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1
Kelsall, Paula, and Elizabeth Onyszko. "Interlibrary loan services at Library and Archives Canada." Interlending & Document Supply 38, no. 1 (February 23, 2010): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02641611011025316.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe the interlibrary loan services of Library and Archives Canada.Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes the loans, copies and locations services of Library and Archives Canada, and patterns of demand for those services. It also describes the institution's role in the Canadian resource sharing environment.FindingsLibrary and Archives Canada offers access to a broad range of Canadian documents, and also provides services that support resource sharing in Canada. Demand for the institution's traditional ILL services is declining, and its focus is turning to digital access.Originality/valueThe paper provides a picture of a national institution at a time of rapid change. It contains information that will be useful to those seeking documents from Canada.
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Anne Epp, Mary. "Library services to Canadian college students with print disabilities." Library Hi Tech 17, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07378839910275849.
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Post‐secondary students with print disabilities (blindness, visual impairments, learning disabilities, physical handicaps) need information access to learning resources in alternate formats such as Braille, electronic text, large print, taped books, and tactile graphics. British Columbia College and Institute Library Services (CILS) is a provincial clearinghouse for resources for students and faculty with print impairments. CILS supplies resources tocomply with the “duty to accommodate” under Canadian Human Rights legislation. As a coordinated service, CILS provides services by direct loans, interlibrary loans with partner agencies, and production of new alternate format materials. This article describes the range of services and technological applications that are used to locate and produce resources to accommodate the students’ needs.
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Korol, Maryna. "DYNAMICS OF MAIN INDICATORS OF THE CANADIAN BANKING SYSTEM." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, no. 3 (August 5, 2020): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-3-136-142.
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Relevance of research. During the global financial collapse of 2008–2009, Canadian banks demonstrated stability and vastly avoided the international crisis. There was a view that Canada’s banking system was strict and overly risk-oriented, but after the crisis, it was recognized as logical in terms of lending, which required careful government supervision and regulation based on the principles of security and reliability. In fact, the World Economic Forum recognizes Canadian banks as the most stable in the world. So, all mentioned above prompted us to study the dynamics of the main indicators of the Canadian banking system. The aim of the study is to summarize and characterize the existing trends of banking system evolution in Canada. Methodological basis of the study is based on the analysis of the study of the Canadian banking system according to the indicators of the number of banking institutions, their profitability / loss, the quality of the loan portfolio and analysis of the largest banks in the country. A systemic analysis of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the above-mentioned banking indicators, synthesis and generalization were used to generalize and formulate conclusions. Scientific results. This article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of the main indicators of the Canadian banking system during the period from 2000 to 2019 inclusively. It is argued that the number of commercial banks has had a positive dynamics during the analyzed period, even the period of the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 has not reduced their number, which indicates the stability and prudent policy of commercial banks and the Central Bank as a whole. It has been established that 2019 is the year of the historical maximum assets of the Canadian banking system (more than 277% of Canada’s GDP). It is shown that the assets of eight largest banks in Canada account for 91% of the total assets of the banking sector. A record decline in the bank’s profits was recorded in 2009. The quality of the loan portfolio of commercial banks in Canada since 2009 shows a significant decrease in the share of outstanding loans. The practical significance of the study is to rate the strengths and weaknesses of the Canadian banking system. Significance / originality. The results achieved form an integrated view of the functioning of the Canadian banking system. The following studies will focus on methods and models for verifying the stability of banking systems, including the Canadian banking system.
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Bordo, Michael D., Hugh Rockoff, and Angela Redish. "The U.S. Banking System From a Northern Exposure: Stability versus Efficiency." Journal of Economic History 54, no. 2 (June 1994): 325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700014509.
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This article asks whether the vaunted comparative stability of the Canadian banking system has been purchased at the cost of creating an oligopoly. We assembled a data set that compares bank failures, lending rates, interest paid on deposits, and related variables over the period 1920 to 1980. Our principal findings are (1) interest rates paid on deposits were generally higher in Canada; (2) interest income received on securities was generally slightly higher in Canada; (3) interest rates charged on loans were generally quite similar; and (4) net rates of return to equity were generally higher in Canada than in the United States.
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Hiscott, Robert D. "Patterns of Education Financing and Debt: A Comparison of Two Cohorts of Canadian Post-Secondary Graduates." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 26, no. 2 (August 31, 1996): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v26i2.183236.
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Using data from 1988 and 1992 National Graduates Surveys (conducted by Statistics Canada), this paper explores educational financing and debt patterns for recent graduates of Canadian community college and university programs. A majority of recent post-secondary graduates borrowed to finance their education at some point during their educational programs through the Canada Student Loans Program and/or other sources. The more recent cohort of post-secondary graduates (1990 graduates interviewed in 1992) reported markedly higher debt loads and significantly greater amounts owing two years after graduation, relative to the earlier cohort (of 1986 graduates surveyed in 1988). Multiple regression models are developed and tested to predict the amount of debt (in dollars) owed by graduates approximately two years after completion of their programs. Key explanatory variables of (1) total amount borrowed, (2) university or community college program graduate, (3) number of months not employed between graduation and time of interview, (4) current job temporary or not, and (5) current employment income were all found to be highly significant for the most recent cohort of post-secondary graduates. However, there are important differences in multiple regression results between the two cohorts which are discussed in detail in the paper.
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ROBICHAUD, YVES, JEAN-CHARLES CACHON, and EGBERT McGRAW. "GENDER DIFFERENCES IN VENTURE FINANCING: A STUDY AMONG CANADIAN AND US ENTREPRENEURS." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 24, no. 03 (September 2019): 1950014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946719500146.
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Entrepreneurship contributes significantly to economic growth and female entrepreneurs are strongly involved because their economic contribution is steadily increasing. However, research also reveals that female entrepreneurs face more financial barriers when compared to their male counterparts. Therefore, it is of prime importance to understand better female entrepreneurs’ behavior regarding financing. The purpose of this research was to explore gender differences related to financing with an intention to uncover why such differences exist. An empirical study involving a sample of 946 entrepreneurs from Canada and the United States was conducted to examine the issue. Results revealed that female entrepreneurs start their ventures with less capital than males, have a lesser tendency than males to obtain a bank loan and have a perception of being more in debt than their male counterparts are. Moreover, both variables depicting the smaller size of female-owned ventures and the intrinsic motivations expressed by female entrepreneurs acted as explanatory factors for the lower proportion of bank loans in the case of female-owned venture startups.
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ORSER, BARBARA J., ALLAN L. RIDING, and CATHERINE S. SWIFT. "BANKING EXPERIENCES OF CANADIAN MICRO-BUSINESSES." Journal of Enterprising Culture 01, no. 03n04 (January 1994): 321–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495894000033.
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Defined as those firms with three or fewer full time employees and annual sales of less than $200,000, many micro-enterprises may find it more difficult than larger firms to obtain the debt capital necessary for both expansion and on-going operations. This is because micro-enterprises are often perceived as risky and because banks are not in the venture capital business. Moreover, banking institutions benefit more from the economies of scale inherent in making larger loans. It follows that the terms onwhich lending is extended to small enterprises may be more onerous than the termsextended to larger firms. To the extent that micro-enterprise is dominated by women-owned businesses, the potential scarcity of debt capital could also be experienced as a gender issue. This argumentation motivates the empirical analyses reported in this paper. These arguments lead to two testable hypotheses that this research probes empirically. The first hypothesis is that access to and terms of credit for micro-enterprises are more severe than they are for larger firms. The second hypothesis is that within the micro-enterprise sector access to, and terms of, credit for women owners are, ceteris paribus, more demanding. A taxonomy of the very small business sector is advanced. It is found that size indeed counts against microbusinesses in their banking relationships, but that gender is not a factor. The paper closes by suggesting the development of new technologies to improve the lending efficiencies of micro-loan transactions and the establishment of new lending vehicles. Such changes might be profitable for banks, useful for very small firms, and helpful to community economic development agencies. The high incidence of dissatisfied small business customers suggests the need for a less concentrated small business banking market. To this end, the recommendations of other researchers are endorsed, recommendations for legislative changes that would permit the entry into the lending market of small cooperative banking institutions (such as credit unions and caisses populaires in Canada).
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Loncarski, Igor, Jenke ter Horst, and Chris Veld. "Why do companies issue convertible bond loans? An empirical analysis for the Canadian market." Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration 25, no. 3 (September 2008): 214–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjas.64.
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Oredegbe, Abayomi. "Cost Efficiency Determinants: Evidence from the Canadian Banking Industry." International Journal of Business and Management 15, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n1p86.
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This study examines the cost efficiency of the banking industry in Canada. Utilizing 12 years of data (i.e., 2006 to 2017), and a two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA), it provides insight on the determinants of the industry’s cost efficiency. It finds that the industry is cost inefficient, and that it could reduce costs by 11.52 percent. The cost inefficiency is due to technical and allocative inefficiencies, with technical inefficiency playing a dominant role. The technical efficiency decomposition shows that pure technical efficiency improved, but the scale efficiency deteriorated. The analysis of the determinants of cost efficiency reveals that deposit conversion into loans, high capitalization, and managerial tolerance for increase in administrative expense drive cost efficiency. On the other hand, market power and diversification diminish cost efficiency. In addition, the impact of profitability and credit risk are inconsequential to cost efficiency. This study contributes to literature by providing insights unique to Canada. Managers in the industry, policy makers, and regulators can point to these findings as empirical evidence supporting measures aimed at increasing the industry’s competitiveness and resilience.
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Bilodeau, Julien, and Franck Missonier-Piera. "The design of debt contracts: Evidence of cost effective use of covenants from a large sample of small loans." Corporate Ownership and Control 12, no. 2 (2015): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i2p1.
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This paper investigates the use of covenants in debt contracts as well as the role played by accounting numbers in those contracts. More specifically, it provides evidence that covenants, and more importantly accounting based covenants, are used in a cost effective way in these contracts. It also provides a unique description of the types of covenants and accounting numbers which are used in a large sample of loan issued to small Canadian firms
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Lane, Ginny, Christine Nisbet, and Hassan Vatanparast. "Food Insecurity and Nutritional Risk among Canadian Newcomer Children in Saskatchewan." Nutrients 11, no. 8 (July 29, 2019): 1744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11081744.
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Food insecurity continues to persist among vulnerable groups in Canada, including newcomer families. This mixed-methods study uses an exploratory sequential design to characterize the food security status of newcomer families with children aged 3–13 years. Parents completed food security and 24-hour dietary recall questionnaires, and parents and service providers were interviewed to explore their food insecurity experiences. Fifty percent of participant households experienced food insecurity, while 41% of children were food insecure. More recent newcomer families, and families with parents that had completed high school or some years of postsecondary training, more commonly experienced household food insecurity, compared to families with parents without high school diplomas or those with university degrees. Food-insecure children aged 4–8 years were at higher risk of consuming a lower proportion of energy from protein, lower servings of milk products, and inadequate intakes of vitamin B12 and calcium. Participants identified changes in food buying habits due to low income, using food budgets to purchase prescription drugs and to repay transportation loans, while the school food environment impacted children’s food security. Food security initiatives targeting newcomers may benefit from building on the strengths of newcomers, including traditional dietary practices and willingness to engage in capacity-building programming.
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Goldberg, R. J., R. W. Jang, and N. B. Leighl. "A willingness-to-pay study of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors among patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 6581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.6581.
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6581 Background: Bevacizumab, a recombinant antibody which neutralizes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been approved for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Costs of novel anticancer medications such as bevacizumab can be prohibitive for many lung cancer patients. This study sought to determine patients’ willingness-to pay (WTP) for bevacizumab and identify Canadian patient attitudes towards unfunded chemotherapeutic drugs. Methods: Participants attending outpatient lung cancer clinics at a major Canadian cancer center were given information pertaining to the risks and benefits of treatment with bevacizumab and were then asked about their WTP for this agent. Demographic and socioeconomic data were collected. A semi-structured interview was utilized to define the factors that limit patient access to unfunded chemotherapeutic agents. Results: 35 advanced NSCLC patients with a median age of 64.5 years and a median income of $40,000-$60,000 CAD consented to participate. Overall, participants were willing to pay a median of $75 CAD ($19-$250 CAD) per month for VEGF inhibitors, much less than the market cost of $8,000 CAD per month. 25 of 35 (71.4%) participants felt that the government should cover 100% of the drug cost, while 0%, 2.9%, 5.7%, and 20% of participants felt that the government should cover 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of the cost, respectively. Qualitative themes that arose included: (1) financial barriers are the primary obstacle in gaining access; (2) patients understand that the government cannot fund all novel cancer therapies; (3) patients are not willing to take loans or seek treatment outside of Canada without the prospect of cure; and (4) patients believe their oncologist will discuss all potential therapies, irrespective of access issues. Conclusions: Novel chemotherapeutic agents are unaffordable for the majority of NSCLC patients. Most patients would like the government to cover the cost of treatment, but many agree that the modest benefits of novel therapies may not always justify the large associated cost for government and publicly funded healthcare systems. [Table: see text]
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Lord, Kathleen. "Nineteenth Century Corporate Welfare: Municipal Aid and Industrial Development in Saint-Jean, Quebec, 1848-1914." Articles 13, no. 2 (August 23, 2013): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1018122ar.
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In the latter part of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, municipalities throughout Quebec used various means to attract railways and industries to their locality. Saint-Jean was no exception. The incentives its municipal leaders employed included investments, tax exemptions, loans, bonuses, land grants and other concessions. As was often the case in other towns and cities, the stimuli Saint-Jean offered had little favourable effect on the local economy, particularly the industrial sector. This paper attempts to discern the motives of the local entrepreneurial elite responsible for these actions. Insofar as this study has determined, economic weakness and competition from other more prosperous Quebec towns were at the root of the behaviour of Saint-Jean's leaders. Once a thriving centre for Canadian-American trade, Saint-Jean eventually suffered a decline in commercial activity in the 1870s as a result of the construction of the Grand Trunk Railway in the 1850s. The town's business elite thus tried to "boost" the industrial sector of the economy by generously dispensing municipal assistance. However, precisely because of the town's disadvantaged position, their efforts were largely futile.
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Syed, Iffath Unissa. "Remittance Flows from Healthcare Workers in Toronto, Canada." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 9536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179536.
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Previous research indicates that Canadian healthcare workers, particularly long-term care (LTC) workers, are frequently composed of immigrant and racialized/visible minorities (VM) who are often precariously employed, underpaid, and face significant work-related stress, violence, injuries, illness, and health inequities. Few studies, however, have analyzed the contributions and impact of their labor in international contexts and on global communities. For instance, it is estimated that over CAD 5 billion-worth of remittances originate from Canada, yet no studies to date have examined the contributions of these remittances from Canadian workers, especially from urbanized regions consisting of VM and immigrants who live and/or work in diverse and multicultural places like Toronto. The present study is the first to investigate health and LTC workers’ roles and behaviors as related to remittances. The rationale for this study is to fill important knowledge gaps. Accordingly, this study asked: Do health/LTC workers in the site of study send remittances? If so, which workers send remittances, and who are the recipients of these remittances? What is the range of monetary value of annual remittances that each worker is able to send? What is the purpose of these remittances? What motivates the decision to send remittances? This mixed-methods study used a single-case design and relied on interviews and a survey. The results indicate that many LTC workers provided significant financial support to transnational families, up to CAD 15,000 annually, for a variety of reasons, including support for education and healthcare costs, or as gifts during cultural festivals. However, the inability to send remittances was also a source of distress for those who wanted to assist their families but were unable to do so. These findings raise important questions that could be directed for future research. For example, are there circumstances under which financial remittances are funded through loans or debt? What are the implications for the sustainability and impact of remittances, given the current COVID-19 pandemic and its economic effect of dampening incomes and wages, worsening migrants’ health, wellbeing, and quality of life, as well as adversely affecting recipient economies and the quality of life of global communities?
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Melssen, Maria. "Canadian Healthcare Practitioners’ Access to Evidence Based Information is Inequitable." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 8, no. 2 (June 12, 2013): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8fw3w.
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Objective – To determine what services and resources are available to health professionals through national Canadian and Alberta based health professional associations and licensing colleges and if those resources and services are being used. Also, to assess the associations’ perceptions of what resources and services Canadian health professionals actually need and if those needs are being met, membership satisfaction with the resources and services provided, and challenges the associations have with providing resources and services.
Design – Structured telephone interview.
Setting – Health professional associations and licensing colleges in Canada.
Subjects – 23 health professional associations: 9 Alberta-based associations and 14 national-level professional associations and licensing colleges.
Methods – A librarian, communications officer, or another individual in a comparable position at each association was invited via email to participate in the study. Individuals willing to participate in the interview were emailed the interview questions in advance. Telephone interviews were conducted in July and August of 2009. For those who did not respond to the email request or who did not wish to participate in the interviews, information was collected from the association’s website.
Main Results – Of the 23 contacted associations 12 agreed to be interviewed: less than 50% response rate. Data was collected from websites of seven associations that either declined to be interviewed or did not respond to the authors’ email request. Data were unavailable for four associations due to data being in members only sections of the websites. Data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Resources and services provided by the associations and licensing colleges range from none to reference services provided by a librarian and access to licensed databases.
None of the three licensing colleges or the two provincial associations interviewed maintains usage statistics or surveys their members. Nor do they grant access to licensed databases or offer information services, such as having a librarian or other information professional available to answer reference questions or to perform mediated literature searches. The two provincial associations and the three licensing colleges interviewed do supply information pertinent to health professionals, for example insurance information and funding.
Seven national associations were interviewed: two permit access to databases developed by that association and three grant access to licensed databases such as Medline. All seven national associations provide access to journals (four of the seven only provide access to their own association’s journal) and five offer information services. Four maintain usage statistics and five survey their members.
Of the seven associations not interviewed, none grant access to licensed databases and one permits access to databases developed by that association. Five provide access to their own association’s journal and one provides book loans. Only one offers information services. Cost and the priority to provide resources to staff over members are barriers when trying to provide association members’ services and resources.
Conclusion – Health professionals’ access to health information varies depending on the professional’s area of specialization, location in Canada, and particular association memberships. There is no consistency as to what health information is available to all health professionals in Canada, specifically Alberta. The majority of the associations do not provide resources and services, nor do they survey members to assess their usage, desires, needs, or satisfaction with resources and services. Usage rates are low for the associations that do track resource and service usage.
A resource list of freely available online health information should be generated to mitigate existing disparities without accruing additional cost factors. Also, a partnership between hospital and academic libraries with various associations is needed to promote the usage of licensed and freely available resources accessible at institutions.
This study has several limitations. The low response rate and excluding associations and licensing colleges in other provinces make this an incomplete assessment of all associations which provide resources and services to health professionals in Canada, specifically Alberta. To compensate for this deficit, the authors had collected information from seven associations’ websites; however, because much of the needed information was within members-only pages, some data may be missing. Due to the study’s limitations, further research is needed to better assess health professionals’ information needs and barriers to their use of available resources and services.
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Schneider, Stephen. "The incorporation and operation of criminally controlled companies in Canada." Journal of Money Laundering Control 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2003): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13685200410809832.
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Examines how financial proceeds of entrepreneurial crime are disbursed throughout Canada’s legitimate economy, focusing on the use of criminally controlled companies as money laundering vehicles. Outlines the design of the research, including data sources, sampling method, data collection, and limitations of the data; the main source of primary data are the proceeds of crime cases taken from the files of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Discusses the findings: drug trafficking is the largest single source of criminal proceeds. Moves on to the criminal companies involved: these have a long history in North America, and while they exist for various reasons, money laundering is one of their main functions. Details a case study, that of Gary Hendin, an Ontario lawyer who laundered around CDN12 million in drug money during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Indicates the types of companies used and their methods for laundering money: nominees as owners or directors, a company hierarchy, fake loans or investments, selling a company, buying a company already owned by a criminal enterprise, fictitious business expenses and false invoices, fictitious salaries, and offering shares in a public company.
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Dobson, David S., and Karolien Poels. "Combined framing effects on attitudes and behavioral intentions toward mortgage advertisements." International Journal of Bank Marketing 38, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): 961–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-07-2019-0277.
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PurposeMortgage lenders often combine a variety of framing strategies when developing mortgage advertisements. To date, these frames have mostly been studied separately. This paper, however, studies the combined framing effects of message valence, specificity, and temporality on consumers' mortgage decision-making.Design/methodology/approachA mixed methods design was used. First, 13 unique print ads collected from a Canadian newspaper were analyzed for content. Second, a 2 × 2 × 2 scenario-based experiment with 400 undergraduate participants examined the framing effects of valence, specificity and temporality on attitudes toward the mortgage advertising message, the product advertised, and the brand, as well as on consumers' behavioral intentions toward the advertised mortgage product.FindingsThe content analysis suggests that combined framing does exist in print ads. A positive message with a fixed term and a specific interest rate were the most commonly used frames. The experiment revealed that, for behavioral intentions, the main effect of the message temporality was significant. The effects of advertising a long-term mortgage on behavioral intentions were more favorable than those of advertising a short-term mortgage.Practical implicationsThis research provides a combined framing model for designing advertising strategies for the financial services industry to market complex financial products, such as mortgage loans to consumers. This is relevant to lenders when designing a persuasive package or ads for potential customers.Originality/valueThis study is the first of its kind to investigate the effects of combinations of message frames on consumers' mortgage decision-making, while also advancing the understanding of message framing theory for the financial services industry.
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Boberg, Charles. "Foreign (a) in North American English: Variation and Change in Loan Phonology." Journal of English Linguistics 48, no. 1 (January 11, 2020): 31–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424219896397.
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Previous research has shown that Canadian English displays a unique pattern of nativizing the stressed vowel of foreign words spelled with the letter <a>, like lava, pasta, and spa, known as foreign (a), with more use of /æ/ (the trap vowel) and less use of /ah/ (the palm vowel) than American English. This paper analyzes one hundred examples of foreign (a), produced by sixty-one Canadian and thirty-one American English-speakers, in order to shed more light on this pattern and its current development. Acoustic analysis is used to determine whether each participant assigns each vowel to English /æ/, /ah/, or an intermediate category between /æ/ and /ah/. It reports that the Canadian pattern, though still distinct, is converging with the American pattern, in that Canadians now use slightly more /ah/ than /æ/; that men appear to lead this change but this is because they participate less than women do in the Short Front (Canadian) Vowel Shift; that intermediate vowel assignments are comparatively rare, suggesting that a new low-central vowel phoneme is not emerging; that the Canadian tendency toward American pronunciation is not well aligned with overt attitudes toward the United States and American English; and that the national differences in foreign (a) assignment result not from structural, phonological differences between the dialects so much as from a complex set of sociocultural factors.
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Qin, Song, and Zhenlei Wang. "Comparison of International Differences in the Volatility of Economic Growth and Non-Performing Loan Ratio: A Statistical Study Based on the Quantile Regression Model." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 21, no. 6 (October 20, 2017): 1094–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2017.p1094.
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What is the level of non-performing loans in China’s banking sector and in different countries? Has the relationship between economic growth and the non-performing loan ratio changed? Is there a difference in the effect of the economic growth of different economies on the rate of non-performing loans in the banking sector? This study analyzes the relationship between economic growth and the non-performing loan ratios and characteristics of 13 countries from 2005-2014 based on quantile regression models with panel data. The results showed that the relationship between economic growth and the non-performing loan ratio was positive before the financial crisis in 2008 but was negative after 2008. The non-performing loan ratio in Canada, Mexico, and the US was low before 2008 and high after 2008. The impact of economic growth on the non-performing loan ratio was more significant for countries with a high non-performing loan ratio than for countries with a low non-performing loan ratio.
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Shepherd, John, Kaitlyn Vardy, and Allan Wilson. "Quantifying patron time-use of a public library." Library Management 36, no. 6/7 (August 10, 2015): 448–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lm-09-2014-0110.
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Purpose – This paper summarizes a time-diary study of a Canadian public library that estimated the hours spent by patrons using library facilities and circulated collections during a month. The purpose of this paper is to convert conventional library statistics into a metric more understandable to external stakeholder groups: time. Design/methodology/approach – Paper-based time-diaries collected data on the patron use of circulated library materials throughout the loans cycle and exit surveys measured the duration of branch visits. This data along with gate and circulation statistics were used to estimate hours of patron residency in library branches and the time spent consuming borrowed materials. Findings – Patrons used the services, facilities and collections of Prince George Public Library’s Bob Harkins branch for an estimated 182,000 hours during August 2013. Over 90 per cent of use occurred offsite through the consumption of circulated materials by diarists and secondary use of borrowed items by their families and friends. Practical implications – Conventional statistics understate the utilization of public library resources as most of their use occurs outside the library branches, a different usage pattern than for other municipal services. This study suggests that all library use is potentially measurable using a single metric, hours of patron use. The value of a time metric, once methodologically sound, is its usefulness as a measure of library performance and its convertibility in dollars of direct value using contingent valuation methodology. Originality/value – Time-diary methodology collected patron time-use data on public library circulated materials. The paper demonstrates the potential of patron time-use as a metric of library performance. Hours of patron use appear convertible into dollars of benefit using contingent valuation research.
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Getz, Daniel. "The History of Canadian Immunity from Seizure Legislation." International Journal of Cultural Property 18, no. 2 (May 2011): 201–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739111000178.
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AbstractPerhaps surprisingly, a number of Canadian jurisdictions have been at the cutting edge of legal exemptions from seizure or attachment processes for artworks on loan. Starting with the curious case of Hermitage treasures displayed in Winnipeg in the mid-1970s and using other intriguing examples, this article traces the historical origins of Canadian legislation with particular regard to the international context. The current state of the law in Canada is summarized and compared to that of other international jurisdictions.
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Khidas, Kamal, and Stéphanie Tessier. "Building Next-Generation Collections: Natural History Specimens, Just One Click Away!" Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (July 4, 2018): e26145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26145.
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Digitisation has made significant advances in many natural history collections since the 1980s. The Vertebrate Zoology Collections team of the Canadian Museum of Nature (CMNVZC; ca. 1,250,000 catalogued specimens) has the ambition to go fully digital with our physical objects and associated data. Organising CMNVZC data electronically (primary digitisation) through computerisation for collection management purposes was initiated in 1972 and systematically implemented since the 1980s. This databasing process involved several stages, each with its own objectives and challenges. It resulted in ca. 100% of the CMNVZC being now digitised and core specimen data being retrievable from the Web (e.g., GBIF, and VertNet). Digitising requires regular updates to reflect the changing needs of the collections-based research community, and to capitalise on new opportunities that arise with the advances in technology. In this digital age, improving collections accessibility and usability through realistic and sustainable digitisation, while avoiding the downside of information overload, remains the most pressing challenge. Increasing CMNVZC accessibility necessitates further consolidation and information standardisation of various types (e.g. collecting data) to be retrieved from several sources (e.g., field notes, original data sheets, and maps). Optimising collections usability can be achieved by adding value to existing records (secondary digitisation) by means of additional information as mentioned above, georeferencing, as well as 2D and 3D imaging. Virtual sharing of 3D specimen images allows for remote examination of specimens usually inaccessible through loans, such as type and rare specimens, and the possibility for morphometric analyses. Digital imaging of the vertebrate collection, however, represents a major challenge given the complexity and variation of shapes and sizes among specimens. Limitations of current 3D surface imaging technology, none of which have been specifically designed for natural history specimens, hamper CMNVZC imaging workflows. Digital tools are key to the success of increasing usability of natural history collections and play an important role in preserving information. Digitisation activities should endeavour to improve online access of physical objects and their full array of data with optimized usability.
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Adams, John, and Gail Atkinson. "Development of seismic hazard maps for the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-070.
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A new seismic hazard model, the fourth national model for Canada, has been devised by the Geological Survey of Canada to update Canada's current (1985) seismic hazard maps. The model incorporates new knowledge from recent earthquakes (both Canadian and foreign), new strong ground motion relations to describe how shaking varies with magnitude and distance, the newly recognized hazard from Cascadia subduction earthquakes, and a more systematic approach to reference site conditions. Other new innovations are hazard computation at the 2% in 50 year probability level, the use of the median ground motions, the presentation of results as uniform hazard spectra, and the explicit incorporation of uncertainty via a logic-tree approach. These new results provide a more reliable basis for characterizing seismic hazard across Canada and have been approved by the Canadian National Committee on Earthquake Engineering (CANCEE) as the basis of the seismic loads in the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada.Key words: seismic hazard, earthquake, probability, uniform hazard spectrum, maps, Cascadia subduction, strong ground motions, uncertainty, CANCEE, National Building Code of Canada.
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Jeong, Dae Il, Alex J. Cannon, and Robert J. Morris. "Projected changes to wind loads coinciding with rainfall for building design in Canada based on an ensemble of Canadian regional climate model simulations." Climatic Change 162, no. 2 (May 21, 2020): 821–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02745-y.
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Abstract Strong wind coinciding with rainfall is an important weather phenomenon in many science and engineering fields. This study investigates changes in hourly extreme driving rain wind pressure (DRWP)—a climatic variable used in building design in Canada—for future periods of specified global mean temperature change using an ensemble of a Canadian regional climate model (CanRCM4) driven by the Canadian Earth system model (CanESM2) under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario. Evaluation of the model shows that the CanRCM4 ensemble reproduces hourly extreme wind speeds and rainfall (> 1.8 mm/h) occurrence frequency and the associated design (5-year return level) DRWP across Canada well when compared with 130 meteorological stations. Significant increases in future design DRWP are projected over western, eastern, and northern Canada, with the areal extent and relative magnitude of the increases scaling approximately linearly with the amount of global warming. Increases in future rainfall occurrence frequency are driven by the combined effect of increases in precipitation amount and changes in precipitation type from solid to liquid due to increases in air temperature; these are identified as the main factors leading to increases in future design DRWP. Future risk ratios of the design DRWP are highly dependent on those of the rainfall occurrence, which shows large increases over the three regions, while they are partly affected by the increases in future extreme wind speeds over western and northeastern Canada. Increases in DRWP can be an emerging risk for existing buildings, particularly in western, eastern, and northern Canada, and a consideration for managing and designing buildings across Canada.
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Easterly, Michael. "Your Job Is Your Credit: Creating a Market for Loans to Salaried Employees in New York City, 1885–1920." Enterprise & Society 10, no. 4 (December 2009): 651–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700008296.
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In the first decade of the twentieth century, a market in the personal debt of corporate and government employees was thriving in New York City and other major urban centers in the Northeastern andMidwestern United States. A set of shadowy entrepreneurs, colloquially known as “loan sharks,” offered short-term, high-rate advances that they called salary loans. Despite operating in violation of the law, primarily the prohibition against usury, the operations of these intermediaries had by 1912 reached an imposing scale. At least eighty-one such offices operated in Manhattan and Brooklyn alone, with millions of dollars in loans outstanding. Of these eighty-one offices, thirty-four belonged to interstate chains, the largest ofwhich stretched over sixtythree cities in the United States and Canada.
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Morris, Leslie R. "Myths and Realities of Canadian-American Interlibrary Loan." Journal of Interlibrary Loan, Document Delivery & Information Supply 4, no. 1 (December 8, 1993): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j110v04n01_10.
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Moses, Nigel R. "Student Organizations as Historical Actors: The Case of Mass Student Aid." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 31, no. 1 (April 30, 2001): 75–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v31i1.183379.
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The National Federation of Canadian University Students (NFCUS) and the Canadian Union of Students (CUS) had historicity; that is, they helped transform the field of historical action by convincing business, government, university administrators and public opinion on the need for mass student-aid programs and low tuition fees. From the 1950s to the mid-1960s, NFCUS and CUS campaigned for government-funded mass student-aid; in fact, it was their number one "national affairs" concern. Governments responded to the NFCUS and CUS accessibility lobby with the Canada Student Loan Program (CSLP) in 1964, the Ontario Student Assistance Plan (OSAP) in 1966 and "frozen" tuition fees by 1967. The achievement of the CSLP divided Quebec and English- Canadian students and began a process of removing traditional student movement catalysts. NFCUS's and CUS's lobby for non-repayable student bursaries was co-opted. However, the level of accessibility to post- secondary education was unprecedented and, in part, provided the social conditions for the emergence of new social movements.
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Letang, D. L., and W. J. de Groot. "Forest floor depths and fuel loads in upland Canadian forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 8 (August 2012): 1551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-093.
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Forest floor data are important for many forest resource management applications. In terms of fire and forest carbon dynamics, these data are critical for modeling direct carbon emissions from wildfire in Canadian forests because forest floor organic material is usually the greatest emissions source. However, there are very few data available to initialize wildfire emission models. Six data sets representing 41 534 forest stands across Canada were combined to provide summary statistics and to analyze factors controlling forest floor fuel loads and depths. The impacts of dominant tree species, ecozone, drainage-class, and age-class data on forest floor fuel loads and depth were examined using ANOVA and regression. All four parameters were significant factors affecting forest floor fuel load and depth, but only tree species and ecozone were substantially influential. Although forest floor depths summarized in this study are similar to those of previous studies, forest floor fuel loads are higher. Average forest floor fuel loads and depths are summarized by species and ecozone and can be used to initialize dynamic stand-level forest models.
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Mirza, S. A., and J. G. MacGregor. "Limit states design of concrete slender columns." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-067.
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The limit states design requires the use of load factors and resistance factors to consider the probability of overloading, understrength, or both. Research has been underway in Canada to introduce the probability-based limit states design for concrete structures. Based on the current knowledge of building load statistics, the National Building Code of Canada adopted a set of load factors which are different from those used in the Canadian Standards Association Standard A23.3-M77. This required the development of resistance factors that would be compatible with the load factors specified in the National Building Code of Canada. The research reported herein discusses the development of such resistance factors for use in computing the moment magnification of concrete slender columns. Key words: building codes, load factors, loads (forces), moment magnification, reinforced concrete, resistance, resistance factors, slender columns, stability, structural design.
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Liu, Guoying. "Chinese Academic Library Services: A Web Survey." International Journal of Librarianship 1, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23974/ijol.2016.vol1.1.14.
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Chinese students form a significant population on Canadian university campuses. Literature indicates that these students face various challenges when using library services to meet their information needs. Canadian academic libraries need to better understand this group’s previous library experiences in China to help them address these challenges. A survey was conducted on the main library websites of all thirty- nine Chinese universities of the Project 985, a project initiated by Chinese government to found world class universities in China. It reveals that certain services reported as challenges for Chinese students by previous studies, such as: interlibrary loan, document delivery, reference services, and library instructions are popular in Chinese academic libraries; however, subject services, data services, and some other services are not as well established compared to their counterparts in Canada.
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MacKenzie, Hector M. "The Path to Temptation: The Negotiation of Canada’s Reconstruction Loan to Britain in 1946." Historical Papers 17, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 196–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030891ar.
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Résumé Pendant la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale, la dépendance économique du Canada vis-à-vis du commerce international augmenta considérablement. En 1944, en effet, les exportations canadiennes comptaient pour 31 pour cent du revenu national. La bonne part de ces exportations, toutefois, était dirigée vers le Royaume-Uni et était surtout constituée des contributions canadiennes à ce qu'il était convenu d'appeler, à l'époque, l'effort de guerre. Conséquemment, tout au long des années de guerre, le marché britannique exerça une influence certaine, voire souvent décisive, sur les politiques économiques extérieures du Canada. On comprend, dès lors, que le Canada ait surveillé de près les politiques commerciales de Whitehall, préoccupé qu'il était des problèmes que poserait le financement des échanges commerciaux entre les pays pendant la période de transition entre la guerre et la paix et de la nécessité qu'il y avait de s'assurer un marché stable et prospère dans le futur. L'auteur étudie ici une des ententes qui résulta de ces préoccupations, soit celle d'un prêt consenti par le Canada au Royaume-Uni, en 1946, en vue de sa reconstruction. En replaçant toute la question dans le contexte des intérêts économiques et politiques du gouvernement canadien de l'époque, l'auteur examine l'arrière-plan de la démarche et retrace minutieusement les diverses négociations qui aboutirent à l'entente finale.
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Duy, Joanna, and Vincent Larivière. "Relationships between Interlibrary Loan and Research Activity in Canada." College & Research Libraries 75, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl12-378.
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Interlibrary Loan borrowing rates in academic libraries are influenced by an array of factors. This article explores the relationship between interlibrary loan borrowing activity and research activity at 42 Canadian academic institutions. A significant positive correlation was found between interlibrary loan borrowing activity and measures of research activity. The degree of correlation observed depended on the category of institution, with undergraduate and comprehensive universities showing the largest correlations. This is the first study to quantify the relationship between interlibrary loan and research activity, and the findings suggest that interlibrary loan plays a role in supporting academic research at Canadian universities.
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Kennedy, D. J. Laurie, Darrel P. Gagnon, David E. Allen, and James G. MacGregor. "Canadian highway bridge evaluation: load and resistance factors." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 992–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-119.
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Consistent load and resistance factors are developed for a range of target values of the reliability index, β, following first-order second-moment analysis techniques for use in the evaluation of highway bridges. Dead load factors are established for steel girders, concrete girders, concrete bridge decks, and wearing surfaces, taking into account the statistical variations of weights and the range of load fractions as determined from field measurements. Live load factors are established for four categories of live loads: NP — non-permit traffic that are permitted by legislation; PM — permit, multiple trip, bulk haul, divisible loads; PS — permit, single trip, unsupervised, mixed with non-permit traffic; and PC — permit, controlled, supervised extremely heavy loads with escort. These live load factors are based on field surveys of truck weights, in Alberta and elsewhere. The event curves for NP, PS, and PM traffic have been used to determine the maximum annual truck, as the period of evaluation was chosen as 1 year based on a life-safety criterion-related to the consequences of failure. Because PC traffic is so rare, it was dealt with on an event basis. Impact data of others were analyzed to determine the appropriate bias coefficients and coefficients of variation. Uncertainties in the transverse distribution of both dead and live loads were also considered.Resistance factors are based on statistical data reported in the literature and take into account the variation in material properties, member size, and the resistance formulations. Key words: dead and live load factors, resistance factors, impact, maximum annual, traffic categories, transverse distribution, weight fractions.
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Sarazin, Michael J. "PRIMARY TYPES OF BRACONIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) IN THE CANADIAN NATIONAL COLLECTION." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 10 (October 1985): 1177–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1171177-10.
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AbstractThree hundred and forty-one primary types of Braconidae housed in the Canadian National Collection were examined and listed. These were contributed by the following authors: Fischer (68), Mason (61), Loan (48), van Achterberg (32), Muesebeck (22), Bhat and Gupta (20), McComb (18), Walley (18), Wharton (15), Viereck (7), Martin (6), Saffer (6), Loan and New (5), Provancher (3), Bhat (2), Loan and Wylie (2), Gupta and Bhat (1), Loan, Klein, and Coppel (1), Mackauer (1), Matthews (1), Richardson (1), Sharkey (1), Shenefelt (1), and Walley and MacKay (1).
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Haan, Wouter J. Den, Steven W. Sumner, and Guy M. Yamashiro. "Bank loan portfolios and the Canadian monetary transmission mechanism." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 42, no. 3 (July 6, 2009): 1150–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5982.2009.01542.x.
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Dietze, Horst. "Kunstverleih - Warum?" Art Libraries Journal 12, no. 3 (1987): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200005253.
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The loan and hire of contemporary original works of art has a long but littleresearched history. Its recent development, in and outside public libraries (particularly in the USA, Canada, Europe, and Israel) began essentially after 1945. Its nature and scope is strongly influenced by contemporary art. Art loans are worth promoting because art plays a lesser role in our cultural life compared to music and literature, because of the gulf between contemporary art and the public at large, as a means of securing and developing the role of the artist in society, and to foster discrimination and visual literacy in an age dominated by images of all kinds.
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Timco, G. W., and M. Johnston. "Ice loads on the Molikpaq in the Canadian Beaufort Sea." Cold Regions Science and Technology 37, no. 1 (July 2003): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-232x(03)00035-1.
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Jeffries, D. S., D. C. L. Lam, M. D. Moran, and I. Wong. "The effect of SO2 emission controls on critical load exceedances for lakes in Southeastern Canada." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0543.
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The UN ECE definition of critical load (CL) involving protection of aquatic ecosystem structure and function was adopted by using pH 6.0 as a damage threshold. Critical loads were determined for 4 lake clusters in SE Canada. An Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) was used to estimate steady-state lake pH distributions for each cluster for steps of wet sulphate (SO42−) deposition in the range 6 to 30 kg.ha−1.yr−1. The CLs were interpolated from the damage vs deposition relationships and are, if anything, over-estimated for a number of reasons. Critical load values were <6, 6.9, 8.0 and 13.2 kg wet SO42−.ha−1.yr−1 for the Kejimkujik (Nova Scotia), Montmorency (Québec), Algoma (Ontario), and Sudbury (Ontario) clusters, respectively. Wet SO2−4 deposition presently exceeds the CLs for all Canadian clusters by ∼7 to 12 kg.ha−1.yr−1. Moreover, it is also expected to exceed them by ∼6 to 10 kg wet SO2−4.ha−1.yr−1 even after all SO2 emission controls required by the Canada/US Air Quality Agreement are finally implemented. Further control of both Canadian and US SO2 emissions to achieve lower SO42− deposition will be needed to reduce the magnitude of the CL exceedances.
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Sheppard, M. I., S. C. Sheppard, and C. A. Grant. "Solid/liquid partition coefficients to model trace element critical loads for agricultural soils in Canada." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 87, Special Issue (March 1, 2007): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s06-061.
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Canadian consumers are demanding a sustainable agricultural industry as well as products delivered under Best Management Practices (BMPs). Trace element accumulation in soils may influence crop productivity, food quality and ecosystem and human health. Canada’s feed and foodstuff export industry has already faced cases of penalties for high trace element content [cadmium (Cd) in durum wheat]. Thus, it is imperative to be able to estimate the accumulation and potential short- and long-term impacts of trace elements in soil. A national-level Trace Element Indicator (TEI) based on present loadings of trace elements to agricultural land is in progress. An Expert Panel including Canadian, American and Australian experts guided the assembly of a proposed methodology for this TEI. The proposed TEI, described briefly here, is a critical load approach with a single expression of the risk of impact from single or multiple trace elements from multiple sources (manures, biosolids, effluents and fertilizers and natural processes), invoked in a stochastic manner. Two key data requirements are the current background levels of trace elements in soil, and the leachability of these trace elements. A survey of total and soluble concentrations of 54 elements in up to 112 soils was completed. Although preliminary in scope, these represent key soil series in Canada. From this, a database of the solid/liquid partition coefficient, Kd, was computed. These Kd values will be used to characterize the leachability of the trace elements. Key words: Cadmium, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, uranium, metals, Kd, distribution coefficient
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Blanchet, Denis. "Thirteenth Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: Ice design criteria for wide arctic structures." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 701–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t90-085.
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The derivation of design global ice loads for wide vertical caisson-type arctic exploration structures is presented. Correction factors are applied to global ice-load data measured during ice–structure interactions to create a set of design criteria for two typical exploration structures: circular (100 m diameter) and rectangular (160 × 50 m). Return periods for the proposed deterministic design ice loads for these two structures are then determined for typical ice conditions encountered in the Harrison Bay shear zone area in 20–30 m of water. Key words: exploration structures, global design ice loads, risk, probability of exceedence, return periods.
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de Jong, C. J., and Linda J. Frederiksen. "CARL Libraries – a Canadian resource-sharing experience." Interlending & Document Supply 43, no. 1 (February 16, 2015): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilds-06-2014-0029.
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Purpose – This study aims to map the current resource-sharing environment in Canada through the lens of its research libraries in general and the University of Alberta in particular. The findings present an interesting view of changing resource sharing patterns and trends. Design/methodology/approach – Interlibrary loan (ILL) transaction data were compiled from annual data reported to the Canadian Association of Research Libraries (CARL) and a case study of the University of Alberta is presented. Findings – The current trend shows declines in both borrowing and lending transactions. Research limitations/implications – Validity of the CARL ILL transactional data is subject to consistency in institutional reporting and accuracy of the data. The trends portrayed in the data are deemed realistic of the Canadian experience. Originality/value – This is an original study of CARL ILL transactional data, providing an aggregated view of 13 years of annual data, and an analysis of this data. It updates previous research and benchmarks current ILL patterns at CARL institutions.
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Johnson, Cathleen, and Claude Montmarquette. "The lack of loan aversion among Canadian high school students." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique 48, no. 2 (May 2015): 585–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/caje.12137.
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Howse, Robert, and Damien J. Neven. "Canada – Export Credits and Loan Guarantees for Regional Aircraft (WT/DS222/R) A Comment." World Trade Review 4, S1 (2005): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745605001254.
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This panel report represents another installment in the long-standing litigation between Canada and Brazil over subsidization of sales of commuter jets by both countries. The report addresses a set of claims by Brazil closely related to prior claims concerning the practices of the Export Development Corporation as well as industrial policy entities in the Canadian province of Quebec. Brazil specifically challenged certain recent transactions where these federal and provincial entities provided certain kinds of financing assistance in connection with the sale of Bombardier aircraft (namely to Air Wisconsin, Atlantic Coast Airlines, Comair, Kendell, and Air Nostrum). For the most part the panel applied existing jurisprudence on export subsidies to the factual record. In particular, the panel applied a “private investor principle”, verifying in all instances whether the conditions that were granted by the export development and industrial policy agencies were more favorable than the conditions that were available from alternative private sources.
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Timco, G. W., and M. Johnston. "Ice loads on the caisson structures in the Canadian Beaufort Sea." Cold Regions Science and Technology 38, no. 2-3 (April 2004): 185–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2003.10.007.
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Lamb, Laura. "Financial exclusion and financial capabilities in Canada." Journal of Financial Economic Policy 8, no. 2 (May 3, 2016): 212–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-06-2015-0037.
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Purpose The financially excluded are often denied basic financial services from mainstream banking institutions, leading them to high-cost fringe finance institutions (FFIs) such as payday loan companies and pawnshops. While strategies to address financial exclusion often include financial capabilities education, there does not appear to be evidence suggesting such education is an appropriate solution. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between financial capability and financial exclusion with survey data collected from the Canadian city of Kamloops located in the southern interior of British Columbia. Design/methodology/approach This exploratory research addresses the objective with survey data collected on the banking habits and financial capability levels of fringe finance users in a Canadian city. Findings The results imply that fringe finance users do not have lower levels of financial capability than those who do not use fringe finance, when education and income are controlled. Research limitations/implications Limitations include the relatively small survey sample of 105 people in one urban center in Canada. Originality/value While financial literacy is acknowledged to be an important life skill for all members of society, there is no conclusive evidence suggesting it is a solution to financial exclusion. This is the first research to examine the relationship between financial exclusion and fringe finance use in Canada by collecting data on fringe finance users with face-to-face interviews.
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Lewis, Frank, and Mary MacKinnon. "Government Loan Guarantees and the Failure of the Canadian Northern Railway." Journal of Economic History 47, no. 1 (March 1987): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070004746x.
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The failure of the Canadian Northern Railway is analyzed with a model of optimal capital structure drawn from finance theory. Ex ante bankruptcy probabilities, which are computed on the basis of different assumptions about investors' expectations, range from 40 to 90 percent; and our best estimate is about 70 percent. These high probabilities were a consequence of loan guarantees provided to the Canadian Northern by the federal and provincial governments. The guarantees induced the railway's promoters to undertake an ex ante unprofitable project and to finance that project almost exclusively with debt.
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Maes, M. A., S. Abdelatif, and R. Frederking. "Recalibration of partial load factors in the Canadian offshore structures standard CAN/CSA-S471." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 31, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 684–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l04-027.
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The present paper describes a recalibration of the loading side of all the design check equations in the Canadian offshore structures standard CAN/CSA-S471, General requirements, design criteria, the environment, and loads (offshore structures). The recalibration was prompted by concerns about changing or improved load–load effect models and new load types and by Canada's intention to harmonize its offshore standards with the new International Organization for Standardization (ISO) offshore codes in the near future. Calibration is performed over wide ranges of combinations consistent with the normal application scope of CAN/CSA-S471. Updated load models are based on a more refined zonation of operational loads into loads of short duration and slowly varying live loads. Frequent environmental load processes and operational loads are modeled using Ferry-Borges–Castanheta pulse load models and infrequent environmental events and are based on point process models. The calibration is performed using a nonlinear optimization of an upwardly restrained safety objective function to result in optimal load factors, companion and combination factors, and optimal specified exceedance probabilities for infrequent load processes.Key words: load combinations, code calibration, pulse load models, safety factors, reliability levels.
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Stephens, Jerry, James Scoles, Steve Patterson, and Paul Schillings. "Impact on Montana’s Highways of Adopting Canadian Interprovincial and Canamex Limits on Vehicle Size and Weight." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1602, no. 1 (January 1997): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1602-05.
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The impact on Montana’s highways of adopting Canadian Interprovincial, Canamex, or Canamex Short limits on vehicle size and weight was determined. Canadian Interprovincial size and weight limits were developed with due consideration to safety, economy, and damage to highways. Canamex and Canamex Short limits are hybrid size-and-weight systems that retain Montana axle weights coupled with Canadian gross weights. Infrastructure impacts from these new and heavier vehicles were determined by developing new traffic streams, determining the physical impact of these streams on bridges and pavements, and assigning a cost to these impacts. These analyses found that 16 to 20 percent of the bridges systemwide are deficient under Canadian loads (incremental deficiencies above and beyond bridges already deficient under HS20 loads). Incremental deficiencies under Canamex and Canamex Short limits are between 1 and 3 percent of all bridges. Pavement demands on the Interstate and primary systems increased by less than 5 percent under all scenarios. These impacts represent cost responsibilities of $0.01 to $0.13, $0.01 to $0.05, and $0.01 to $0.09 per km driven on Interstate routes by the new configurations for Canadian, Canamex, and Canamex Short limits, respectively. Corresponding costs on the primary system were 1.2 to 10 times higher than these values.
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Au, Alexander, Clifford Lam, Akhilesh C. Agarwal, and Bala Tharmabala. "Bridge evaluation by mean load method per the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 32, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l05-015.
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The Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC) provides two alternative methods for evaluating the strength of existing bridges. The load and resistance factor method provides a general approach and covers the most extreme load situations that can occur in a general bridge population. The mean load method considers the uncertainties of loads acting on a specific bridge, the method of analysis, and resistance of the structure involved, and thus can provide a more accurate evaluation of individual bridges. Since traffic load represents a major portion of bridge loads, a better evaluation of specific bridges is obtained by using the statistical parameters of traffic loads observed on the structure. However, the overall accuracy depends heavily on capturing the most critical loading conditions during the survey periods. The mean load method is particularly valuable where actual traffic loads are expected to be significantly lower than those used in code calibration and when the potential economic benefits arising from a more realistic evaluation outweigh the extra costs of live load data collection and analysis. This paper demonstrates that the mean load method using site-specific traffic loading information can lead to a significantly higher live load-carrying capacity of a bridge.Key words: highway bridges, bridge evaluation, reliability, mean load method, bridge testing.
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Ford, Scott L. "Tracking Migrations of Yellow-Billed Loons (Gavia adamsii) From the Canadian Arctic." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 28, no. 2 (June 2014): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742-28.2.161.
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