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Journal articles on the topic 'Canadian River'
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1
Ouellet Dallaire, Camille, Bernhard Lehner, and Irena Creed. "Multidisciplinary classification of Canadian river reaches to support the sustainable management of freshwater systems." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 77, no. 2 (February 2020): 326–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0284.
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Climate change is altering the hydrology of Canadian rivers to an unprecedented degree. Consequently, sustainable freshwater management practices need to adapt, which include the development of integrated water resource strategies and environmental flow recommendations. A particular challenge arises for these assessments due to the highly diverse nature of river ecosystems across Canada. This diversity can be addressed by using a classification system to create manageable spatial units. Building upon and adapting the results of a global river reach classification scheme, we present a multidisciplinary K-means clustering approach to categorize all river reaches of Canada into 23 types at fine spatial resolution. The typology is based on classifier variables related to hydrology, mostly derived from modelled long-term means of monthly discharges, physiography, climate, and fluvial geomorphology. Resulting maps provide baseline information for rivers of all size classes, from small headwater streams to very large rivers, across the entire country, including unmonitored regions such as the High Arctic. The classification system also points to some strategic expansion opportunities for the current Canadian monitoring network of river gauging stations.
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Peden, Alex E., and Grant W. Hughes. "Sympatry in four species of Rhinichthys (Pisces), including the first documented occurrences of R. umatilla in the Canadian drainages of the Columbia River." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1846–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-267.
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Four species of Rhinichthys (R. cataractae, R. falcatus, R. osculus, and R. umatilla) are recognized in Canadian sections of the Columbia River, with sympatry occuring between all species except R. falcatus and R. osculus. Species status of the latter is supported by morphological dissimilarity between it and the morphologically similar R. falcatus and R. umatilla. Populations of R. umatilla from the Similkameen, Kettle, and Columbia (including Kootenay and Slocan) rivers have morphological and pigmentary differences, but are identifiable with R. umatilla of the lower Columbia River. Canadian R. osculus are similar to historically known populations near the Colville and Little Spokane rivers of northeastern Washington. Populations from more distant tributaries of the Columbia system are variable in morphology and habitat and require separate study to determine their relationships to Canadian populations. Rhinichthys osculus was apparently replaced by R. umatilla in the Colville River, an event that may have been correlated with historical changes of water quality or flooding by the Roosevelt Reservoir. Because R. umatilla prefers swift clear portions of large rivers, it is potentially in conflict with hydroelectric projects. Though not immediately threatened, the status of this species in Canada should be monitored in connection with future development of river systems.
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Hickin, Edward J. "Fluvial facies models: a review of Canadian research." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 17, no. 2 (June 1993): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339301700207.
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Canadian river scientists made significant contributions to the early development (1960-80) of fluvial facies models, particularly to those for braided rivers. More recent Canadian studies (1980-92) have centred on understanding the facies sedimentology of anastomosed and wandering gravel-bed rivers. River planform facies models are distinctly limited as indicators of fluvial style because of: (1) spurious environmental correlations; (2) the difficulty of river planform definition; (3) differential preservation potential of facies; (4) inadequate and unsystematic field sampling; (5) flawed statistical testing; and (6) the inappropriate space scale adopted for analysis. The scale problems of facies analysis may be overcome by employing architectural element analysis in conjunction with modem geophysical methods such as shallow reflection seismology and ground-penetrating radar. Future research should focus on devising specific tests of element-scale sedimentological relationships based on the contemporary fluvial enrivonment.
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Williams, M. M. R. "Deep River: A Canadian Story." Annals of Nuclear Energy 30, no. 15 (October 2003): 1597–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4549(03)00104-x.
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Marsalek, J., B. J. Dutka, A. J. McCorquodale, and I. K. Tsanis. "Microbiological pollution in the Canadian upper great lakes connecting channels." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1996): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0525.
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The faecal microbiological pollution was investigated in the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels by focusing on the near-shore zones of the St. Marys River in Sault Ste. Marie, the St. Clair River in Sarnia and the Detroit River in Windsor (Ontario). Water samples from these rivers and various sources of faecal pollution were analyzed for the indicator organismrecommended by Health and Welfare Canada --Escherichia coli . The observed bacterial counts were characterized by probabilistic distributions and assessed for compliance with the Ontario recreational water quality guideline (100 E. coli/100 mL). The degree and extent of microbiological pollution were related to dry weather sources (malfunctioning sewer systems) and wet weather discharges, particularly combined sewer overflows (CSOs). Excellent water quality was found in Sault Ste. Marie (no CSOs), but poor quality was found in the St. Clair River along a relatively short Sarnia waterfront (5 CSOs) and in a long stretch of the Detroit River in Windsor (25 CSOs). Among the remedial measures, the highest priorities were assigned to both dry and wet weather source controls. Local improvements in microbiological water quality can be achieved by manipulating bacteria transport in rivers - preventing influx of contaminated waters to the areas used for water-based recreation.
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Banks, Daniel, and Thad A. Harroun. "Seventy years of scientific impact using neutron beams at the Chalk River Laboratories." FACETS 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 507–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2019-0003.
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The 31 March 2018 closure of the National Research Universal reactor marked the end of over 70 years of materials research using neutron beams from major neutron sources at the Chalk River Laboratories in Chalk River, Ontario, Canada. This closure will have a major impact on the Canadian materials research community, including researchers in the physics, chemistry, and engineering of materials. After a brief review of the history of neutron beams at the Chalk River Laboratories, we present the results of a bibliometric study of the scientific output of the research with neutron beams. In this study, we compiled a complete bibliographic record of the research papers beginning with the first neutron scattering experiments at the National Research Experimental reactor in 1947, analyzed the citations from 1980 onward, and benchmarked the results against major neutron beam facilities in other countries and against other major research facilities in Canada. We also conducted a broader bibliometric analysis of the use of neutron scattering data among all Canadians, regardless of where the data were taken. The results provide a useful metric of the size of the Canadian neutron scattering community and places into context the importance of access to this research tool.
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Kaiser, Ted, Wilma Godon, Ron Whitehorne, Erich R. Gundlach, and Bart J. Baca. "CANADIAN-U.S. SPILL RESPONSE COOPERATION ALONG THE GREAT LAKES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-177.
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ABSTRACT The United States and Canada share more than 1,400 miles of aquatic border between the St. Lawrence River and western Lake Superior. To effectively deal with regional oil and hazardous material spills that can equally affect either side of the border, Canadian and U.S. agencies have formed a cooperative agreement under the CANUSLAK plan to share resources and information before and during spill occurrences. Primary agencies involved include the Canadian and U.S. coast guards, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Canadian Environmental Protection Service (Emergencies Program). Examples of prespill cooperation, as discussed in this paper, include the joint preparation of contingency plan annexes and shoreline sensitivity atlases for the St. Lawrence River, Detroit-St. Clair River area, and St. Marys River. Cooperation during spills, also discussed, is illustrated by the exchange of information either by direct participation of both countries during response and cleanup or by advisory representation.
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Wirgin, Isaac I., Tun-Liang Ong, Lorraine Maceda, John R. Waldman, David Moore, and Simon Courtenay. "Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) from Canadian Rivers." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-010.
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Mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)was analysed to determine the genetic relatedness of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) populations in tributaries to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Bay of Funday. Mitochondrial DNA genotype frequencies were compared with those of striped bass from the Shubenacadie River (Bay of Fundy) and the Miramichi and Tabusintac rivers (Gulf of St. Lawrence). These mtDNA genotype frequencies were compared with those of striped bass representative of the Atlantic coastal migratory stock originating in the Hudson River and Chesapeake Bay. Differences in the frequencies of mtDNA length variants permitted discrimination of the Shubenacadie River from the Miramichi River and Tabusintac River populations and all three Canadian populations from the U S. spawned costal migratory stock. No difference in the frequency of mtDNA length variants was observed between Tabusintac River and Miramichi River striped bass. Heteroplasmy for mtDNA length variants was observed in 35% of Gulf of St. Lawrence fish, the highest frequency observed in any striped bass population. These results highlight the genetic heterogeneity of these Canadian striped bass populations and their distinctiveness from U S. stocks. Future efforts to restore these depleted Canadian striped bass populations should consider the impact of stock transfer on endemic striped bass gene pools.
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Beltaos, S., and B. C. Burrell. "Hydrotechnical advances in Canadian river ice science and engineering during the past 35 years." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 42, no. 9 (September 2015): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2014-0540.
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Greater opportunity now exists compared to 35 years ago for civil engineers to apply river ice knowledge to practical problems of planning, designing, and operating hydro-power facilities, water intakes, bridges, and other infrastructure along ice-covered rivers. This is due to major advancements made during this period in understanding the physical processes of river ice formation, growth and breakup, in developing instrumentation for acquisition of information on winter environments, and in developing numerical modelling tools. An increasing number of journal articles, as well as papers presented at the river ice workshops of the CGU Committee on River Ice Processes and the Environment (CRIPE) and the ice symposia of the International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR) attest to the advancement in river ice science and engineering knowledge that has occurred during the past 35 years. This paper reviews the developments in river ice science and engineering from a Canadian perspective and briefly discusses future directions.
10
Venkiteswaran, Jason J., Sherry L. Schiff, and Brian P. Ingalls. "Quantifying the fate of wastewater nitrogen discharged to a Canadian river." FACETS 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 315–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2018-0028.
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Addition of nutrients, such as nitrogen, can degrade water quality in lakes, rivers, and estuaries. To predict the fate of nutrient inputs, an understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients is needed. We develop and employ a novel, parsimonious, process-based model of nitrogen concentrations and stable isotopes that quantifies the competing processes of volatilization, biological assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification in nutrient-impacted rivers. Calibration of the model to nitrogen discharges from two wastewater treatment plants in the Grand River, Ontario, Canada, show that ammonia volatilization was negligible relative to biological assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification within 5 km of the discharge points.
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Marshall, S. J. "Meltwater runoff from Haig Glacier, Canadian Rocky Mountains, 2002–2013." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 7 (July 21, 2014): 8355–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-8355-2014.
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Abstract. Observations of high-elevation meteorological conditions, glacier mass balance, and glacier runoff are sparse in western Canada and the Canadian Rocky Mountains, leading to uncertainty about the importance of glaciers to regional water resources. This needs to be quantified so that the impacts of ongoing glacier recession can be evaluated with respect to alpine ecology, hydroelectric operations, and water resource management. I assess the seasonal evolution of glacier runoff in an alpine watershed on the continental divide in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Analysis is based on meteorological, snowpack and surface energy balance data collected at Haig Glacier from 2002–2013. The study area is one of several glacierized headwaters catchments of the Bow River, which flows eastward to provide an important supply of water to the Canadian prairies. Annual specific discharge from snow- and ice-melt on Haig Glacier averaged 2350 mm water equivalent (w.e.) from 2002–2013, with 42% of the runoff derived from melting of glacier ice and firn, i.e. water stored in the glacier reservoir. This is an order of magnitude greater than the annual specific discharge from non-glacierized parts of the Bow River basin. From 2002–2013, meltwater derived from the glacier storage was equivalent to 5–6% of the flow of the Bow River in Calgary in late summer and 2–3% of annual discharge. The basin is typical of most glacier-fed mountains rivers, where the modest and declining extent of glacierized area in the catchment limits the glacier contribution to annual runoff.
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de Rham, Laurent, Yonas Dibike, Spyros Beltaos, Daniel Peters, Barrie Bonsal, and Terry Prowse. "A Canadian River Ice Database from the National Hydrometric Program Archives." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 3 (August 24, 2020): 1835–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1835-2020.
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Abstract. River ice, like open-water conditions, is an integral component of the cold-climate hydrological cycle. The annual succession of river ice formation, growth, decay and clearance can include low flows and ice jams, as well as midwinter and spring break-up events. Reports and associated data of river ice occurrence are often limited to single locations or regional assessments, are season-specific, and use readily available data. Within Canada, the National Hydrometric Program (NHP) operates a network of gauging stations with water level as the primary measured variable to derive discharge. In the late 1990s, the Water Science and Technology Directorate of Environment and Climate Change Canada initiated a long-term effort to compile, archive and extract river-ice-related information from NHP hydrometric records. This data article describes the original research data set produced by this near 20-year effort: the Canadian River Ice Database (CRID). The CRID holds almost 73 000 recorded variables from a subset of 196 NHP stations throughout Canada that were in operation within the period 1894 to 2015. Over 100 000 paper and digital files were reviewed, representing 10 378 station years of active operation. The task of compiling this database involved manual extraction and input of more than 460 000 data entries on water level, discharge, ice thickness, date, time and data quality rating. Guidelines on the data extraction, rating procedure and challenges are provided. At each location, time series of up to 15 variables specific to the occurrence of freeze-up and winter-low events, midwinter break-up, ice thickness, spring break-up, and maximum open-water level were compiled. This database follows up on several earlier efforts to compile information on river ice, which are summarized herein, and expands the scope and detail for use in Canadian river ice research and applications. Following the Government of Canada Open Data initiative, this original river ice data set is available at https://doi.org/10.18164/c21e1852-ba8e-44af-bc13-48eeedfcf2f4 (de Rham et al., 2020).
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Marshall, S. J. "Meltwater run-off from Haig Glacier, Canadian Rocky Mountains, 2002–2013." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 12 (December 12, 2014): 5181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5181-2014.
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Abstract. Observations of high-elevation meteorological conditions, glacier mass balance, and glacier run-off are sparse in western Canada and the Canadian Rocky Mountains, leading to uncertainty about the importance of glaciers to regional water resources. This needs to be quantified so that the impacts of ongoing glacier recession can be evaluated with respect to alpine ecology, hydroelectric operations, and water resource management. In this manuscript the seasonal evolution of glacier run-off is assessed for an alpine watershed on the continental divide in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. The study area is a headwaters catchment of the Bow River, which flows eastward to provide an important supply of water to the Canadian prairies. Meteorological, snowpack, and surface energy balance data collected at Haig Glacier from 2002 to 2013 were analysed to evaluate glacier mass balance and run-off. Annual specific discharge from snow- and ice-melt on Haig Glacier averaged 2350 mm water equivalent from 2002 to 2013, with 42% of the run-off derived from melting of glacier ice and firn, i.e. water stored in the glacier reservoir. This is an order of magnitude greater than the annual specific discharge from non-glacierized parts of the Bow River basin. From 2002 to 2013, meltwater derived from the glacier storage was equivalent to 5–6% of the flow of the Bow River in Calgary in late summer and 2–3% of annual discharge. The basin is typical of most glacier-fed mountain rivers, where the modest and declining extent of glacierized area in the catchment limits the glacier contribution to annual run-off.
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Hashim, Sarfraz, Yue Bo Xie, Imtiaz Hashim, and Ijaz Ahmad. "Urban River Pollution Control Based on Bacterial Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 692 (November 2014): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.692.127.
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Water quality problems are the main interest in current issues. Most urban rivers are polluted due to mismanagement and non existence facilities. Fenghu and Song yong Rivers faced under the same activities. The basic purpose of this paper is to provide more detail and explanation to restore the urban river with advance, reliable and affordable new technology. This research is successfully applied on these Rivers with Bacterial technology (BT). For easier and better understanding used Canadian Water quality (CWQI 1.0) model for aquatic life. The result admitted a fast recovery of highly polluted river plus supported aquatic life and clear nutrients from the rivers.
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Barr, William. "Discovery of one of Sir John Franklin's ships." Polar Record 51, no. 1 (October 15, 2014): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247414000758.
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In the summer of 2014 a major search was mounted in the Canadian Arctic for H.M.S.ErebusandTerror, the ships of Sir John Franklin's expedition, the aim of which was to make a transit of the northwest passage. Beset in the ice to the northwest of King William Island in the summer of 1846, they were abandoned there by the 105 surviving members of their crews in the summer of 1848. The officers and men hoped to walk south to the mouth of the Back River, presumably to ascend that river in the hope of reaching the nearest Hudson's Bay Company's post at Fort Resolution on Great Slave Lake. None of them survived. The 2014 expedition, the Victoria Strait Expedition, mounted by a consortium which included Parks Canada, the Canadian Coast Guard, the Canadian Navy, the Royal Canadian Geographical Society, the Arctic Research Foundation, and One Ocean Adventure, had four ships at its disposal including the Canadian Coast Guard's icebreakerSir Wilfrid Laurier(Captain Bill Noon) and the Navy's HMCSKingston.
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Mlynowski, Theo J., Marco A. Hernández-Henríquez, and Stephen J. Déry. "An evaluation of hydrometric monitoring across the Canadian pan-Arctic region, 1950–2008." Hydrology Research 42, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2011.105.
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This study evaluates the hydrometric monitoring maintained within the Canadian pan-Arctic and is based on the hydrometric gauges closest to northern seas for 76 river systems throughout 1950–2008. Monitoring is quantified by compiling time series of total gauged area and discharge values from the available hydrometric records. We further evaluate the quality of hydrometric data by examining the availability of hydrometric records, the continuity of individual records, and the influence of water regulation on river systems. The maximum gauged area of the Canadian pan-Arctic was 64% in 1990 before it slowly decreased to 56% in 2008. Larger river systems typically had the most hydrometric data available, though each river system had an average of 46% of their records available. In 1998, a maximum of 22 river systems had more than 30 years of continuous records, which is the maximum attained throughout the study period. For future improvements in hydrometric monitoring, additional gauges on relatively small rivers will need to be deployed. We suggest new gauges should be implemented in the Eastern Hudson Bay, Ungava Bay and Labrador Sea basins in spite of the tremendous need for more in the Arctic Archipelago.
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Goss, Charles D., and Beata Gorczyca. "Trihalomethane formation potential of DOC fractions isolated from two Canadian Prairie surface water sources." Water Supply 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.093.
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This study evaluated the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) composition of two surface waters in Manitoba, Canada, the Red and Assiniboine Rivers, to identify DOC fractions with the greatest potential to form trihalomethanes (THMs). The DOC was fractionated into six fractions based on hydrophobicity and acid base functionality: hydrophobic acid (HPOA), hydrophobic base (HPOB), hydrophobic neutral (HPON), hydrophilic acid (HPIA), hydrophilic base (HPIB), and hydrophilic neutral (HPIN). The trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) of the isolated fractions was measured. Fractions collected from the Red River showed significant variation in the specific THMFP, normalized to DOC concentration, ranging from 23 to 1,372 μg THM/mg DOC, while the Assiniboine River THMFP ranged from 11 to 575 μg THM/mg DOC. Although the DOC composition of the two rivers was similar, the THMFP for the fractions differed significantly. The Red River HPOB and HPIB fractions had the highest normalized THMFP of 1,002 μg THM/mg DOC and 1,372 μg THM/mg DOC, respectively, while the HPOA fraction showed the lowest with 23 μg THM/mg DOC. Comparatively, the HPOA fraction from the Assiniboine River was found to have a higher specific THMFP of 478 μg THM/mg DOC. These findings suggest that THM formation is dependent on unique organic composition of the local water and that caution should be taken when estimating THMFP from DOC fractions isolated from different water sources.
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Ballard, K. A., J. G. Sivak, and H. C. Howland. "Intraocular muscles of the Canadian river otter and Canadian beaver and their optical function." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-068.
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The gross morphology and microscopic anatomy of the ciliary and iris musculature of the Canadian river otter (Lutra canadensis) and Canadian beaver (Castor canadensis) were studied to help evaluate whether either species has an exaggerated accommodative mechanism for use underwater. The intraocular muscles of the otter are of a size and organization indicative of an extreme lens-deforming accommodative ability involving both the ciliary body and iris. By contrast, the intraocular muscles of the beaver eye indicate that accommodation is not significant in this animal. Thus, the intraocular musculature of the class Mammalia is not homogeneous, even within the amphibious mammals. Refractive and corneal measurements on two living river otters confirm that this animal is capable of an accommodative range that can neutralize the loss of corneal refractive power when the eye is in water.
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Belore, Harold S., Brian C. Burrell, and Spyros Beltaos. "Ice jam mitigation." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 5 (October 1, 1990): 675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-081.
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In Canada, flooding due to the rise in water levels upstream of an ice jam, or the temporary exceedance of the flow and ice-carrying capacity of a channel upon release of an ice jam, has resulted in the loss of human life and extensive economic losses. Ice jam mitigation is a component of river ice management which includes all activities carried out to prevent or remove ice jams, or to reduce the damages that may result from an ice jam event. This paper presents a brief overview of measures to mitigate the damaging effects of ice jams and contains a discussion on their application to Canadian rivers. Key words: controlled ice breakup, flood control, ice jams, ice management, river ice.
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Krause, P., A. Smith, B. Veale, and M. Murray. "Achievements of the Grand River Conservation Authority, Ontario, Canada." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 9 (May 1, 2001): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0506.
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Winning the 2000 International Riverprize resulted from a significant investment by the community of Ontario over a long period of time in the Grand River Conservation Authority, GRCA. Innovative partnerships with the business community, government, universities, First Nations tribes, environment groups and the general community have been the hallmark of a broad-based river management program that has returned the Grand River to a healthy environment and usable resource. Recognising this, the Grand River received special recognition from the Canadian Heritage Rivers Board - as a designated Heritage River. Not content with the achievements of the past, the GRCA has turned its attention to the future needs of this river system and to increasing the depth and breadth of community partnerships.
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Walker, Douglas C. "Canadian English in a Francophone Family." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 51, no. 2-3 (November 2006): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100004072.
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AbstractThe French language in Alberta is evolving in a strongly minority context. An examination of three generations of speakers from the Peace River region in northwestern Alberta—the area with the highest proportion of francophones—shows the progressive effects of longstanding contact with English. While the grandparents have fluent spontaneous speech with little calquing or code switching, the father’s speech is less spontaneous and shows increased calquing and switching, and the son’s speech has extensive calquing, code switching, and lexical gaps. Despite strong external and community support, the Peace River community manifests many of the traditional indices of minority languages faced with assimilatory pressures.
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Eshraghian, Arash, C. Derek Martin, and Norbert R. Morgenstern. "Movement triggers and mechanisms of two earth slides in the Thompson River Valley, British Columbia, Canada." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 9 (September 2008): 1189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t08-047.
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Since the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway and Canadian National Railway main rail lines in western Canada in 1885 and 1905, respectively, both companies have had to contend with 11 large, translational, retrogressive earth slides in the Thompson River Valley south of Ashcroft, British Columbia. The initiation of these slides is associated with the down cutting by the Thompson River through the Quaternary sediments in its valley. The slides move on two subhorizontal weak layers in a glaciolacustrine clay–silt unit within this Quaternary sediment sequence. Transient seepage and stability analyses were conducted for two sample slides, and the results were in agreement with inclinometer and piezometric data. It is concluded that the Thompson River triggers the movements in a drawdown mechanism and (or) erosion mechanism. The Thompson River affects the stability of these slides in three ways: (i) by changing the pore pressure on the rupture surface, (ii) by changing the supporting force on the toe of the slide, and (iii) by changing the geometry of the slides as a result of river erosion. The relative importance of each of these effects depends on the river erosion protection, the depth of the rupture surface, and the amount of river level fluctuation.
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Campbell, D., R. Kwiatkowski, and R. C. McCrea. "Benthic Communities in Five Major Rivers of the Hudson Bay Lowland, Canada." Water Quality Research Journal 21, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1986.018.
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Abstract A total of one hundred and twenty six species of macroinvertebrates were collected from five major Ontario rivers (Moose, Albany, Attawapiskat, Winisk and Severn) of the Hudson Bay Lowland. Benthic communities in all rivers were dominated primarily by chironomids and oligochaetes except in the East channel of the Moose River where gastropods were also a common taxon. Diversity, as measured by both species richness and the Shannon-Weiner index, was not significantly different in each river. Species distribution was related to substrate composition, river velocity and depth at each station. Community similarity analysis showed that rivers geographically closest together, sharing common flow directions and similar drainage basins resembled each other most in terms of benthic communities. The exception to this was the East channel of the Moose River which showed little resemblance to the other Lowland rivers studies. This was attributed to the highly channelized nature of the Moose River and the origin of the East channel itself which is fed by waters draining the Clay Belt, a unique subprovince of the Canadian shield.
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De Munck, Stéphane, Yves Gauthier, Monique Bernier, Karem Chokmani, and Serge Légaré. "River predisposition to ice jams: a simplified geospatial model." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 7 (July 6, 2017): 1033–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1033-2017.
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Abstract. Floods resulting from river ice jams pose a great risk to many riverside municipalities in Canada. The location of an ice jam is mainly influenced by channel morphology. The goal of this work was therefore to develop a simplified geospatial model to estimate the predisposition of a river channel to ice jams. Rather than predicting the timing of river ice breakup, the main question here was to predict where the broken ice is susceptible to jam based on the river's geomorphological characteristics. Thus, six parameters referred to potential causes for ice jams in the literature were initially selected: presence of an island, narrowing of the channel, high sinuosity, presence of a bridge, confluence of rivers, and slope break. A GIS-based tool was used to generate the aforementioned factors over regular-spaced segments along the entire channel using available geospatial data. An ice jam predisposition index (IJPI) was calculated by combining the weighted optimal factors. Three Canadian rivers (province of Québec) were chosen as test sites. The resulting maps were assessed from historical observations and local knowledge. Results show that 77 % of the observed ice jam sites on record occurred in river sections that the model considered as having high or medium predisposition. This leaves 23 % of false negative errors (missed occurrence). Between 7 and 11 % of the highly predisposed river sections did not have an ice jam on record (false-positive cases). Results, limitations, and potential improvements are discussed.
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Maguire, R. J. "Occurrence and Persistence of Dyes in a Canadian River." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 11 (June 1, 1992): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0301.
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A study of the Yamaska River in Quebec, Canada, in the period 1985 - 1987 has revealed the occurrence of fifteen dyes in water, suspended solids and sediment downstream of textile mills. The most contaminated area was downstream of the city of Granby, which has the largest concentration of textile mills in the basin. Three dyes were positively identified - Disperse Red 60, Disperse Blue 26 and Disperse Blue 79, the most widely used dye in the world. In addition, a mutagenic degradation product of Disperse Blue 79, 2-bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline, was identified in sediment at a location about 6 km downstream of Granby. This product is a result of the reductive cleavage of the azo bond of Disperse Blue 79 in anaerobic sediments. Most of the dyes found are expected to be moderately stable in aerobic environments, but may degrade under anaerobic conditions. This is the first demonstration of the occurrence of dyes in the Canadian environment.
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Senecal, Catherine, and Chandra A. Madramootoo. "Watershed management: review of Canadian diversity." Water Policy 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 509–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0030.
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Watershed management combines the concept of the watershed as the most appropriate spatial management unit for water resources and the concept of integrated water resources management. The movement toward this form of management has resulted in the emergence of new forms of governance in Canada. The Canadian water management context has resulted in various forms of river basin management organizations co-existing within the same country. Four examples are presented of river basin management organizations as they have evolved in Ontario, British Columbia, Quebec and the Prairies, with emphasis on government policy, organizational structure, roles and responsibilities, sources of funding and implementation of integrated watershed management programs and policies. These case studies are selected because they range from government institutions to organizations partially supported by government, to grass roots and stakeholder involvement models, reflecting different levels of funding and stakeholder participation.
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Tremblay, J. É., P. Raimbault, N. Garcia, B. Lansard, M. Babin, and J. Gagnon. "Impact of river discharge, upwelling and vertical mixing on the nutrient loading and productivity of the Canadian Beaufort Shelf." Biogeosciences 11, no. 17 (September 11, 2014): 4853–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4853-2014.
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Abstract. The concentrations and elemental stoichiometry of particulate and dissolved pools of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and silicon (Si) on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf during summer 2009 (MALINA program) were assessed and compared with those of surface waters provided by the Mackenzie river as well as by winter mixing and upwelling of upper halocline waters at the shelf break. Neritic surface waters showed a clear enrichment in dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC, respectively), nitrate, total particulate nitrogen (TPN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) originating from the river. Silicate as well as bulk DON and DOC declined in a near-conservative manner away from the delta's outlet, whereas nitrate dropped non-conservatively to very low background concentrations inside the brackish zone. By contrast, the excess of soluble reactive P (SRP) present in oceanic waters declined in a non-conservative manner toward the river outlet, where concentrations were very low and consistent with P shortage in the Mackenzie River. These opposite gradients imply that the admixture of Pacific-derived, SRP-rich water is necessary to allow phytoplankton to use river-derived nitrate and to a lesser extent DON. A coarse budget based on concurrent estimates of primary production shows that river N deliveries support a modest fraction of primary production when considering the entire shelf, due to the ability of phytoplankton to thrive in the subsurface chlorophyll maximum beneath the thin, nitrate-depleted river plume. Away from shallow coastal bays, local elevations in the concentration of primary production and dissolved organic constituents were consistent with upwelling at the shelf break. By contrast with shallow winter mixing, nutrient deliveries by North American rivers and upwelling relax surface communities from N limitation and permit a more extant utilization of the excess SRP entering through the Bering Strait. In this context, increased nitrogen supply by rivers and upwelling potentially alters the vertical distribution of the excess P exported into the North Atlantic.
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Tremblay, J. É., P. Raimbault, N. Garcia, B. Lansard, M. Babin, and J. Gagnon. "Impact of river discharge, upwelling and vertical mixing on the nutrient loading and productivity of the Canadian Beaufort Shelf." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 10 (October 29, 2013): 16675–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-16675-2013.
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Abstract. The concentrations and elemental stoichiometry of particulate and dissolved pools of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and silicon (Si) in the southeast Beaufort Sea during summer 2009 were assessed and compared with those of surface waters provided by the Mackenzie river as well as by winter mixing and upwelling of upper halocline waters at the shelf break. Neritic surface waters showed a clear enrichment in dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC, respectively), nitrate, total particulate nitrogen (TPN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) originating from the river. Silicate as well as bulk DON and DOC declined in a conservative manner away from the delta's outlet, whereas nitrate dropped non-conservatively to very low background concentrations inside the brackish zone. By contrast, the excess of soluble reactive P (SRP) present in oceanic waters declined in a non-conservative manner toward the river outlet, where concentrations were very low and consistent with P shortage in the Mackenzie River. These opposite gradients imply that the admixture of Pacific-derived, SRP-rich water is necessary to allow phytoplankton to use river-derived nitrate and to a lesser extent DON. A coarse budget based on concurrent estimates of primary production shows that river N deliveries support a small fraction of primary production when considering the entire shelf, due to the ability of phytoplankton to thrive in the subsurface chlorophyll maximum beneath the thin, nitrate-depleted river plume. Away from shallow coastal bays, local elevations in the concentration of primary production and dissolved organic constituents were consistent with upwelling at the shelf break. By contrast with shallow winter mixing, nutrient deliveries by North American rivers and upwelling relax surface communities from N limitation and permit a more extant utilization of the excess SRP entering through Bering Strait. In this context, increased nitrogen supply by rivers and upwelling potentially alter the vertical distribution of the excess P exported into the North Atlantic.
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Andrishak, R., and F. Hicks. "Simulating the effects of climate change on the ice regime of the Peace River." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 5 (May 2008): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-129.
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Winter can be a critical time on many rivers, during which ice conditions and a number of environmental factors can lead to rapidly developing and damaging flood events. Also, in northern Canada, rivers are important for both summer (ferry) and winter (ice bridge) transportation; however, during periods of variable ice conditions these transportation links are temporarily interrupted. As a result, northern communities can become isolated for periods of time. With climate warming becoming an increasing concern, it is important to know how elevated temperatures might affect river ice covers so that we can assess the implications for ice jam events, hydropower dam operation, and winter transportation. The Peace River in northern British Columbia and Alberta was used as a case study in this paper to assess the validity of a newly developed, public domain, thermo-hydraulic river ice model, River1D. The Canadian second-generation coupled global climate model (CGCM2) provided an offset for the historical air temperature input, and a future climate analogue for the mid-21st century ice regime was generated. The historical and future climate simulation results indicated significant potential reductions in the duration and extent of ice cover on the Peace River and a longer period over which the river will be impassible by ferry or ice bridge. Specifically, the number of days an ice bridge could be sustained at the Shaftesbury Ferry site was shown to decrease by 60% to 78%.
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Morse, B., R. D. Townsend, and M. Sydor. "Mathematical modelling of riverbed dynamics – a Canadian case study." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 5 (October 1, 1991): 772–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-094.
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A new mobile-bed mathematical model for simulating sediment transport in river networks under unsteady flow conditions is presented. The new model, ONE-D-SED, is an extended version of the extensively validated fixed-bed, one-dimensional hydrodynamic model ONE-D. This paper reports the results of an application of ONE-D-SED to simulate bed profile development along a 43-km-long tidal channel network of the Lower Fraser River in British Columbia. The sand-bed study reach has been undergoing degradation caused by navigational dredging and river training works in lower channel reaches and by borrow dredging within the study reach itself, ONE-D-SED was used to simulate bed degradation in the study reach during the 1979–1984 period. The simulated annual change in bed elevation at the downstream end of the study reach showed good agreement with that observed during 1968, the data year used to calibrate the model. The predicted cumulative change in bed profile from 1979 to 1984 also compared favourably with the overall degradation pattern observed during that same period. Key words: mathematical model, simulation, sediment transport, river network, finite difference, model validation.
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Tan, Xuezhi, and Thian Yew Gan. "Nonstationary Analysis of Annual Maximum Streamflow of Canada." Journal of Climate 28, no. 5 (February 26, 2015): 1788–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00538.1.
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Abstract Both natural climate change and anthropogenic impacts may cause nonstationarities in hydrological extremes. In this study, long-term annual maximum streamflow (AMS) records from 145 stations over Canada were used to investigate the nonstationary characteristics of AMS, which include abrupt changes and monotonic temporal trends. The nonparameteric Pettitt test was applied to detect abrupt changes, while temporal monotonic trend analysis in AMS series was conducted using the nonparameteric Mann–Kendall and Spearman tests, as well as a parametric Pearson test. Nonstationary frequency analysis of the AMS series was done using a group of nonstationary probability distributions. The nonstationary characteristics of Canadian AMS were further investigated in terms of the Hurst exponent (H), which represents the long-term persistence (LTP) of streamflow data. The results presented here indicate that for Canadian AMS data, abrupt changes are detected more frequently than monotonic trends, partly because many rivers began to be regulated in the twentieth century. Drainage basins that have experienced significant land-use changes are more likely to show temporal trends in AMS, compared to pristine basins with stable land-use conditions. The nonstationary characteristics of AMS were accounted for by fitting the data with probability distributions with time-varying parameters. Large H found in almost ⅔ of the Canadian AMS dataset indicates strong LTP, which may partly represent the presence of long-term memories in many Canadian river basins. Furthermore, H values of AMS data are positively correlated with the basin area of Canadian rivers. It seems that nonstationary frequency analysis, instead of the traditional stationary hydrologic frequency analysis, should be employed in the future.
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Lamare, R., and O. P. Singh. "Seasonal Variation in Water Quality of Lukha River, Meghalaya, India." Current World Environment 11, no. 1 (April 25, 2016): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.11.1.14.
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Lukha River (Wah Lukha) is one of the major rivers of Meghalaya situated in the southern part of East Jaintia Hills District. Activities such as mining of coal and limestone, manufacturing of cement, deforestation etc. have been taking place in the catchment area of the river leading to changes in water quality. This is evident from the deep blue appearance of water of Lukha River during winter months for the last 7-8 years.Till date no convincing and conclusive reason has been given for this annual change in physical appearance.To get insight, we studied the physico-chemical water quality parameters of this river in different seasons and found that the water quality has started deteriorating due to activities occurring in the catchment area. Based on Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment-Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) the water of the river at some locations was found of ‘poor’ quality.
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Beacham, Terry D., Ruth E. Withler, and Allan P. Gould. "Biochemical Genetic Stock Identification of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in Southern British Columbia and Puget Sound." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 1474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-185.
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We used electrophoresis to examine genetic variability at 12 loci for 4 even-year broodline stocks and at 14 loci for 21 odd-year broodline stocks of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in southern British Columbia and Puget Sound. Allelic frequencies were most heterogeneous between the two pink salmon broodlines, but within the odd-year broodline, Fraser River, Canadian non-Fraser, and Puget Sound pink salmon had significantly different allelic frequencies at some loci. Canadian non-Fraser River stocks had the greatest heterogeneity of allelic frequencies within a region, whereas the Fraser River stocks had the least amount of heterogeneity. There was no significant two-locus linkage disequilibrium for the pink salmon stocks surveyed. Cluster analyses by allelic frequencies indicated that Fraser River, Canadian non-Fraser, and Puget Sound stocks were reasonably distinctive. We used differences in genotypic frequencies at 11 loci (3 were duplicated loci) to estimate stock composition of these three groups of pink salmon in mixtures in which the true compositions were known, and we were able to compare the accuracy and precision of our estimates with respect to mixture size and stock composition. We estimated that 100% of pink salmon sampled in a test fishery in Thompson Sound were of Canadian non-Fraser origin.
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Yates, Adam G., Robert B. Brua, Joseph M. Culp, Roger G. Young, and Patricia A. Chambers. "Variation in stream metabolism and benthic invertebrate composition along longitudinal profiles of two contrasting river systems." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, no. 4 (April 2018): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0198.
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Our study aimed to determine drivers of longitudinal variation in stream metabolism and benthic macroinvertebrate (BMI) composition and assess concordance of these ecological measures for two Canadian rivers (Rat River and Tobacco Creek). Gross primary production was associated with longitudinal position in both rivers but also with the percentage of the watershed used for agriculture and hydrogeomorphic zone. However, within- and among-zone differences in stream metabolism indicated that longitudinal variation followed a staircase pattern rather than a clinal pattern. BMI composition was associated with network position in both rivers, but hydrogeomorphic zones were only important in Tobacco Creek. Among-zone differences in BMI communities in Tobacco Creek depended on season. Concordance between stream metabolism and BMI composition was not observed within either river despite metabolism and BMI composition being associated with longitudinal position. For these rivers, segment-scale hydrogeomorphic conditions appear to be important modifiers of longitudinal patterns observed at the whole river scale. The lack of concordance between stream metabolism and BMI composition suggests reach-scale processes are driving ecological differences within sampling sites.
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Chau, Y. K., and O. T. R. Kulikovsky-Cordeiro. "Occurrence of nickel in the Canadian environment." Environmental Reviews 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a95-004.
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Nickel is present in Canadian freshwater and terrestrial environments because of human activities including mining, smelting, refining, alloy processing, scrap metal reprocessing, other metal operations, fuel combustion, and waste incineration. Nickel can also enter the environment as a result of the natural weathering and leaching of rocks. Entry to the Canadian environment from anthropogenic activities results in measurable concentrations of nickel in various media to which organisms may be exposed. Although current anthropogenic rates of emission per tonne of nickel produced are less than 20 years ago, large quantities are still being emitted to the Canadian environment. Nickel is persistent in terrestrial and aquatic environments. While a large data base is available on concentrations of nickel in freshwater, sediment, soil, and terrestrial plants in Canada, relatively few data on concentrations in aquatic and terrestrial organisms are available. From data collected from 1981 to 1992, most unpolluted rivers and lakes in Canada contained between 0.1 and 10 μg nickel/L with the exception of the naturally elevated site of Smoking Hills, N.W.T. (which is at least three orders of magnitude greater), while industrial sites generally contained between 50 and 2000 μg nickel/L. Nickel levels in sediment collected from 1983 to 1992 from polluted sites such as the Welland River, some Sudbury lakes, and Hamilton and Toronto Harbours ranged between 20 and 5000 μg/g dry weight, while natural or background levels in the Niagara River, Lake Erie, Lake Superior, and Lake Huron were a full two orders of magnitude lower. With respect to drinking water sampled from 1984 to 1991, the trend has been a slight decrease in nickel levels with time but with a greater range emerging, which could be due to more sensitive detection equipment installed in 1986 (minima dropped from 1.0 μg/L to an order of magnitude lower). From data collected from 1984 to 1991, the more urbanization and industrialization associated with the city, the higher the means and medians of nickel levels in air. For example, Halifax, Montréal, Quebec, Windsor, Hamilton, and Toronto had greater air nickel levels than Ottawa, Winnipeg, and Edmonton. This trend was also confirmed with the subgroup of data collected from 1987 to 1990. Sudbury was by far the site with the greatest nickel concentrations (average 124 ng/m3). Furthermore, nickel accumulation in wildlife varied with species. For example, mice seemed to accumulate more nickel in their organs than did rats and other larger rodents, while beavers and minks, on average, accumulated more nickel in their livers than did birds in similar sites near Sudbury. Similar trends have been found in Canadian soil pore water, flora, and soil.Key words: nickel compounds, occurrence, Canadian environment.
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Strauss, Justin V., Tiffani Fraser, Michael J. Melchin, Tyler J. Allen, Joseph Malinowski, Xiahong Feng, John F. Taylor, James Day, Benjamin C. Gill, and Erik A. Sperling. "The Road River Group of northern Yukon, Canada: early Paleozoic deep-water sedimentation within the Great American Carbonate Bank." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, no. 10 (October 2020): 1193–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0017.
Full textAbstract:
Cambrian–Devonian sedimentary rocks of the northern Canadian Cordillera record both the establishment and demise of the Great American Carbonate Bank, a widespread carbonate platform system that fringed the ancestral continental margins of North America (Laurentia). Here, we present a new examination of the deep-water Road River Group of the Richardson Mountains, Yukon, Canada, which was deposited in an intra-platformal embayment or seaway within the Great American Carbonate Bank called the Richardson trough. Eleven detailed stratigraphic sections through the Road River Group along the upper canyon of the Peel River are compiled and integrated with geological mapping, facies analysis, carbonate and organic carbon isotope chemostratigraphy, and new biostratigraphic results to formalize four new formations within the type area of the Richardson Mountains (Cronin, Mount Hare, Tetlit, and Vittrekwa). We recognize nine mixed carbonate and siliciclastic deep-water facies associations in the Road River Group and propose these strata were deposited in basin-floor to slope environments. New biostratigraphic data suggest the Road River Group spans the late Cambrian (Furongian) – Middle Devonian (Eifelian), and new chemostratigraphic data record multiple global carbon isotopic events, including the late Cambrian Steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion, the Late Ordovician Guttenberg excursion, the Silurian Aeronian, Valgu, Mulde (mid-Homerian), Ireviken (early Sheinwoodian), and Lau excursions, and the Early Devonian Klonk excursion. Together, these new data not only help clarify nomenclatural debate centered around the Road River Group, but also provide critical new sedimentological, biostratigraphic, and isotopic data for these widely distributed rocks of the northern Canadian Cordillera.
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Harker, W. John. "Canadian Literature in Canadian Schools Again or Why Doesn't the Saskatchewan River Flow Eastward Any More?" Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l'éducation 12, no. 3 (1987): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1495236.
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Beltaos, Spyros, Sayed Ismail, and Brian C. Burrell. "Midwinter breakup and jamming on the upper Saint John River: a case study." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-062.
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Changing climates will likely result in more frequent midwinter ice jams along many Canadian rivers, thereby increasing the likelihood of flood damage and environmental changes. Therefore, the possibility of more frequent ice jams has to be considered during the planning of flood damage reduction measures, the design of waterway structures, and the enactment of measures to protect the environment. As a case study of midwinter jamming, four winter breakup and jamming events that occurred along an upper stretch of the Saint John River during the 1990s are described and the implications of similar midwinter jamming are discussed.Key words: breakup, river ice, climate change, ice jamming, ice thickness, winter, winter thaw.
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Gould, William A., and Marilyn D. Walker. "Plant communities and landscape diversity along a Canadian Arctic river." Journal of Vegetation Science 10, no. 4 (August 1999): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3237188.
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Miquelon, Dale. "Jan Noel. Along a River: The First French-Canadian Women." American Historical Review 119, no. 3 (June 2014): 882–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/119.3.882.
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Hommadi, A. H., A. T. Al-Madhhachi, A. M. Alfawzy, and R. A. Saleh. "Quantifying Canadian Water Quality Index in Alhindya Barrage, Euphrates River." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 870 (July 18, 2020): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/870/1/012065.
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REDDIN, D. G., M. F. O'CONNELL, and D. A. DUNKLEY. "Assessment of an automated fish counter in a Canadian river." Aquaculture Research 23, no. 1 (January 1992): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1992.tb00601.x.
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Zahmatkesh, Zahra, Sanjeev Kumar Jha, Paulin Coulibaly, and Tricia Stadnyk. "An overview of river flood forecasting procedures in Canadian watersheds." Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques 44, no. 3 (June 4, 2019): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2019.1601598.
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Hastings, I. J., D. G. Burton, A. Celli, R. D. Delaney, P. J. Fehrenbach, L. M. Howe, L. L. Larson, et al. "Canadian fusion breeder blanket program: Irradiation facilities at chalk river." Journal of Nuclear Materials 141-143 (November 1986): 1044–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(86)90139-x.
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Cuss, C. W., C. N. Glover, M. B. Javed, A. Nagel, and W. Shotyk. "Geochemical and biological controls on the ecological relevance of total, dissolved, and colloidal forms of trace elements in large boreal rivers: review and case studies." Environmental Reviews 28, no. 2 (June 2020): 138–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2019-0014.
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The concentrations of trace elements (TEs) in large boreal rivers can fluctuate markedly due to changing water levels and flow rates associated with spring melt and variable contributions from tributaries and groundwaters, themselves having different compositions. These fluctuating and frequently high concentrations create regulatory challenges for protecting aquatic life. For example, water quality criteria do not account for changes in flow regimes that can result in TE levels that may exceed regulatory limits, and neither do they account for the markedly different lability and bioaccessibility of suspended solids. This review addresses the geochemical and biological processes that govern the lability and bioaccessibility of TEs in boreal rivers, with an emphasis on the challenges posed by the colloidal behaviour of many TEs, and their relationship to the dissolved fraction (i.e., <0.45 μm in size). After reviewing the processes and dynamics that give rise to the forms and behaviour of TEs in large boreal rivers, their relevance for aquatic organisms and the associated relationships between size and lability and bioaccessibility are discussed. The importance of biological variables and different forms of TEs for limiting lability and bioaccessibility are also addressed. Two case studies emphasize seasonal fluctuations and accompanying changes in the distribution of TE amongst different size fractions and associated colloidal species in large boreal rivers: the Northern Dvina and one of its tributaries, the Pinega River, both in Russia, and the Athabasca River in Alberta, Canada. Water quality in the Athabasca River is briefly discussed with respect to Canadian guidelines.
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Smith, Cynthia Marjorie, Norman Andrew Lawrence, and Rosemary Anne Buck. "First nesting records for the Short-eared Owl, Asio flammeus, on Banks Island, Northwest Territories: evidence of range expansion to arctic islands in Canada." Canadian Field-Naturalist 127, no. 2 (October 29, 2013): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v127i2.1451.
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Two Short-eared Owl, Asio flammeus, nests were discovered in the summer of 2000 along the Thomsen River in Aulavik National Park of Canada on Banks Island, Northwest Territories. One other sighting of a Short-eared Owl suggests the possibility of a third breeding pair. These nests are the first confirmed breeding evidence from islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
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Dick, Lyle. "The Seven Oaks Incident and the Construction of a Historical Tradition, 1816 to 1970." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 2, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031029ar.
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Abstract The Seven Oaks incident, a violent clash between Métis and Hudson's Bay Company/Selkirk settlers at Red River in 1816, was long represented in Canadian historical discourse as a "massacre." In investigating the genesis of this interpretation, the paper examines the primary record and employs textual analysis to distinguish the "story," or basic facts, from the "discourse," or rhetorical overwriting by the event's historians. The paper also reexamines the respective roles of amateur and professional historians in Western Canadian historiography in the context of the discourse on Seven Oaks. The contemporary report of Commissioner William Coltman and works of Red River amateurs are used to establish that Seven Oaks was generally not considered a "massacre" inthepre-Confederationera. Rather, this interpretation largely dates from the post-1870 period, when Anglo-Canadian immigrants to Western Canada became the region's ruling group. Anglo-Canadian historians utilised partisan accounts of the battle and romantic plot structures to reinterpret the Métis actions as a savage slaughter. In these narratives, the alleged Métis role at Seven Oaks functioned allegorically to justify the dispossession of this western Native group's lands by the newcomers. In structuring their texts to promote the ideological position of their own ethnic group, post-Confederation academics established a tradition of writing that dominated Seven Oaks historiography for one hundred years. Since 1970, this tradition has weakened somewhat in academic circles, while popular historians have continued to reproduce its essentials in their accounts.
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de Boer, D. H., M. A. Hassan, B. MacVicar, and M. Stone. "Recent (1999-2003) Canadian research on contemporary processes of river erosion and sedimentation, and river mechanics." Hydrological Processes 19, no. 1 (January 2005): 265–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5767.
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Ashmore, P., F. M. Conly, D. deBoer, Y. Martin, E. Petticrew, and A. Roy. "Recent (1995-1998) Canadian research on contemporary processes of river erosion and sedimentation, and river mechanics." Hydrological Processes 14, no. 9 (2000): 1687–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(20000630)14:9<1687::aid-hyp72>3.0.co;2-9.
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Peterson, Douglas P., and William R. Ardren. "Ancestry, population structure, and conservation genetics of Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) in the upper Missouri River, USA." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66, no. 10 (October 2009): 1758–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f09-113.
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We genotyped Arctic grayling ( Thymallus arcticus ) at 10 microsatellite loci in 18 samples (n = 726) from Montana, Wyoming, and Saskatchewan to determine genetic relationships among native, captive, and naturalized populations in the upper Missouri River basin, to assess patterns in genetic diversity, and to infer recent demographic histories. Substantial genetic subdivision was observed among sample populations (global FST = 0.10). Canadian populations have been isolated from Missouri River populations long enough for mutation to cause genetic differences between regions (mean pairwise FST = 0.18, RST = 0.54). Within the Missouri River basin, most naturalized lacustrine populations traced their ancestry to Red Rock lakes. Two populations in headwater lakes within the Big Hole River watershed appear to be native. We found neither evidence for introgression of Canadian-origin grayling nor any effect of hatchery stocking in native populations. The native fluvial Big Hole River group was genetically distinct and most diverse (HE = 0.89), whereas native Madison River and Red Rock lakes populations exhibited lower genetic diversity (HE = 0.74 and 0.80, respectively) and evidence of recent bottlenecks. The existing Big Hole and Red Rock populations are at low abundance but do not appear to be at immediate risk of inbreeding depression (Ne = 207.7–228.2).