encompasses a wider territory than that of any other regional variety (Priestley (1951); Woods (1979); cf. Scargill and Warkentyne (1972) for suggested subdivisions; cf. also Bernard (1969) versus Horvath (1985) for the scope of Australian English, another widespread variety). This is a result of converging influences in Canada of varieties of British English and of Northern and Midland American (von Baeyer 1977; Woods 1979). The components of CE are a distinctive body of lexical items marked foremost by compounding, with many borrowings from French and the native Indian languages (Avis 1973; Harris 1975; Gregg 1979), certain minor syntactic features along with the stereotypical use of ‘eh’ (Avis 1978; Bailey 1982; Chambers 1986), and a ‘General’ Canadian accent, recognized as urban and educated, spreading westward from Ontario to the Pacific, and affecting even eastern Maritime speech (Gregg 1984a; Avis 1986; cf. Kinloch 1983). Within this broad framework (Avis 1973, 1986; Gregg 1984a), however, certain social and regional distinctions appear when phonological variability is considered within the Labovian model of sociological co-variation (e.g. Labov 1966, 1972; Trudgill 1974; Milroy 1987). A comparison of phonological items from two recent and concurrent sociodialectal surveys, one in eastern Canada for Ottawa (Woods 1979) and the other on the Pacific Coast for Vancouver (Gregg 1984b), reveals certain points of phonetic divergence socially and regionally, together with differential rates of sound change (de Wolf 1988).
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Meren, David. "“Plus que jamais nécessaires”: Cultural Relations, Nationalism and the State in the Canada-Québec-France Triangle, 1945–19601." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 19, no. 1 (May 28, 2009): 279–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/037435ar.
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Abstract Charles de Gaulle’s cry of “Vive le Québec libre!” during his 1967 visit to Montreal was the product of the convergence of Canadian, Quebecois and Gaullist nationalist reactions to preponderant US influence and globalization’s rise after 1945. The dynamic was especially pronounced in the cultural sphere. Consistent with the trend towards increased transnational exchanges, cultural relations grew in the Canada-Quebec-France triangle in the fifteen years after the Second World War. Quebec neo-nationalism’s rise was accompanied by a greater appreciation of France as an ally as Quebec strove to preserve its francophone identity. Such preoccupations corresponded to French apprehensions about the ramifications on France at home and abroad of American cultural ‘imperialism.’ In addition to nationalist concerns in France and Quebec, English Canadian nationalists were preoccupied with American influences on the Canadian identity. If these three interacting nationalist reactions shared a preoccupation about American cultural power and Americanization that encouraged a growing state involvement in culture and promoted greater exchanges, the differences between them also helped set the stage for the tempestuous triangular relationship of the 1960s.
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Hollett, Pauline. "Investigating St. John’s English: Real- and Apparent-time Perspectives." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 51, no. 2-3 (November 2006): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100004035.
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AbstractThe Canadian English vowel system is undergoing a shift, and the dialect of English spoken in St John’s, Newfoundland—which for demographic and geographic reasons has remained autonomous from North American varieties—is being affected by this change. Incorporating both real-time and apparent-time data, the findings show a process of communal and generational change. The front lax vowel lowering and/or retraction that characterize Canadian Shift appear to be active in St. John’s English. Consistent with the late adoption model of language change, older speakers show ongoing changes from their early 20s through to middle age. Moreover, the older female cohort seems to lead in the adoption of supralocal Canadian English forms, and this both in apparent time and in real time. This challenges the idea that younger generations are the sole or primary locus of language change. While innovative forms are typically associated with younger speakers, this study shows that they can also be adopted, accelerated, and advanced by older speakers.
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Phillips, Jim. "Judicial Independence in British North America, 1825–67: Constitutional Principles, Colonial Finances, and the Perils of Democracy." Law and History Review 34, no. 3 (May 23, 2016): 689–742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248016000171.
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It is well known that “formal” judicial independence—appointment on good behavior rather than at pleasure—was established in Britain with the 1701 Act of Settlement, and, like many other aspects of the English constitution, not exported to the colonies of either the First or the Second Empire. Its absence formed one of the allegations against the crown in the American Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the New Republic accordingly included a federal judicial independence provision. British imperial policy in North America after the Revolution regarding judges continued as before, so that formal judicial independence was not established until 1834, and then only in Upper Canada (now Ontario). In the other three principal British North American colonies this was later still. What is now Quebec (Lower Canada) received good behavior appointments in 1843, and Nova Scotia in 1848. In the other colonies that joined the Canadian Confederation in 1867 (New Brunswick) or within a few years afterwards (British Columbia, Manitoba, and Prince Edward Island), good behavior appointments were introduced for the first time only when the colony joined Confederation.
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Forbes, H. D. "Hartz-Horowitz at Twenty: Nationalism, Toryism and Socialism in Canada and the United States." Canadian Journal of Political Science 20, no. 2 (June 1987): 287–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900049453.
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AbstractTwenty years’ debate have revealed many weaknesses in the Hartz-Horowitz interpretation of conservatism, liberalism, and socialism in Canada, but it continues to be widely taught, for it provides a simple and appealing explanation for some striking differences between Canadian and American politics. This article argues that the interpretation is best understood as a form of neo-Marxism, that its basic weaknesses are most easily seen by examining its treatment of French Canada, and that its explanation for the exceptional strength of socialism in English Canada, linking socialism to toryism, can be strengthened by linking both socialism and toryism to nationalism.
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Dwyer, Melva J. "Art book publishing in Canada." Art Libraries Journal 17, no. 3 (1992): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030747220000794x.
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Canadian publishing was inhibited from the beginning by Canada’s colonial origins and dependence on Great Britain and the USA. Few art books were published until quite recently; the relatively small, scattered population, the flooding of the market with British, American and (in Quebec) French books, and limited (at best) or non-existent sales outside Canada continue to be constraining factors. The necessity to include both English and French texts adds to the cost of book production in Canada. The publication of art books, and of exhibition catalogues, depends on the availability of government grants. Publications on the art of the North American Indian and Inuit peoples are an exception, attracting widespread interest and leading in some instances to co-publishing initiatives. In addition to the larger publishing houses, a number of small presses produce occasional art books, thanks to grants and in a few cases with the added benefit of sales abroad achieved through international networking. A government programme of support for Canadian publishing, launched in 1986, is continuing.
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Bakker, Peter. "Relexification in Canada: The Case of Métif (French-Cree)." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 34, no. 3 (September 1989): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100013505.
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Métif is a language spoken in the Canadian prairie provinces and the American prairie states bordering Canada. There are probably between 3000 and 5000 people who speak Métif as their first language, most of them of advanced age. They are living mostly in scattered Métis settlements. The Métis are a nation of mixed Amerindian and European descent. From the 17th century on French Canadian fur traders and voyageurs travelled west-wards from French Canada. Many of them married Amerindian women, who were often Cree speaking. Around 1860 the Métis were the largest population group of the Canadian West, many of them multilinguals. From the first decades of the 19th century the Métis started to consider themselves as a separate ethnic group, neither European nor Amerindian (see e.g., Peterson and Brown 1985). The Métis are still a distinct people. The Métis nowadays often speak Cree, Ojibwa, Métif, French and English or a combination of these. They often speak particular varieties of these languages. Not only is the French spoken by the Métis markedly different from other North American French dialects the language called Métif is uniquely spoken among the Métis people. For more information on Métif and Métis languages, see the publications listed in Bakker (1989).
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Nickolayeva, Iryna. "NATIONAL AND CULTURAL PECULIARITIES OF PHONETICS IN THE AMERICAN ENGLISH." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 9(77) (January 30, 2020): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-16-18.
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The article shows the establishment of the territorial norms on the level of phonetics in the American English. It analyses their national and cultural peculiarities. The studied and presented material shows that the phonetic characteristics of the American national version of the English language have their own territorial national and cultural characteristics. The article deals with the issue of phonetic peculiarities of the dialectic language as an ideal of the signs of the territorial jurisdiction of native speakers in terms of interpersonal communication. The main causes of regional dialects are analyzed. Separately, it is noted that the phonetic characteristics of the American national version of English in the South-West of the United States have their own regional identity. It is underlined that distinctive phonetic features of the English language in the United States include not only dialect phenomena, but they are also characteristic of the literary language. The assessment of the same linguistic facts from the point of view of American and British norms is indicative in this respect. In this article, it is discussed in detail the phonetic features of American English compared to British, officially recognized in the world community the main. The American version is of the greatest interest in comparison with Canadian, Australian and New Zealand English, because, for various reasons, it has undergone a large number of changes in all aspects of the language, including phonetic. The article emphasizes that the United States is developing its own territorial phonetic norms.
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Tsebrovskaya, T. A. "THE METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH OF THE DEROGATORY-MARKED ETHNONYMS IN MODERN ENGLISH." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 2 (July 8, 2016): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2016-2-216-222.
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The paper describes the methods used for the structural-semantic and ethnolinguistic analysis of the derogatorymarked ethnonyms of modern English, particularly American, British, Canadian, Australian and New Zealand English. The proposed research methodology is based on the socio-cultural, structural-semantic and ethnolinguistic aspects of the study of language units based on the analysis of theoretical works of Russian and foreign scientists, as well as lexicographical sources.
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Hershey, David R. "TEN NOTABLE WOMEN HORTICULTURISTS IN THE HISTORY OF HORTICULTURE." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1115a—1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1115a.
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There are many notable women horticulturists who deserve greater recognition in college horticultural curricula. Ten notable women in horticultural history, listed alphabetically, are,Jenny Butchart (1868-1950) - Created Butchart Gardens.Beatrix Farrand (1872-1959) - American landscape gardener, famous for Dumbarton Oaks and many other landscapes.Annie Jack (1839-1912) - Canadian horticultural author.Gertrude Jekyll (1843-1932) - English landscape gardener.Martha Logan (1702/04-1779) - Pioneer nurseryman.Jane Loudon (1807-1858) - English horticultural author.Isabella Preston (1881-1965) - Canadian plant breeder.Theodosia Burr Shepherd (1845-1906)- Pioneer California flower seed grower/breeder and retail florist.Harriet Williams Russell Strong (1844-1926) - Pioneer in irrigation and in the California walnut industry.Cynthia Westcott (1898-1983) - The plant doctor.
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Lawson, Philip. "‘The Irishman's Prize’: Views of Canada from the British Press, 1760–1774." Historical Journal 28, no. 3 (September 1985): 575–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00003319.
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This was how the Public Advertiser greeted the passage of the Quebec Act through parliament in June 1774. It was a remarkable transformation from the ecstasy evident in newspaper reports that greeted the fall of New France in 1760. As early as November 1759 the city of Nottingham singled out the North American campaign as the glorious core of British strategy. Its loyal address congratulated the king ‘particularly upon the defeat of the French army in Canada, and the taking of Quebec; an acquisition not less honourable to your majesty's forces, than destructive of the trade and commerce and power of France in North America’. What occurred in those fourteen years to produce such a stark revision of views on the conquest of New France? The answer can be found partly by surveying the English press for this period. During these years, treatment of Canadian issues in the press displayed quite distinct characteristics that revealed a whole range of attitudes and opinions on the place Canada held in the future of the North American empire. No consensus on this issue ever existed. Debate on Canada mirrored a wider discussion on the future of the polyglot empire acquired at the end of the Seven Years War in 1763. In ranged from the enthusiasm of officials at Westminster to spokesmen of a strain in English thinking that challenged the whole thrust of imperial policy to date.
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Wagner, Suzanne Evans, Ashley Hesson, Kali Bybel, and Heidi Little. "Quantifying the referential function of general extenders in North American English." Language in Society 44, no. 5 (October 15, 2015): 705–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404515000603.
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AbstractDiscourse markers (like, I don't know, etc.) are known to vary in frequency across English dialects and speech settings. It is difficult to make meaningful generalizations over these differences, since quantitative discourse-pragmatic variation studies ‘lack [a] coherent set of methodological principles’ (Pichler 2010:582). This has often constrained quantitative studies to focus on the form, rather than the function of discourse-pragmatic features. The current article employs a novel method for rigorously identifying and quantifying the referential function (set-extension) of general extenders (GEs), for example, and stuff like that, or whatever. We apply this method to GEs extracted from three corpora of contemporary North American English speech. The results demonstrate that, across varieties, (i) referential GEs occur at a comparable proportional rate in vernacular speech, and (ii) referential GEs are longer than nonreferential GEs. Collectively, these findings represent a step towards comparative quantitative studies of GEs' functions in discourse. (Discourse-pragmatic variation, general extenders, methodological approaches, American English, Canadian English)
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Sullivan, Lisa. "The production and perception of prevelar/æ/-raising by Canadian and American english speakers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 148, no. 4 (October 2020): 2809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5147827.
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McCAFFERTY, KEVIN, and CAROLINA P. AMADOR-MORENO. "‘[The Irish] find much difficulty in these auxiliaries . . .puttingwillforshallwith the first person’: the decline of first-personshallin Ireland, 1760–1890." English Language and Linguistics 18, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 407–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674314000100.
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Among prescriptivists, the Irish have long had a reputation for not following the rule requiring a distinction betweenshallwith first-person andwillwith other grammatical subjects. Recent shift towardswillwith all persons in North American English – now also affecting British English – has been attributed to the influence of Irish immigrants. The present study of data from theCorpus of Irish English Correspondence(CORIECOR) finds that Irish English has not always preferredwill. Rather, the present-day situation emerged in Irish English between the late eighteenth and late nineteenth centuries. This important period covers the main language shift from Irish to English, and simplification in the acquisition process may account for the Irish English use ofwill.In eighteenth-century Irish English,shallpredominated. Comparison with other colonial Englishes of the period – US English (Kytö 1991) and Canadian English (Dollinger 2008) – and with north-west British English (Dollinger 2008) shows broadly similar cross-varietal distributions of first-personshallandwill. Irish English shifted rapidly towardswillby the 1880s, but was not unusual in this respect; a similar development took place at the same time in Canadian English, which may indicate a more general trend, at least in colonial Englishes. It is thus doubtful that Irish English influence drove the change towards first-personwill.We suggest the change might be associated with increasing literacy and accompanying colloquialisation (Mair 1997; Biber 2003; Leechet al.2009: 239ff.). As Rissanen (1999: 212) observes, and Dollinger corroborates for north-west British English,willpersisted in regional Englishes after the rise of first-personshallin the standard language. Increased use ofwillmight have been an outcome of wider literacy leading to more written texts, like letters, being produced by members of lower social strata, whose more nonstandard/vernacular usage was thus recorded in writing. There are currently few regional letter corpora for testing this hypothesis more widely. However, we suggest that, in nineteenth-century Ireland, increasing literacy may have helped spread first-personwillas a change from below. The shift to first-personwillthat is apparent in CORIECOR would then result from greater lower-class literacy, and this might be a key to understanding this change in other Englishes too.
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Rochette, Rémy, Bernard Sainte-Marie, Marc Allain, Jackie Baker, Louis Bernatchez, Virginia Boudreau, Michel Comeau, et al. "The Lobster Node of the CFRN: co-constructed and collaborative research on productivity, stock structure, and connectivity in the American lobster (Homarus americanus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, no. 5 (May 2018): 813–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0426.
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In 2010, more than 20 associations representing harvesters from five provinces bordering the range of American lobster (Homarus americanus) in Canada, from the Gulf of Maine to southern Labrador, joined government research scientists at Fisheries and Oceans Canada (and one provincial department) and researchers from Canadian universities (two English- and four French-speaking) to establish the Lobster Node. This partnership was formed to address knowledge gaps on lobster productivity, stock structure, and connectivity through collaborative research under the auspices of the Canadian Fisheries Research Network (CFRN), which was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. In so doing, the research partners overcame barriers of geography, language, culture, education, and, in some cases, longstanding disputes around management and conservation measures. This paper reviews why and how the Lobster Node was formed, what it achieved scientifically, what benefits (and challenges) it provided to the partners, and why it succeeded. It concludes by advocating for the creation of a permanent collaborative platform to conduct research in support of lobster fisheries in Canada.
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Grant, Julienne E., Marisol Florén-Romero, Sergio D. Stone, Steven Alexandre da Costa, Lyonette Louis-Jacques, Cate Kellett, Jonathan Pratter, et al. "GUIDE TO CUBAN LAW AND LEGAL RESEARCH." International Journal of Legal Information 45, no. 2 (July 2017): 76–188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jli.2017.22.
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Recent developments in U.S-Cuba relations have resulted in a proliferating global interest in Cuba, including its legal regime. This comprehensive Guide aims to fill a noticeable void in the availability of information in English on this enigmatic jurisdiction's legal order, and on how to conduct research related to it. Covered topics include “The Constitution,” “Legislation and Codes,” “The Judiciary,” “Cuba in the International Arena,” and “The Legal Profession.” A detailed section on “Cuban Legal Materials in U.S. and Canadian Libraries” is also featured. Although the Guide emphasizes sources in English and English-language translation, materials in Spanish are likewise included as English-language equivalents are often unavailable. The Guide's 12 authors are members of the Latin American Law Interest Group of the American Association of Law Libraries’ Foreign, Comparative, and International Law Special Interest Section (FCIL-SIS).
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Romney, Paul. "From the Rule of Law to Responsible Government: Ontario Political Culture and the Origins of Canadian Statism." Historical Papers 23, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 86–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030983ar.
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Abstract It is a commonplace that the Canadian political culture is more “conservative” or “statist” than the American. This trail is usually explained in terms of cultural continuity, the underlying idea being thai Canada was formed from a congeries of cultural fragments which esteemed paternalistic collectivism and deplored American “liberalism” and “individualism,” and that this initial bias, reinforced as it was by fear of the United States, affected even liberal thought. This paper approaches the Canadian political culture from the opposite direction. Focussing on Ontario, it traces Canadian statism to the transformation of Upper Canadian Reform ideology by the contingencies of domestic history. A fundamental inconsistency within Whig constitutionalism — the hegemonic ideology of the English stale and as such the ideological foundation of British rule in Upper Canada — was crucial to that transformation. In proclaiming the existence of indefeasible constitutional principles, but setting no limit to Parliament's power to legislate in derogation of those principles. Whig constitutionalism permitted contradictions between “the constitution” and “the law.” Upper Canadian Reformers were especially sensitive to this inconsistency because of the apparent failure of legally established institutions to function according to constitutional precept. The imperial failure to remedy these functional defects impelled leading Reformers to forsake Whig constitutionalism for the ideology of responsible government. The circumstances of the struggle for responsible government fostered the apotheosis of the community and imparted a special authority to the common will as expressed in legislation. This development promoted a drift from constitutionalism towards legalism in relations between the state and the individual, but because it was the provincial, not the “national” community that was thus exalted, constitutionalism remained predominant in federal- provincial relations. The persistence of this cultural dualism is evident from a comparison of the decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada in Morgentaler's cases with its decision in the Patriation Reference.
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Mykhailyuk, L. "Semantic Classification of the Verbs in the North American Area of the English Language." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 2, no. 2-3 (July 2, 2015): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.2.2-3.48-50.
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The article deals with the problem of semantic classification of the verbs of the NorthAmerican continent. 60 verbs marked in the dictionaries (Hornby, Webster, Gage) as British,American, Canadian have been chosen for the investigation. The classification of verbal lexemesaccording to their semantic meaning suggested by A.A. Ufimtseva has been taken for the basis ofthis research. According to this classification all the verbs fall into two groups: lexemes of activeaction and lexemes of nonactive action.
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Lawrence, Robert G. "Lillie Langtry in Canada and the U.S.A., 1882-1917." Theatre Research in Canada 10, no. 1 (January 1989): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/tric.10.1.30.
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Lillie Langtry was the most controversial English stage performer to come to North America during the heyday of theatrical touring, c. 1880-1939. She returned frequently, to have her plays and performances almost invariably damned by critics and frequently by mayors. Yet the public was fascinated by Langtry and made her wealthy by crowding into Canadian and American theatres, attracted in part by rumours of her relationship with Edward, Prince of Wales. Langtry's brief visit to Windsor, Ontario, after The Degenerates was banned in Detroit in April 1900, illustrates the kind of controversy that she frequently aroused.
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Cragg, Wesley. "Two Concepts of Community or Moral Theory and Canadian Culture." Dialogue 25, no. 1 (1986): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300042852.
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One of the striking characteristics of contemporary moral philosophy is the speed with which philosophers in the English-speaking world have jettisoned their reluctance to address concrete ethical problems and dilemmas and have plunged into the field of applied ethics. No less interesting is the impact that the work of some of the more noted of them has had outside of strictly philosophical circles. One need only to mention John Rawls or H. L. A. Hart to make the point. It is no longer difficult to prove that these same trends are deeply entrenched amongst Canadian philosophers. A further parallel is suggested by the fact that a Canadian philosopher, George Grant, has also had a substantial impact on recent Canadian thought. The appearance of a parallel, however, is illusory. For while applied ethics certainly has its practitioners in Canada today, and while it is widely recognized that both American and British philosophers have had a substantial and philosophically respectable impact on their respective societies, there seems widespread resistance to the idea that philosophical reflection has a role to play in the development of a distinctive understanding of Canadian society. And there is widespread scepticism in professional philosophical circles in Canada that the work of George Grant is of genuine philosophical interest, whatever his popular reputation.
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Edwardson, Ryan. "“Of War Machines and Ghetto Scenes”: English-Canadian Nationalism and The Guess Who's “American Woman”." American Review of Canadian Studies 33, no. 3 (October 2003): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02722010309481161.
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Lavoie, Marc. "Stacking, Performance Differentials, and Salary Discrimination in Professional Ice Hockey: A Survey of the Evidence." Sociology of Sport Journal 6, no. 1 (March 1989): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.6.1.17.
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French Canadians in professional ice hockey perform generally better than English Canadian or American players. This is particularly clear at the position of defenseman. Stacking in the National Hockey League (NHL) is also observed, with very few French Canadians playing defense. Four theses are presented to explain these two phenomena. The first three theses—based on differences in the style of play, the cultural costs of moving to an NHL city, and the proficiency of the language of work (English)—all incorporate convincing arguments but fail to predict further established facts. Hiring discrimination best explains all of the facts that have been gathered by students of ice hockey. Except in the case of defensemen, little or no salary discrimination against Francophones could be identified, although their pay is determined differently. The collection of a wide variety of data suggests that favoritism by scouts substantially affects the outcome of hiring decisions, especially at the positions for which assessment is highly uncertain and subjective, that is, the position of defense.