Dissertations / Theses: 'Canal do Panamá'

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Melo, Samuel Teles de. "A ampliação do Canal do Panamá." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2013. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/107455.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio-econômico, Programa de Pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais, Florianópolis, 2013
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Abstract: The Panama Canal is located in Central America in the Republic of Panama. Its strategic location allows connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through an isthmus of 83 km long and 26 meters high. Due to the extremely natural complexity, its construction has become a major engineering challenge, the first French attempt failed between 1881-1889 and was completed by the U.S. military in the period 1904-1914. Meanwhile, Panama became an independent country - with direct U.S. aid - and subsequently signed an international treaty with the United States for the construction, administration and sovereignty of the Canal Zone by the Americans. Given the expansion of international trade after World War II the traffic capacity of the Canal has become a limiting factor for the passage of larger vessels. Furthermore, the internal problems associated growing disinterest on the American Canal led to a renegotiation of the treaty with the USA. Thus, in 1977 both countries signed the Torrijos-Carter Treaty whose goal was a gradual transition from 20 years to the full Panamanian control and management over the sovereignty of the Canal. Within this period of transition (1979-1999), the U.S. overthrew dictator Noriega in 1989 under the fear of the weakening of the bilateral relations between the countries as well as ensuring free flow of trade at the Canal. Thus, the process of democratization started in the 1990s provided the input Foreign Direct Investment, privatization and modernization for the Panamanian Port Sector. With the end of the transition period and the Canal Zone in 1999, the newly created agency ACP acquired administrative autonomy and now manages the Canal as a public entity with a focus on providing quality services which consequently became in a financial surplus entity. Therefore, the Canal?s duplication project was approved in a national referendum in 2006 and the construction work began in 2008. With the duplication it is expected to strengthen the flow of trade between the Americas and Asia, mainly from USA, China, Japan, Korea and Chile. Similarly, there is an opening up prospects for advancement Brazilian trade due to transport infrastructure projects by the Brazilian federal government to strengthen the use of ports in the North and Northeast of Brazil.

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VIEIRA, OROZCO AMAURI. "CORREDOR TRANSÍSTMICO DE TEHUANTEPEC COMO ALTERNATIVA AL CANAL DE PANAMÁ." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/98824.

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RESUMEN. Desde la época de la Conquista en el siglo XVI, el Istmo de Tehuantepec pasó a ser una zona de interés para los españoles debido a su posición geográfica y su estrechez, sin embargo, se dieron por mejores opciones Panamá y Nicaragua, más adelante en el siglo XIX Estados Unidos de Norteamérica puso su atención en la región del Istmo, ambicionando lo mismo que los españoles y que después de la guerra contra México quiso aprovechar como moneda de cambio para que existiese la paz, en contraste ese convenio que detallaba el libre tránsito americano nunca tuvo ratificación en su senado y por ende falta de validez, años más tarde aparecieron personajes que reclamaban tener la posesión de la región como José Garay un ex funcionario mexicano que tenía la concesión para poder construir el tan anhelado paso interoceánico, sin embargo por el poco presupuesto mexicano para desarrollarlo decide ofrecerlo a compañías americanas, que se darían a conocer en 1907 cuando Porfirio Díaz desarrolla las vías ferrocarrileras e inaugura el paso por el Istmo de Tehuantepec. Ya en el siglo XXI México ha decidió retomar un proyecto que ha tenido distintos nombres, necesaria es la infraestructura ya que representa progreso y desarrollo no sin antes conocer la región Istmeña y sus características, sociales, culturales y económicas, así como lo que la implementación de las Zonas Económicas Especiales representa para su evolución. Mediante la investigación de datos y características se contrastará porque el Istmo de Tehuantepec a través del proyecto que se desarrolla es una alternativa al Canal de Panamá no dejando de lado lo que se pretende realizar a futuro por la nueva administración.

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Benhumea, Martínez Oscar Rai. "Corredor Multimodal Interoceánico: Análisis comparativo del Canal de Panamá y el Canal Interoceánico en México." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/104592.

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Martínez, Sánchez y Casado (2002 apud Torres, 2017) señalan que durante el Porfiriato se despertó el interés por realizar un Canal Transístmico en el Istmo de Tehuantepec, por tener la mejor ubicación dentro del país y por ser la brecha más estrecha, lo cual concordaba con todos los atributos que se requerían para poder lograr una conexión entre el Océano Pacifico y el Atlántico. Ortiz (como se cita en Torres, 2017) el éxito del Canal del Istmo de Tehuantepec fue efímero ya que para 1915 se inaugura el Canal de Panamá y la mayoría de la carga comercial atravesaría por el Istmo Panameño, este acontecimiento junto al movimiento revolucionario de 1910 dio fin al ferrocarril Transístmico. Así como bien lo indican Cunin y Krotz (2012) la región no se desarrolla como resultado de un proyecto concebido de antemano, sino como el resultado de las interacciones entre distintos actores, en las que cada uno busca sus propios intereses. En miras de buscar la reactivación del Istmo de Tehuantepec el Gobierno de la actual administración hará una inversión de 8,000 millones de pesos, para que la región del sur del país se pueda desarrollar, la inversión se hará en los Estados de Veracruz y Oaxaca, contemplando una modernización y ampliación de los Puertos de Salina Cruz y Coatzacoalcos (Molina, 2018). China tiene intenciones de invertir en México, así como lo ha hecho con otros países de América Latina y el Caribe, ya que cuenta con los recursos financieros y tecnológicos que México requiere para impulsar dos de los proyectos más ambiciosos de México como lo son, el Tren Maya y el Ferrocarril Transístmico que conecta al Pacifico con el Atlántico (Forbes, 2018). Corredor Multimodal Interoceánico: Análisis comparativo del Canal de Panamá y el Canal Interoceánico en México 7 De acuerdo a datos de la Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes (2018) Coatzacoalcos no solo es un punto de convergencia para distintas rutas nacionales, sino también lo es para las rutas internacionales, gracias a que tiene un alcance con el corredor Ciudad de México-Puebla y Progreso, y con el corredor vial-ferroviario Transístmico hacia el Puerto de Salina Cruz, ubicado en el Estado de Oaxaca. Ortiz (1971) dice que de acuerdo al Departamento de Marina de los Estados Unidos, realizar un traslado de mercancías provenientes de Liverpool, Inglaterra a Auckland, Nueva Zelanda tiene una distancia de 14,645 millas náuticas vía el Canal de Suez, de 13,312 millas náuticas por Panamá y a través del Istmo de Tehuantepec solo 4,925 millas náuticas (Torres 2017, p. 131). Según datos de SCT, (2008) gracias a la posición geográfica con la que cuenta México, el 80% de su comercio exterior se realiza a través de transporte marítimo, ya que los puertos que se ubican en el Océano Pacífico y en el Golfo de México pueden conectar con 535 destinos geográficos ubicados en cualquier parte del mundo, lo cual facilita las exportaciones e importaciones. De acuerdo a datos de Theurel (2016) con 381 km de largo, se pretende la creación de un gasoducto transoceánico que atravesara 14 municipios de Veracruz, y 13 municipios de Oaxaca, esto formara parte de la infraestructura que tiene como fin, transportar el gas mezclado procedente de Estados Unidos, a su vez también se busca rehabilitar el ferrocarril y la carretera que atraviesa el Istmo, esto con el único fin de hacer más eficiente el traslado de mercancías por el Istmo. Según los datos publicados por el Instituto Mexicano del Transporte (2018) la carga total transportada por ferrocarril en la región sur sureste del país en 2016 es equivalente a 4.97%, la cual se integra por 11,189 registros que son equivalentes a 6,072,015 toneladas. Corredor Multimodal Interoceánico: Análisis comparativo del Canal de Panamá y el Canal Interoceánico en México 8 En 1879 empezó la construcción del canal (Panamá) dirigido por Ferdinand de Lesseps, quien también estaba involucrado con el Canal de Suez. La idea era hacer un canal al nivel del mar, como también habían hecho con el Canal de Suez, aunque tuvieron que afrontar el problema de las montañas y las enfermedades (Autoridad del Canal de Panamá, 2018). De acuerdo a Sacyr (2015) la ampliación del Canal de Panamá representa una de las obras de ingeniería más ambiciosas de la era moderna, la obra es liderada por la empresa española Sacyr, la cual es responsable del diseño y construcción del tercer juego de esclusas, que junto al consorcio internacional Grupo Unidos por el Canal (GUPC) tienen la enorme tarea de llevar acabo el Tercer juego de esclusas, una en el Atlántico y la otra en el Pacífico. De acuerdo a la Autoridad del Canal de Panamá (2018) el 26 de Junio de 2016 se inauguró un tercer carril para el tránsito por el Canal de Panamá, lo cual significa una mayor competitividad, una mejora en el servicio y se asegura el valor de la ruta marítima a través de Panamá, con la ampliación del canal no solo aumento la dimensión de los carriles, sino también la capacidad de las esclusas para permitir el paso a buques de mayor capacidad. Ahora las esclusas de Cocolí y Agua Clara son más anchas, más largas y más profundas que las esclusas de Miraflores, Pedro Miguel y Gatún. Por lo tanto, las esclusas neopanamax permiten el paso de buques que almacenan más de 14,000 TEU (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit), en tanto que las esclusas panamax permiten el paso de buques con capacidad de 5,000 TEU (ACP, 2018). Según datos de la ACP (2019) luego de la ampliación del Canal de Panamá se logró el tránsito número 6,000 del buque neopanamax, de los cuales el 50% pertenece al segmento de portacontenedores, el 26% al segmento de Gas Licuado de Petróleo, Corredor Multimodal Interoceánico: Análisis comparativo del Canal de Panamá y el Canal Interoceánico en México 9 un 11% al de Gas Licuado Natural y el porcentaje restante pertenece a los buques que transportan gráneles secos y líquidos, porta vehículos y pasajeros. Dentro del desarrollo del contexto se busca cumplir con el Objetivo General: Analizar los beneficios comerciales que traería la reapertura del Canal del Istmo de Tehuantepec en comparación al Canal de Panamá. Siendo así que los objetivos específicos son: -Conocer la viabilidad comercial que traería consigo la reapertura del Canal del Istmo de Tehuantepec. -Realizar un análisis comparativo del Canal de México y el Canal de Panamá. Con base al desarrollo del análisis, el tipo de investigación que se eligió es de tipo exploratorio porque de acuerdo a Hernández, Fernández y Baptista (2014) “la meta de este tipo de investigación es someter a un análisis cualquier tipo de fenómeno, contexto o situación de la cual se tenga poco conocimiento y no haya suficiente información”. Los distintos métodos de los cuales se apoya el análisis ayudaran a comprender el desarrollo que ha tenido una vía interoceánica y su evolución a lo largo del tiempo. Es por eso que se utilizan los métodos, deductivo, inductivo, analítico y sintético para poder entender la situación actual del Istmo de Tehuantepec y la viabilidad comercial que traería consigo al poner en marcha uno de los proyectos que dio estabilidad económica a México durante el Porfiriato. Para poder comprender cada uno de los puntos citados en el análisis se utilizará un enfoque cualitativo en la investigación, con la recolección de datos se describen situaciones observables y se pueden interpretar fenómenos. La principal característica de este enfoque es darle sentido a las ideas o actos de las personas y al mismo tiempo al mundo que los rodea (Hernández, Fernández y Baptista, 2014).

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Rompré, Ghislain. "Répartition des oiseaux dans le secteur forestier du canal de Panama : analyse et perspectives." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24664/24664.pdf.

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Dans le cadre de cette étude, j’ai examiné la richesse spécifique des oiseaux et la biogéographie de fragments de forêt tropicale afin de comprendre et prédire les effets de la perte et de la fragmentation des habitats sur les oiseaux de paysages forestiers menacés à proximité du canal de Panama. Pour atteindre cet objectif, j’ai utilisé la relation superficie-espèce (species-area relationship, SAR), utilisée couramment en biologie de la conservation. Cependant, le modèle que j’ai utilisé ici diffère de la SAR originale puisqu’il ajoute les effets non aléatoires de la répartition de la diversité et des patrons de perte d’habitat, normalement ignorés dans les études de ce genre. Je démontre que ces patrons ne sont pas aléatoires. La diversité augmente graduellement à partir des forêts sèches et saisonnières du Pacifique, en allant vers les forêts humides sempervirentes de l’Atlantique. L’analyse de coefficients de direction (Path Analysis) révèle que la diversité aviaire est influencée principalement par l’hétérogénéité de l’habitat. L’humidité explique partiellement la diversité floristique, ainsi que l’âge de la forêt, la topographie et la superficie (taille et la configuration de l’habitat). De façon similaire, la perte d’habitat a résulté de plusieurs facteurs socio-économiques favorisant de manière prévisible l’urbanisation ou l’agriculture. En raison de la présence de deux agglomérations urbaines en croissance dans cette partie du Panama, la perte d’habitat devrait surtout se faire au profit de l’urbanisation. Les forêts sans protection, près des régions urbaines, des autoroutes ou des populations aisées paraissent en danger immédiat de conversion. Quand la SAR est ajustée afin d’inclure le gradient de diversité d’oiseaux et les scénarios de perte d’habitat plausibles, la perte projetée d’espèces est plus élevée que si on utilise la SAR originale. Le modèle prédit un déclin abrupt de la richesse en espèces suivant la perte de 24 % d’habitat à partir des forêts actuellement présente. Ce résultat peut avoir de sérieuses conséquences pour la conservation dans la région du canal de Panama et même d’autres régions dans les tropiques. Mes recherches appuient l’idée que la SAR «améliorée» permet des prédictions réalistes sur l’extinction locale d’espèces suivant la perte d’habitat, puisqu’elle tient compte de la répartition non aléatoire des espèces et des menaces non aléatoires de perte d’habitat.
In this study, I examined the biogeography of avian species richness in fragmented tropical forests in order to understand and predict the effect of habitat loss and fragmentation on avian diversity in endangered forested landscapes near the Panama Canal. To reach this goal, I used the species-area relationship (SAR), a commonly used tool of Conservation Biology. However, the model I employed here differed from the standard SAR since it added the effect of non-random distribution patterns of species richness, and the non-random patterns of habitat loss, both previously neglected. In this study, I show that neither pattern was random. Species richness increased gradually from the dry seasonal forests of the Pacific coast to the humid evergreen forests of the Atlantic coast. Richness was higher in intact mature humid forests with higher vegetation diversity, and in rugged topography (which supports the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis); it also followed area (in larger and continuous tracts of forests). Similarly, habitat loss happened according to two predictable socio-economic patterns: urbanization or conversion to agriculture. Habitat loss scenarios were derived from the strongest factors (biophysical or socio-economic). Owing to the presence of two major growing cities in our study area, most habitat loss is expected to occur following urbanization. Unprotected forests in proximity of urbanized areas, main highways or affluent populations may be in immediate danger of conversion. The species-area relationship used in this study, which included the distribution patterns of richness and the habitat loss scenarios, yielded more dramatic and realistic results, compared to the standard SAR. The model predicted a drastic decline in forest bird species richness following the loss of only 24 % of actual forests remaining, a phenomenon called fragmentation threshold. This result alone may have strong repercussions on conservation discussions in the Panama Canal region and other endangered landscapes in the tropics. The use of this “improved” SAR model in making projections of species loss following habitat loss in the tropics represent a tool that might be extremely useful in conservation since it takes into account non-negligible aspects previously omitted.

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Viquez, Bladimir. "Le Canal de Panama : mémoire et identité d’une nation : une reconstruction historique-littéraire de la route de l’Isthme de Panama." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN20015.

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Le Canal de Panama est une référence nationale et mondiale. L’idée d’un canal a émergé dès la colonie espagnole. Cette thèse est une étude sociocritique qui représente une vision littéraire des faits historiques. Ces faits révèlent les perturbations de la société panaméenne marquée par la présence des sociétés étrangères tout au long de l’histoire de l’Isthme de Panama : la période coloniale, la période d’union à la Colombie et la présence états-unienne installée sur le territoire de Panama en raison de l’existence du Canal. Cette réalité historique nous révèle que le Canal représente une manifestation sociale et identitaire que les écrivains enregistrent comme la mémoire d'une société. Cette étude permettra de révéler une relation entre les aspects historiques et le discours littéraire qui naît de la réalité controversée et complexe qui a eu un impact dans la vie du peuple de Panama et de l'Amérique Latine. Ce problème oblige à voir le discours comme une expérience collective et sociale couplée avec le travail et les expériences des auteurs devenant la voix de la société. L’Isthme de Panama et le Canal sont un passage obligé pour le commerce mondial qui a engendré la migration, le mélange culturel, des idiosyncrasies et la mise en place d'une cellule impérialiste qui a lacéré la nationalité et l’identité du peuple panaméen
The panama canal is a national and global reference. The canal’s idea emerged from the Spanish colony. This thesis is a Social critic study which represents a literary vision of the historical events. Those facts reveal disturbance of the Panamanian society marked by the presence of foreign society all along the Isthmus of Panama history: The colonial period, the Colombia’s union period and the presence of the north American settled in the Panamanian territory for the Panamanian canal. This historical reality reveals that Panama canal represent a social and identity manifestation which writers describe as the memory of the society. This study reveals a relation between the historical aspects and the literary discourse which is born from the controversy and complex reality that impact the Panamanian lives and the Latin Americans. This problem obliged to see the discourse as a collective and societal experience linked with the worked of the authors which become the society voce. The Isthmus of Panama and the canal are a obliged crossing for the international business which leads to migration, the cultural mix, the idiosyncrasies, and the creation of an imperialist unit which tear apart the identity and nationality of the Panamanian people
El Canal de Panamá es una referencia mundial. La idea de un canal por el Istmo data de la colonia española. Esta tesis es un estudio sociocrítico que representa una visión literaria de los hechos históricos. Estos hechos revelan las perturbaciones de la sociedad panameña marcadas por la presencia de sociedades extranjeras a lo largo de su historia: el periodo colonial, el periodo de unión a Colombia y el periodo de la presencia de los Estados Unidos instalada sobre el territorio de Panamá en razón de la existencia del Canal. Esta realidad nos revela que el Canal de Panamá representa una manifestación social e identitaria que los escritores registran como memoria de una sociedad. Este estudio permitirá revelar una relación entre los aspectos históricos y el discurso literario que nace de la realidad controvertida y compleja que ha tenido un impacto en la vida del pueblo panameño y de América Latina. Este problema obliga a ver el discurso poético como experiencia colectiva y social amalgamada al trabajo y a las experiencias de los autores que se convierten en voz de la sociedad. El Istmo de Panamá y el Canal son un paso obligado para el comercio mundial que ha engendrado la migración, la mezcla cultural, idiosincrasias diferentes y el establecimiento de una célula imperialista que ha lacerado la identidad del panameño

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Núñez, Eustorgio Jaén. "Valoração econômica do serviço de redução de sedimentos das florestas da bacia hidrográfica do Canal do Panamá." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-02082011-102237/.

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O processo de sedimentação e assoreamento reduz a profundidade e a capacidade dos lagos de armazenamento de água do Canal do Panamá, obrigando a realizar dragagens periódicas que aumentam os custos de operação. Esses processos são acelerados pela perda de cobertura florestal na bacia. O presente estudo teve por objetivo estimar o valor econômico associado à redução de sedimentos na floresta da bacia do Canal, através do método de custo evitado de dragagem. O efeito físico da cobertura florestal sobre a redução de sedimentos foi estimado a través de regressão linear de dados biofísicos de sete microbacias que dispõem de medições de produção de sedimentos: Chagres, Pequení, Boquerón, Gatún, Trinidad, Cirí Grande e Caño Quebrado. Os resultados mostram que cada hectare de floresta nesta área reduz em 14,76 t.ano-1 de sedimentos em suspensão. Adicionando sedimentos de fundo isso corresponde a 14,32 t.ha-1.ano-1 e a um valor econômico de USD 197,40 por hectare por ano. Concluiu-se que as florestas contribuem significativamente para mitigar o processo de assoreamento dos lagos de armazenamento de água para o funcionamento do Canal do Panamá, e essa contribuição pode ser valorada em USD 39.640.091 por ano, para toda a floresta da bacia.
Sedimentation and siltation reduce the lakes depth and capacity to hold water in the Panama Canal, requiring periodic dredging which increases the operation costs. These processes are accelerated by the loss of forests that cover the basin. This studys objective is to estimate the economic value associated with reduction of sediments in the Canal basin, based on the method of avoided dredging cost. The physical effect of forest on sediment reduction was estimated through linear regression of biophysical data for seven watersheds that have measurements of sediments yield: Chagres, Pequení, Boquerón, Gatún, Trinidad, Cirí Grande and Caño Quebrado. These results shows that each hectare of forest in this area reduces the sediments in suspension. By adding sediments from the bottom of the riverbed, this corresponds to 14.32 m3.ha- 1.year-1 and to an economic value of USD 197.40 per hectare per year. It was concluded that forests contribute significantly to mitigate the process of siltation of lakes water storage for the operation of the Panama Canal, and this contribution may be valued at USD 39,640,091 per year for the entire basin forest.

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Arias, Mendoza Katherine Hilda, Cahuana Guido Mijail Bejar, and Rivas Cinthya Elizabeth Rosales. "Análisis comparativo del nuevo proyecto canal de Nicaragua frente al actual Canal de Panamá: beneficio económico e impacto en el comercio internacional del Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/621418.

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El incremento del comercio internacional y la firma de múltiples tratados internacionales entre países, genera una gran demanda comercial, lo que hace que se ejecute la ampliación del Canal de Panamá para tratar de calmar esta demanda. Sin embargo, el actual crecimiento de los mercados de Asia, especialmente China e India hace que el transporte de carga se incremente, creando la necesidad de construir buques más grandes, que contengan mayor cantidad de contenedores y con la necesidad de una ruta alterna para su tránsito. Es por ello, que en 2014, se inicia la construcción del Canal de Nicaragua, un canal mucho más grande y profundo que el Canal de Panamá que venía de tener una ampliación. Ante esto se realiza el siguiente cuestionamiento ¿la construcción del Canal de Nicaragua, frente al canal de Panamá sería beneficioso para el Perú? Para responder esa pregunta se desarrolló un análisis comparativo sobre el proyecto del nuevo Canal de Nicaragua, midiendo el posible beneficio económico e impacto de la cadena logística internacional del Perú. La metodología del estudio es cualitativa y cuantitativa, se hicieron entrevistas a profundidad y se analizaron datos estadísticos actualizados, de manera que se realice un cálculo al momento que entre en funcionamiento el Canal de Nicaragua. Las entrevistas fueron realizadas a representantes de navieras de Panamá, Perú y Nicaragua, donde indican básicamente los beneficios esperados del nuevo canal y de lo ambicioso del proyecto.En la parte cuantitativa, se analiza que el Canal de Nicaragua tendrá menos peajes que el canal de Panamá, ya que aunque haya sido ampliado, no se pudo paliar la demanda que cada vez es más grande, a su vez, los costos de las navieras disminuyen conforme se incrementa el tamaño de la nave, y que probablemente, al año 2025, la capacidad portuaria de nuestro país no se daría abasto para recibir la cantidad de TEU previsto, con ello se concluye que el proyecto del Canal de Nicaragua traería beneficios para el Perú, entre los cuales serían una mayor oferta comercial tanto para importadores como para exportadores, según las proyecciones que se hicieron. En consecuencia, el Perú deberá generar las condiciones para recibir buques de grandes cargas, esto quiere decir, que se tiene que mejorar la infraestructura para estar a la altura de lo que se viene.
The increase in international trade and the signing of multiple international treaties between countries leads to a high demand for trade, which leads to the expansion of the Panamá Canal to try to calm this demand. However, currently in the face of growing Asian markets, especially China and India cause freight transport to skyrocket, creating larger ships, which carry more containers so an alternate route is needed. With this in mind, the construction of the Nicaragua Canal was begun in 2014, much larger and deeper than the enlarged Panama Canal. Before this, the following question is asked: Would the construction of the Nicaragua Canal, in front of the Panama Canal, benefit or not for Peru? So we developed a comparative analysis on the project of the new Nicaragua channel, measuring the possible economic benefit and impact of the international logistics chain of Peru. The methodology of the study is qualitative and quantitative, that is, interviews were conducted in depth and updated statistical data were analyzed so that a result can be projected with the Nicaragua channel completed. The interviews were conducted with representatives of shipping companies in Panama, Peru and Nicaragua, where they basically highlight the expected benefits that would be obtained from the new channel and the ambitious project. In the quantitative part, it was possible to observe that the Nicaraguan canal would have lower tolls than the Panama Canal, its expansion could not alleviate the demand that was becoming bigger, in turn, the costs of the shipping companies decrease as the size increases of the ship, and that probably, by 2025, Peruvian port capacity would not be able to receive the amount of TEU that is planned for that date, with which it is concluded that the Nicaragua canal project would bring benefits to Peru , A greater commercial offer both for importers and for exporters, according to the projections that were made. In addition, therefore, Peru would have to generate the conditions to receive ships of great loads, that is to say, that the infrastructure has to be improved to be on par with what is coming.

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Leite, Lucas Amaral Batista. "A política externa dos Estados Unidos de 1865 a 1912 : análise discursiva da ascensão americana /." Marília, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151656.

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Orientador: Marco Aurélio Nogueira de Oliveira e Silva
Banca: Antonio Pedro Tota
Banca: Carlos Gustavo Poggio Teixeira
Banca: Cristina Soreanu Pecequilo
Banca: Guilherme Stolle Paixão e Casarões
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas"
Resumo: Esta tese de doutorado tem o objetivo de explicar a ascensão dos Estados Unidos no sistema internacional, por meio de análise os discursos presidenciais do State of the Union, no período correspondente aos anos de 1865 e 1912. Buscaremos compreender o papel da ideia de singularidade, especialmente presentes no chamado Destino Manifesto e nos marcos conhecidos como Doutrina Monroe e Corolário Roosevelt. Ademais, daremos ênfase às construções que relacionam a construção da identidade norte-americana em contraponto à do "Outro" a ser delimitada, como na adoção de uma leitura darwinista das relações sociais e dentre nações pelos presidentes norte-americanos. Igualmente, trabalharemos com a ideia de uma fronteira que se expande de acordo com a necessidade e os interesses do país dentro de um projeto de ordem e estabilidade hemisférica que corresponderia a um projeto similar de forma interna. Nossa análise será conduzida por referenciais teóricos considerados pós-estruturalistas, auxiliada particularmente pelas obras de autores como David Campbell (1992) e Robert Walker (1993), para os quais a linguagem é objeto de estudo na disciplina de Relações Internacionais.
Abstract: This dissertation aims to illustrate the rise of the United States in the international system through presidential speeches of the State of the Union analysis, from 1865 to 1912. We seek to understand the role played by perceptions of singularity, especially in the so-called Manifest Destiny and the Roosevelt Corollary's of Monroe Doctrine. Additionally, we emphasize the narratives that relate the construction of American identities as opposed to the "Other", usually approached under a Darwinian perception of social relations between the nations and the U.S. presidents, including the idea of a border that expands according to the needs and interests of the country - in an order and hemispheric stability that would correspond to a similar project internally. Our analysis will be conducted poststructuralist theory, mainly in the works of authors such as David Campbell (1992) and Robert Walker (1993), that consider the language as an subject of study in the discipline of International Relations.
Resumen: Esta tesis de doctorado tiene el objetivo de analizar el ascenso de Estados Unidos en el sistema internacional a través de los discursos presidenciales del State of the Union en el período correspondiente a los años 1865 y 1912. Buscaremos comprender el papel de la idea de singularidad, especialmente presentes en el llamado "Destino Manifiesto" y en los hitos conocidos como "Doctrina Monroe" y "Corolario Roosevelt". Además, daremos énfasis a las construcciones que relacionan la construcción de la identidad norteamericana en contrapunto a la del "Otro" a ser delimitada, como en la adopción de una lectura darwinista de las relaciones sociales y entre las naciones por los presidentes norteamericanos, y la idea de Una frontera que se expande de acuerdo con la necesidad y los intereses del país, dentro de un proyecto de orden y estabilidad hemisférica que correspondería a un proyecto similar de forma interna. Nuestro análisis será conducido por referenciales teóricos considerados post-estructuralistas, auxiliada particularmente por las obras de autores como David Campbell (1992) y Robert Walker (1993) - los cuales colocan el lenguaje como objeto de estudio en la disciplina de Relaciones Internacionales.
Doutor

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Jackoby, Joanna C. "Panama: owning the canal." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/41395.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
It is rare that Americans wonder about what happened to the Panama Canal after the United States turned it over to Panama in 1999. Since 2000, the Panamanians have been able to transform the canal into a profitable enterprise and successfully revert a good deal of Canal Zone infrastructure to public use through a combination of positive political decision-making, fiscally beneficial economic policies, and constructive management. The United States created the nation of Panama, built and managed the canal, and finally begrudgingly handed over sovereignty. To this extent, Panama's success is our success. Yet there has been surprising little real analysis of the changes in Panama that have resulted from a decade of ownership of the canal and the land surrounding it. It is time to appraise the results so far.

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Gutiérrez, Hernández Julián Eli. "Drought Indices in Panama Canal." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-258961.

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Panama has a warm, wet, tropical climate. Unlike countries that are farther from the equator, Panama does not experience seasons marked by changes in temperature. Instead, Panama's seasons are divided into Wet and Dry. The Dry Season generally begins around mid-December, but this may vary by as much 3 to 4 weeks. Around this time, strong northeasterly winds known as "trade winds" begin to blow and little or no rain may fall for many weeks in a row. Daytime air temperatures increase slightly to around 30-31 Celsius (86-88 Fahrenheit), but nighttime temperatures remain around 22-23 Celsius (72-73 Fahrenheit). Relative humidity drops throughout the season, reaching average values as low as 70 percent. The Wet Season usually begins around May 1, but again this may vary by 1 or 2 weeks. May is often one of the wettest months, especially in the Panama Canal area, so the transition from the very dry conditions at the end of the Dry Season to the beginning of Wet Season can be very dramatic. With the arrival of the rain, temperatures cool down a little during the day and the trade winds disappear. Relative humidity rises quickly and may hover around 90 to 100% throughout the Wet Season. Drought forecasts can be an effective tool for mitigating some of the more adverse consequences of drought. The presented thesis compares forecast of drought indices based on seven different models of artificial neural networks model. The analyzed drought indices are SPI and SPEI-ANN Drought forecast, and was derived for the period of 1985-2014 on Panama Canal basin; I've selected seven of sixty-one Hydro-meteorological networks, existing in the Panama Canal basin. The rainfall is 1784 mm per year. The meteorological data were obtained from the PANAMA CANAL AUTHORITY, Section of Water Resources, and Panama Canal Authority, Panama. The performance of all the models was compared using ME, MAE, RMSE, NS, and PI. The results of drought indices forecast, explained by the values of seven model performance indices, show, that in Panama Canal has problem with the drought. Even though The Panama is generally seen as a wet country, droughts can cause severe problems. Significant drought conditions are observed in the index based on precipitation and potential evaporation found in this thesis; The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), were used to quantify drought in the Panama Canal basin, Panama Canal, at multiple time scales within the period 1985-2014. The results indicate that drought indices based on different variables show the same major drought events. Drought indices based on precipitation and potential evaporation are more variable in time while drought indices based on discharge. Spatial distribution of meteorological drought is uniform over Panama Canal.

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Richard, Alfred Charles. "The Panama Canal in American national consciousness, 1870-1990 /." New York : Garland, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35697133w.

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Brooks, Mark 1971. "Economic growth, ecological limits, and the expansion of the Panama Canal." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82689.

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This thesis explores the controversial Panama Canal expansion proposals using an analytical framework developed by Herman Daly, an ecological economist at the University of Maryland and a critic of traditional models economic development. At a time when nearly every nation seeks to increase the size of its economy, Daly has been an ardent advocate of setting limits to economic growth, arguing that, as the earth is materially closed, there cannot be infinite growth of the consumption of material and energy resources within a finite (nongrowing) biosphere. These limits should be defined by the regenerative and waste absorptive capacities of the biosphere. My objective here is to test the feasibility of implementing a policy at the local resource management level that is guided by the recognition of ecological limits to economic growth. I employ a water management technique developed by The Nature Conservancy called the Range of Variability Approach (RVA) and test its utility in setting an ecologically-based limit to water withdrawal and river system modification in the Panama Canal watershed. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Underwood, Brent William. "More than a canal real estate investment in Panama /." Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida State University, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/lib/digcoll/undergraduate/honors-theses/244596.

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Hinkson, James Robert. "Of Gog and Naboth : the Christian response to the Panama Canal Treaties of 1977 /." Electronic version (PDF), 2006. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2006/hinksonj/jameshinkson.html.

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Yonger, René. "Les projets de canal interocéanique préalables à celui de Panama." Paris 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA030052.

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L’idée de réunir les océans Atlantique et Pacifique dans l’hémisphère nord remonte à la conquête européenne du Nouveau Monde, et parmi différentes voies envisageables furent retenues surtout le Mexique, l’Amérique centrale et la Colombie. L’intérêt d’une communication interocéanique dans l’isthme centraméricain justifié par le développement continu du commerce mondial, enclencha un long processus d’études, d’expéditions et de négociations. Ajournée durant plusieurs siècles en raison d’obstacles d’ordres divers (technique, financier, politique…), la faisabilité d’un canal devint possible à partir de 1870 grâce au progrès du génie civil notamment. L’intervention d’une autorité gouvernementale s’avéra cependant encore nécessaire pour assurer le succès de l’entreprise, et ce sont les Etats-Unis qui après leur choix final du tracé panaméen au dépens de celui du Nicaragua reprirent les travaux commencés en 1880 par F. De Lesseps et terminèrent le canal en 1914. Notre étude propose un historique des projets canaliers ayant précédé celui de Panama
The idea to link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in the Northern hemisphere came about with the conquest of the New World. The different possible solutions were crossing Mexico, Central America and Colombia. There had always been keen interest in linking the two oceans through the American continent; interest justified by the continuous development of world trade and which started a process of studies, expeditions and negociations over the centuries. Even if, for a long time, all the projects failed due to technical, financial and political problems, the feasibility of the canal became possible in the XIXth century thanks to the progress accomplished in civil engineering. However, the intervention of a governmental authority was needed to ensure success. Eventually, the U. S. A. Took over the project started in 1880 by F. De Lesseps which favoured the route through Panama over the route through Nicaragua. The canal was finished in 1914. This study offers a historical presentation of the various projects prior to the Panama canal

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Campbell, Castillo Inez. "The effects of physical, biological and anthropogenic noise on the occurrence of dolphins in the Pacific region of the Panama Canal." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4484.

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The main aim of this thesis was to investigate the occurrence of dolphins in Pacific waters adjacent to the Panama Canal in the context of biological, temporal and spatial factors. Acoustic data were collected at 101 sites at a range of distances and depths from the shipping region. Data were collected between March 2010 and April 2011 in a diurnal cycle over a total of 114 recording days. Received sound levels were split into 1/3 Octave bandwidths to study variation in sound pressure levels and then converted to spectrum density levels to show the sound components of the background noise in this region. Generalised Linear Models were used to relate dolphin whistle detections to temporal, spatial, environmental and acoustic variables. The major sources of background noise were biological noise from soniferous fish and snapping shrimp and anthropogenic noise from vessels characterised by mid to high frequencies produced by artisanal fishing boats. There was monthly and diurnal variation with some locations characterised by loud sounds in the mid to high frequencies at night. Whistle characteristics analysis revealed that the frequencies and range of the whistles were different to those previously reported under similar conditions. Whistles varied diurnally and in the presence of fish chorus and fishing boats. The study highlights a strong correlation between fish choruses and whistle detection. Temporal and spatial models showed that whistle detections varied monthly and in relation to fish noise and small vessel engine noise. Dolphins were distributed throughout most of the study area; however, whistle detections varied with distance from the coast. The results provide new knowledge about background noise composition in this region and provide the first information on the ecology of dolphin whistles in relation to this background noise, especially to fish chorus.

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Gallagher, Brian Paul. "The Impact of the Panama Canal Expansion on U.S. Soybean Exports." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27441.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the Panama Canal Expansion on the flow of soybeans from producing regions in the U.S. to its ports for export. Specific objectives of this study were to determine the toll rate at which the Panama Canal Authority will maximize their toll revenues for soybeans transiting the canal, and to analyze the impact of the canal expansion on soybean shipments from U.S. producing regions to ports for export. To conduct this study a spatial optimization model was developed. The model minimizes all transportation costs associated with the transportation of soybeans. Major findings were that the expansion of the Panama Canal will increase shipments out of the Gulf through the canal, and reduce the overall costs of shipping by 5 percent. Domestic transportation proved to be somewhat insensitive to changes in the toll rate.

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Saganová, Lucia. "Postavenie Panamy v medzinárodnom obchode." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76463.

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The thesis analyzes the role of Panama in international trade. The first chapter is dedicated to basic information about Panama. It describes its history and briefly describes the specifics of Panama's market. The second chapter discusses the business environment, its general characteristics. Its main ingredient is a special tax regime, because of which Panama is considered as a tax haven. It analyzes the economic situation in Panama and it is dedicated more to two major pillars of the economy of Panama, the Panama Canal and the Colon free zone. It focuses on potential investment opportunities in Panama, which are stimulated by tax incentives. Characteristic of the social environment focuses on the facilities of Panama's population as workforce and education level in the country. It describes the evolution of culture and Panama is characterized by its cultural peculiarities of the universal cultural dimensions of Hofstede. Also describes specifics relating to business dealings and activities associated with it. The technological environment draws attention to the technological amenities of the country, the government organizations that are specialized to promote its activities in this area. The third chapter deals with foreign trade of Panama. It describes the national strategy designed for the years 2004 to 2009, government institutions supporting the Panamanian foreign trade and agreements that Panama has signed for development of foreign trade. It also discusses evolution foreign trade indicators in 2008. The last chapter focuses on trade cooperation between Panama and the Czech Republic.

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Park, Ju Dong. "Impact of the Panama Canal Expansion in Global Supply Chain: Optimization Model for U.S. Container Shipment." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/24878.

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The transportation of containerized shipments will continue to be a topic of interest in the world because it is the primary method for shipping cargo globally. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the impact of the Panama Canal Expansion (PCE) on the trade flows of containerized shipments between the United States and its trade partners for US exports and imports. The results show that the Panama Canal Expansion would affect the trade flows of US imports and exports significantly. The major findings are as follows: (1) the PCE affects not only US domestic trade flows, but also international trade flows since inland transportation and ocean transportation are interactive, (2) delay cost and toll rate at the Panama Canal do not have a significant impact on trade volume and flows of US containerized shipments after the Panama Canal Expansion mainly because delay cost and toll rate at the canal account for a small portion of the total transportation costs after the PCE, (3) West Coast ports would experience negative effects and East Coast ports would experience positive effects from the PCE, while Gulf ports would experience no effects from the PCE, and (4) an optimal toll rate is inconclusive in this study because changes in toll rate at the canal account for a small portion of the total transportation costs and the PNC competes with shipments to/from Asia shipping to the US West.
Mountain Plains Consortium (MPC)
U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT)

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Zenger, Robin Elizabeth. "West Indians in Panama: Diversity and Activism, 1910s – 1940s." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581411.

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At least 50,000 working-class laborers from the West Indies, many of them poor and unemployed, remained with their families in central Panama after the construction of the Panama Canal in 1914. Over the next thirty years, along with a small number of West Indian professionals, religious leaders, and business owners, they established ways to sustain themselves in locales, both in Panama and the American-controlled Canal Zone, where they faced challenges and opposition. Their sizable presence interrupted ideals of elite politicians in Panama to Hispanicize the population. Nationalist Panamanians stigmatized them as culturally different competitors for canal maintenance jobs, and lacking in loyalty to the state because they clung to English and their British colonial citizenship. In the Canal Zone, they faced racial segregation and second-class status. This dissertation examines critical physical and cultural spaces the immigrants created to foster community, provide social and economic security, educate their children, and as a corollary, develop new identities. Using archival material, land records, interviews and historical newspapers from Panama and the United States, and informed by a wide range of secondary sources, the chapters examine the activism of West Indians, in the context of Panamanian historical trends. The case studies analyze involvement of the immigrants in three particular settings: as members of voluntary associations called lodges, as renters and residents of neighborhoods, and as shapers of education for their children, who were born into citizenship in Panama. West Indians had come to Panama from different island cultures and maintained many differences, yet in these settings they developed commonalities and shared experiences as West Indian Panamanians. In the process, West Indian immigrants influenced Panama's development in ways little acknowledged in Panamanian or American national, social or economic history.

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Guardia, Eugenia. "The Panama canal expansion mega project : a case study and stakeholder´s analysis." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/16388.

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As globalization increases integration, a new playing field is emerging which is driving the need for operational efficiencies and alignment of complementary capabilities among countries to build sustainable models and integrated offerings. As demands increase, companies are turning to effective project management as means to control operations and countries are increasing the amount of mega projects to boost their competitiveness and global footprint. Given the scale, complexity, political nature, multicultural makeup, and high level of visibility; mega projects rely on successful stakeholder management to effectively manage its operational, tactical, and strategic levels to execute their mission. This paper examines the success drivers of mega projects and presents an in depth stakeholder assessment of the Panama Canal Expansion mega project to identify the perceived value to its stakeholder community. The stakeholder categories include: the Panama Canal Authority, subcontractors executing the expansion project, customers of the canal in Panama and U.S., as well as the communities surrounding the Panama Canal and ports in the U.S. East Coast. The conclusion of this paper captures the relationship between the effective stakeholder engagement from the Panama Canal Authority, the perceived value of the Panamanian stakeholders, and compares it to U.S. based mega projects being executed simultaneously to allow the U.S. East Coast ports to accommodate increased cargo volumes.

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Swan, Jennifer. "HABITAT AND COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS OF WILDLIFE RESCUED DURING THE EXPANSION OF THE PANAMA CANAL." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1168.

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Since the ceding of the Panamá Canal from the United States to the Republic of Panamá in 1999, human development has accelerated, resulting in the loss of tropical rainforest habitat and declines in wildlife populations. In 2007 this area of vast plant and wildlife diversity experience further loss of habitat as land clearing and excavation commenced for the Panamá Canal Third Locks Expansion Project. As one of the largest construction projects in the world, the potential impacts of the expansion prompted the Panama Canal Authority to work with a local non-governmental conservation organization to initiate a wildlife rescue and relocation operation to conserve wildlife in the affected areas. From 2007 to 2010, 896 wildlife rescue events occurred in 11 areas along the Canal; 806 of these individuals (90%) were successfully relocated to protected areas (n=749) or captivity (n=57). These wildlife rescue efforts were summarized, including human labor required, wildlife species composition, and conservation statuses according to the IUCN and CITES. Also quantified were wildlife dominance and biodiversity using the Simpson, Shannon, Berger-Parker, and Brillouin diversity indices, relative abundance of >100 Neotropical species, and habitat-abundance relationships for four focal species: Hoffman's two-toed sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni; brown-throated three-toed sloth, Bradypus variegatus; American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus; and common caiman, Caiman crocodilus. Relationships between diversity indices and habitat for the wildlife rescued during the wildlife rescue project were also analyzed. Results indicate the Panamá Canal Watershed to ii possess a diverse representation of Neotropical wildlife. Habitat-abundance relationships of focal species suggest two-toed sloth numbers increased as the edge of secondary forest decreased and number of three-toed sloths increased as total landscape area of agriculture decreased. Crocodile populations increased as number of patches on the landscape and mean patch size of secondary forest decreased, and caiman numbers increased as the edge density of secondary forests decreased and mean patch size of agriculture increased. Diversity-habitat relationships revealed wildlife diversity increased with heterogeneous secondary forest landscape consisting of less edge. This project provides rare insights into wildlife rescue operations and wildlife-habitat relationships for Neotropical wildlife species that will be useful for a range of conservation efforts. Additionally, this research provides updated population assessments for many of the species included in the research, especially the focal species, in which a need for them has been stressed in the conservation literature.

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Arriola, Ranc Magali. "The sweet burnt smell of history a self-reflexive analysis on the conception of the 8th Panama Biennial /." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1470593.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 19, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 82-86).

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Ruiz, Luz Nidian. "La sécession de Panama à travers les sources diplomatiques en France." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010655.

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La France étant l'un des pays les plus étroitement associe à la construction du canal de Panama, l'étude de la sécession a partir des sources diplomatiques françaises nous a paru des plus importantes. Ainsi, la correspondance diplomatique constitue notre outil de travail le plus important, car elle montre les acteurs de la sécession, mais dresse aussi un panorama politique, économique et social de ce qui deviendrait plus tard le théâtre de la séparation panaméenne. L'intérêt de relier deux océans: Atlantique et Pacifique, a incite les puissances - tant anciennes que naissantes - à s'en approprier. Des tentatives individuelles ou communes de le neutraliser par la conclusion des traites allaient avoir lieu à partir de 1846. La concrétisation de ce qui allait s'avérer comme étant le premier germe de la sécession est la concession accordée par la nouvelle grenade (actuelle Colombie), a la compagnie universelle du canal de panama. Durant la réalisation des travaux par la compagnie française, les États-Unis ont exercé tous les moyens de pression possibles pour empêcher la réussite de celle-ci. Par ailleurs à cette conjoncture internationale s'ajoute la situation interne de la Colombie caractérisée par des luttes internes entre les deux partis traditionnels: libéral et conservateur. En 1903, Panama cessera de faire partie de la Colombie. C'est le résultat de sa méconnaissance des rapports de force en pensant pouvoir compter sur son seul droit de souveraineté, et d'une faiblesse de l'ordre interne colombien. De cette manière, les États-Unis auront un canal américain, sur territoire américain pour le peuple américain
France being one of the countries most closely associated with the construction of the Panama canal, the study of the secession based on french diplomatic documents appeared to be the most logical first step. The diplomatic correspondance of the period is a very important work tool because it shows us the different international protagonists who were to take the centerstage in setting up of the indepandance of Panama. The strategic importance of linking the two oceans, the Pacific and the Atlantic meant that the established world powers could not sit adly by. All were only too keenly aware of the future canal's commercial political and military importance. From 1846 onwards a series of bilateral and multilateral troaties were signed, the ambition of these agreements was to exclude this strategic zone from any one political sphere of influence. The french construction company "la compagnie universelle du canal" won a concession from agreement the new Grenada government (present day Colombia). While the work was being carried out on the canal, the United States never stopped working behind the scenes to hindar its successful completion. These problems were warsened by the internal political climate in Colombia, strife between the opposition parties. The panamian indepandance movement helped by outside factors gained strength. Panama slipped through colombien and international vigilance to win indepandance in 1903

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Gaël-Moutou, Marie-Françoise. "L'émigration des Guadeloupéens et des Martiniquais au Panama et la contribution de leur descendance à l'essor de la Nation de 1880 à 2008." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2010AGUY0393/document.

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Nous traiterons successivement des circonstances de l'émergence du Panama depuis la période précolombienne, les premières expéditions espagnoles à la recherche d'un détroit vers les Indes, de l'indépendance du Panama. Dans la première partie, nous traiteront de l'Isthme du Panama comme terre de passage et de son Canal de1880 à 1914, du rêve séculaire à la réalité où, successivement, nous étudierons son destin français, sa position entre intérêts français et aspirations américaines. Les États-Unis et le Panama nous conduiront à traiter de l'installation des Américains, la construction du Canal (1904-1914) ; les traités Carter-Torrijos, entre compromis et ambiguïtés. La deuxième partie traitera des stratégies de développement du Panama; l'importance des facteurs socioéconomiques et la dynamique des structures sociopolitiques seront mises en exergue. L'intégration des Antillais de Guadeloupe et de Martinique dans le cercle communautaire panaméen de 1914 à nos jours. Àcet égard, nous traiterons des apports de la culture antillaise dans la représentation panaméenne, un brassage culturel. En troisième lieu, leur contribution à l'essor de la nation. Il s'agira ici d'étudier les arts et la culture, la musique et les danses, la littérature et la linguistique de même que les revendications culturelles des minorités ethniques. Enfin, nous orienterons nos recherches sur la question de l'unité panaméenne à l'aube du Ille millénaire, l'organisation des diverses communautés et l'installation européenne au Panama
We will successively deal with the circumstances of the emergence of Panama since the pre-Colum bian period, the first Spanish shipping expeditions in search of a strait towards India, and the independence of Panama. ln the first part, we shall deal with the Isthmus of Panama as a land of passage and with its Channel from 1880 to 1914, from the secular dream to reality where, successively, we shall study its French fate, its position in regards to French interests and American aspiration. The relationship between the United States and Panama will lead us to deal with the settling of the Americans, the construction of the Channel (1904-1914), the "Carter-Torrijos" treaties, between compromises and ambiguities. The second part will deal with strategies of development for Panama; the importance of socioeconomic factors and the dynamics of the sociopolitical structures will be highlighted. The integration of the people of Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Panamanian community circle from 1914 to nowadays. In this respect, we shall treat contributions of the French West Indian culture within the Panamanian representation; the cultural admixture. In the third part, their contribution at the development of the Panamanian nation. The issue will be to study arts and culture, music and dances, Iiterature and Iinguistics as weil as the cultural demands from ethnic minorities. Finally, we shall direct our researches towards the question of Panamanian unity at the dawn of the third millennium, the organization of the diverse communities and the European settling in Panama

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Umana, Dajud Camilo. "Essays in international trade and economic geography." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0064.

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Cette thèse porte sur le rôle joué par les coûts du commerce dans la détermination des flux commerciaux. Les deux derniers chapitres examinent le rôle des coûts commerciaux non conventionnels tandis que les deux premiers évaluent l'impact des coûts plus communément associés aux échanges à l'intérieur d'un pays ainsi qu'entre différents pays. Le Chapitre 1 est le résultat d'un effort conjoint avec Jules Hugot. Dans ce chapitre nous estimons l'élasticité du commerce à la distance et son évolution depuis 1870 en utilisant quatre épisodes importants de l'histoire du commerce international: les ouvertures des canaux de Suez et de Panama et les postérieures fermetures et réouvertures du premier. Dans le chapitre 2, j'étudie l'effet d'une réduction des coûts de transport internes à un pays. Pour pallier à l'endogénéité du placement des infrastructures, j'exploite l'expérience naturelle fournie par l'ouverture des routes maritimes reliant les côtes est et ouest du Canada à travers le Canal de Panama. Le chapitre 3 documente l'impact négatif des visas de voyage sur les flux commerciaux bilatéraux. Afin d'estimer leur effet causal, j'exploite une expérience naturelle fournie par les modifications introduites à l'Annexe I des Accords de Schengen. Je montre que l'introduction ultérieure de visas pour entrer dans l'espace Schengen a considérablement réduit les flux commerciaux. Dans le chapitre 4, j'examine empiriquement l'impact des différences politiques sur les flux commerciaux. En suivant la représentation du spectre politique d'Eysenck, je montre que la distance séparant les pays sur les différentes dimensions de cet spectre politique a un impact négatif robuste sur les échanges bilatéraux
This dissertation focuses on the role played by trade cost in the shaping of trade flows. While the last two chapters examine the role of unconventional trade costs, the first two assess the impact of more traditional domestic and international trade costs. Chapter 1 is a joint effort with Jules Hugot. In this chapter we estimate the elasticity of trade to distance and its evolution since 1870. For this purpose we take advantage of four important episodes in the history of international trade: the openings of the Suez and Panama canals and the later closure and reopening of the first. In Chapter 2 I study the effect of a reduction of domestic transport costs. To address the endogeneity of infrastructure placement, I exploit the natural experiment provided by the opening of intercoastal shipping routes connecting the west and east coasts of Canada through the Panama Canal. Chapter 3 documents the negative impact of travel visas on bilateral trade flows. In order to estimate their causal effect I exploit a natural experiment provided by changes in Annex I of the Schengen agreements. I show that the subsequent introduction of visas to enter the Schengen Space considerably reduced bilateral trade flows. In chapter 4 I examine empirically the impact of politics on trade flows. Following Eysenck's depiction of the political spectrum, I show that distance separating countries on the different dimensions of the political spectrum has a robust negative impact on bilateral exchanges

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Ashmore, Jordan Rivers. "Using Camera-Traps to Evaluate the Relative Abundance of Predators and Prey on the Western Slope of the Panama Canal." OpenSIUC, 2009. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/153.

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Little research has been conducted in the Republic of Panama concerning mammalian predator and prey populations. New Technologies such as remote camera-traps, allow researcher to efficiently monitor elusive wildlife species within dense tropical vegetation. The general goal of this study was to establish concrete evidence of the felid population in EcoParque Panama-a newly designated protected area adjacent to Panama City. The specific objective of the study was to estimate the relative abundance of predators and prey species in order to determine the feasibility of releasing more felids into the area that were to be removed from the Panama Canal Expansion Zone. Camera-traps were purposefully located in likely felid habitat and data were collected for approximately 5 months. Photographs were analyzed according to species and location captured, and abundances were established. Using SPSS and Statistix statistical software, tests for association between likely habitat for felids and time activity periods for prey species were conducted. EcoParque was found to have a robust prey population with relatively few predators. Felid predators present include the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and jaguarundi (Felis yaguarondi). Results suggest that felid carrying capacity has not been reached and additional individuals could be released into the area. This preliminary study lays the ground work for further research in EcoParque as well as the rest of Panama concerning predator and prey species relationships.

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Roche, Dominique. "Discovery, distribution, and eradication potential of the introduced mud crab, «Rhithropanopeus harrisii», in the Panama Canal." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32379.

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Eradication of invasive species is an eminent concept in conservation biology. After prevention is no longer an option, many ecologists argue that eradication is the most effective way to mitigate the risk of impacts from invasive species, given the elevated costs and often prolonged environmental effects of long-term control strategies. In the majority of systems, eradication is most likely to succeed early in the invasion process, when an invader is localized. However, rarely is early eradication considered in practice. This paradox may result from the many uncertainties regarding the future spread and impacts of novel invaders and managers lacking practical guidance to make logical decisions to manage them. In this thesis, I use a case study of an introduced mud crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisii, to propose guidelines for rapidly assessing and communicating the feasibility and the benefits of early eradication. First, I document the recent discovery of an established population of R. harrisii in the Panama Canal, highlighting how maritime traffic in this hub of international shipping may further increase the spread of this invader worldwide. Second, I evaluate the distribution, abundance, and demographics of R. harrisii across the Panama Canal with a standardized quantitative survey; I also assess the crab's potential for spread beyond its distribution in the Canal with two laboratory experiments. Third, I develop an analytical framework for evaluating the feasibility of a rapid response to eradicate R. harrisii and for communicating the potential benefits of this management strategy to decision-makers. My results indicate that R. harrisii currently occupies a limited
L'éradication d'espèces introduites invasives est un concept populaire dans le domaine de la biologie de la conservation. Lorsque la prévention d'une invasion échoue, de nombreux écologistes soutiennent que l'éradication est la méthode la plus efficace afin d'éviter que les espèces introduites ne causent de dommages, considérant les coûts élevés et les effets parfois prolongés du contrôle à long-terme. Notamment, dans la majorité des systèmes, le succès d'un programme d'éradication est supérieur s'il est entrepris tôt lors du processus d'envahissement, lorsqu'une espèce est peu dispersée. Cependant, cette stratégie qui consiste à éradiquer les espèces introduites de façon hâtive est rarement mise en pratique. Ce paradoxe peut résulter d'un haut niveau d'incertitude concernant le potentiel qu'ont les espèces nouvellement introduites à se propager et à causer des impacts, et par le fait que les administrateurs responsables de leur gestion manquent souvent de conseils pratiques afin de réagir promptement suite à leur découverte. Pour remédier à cette lacune, cette thèse se base sur une importante étude de cas et suggère un modèle théorique servant à analyser de façon rapide la possibilité d'implémenter un programme d'éradication hâtif et d'en évaluer les bénéfices. Premièrement, je documente la découverte récente du crabe Rhithropanopeus harrisii dans le Canal de Panama. Le Canal de Panama est une plaque tournante du trafic maritime international et pourrait jouer un rôle important dans l'accroissement de la propagation de R. harrisii au niveau mondial. Deuxièmement, au moyen d'un échantillonnage quantitatif stand

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Delvalle, David. "Geochemical and mineralogical analysis of stream and lake sediments from a tropical watershed (Panama canal watershed) /." Heidelberg : [Ruprecht-Karls-Universität], 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37428731k.

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Baiamonte, Victoria D. "New Orleans, the New South, and the Fight for the Panama Exposition." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1299.

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For various reasons, the city of New Orleans has often been ignored in discussions of the New South movement. New Orleans politicians joined the movement during the Progressive Era, much later than other Southern municipal leaders. In becoming a New South city, the Crescent City was launched onto the international trade scene. By an examination of city leaders' efforts to gain federal rights to host an exposition in celebration of the Panama Canal, this study argues New Orleans not only became a New South city, but an international trade entrepôt. Though the exposition efforts failed, the efforts of the city to cultivate its business and hospitality potential served the city well.

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Ashmore, Jordan R. "Using camera-traps to evaluate the relative abundance of predators and prey on the western slope of the Panama Canal /." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1967905031&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Mann, de Gracia Maria Eugenia. "Precursors in the epidemic years : the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul and the construction of the Panama Canal." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20118.

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Les Filles de la Charité de Saint Vincent de Paul sont arrivées au Panama en 1875 comme des exilées politiques, après avoir été expulsées du Mexique par son gouvernement, dont le Congrès avait voté contre la présence de toutes les congrégations religieuses dans le pays l'année précédente. Cinq ans après leur installation dans l'isthme, la Compagnie Universelle du Canal Français - sous la direction de Ferdinand de Lesseps - a commencé les travaux de construction d'un canal qui permettrait la navigation entre les océans Atlantique et Pacifique. L'entreprise serait un échec irrémédiable pour une variété de raisons, parmi lesquelles la condition désastreuse de la santé publique, et le gouvernement des États-Unis reprendra le projet d'ingénierie colossale et l'assainissement du pays. Les Filles de la Charité, qui ont été engagées par la Compagnie Universelle du Canal comme infirmières pour soigner les patients dans leurs hôpitaux, resteraient dans l'isthme au long des années épidémiques et élargiraient leur mission dans la mesure où l'ordre religieux continue d'avoir une forte présence au sein de la société panaméenne à ce jour. Le but principal de ce travail est de analyser un épisode précédemment inconnu de l'histoire autrement bien documentée de la construction du Canal de Panama: la contribution que cette congrégation a fait à la profession naissante d’infirmière pendant les pires années de la propagation des maladies infectieuses dans l'isthme, provoquée par la surpopulation des ouvriers du canal et l'ignorance de la cause et le remède de maladies épidémiques. C’est bien connu que la construction du canal a été possible grâce à la lutte contre le paludisme et l'éradication de la fièvre jaune, les maladies qui ont décimé la population au cours des 25 premières années du projet ; que des changements radicaux dans les conditions de santé publique ont été accomplies par les mesures mises en œuvre par le médecin de l'armée américaine le colonel William Crawford Gorgas ; mais la présence des Filles de la Charité dans les hôpitaux publics et privés dans la ville de Panama et de Colón pendant ce temps, tendant aux patients et exécutant les ordres du Dr Gorgas, est resté caché pour la plupart des publications sur le sujet. Peut-être que la découverte la plus importante qui a surgi des sources recherchées pour ce travail, est que la troisième grande maladie infectieuse que les médecins et leurs assistants ont combattu au cours de ces années a été la syphilis, qui a atteint des proportions épidémiques et était incurable durant cette période aussi. Le conflit créé par les patients syphilitiques et le traitement dont ils avaient besoin et le fait qu'ils ont reçu efficacement ce traitement des sœurs, qui ont été interdites par les règles de leur propre congrégation d'avoir contact avec eux, a culminé par le retrait des religieuses des hôpitaux, et la sécularisation et la professionnalisation des soins infirmiers au Panama. Les raisons pour lesquelles les sœurs dispensaient des soins aux patients syphilitiques durant les trente-trois ans qu’ils ont servi dans les hôpitaux de la nation, malgré et contre leur propre règle, résident dans leur piété et leur spiritualité, dont les détails seront examinés tout au long de cette thèse. Les contradictions qui, apparemment, résident dans l'aide des sœurs, qui peuvent être perçues à tort comme l'ambiguïté morale, fournissent un sujet précieux d'étude pour l'histoire de la religion de la région. Il faut souligner qu'un facteur déterminant dans cet épisode était le manque de règles juridiques qui caractérisent la pratique de la médecine jusqu'à la deuxième décennie du 20e siècle dans le Nord et l'Amérique latine. Ainsi, cette étude peut également contribuer au débat contemporain très opportun sur l'éthique des professionnels de la santé, et sur l'effet que peut avoir leur empathie dans le traitement de la maladie d'un patient
The Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul arrived in Panama in 1875 as political exiles, after being expelled from Mexico by its Government, whose Congress had voted against the presence of all religious congregations in the country the previous year. Five years after their settling in the Isthmus, the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Français - under the direction of Ferdinand de Lesseps – began construction work for a canal that would allow navigation between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The enterprise would fail irretrievably for a variety of reasons, among them the disastrous condition of public health, and the United States Government would take over the colossal engineering project and the country’s sanitation. The Daughters of Charity, who were hired by the Compagnie Universelle to nurse patients in their hospitals, would remain in the Isthmus throughout the epidemic years and would expand their mission to the extent that the religious order continues to have a strong presence within Panamanian society to this day.The main purpose of this work is to disclose a previously unknown episode of the otherwise well documented history of the construction of the Panama Canal: the contribution that this congregation made to the incipient nursing profession during the worst years of the spread of infectious diseases in the Isthmus, provoked by the overcrowding of the canal workers, the backwardness of the region and the ignorance of the cause and cure of epidemic diseases. It is public knowledge that the construction of the canal was possible due to the control of malaria and the eradication of yellow fever, the illnesses that decimated the population during the first 25 years of the project; that radical changes in public health conditions were accomplished by the measures implemented by US Army doctor Colonel William Crawford Gorgas; but the presence of the Daughters of Charity in public and private hospitals in Panama City and Colón during this time, tending to patients and carrying out Dr Gorgas’ orders, has remained hidden for the most part from publications on the subject.Perhaps the most significant discovery surging from the sources researched for this work, is that the third great infectious disease that the doctors and their assistants fought during these years was syphilis, which reached epidemic proportions and was incurable during this period too. The conflict created by the syphilitic patients and the treatment they required and the fact that they effectively received this treatment from the sisters, who were forbidden by the rules of their own congregation to have contact with them, culminated by the withdrawal of the nuns from the hospitals, and the secularization and professionalization of nursing in Panama. The reasons why the sisters provided care to syphilitic patients during the thirty-three years they served in the nation’s hospitals, despite and against their own Rule, reside in their piety and their spirituality, details of which will be examined throughout this dissertation. The contradictions that seemingly dwelled in the sisters’ aid, which may be wrongly perceived as moral ambiguity, provide a valuable subject of study for the history of religion of the region.It must be stressed that a determining factor in this episode was the lack of legal regulations that characterized the practice of Medicine until the second decade of the 20th Century in North and Latin America. Thus, this study may also contribute to the very timely, contemporary debate on the ethics of health professionals, and on the effect that their empathy may have in the cure of a patient’s illness

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Ashmore, Joshua R. "Estimating relative abundance of white-tailed and red brocket deer on the western slope of the Panama Canal based on photo analysis /." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1967905031&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Ashmore, Joshua Ross. "Estimating Relative Abundance of White-tailed and Red Brocket Deer on the Western Slope of the Panama Canal Based on Photo Analysis." OpenSIUC, 2009. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/115.

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In 2004, the government of Panama created Ecoparque Panama with the aim of conserving unique habitat and curbing urbanization on the western slope of the Panama Canal. A lack of baseline ecological research in the area prompted the Panamanian National Environmental Authority and the U.S. Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry to fund a camera-trap study to catalog and determine relative abundance of predator and prey species in the Panama Canal region. These infrared-triggered camera-traps allowed researchers to study elusive wildlife that may otherwise remain undetected. Using techniques adapted from previous research, infrared and motion-triggered camera-traps were purposively placed in the 4 km2 Ecoparque (U.S. Forest Service spelling: Eco-Park) Panama study area to gather data on two cervid species, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and red brocket deer (Mazama americana). The study was conducted over a five month period (December 2005-April 2006). Data collected were analyzed using SPSS and Stastix statistical software. Results in the form of inferred relative abundances and densities show that populations currently appear to be within the local carrying capacity. Cervid management recommendations of this study include the continued moratorium on deer hunting and strengthening of the legal protection of the red brocket deer. Given the lack of previous data, the conclusions drawn from this preliminary study will be the foundation for future research in Panama.

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Weekes, Christopher Etienne. "Agricultural and Domestic Waste Contamination in Chilibre Panama and Potential Low-Cost Best Managament Practices." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4789.

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Abstract Sanitation coverage in the Republic of Panama is 5 to 10 percent below the Millennium Development Goals targets set for the country. Population growth, urbanization, unplanned development and waste mismanagement have resulted in improvised trash sites and waste discharges into river systems that are important components of the biologically diverse natural environment of Panama. The study sought to investigate and estimate the burden of waste from domestic and agricultural sources in three regions of the Chilibre corrigimiento (district). It was hypothesized that the water quality and land cover data would reflect that the most populated region in the study sample (Region 2) would have more water quality violations than the adjacent background and attenuation regions (Region 1 and Region 3) in the study sample. The results supported that Region 2 had the most water quality violations -- particularly at the CHIL 3 monitoring station. Based on the results the most appropriate best management practices (BMPs) were recommended for the household, community, watershed, and regional level waste management in the study region. Future research will look determine the effectiveness of microfinance programs in bolstering sanitation-based entrepreneurship in Chilibre and across Panama.

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Oestreicher, Jordan. "Application of the soil and water assessment tool in a tropical agricultural catchment of the Panama Canal watershed implications for its use in watershed management activities." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22019.

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The Panama Canal Watershed (PCW) provides water to operate the Canal, generate hydroelectricity, and supply water provisions to the local and metropolitan populations. With a maxed-out water budget, however, this region has little room to accommodate the possible effects of unsustainable land-use changes or of climate change, both of which threaten to alter water flows and timings. On the other hand, the water storage capacity of the canal reservoirs, necessary for water use during the dry season deficit, is compromised by sedimentation – the result of erosion and landslides on mismanaged lands. Given this context, tools must be developed to support conservation and sustainable resource use planning, watershed management activities, and risk forecasting. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a physically based semi-distributed simulation watershed model, is an instrument that meets these criteria. To assess the ability of SWAT application for use in the context of the PCW, the model was calibrated and validated for streamflow and sediment yield over a three year period (2004 – 2006) in the 75 km2 pilot study area of the Caño Quebrado River subbasin of the PCW, an area of burgeoning pineapple farms and with a history of cattle ranching. The model demonstrated exceptional performance for weekly average simulated streamflow and baseflow (all Nash Sutcliffe coefficients > 0.76 except for the baseflow validation period), generated little significant error, and demonstrated highly accurate predictions of annual cumulative water yield. Although SWAT was also able to simulate cumulative sediment yields with acceptable precision, the model was a poor predictor of monthly average sediment yield (calibration Nash Sutcliffe coefficient = 0.48). A qualitative and quantitative sensitivity analysis reveals that this is likely owing to the compound effects of a number of imprecise input parameters and data uncertainties, namely apropos the Modified Universal Soil Lo
Le Basin versant du Canal de Panama (BCP) fournit l'eau nécessaire pour le bon fonctionnement du Canal, pour générer de l'hydro-électricité et pour offrir de l'eau potable aux populations locales et métropolitaines. Avec un budget d'eau serré, la région a peu de moyens pour s'adapter aux effets possibles des changements d'utilisation de terre ou les effets prévus par les changements climatiques menaçant de changer les quantités et les chronométrages de l'écoulement d'eau. Par ailleurs, la capacité de stockage des réservoirs du canal, nécessaire pour l'utilisation d'eau pendant la saison sec, est compromise par la sédimentation produite principalement par l'érosion et les glissements, conséquences des terrains gérés de façon non-durable. Dans ce contexte, des outils s'avèrent indispensables afin de mieux conserver et planifier l'utilisation des ressources naturelles, ainsi que les activités de gestion du basin. L'un des ces outils est le model Soil and Water Assessement Tool (SWAT). Pour évaluer l'applicabilité de SWAT au contexte du BCP, le modèle a été calibré et validé en employant les données de l'écoulement d'eau et du rendement de sédiment au cours d'une période de trois années (2004 - 2006) dans le sous-bassin de la rivière Caño Quebrado, dont la superficie est de 75 km2 avec un secteur des fermes d'ananas éclosantes et de pâturage de bétail. Le modèle a montré une performance exceptionnelle pour la moyenne hebdomadaire de l'écoulement d'eau et de base simulé (tous les coefficients de Nash Sutcliffe > 0.76, sauf la période de validation de l'écoulement de base), a produit peu d'erreur significative, et a décelé des prédictions fortement précises de rendement cumulatif annuel d'eau. Bien que le SWAT soit capable de simuler des rendements du sédiment cumulatif sur une précision acceptable, le modèle prédisait médiocrement le rendement moyen mensuel de sédiment (le coefficient de Nash Sutcliffe pour la

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Sautu, Adriana Elena. "ECOLOGY, MORPHOLOGY, AND GERMINATION PHYSIOLOGY OF TREE SEEDS IN A TROPICAL SEMIEVERGREEN FOREST IN THE PANAMA CANAL WATERSHED, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SEED DORMANCY CLASSES ALONG A PRECIPITATION GRADIENT." UKnowledge, 2004. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/206.

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The Panama Canal Watershed (PCW) represents a special opportunity for studies related to seed dormancy in the tropics with both applied and basic research objectives. There is a clear need for seed information for nursery planning in restoration projects that involves use of a large number of local species. Moreover, the strong rainfall gradient along the 60 km of continuous lowland forest in the PCW represents an excellent opportunity to understand dormancy and its role as an adaptive trait that evolved in response to environmental factors. This study presents useful seed information for 100 tree species native to the PCW. For each species, it includes collection system, fruiting time, seed mass, seed moisture content, germination, and longevity in storage at 20??C. For the first time, an attempt is made to classify (to class sensu Baskin andamp; Baskin 2004) the class of dormancy in seeds of the PCW. An analysis of the relationship between class of dormancy and seed mass, moisture content, longevity, germination patterns, and seasonality is presented. The relationship between class of seed dormancy and longevity and geographical distribution of species within the watershed based on the rainfall gradient was investigated.

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Jarossy, Sara M. "An Evaluation of the Seagrass Habitat in North Biscayne Bay, Florida, in Relation to a Changing Environment and Urbanization in the Port of Miami Harbor Basin 2005-2011." NSUWorks, 2016. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/434.

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Seagrass habitats in South Florida are exceptionally valuable. They play an important ecological role in the coastal environment by stabilizing sediment, providing habitat for other species and supporting a whole food web. The availability of light and nutrients in aquatic ecosystems are the driving factors behind seagrass distribution. Water quality has been known to influence the abundance, distribution and composition of seagrass beds. South Florida has extensive diverse coastal communities. Throughout its human development dramatic changes have occurred in its natural ecosystems. In South Florida, many examples of seagrass habitat loss are documented, with a variety of contributing factors. The present research investigates the spatial and temporal patterns in benthic vegetation of the North Biscayne Bay marine basin, located just south of the heavily urbanized Port of Miami. The area has been altered significantly through dredging projects to widen and deepen the channels around the port facilities in order to accommodate larger vessels. This study focuses primarily on environmental and physical conditions that are likely to alter the distribution of seagrass. The availability of light and nutrients in aquatic ecosystems are the driving factors behind seagrass distribution and therefore one may expect seagrass degradation if any drastic changes occurred in these parameters. Project data used were collected from the South Florida Fish and Invertebrate Assessment Network project (FIAN), an element of the greater Everglades Restoration Program. Additional Environmental and physical data were obtained from the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) and the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The FIAN Port of Miami (POM) study location is dominated by three species of seagrass: Thalassia testudinum, Syringodium filiforme, and Halodule wrightii. Analysis has shown that over the seven-year period, 2005 - 2011 the state of the seagrass has been fairly stable with minor perturbances (p > 0.05). There are some seasonal fluctuations evident in seagrass cover-densities, but minimal change was observed between the spring and fall (p > 0.05). Syringodium is the dominant species, followed by Thalassia and Halodule within the POM. Environmental and physical conditions from FIAN (salinity, temperature, sediment depth, turbidity, etc.) varied between years and seasons; however, most measurements remained in the ideal range for seagrass growth. Water depth, sediment depth, and turbidity were significant predictors of seagrass occurrence in the POM; however, water depth was the only major predictor of seagrass cover-density. The available environmental and physical data from the SFWMD showed minimal changes in the environmental and physical measurements across available sample years and are in the ideal range for seagrass. Turbidity has improved since the completion of the port construction and major weather disturbances (hurricanes) in 2005. Minimal changes were detected during the seven year study period (2005-2011) within the seagrass habitat of the heavily urbanized region of POM.

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Millan-Otoya, Juan Carlos. "Understanding Climate Change and Sea Level: A Case Study of Middle School Student Comprehension and An Evaluation of Tide Gauges off the Panama Canal in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5995.

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The present study had two main objectives. The first was to determine the degree of understanding of climate change, sea level and sea level rise among middle school students. Combining open-ended questions with likert-scaled questions, we identified student conceptions on these topics in 86 students from 7th and 8th grades during 2012 and 2013 before and after implementing a Curriculum Unit (CU). Additional information was obtained by adding drawings to the open-ended questions during the second year to gauge how student conceptions varied from a verbal and a visual perspective. Misconceptions were identified both pre- and post-CU among all the topics taught. Students commonly used climate and climate change as synonyms, sea level was often defined as water depth, and several students failed to understand the complexities that determine changes in sea level due to wind, tides, and changes in sea surface temperature. In general, 8th grade students demonstrated a better understanding of these topics, as reflected in fewer apparent misconceptions after the CU. No previous study had reported such improvement. This showed the value of implementing short lessons. Using Piaget’s theories on cognitive development, the differences between 7th and 8th grade students reflect a transition to a more mature level which allowed students to comprehend more complex concepts that included multiple variables. The second objective was to determine if the frequency of sea level maxima not associated with tides over the last 100 years increased in two tide gauges located on the two extremes of the Panama canal, i.e. Balboa in the Pacific Ocean and Cristobal in the Caribbean Sea. These records were compared to time series of regional sea surface temperature, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), to determine if these played a role as physical drivers of sea level at either location. Neither record showed an increase in the frequency of sea level maxima events. No parameter analyzed explained variability in sea level maxima in Cristobal. There was a significant correlation between the zonal component of the wind and sea level at Balboa for the early record (r=0.153; p-value0.05). There was a clear relationship between sea level maxima and ENSO. 70% of the years with higher counts of higher sea level events corresponded to El Niño years. A randomization test with 1000 iterations, shuffling the El Niño years, showed most of these randomizations grouped between 14-35% of the events occurring during a randomized El Niño year. In no iteration did the percentage of events that occurred during El Niño years rise above 65%. The correlation with zonal wind and the probable correlation with sea surface temperature can be linked via ENSO, since ENSO is associated with changes in the strength of the Trade Winds and positive anomalies in the sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean.

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Vasquez, Cesar A. "A History of the United States Caribbean Defense Command (1941-1947)." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2458.

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The United States Military is currently organized along the lines of regional combatant commands (COCOMs). Each COCOM is responsible for all U.S. military activity in their designated area of responsibility (AOR). They also deal with diplomatic issues of a wide variety with the countries within their respective AORs. Among these COCOMs, Southern Command (SOUTHCOM), whose AOR encompasses all of Central and South America (less Mexico) and the Caribbean, is one of the smallest in terms of size and budget, but has the longest history of activity among the COCOMs as it is the successor to the first joint command, the United States Caribbean Defense Command (CDC 1941-1947). Existing from 1941 to 1947, the CDC was tasked with protecting the Panama Canal, the Canal Zone, and all its access points as well as defending the region from Axis aggression and setting up a series of U.S. bases throughout the Caribbean from which to project U.S. military power after World War II. Throughout its short history, however, the CDC was plagued with the same types of resource scarcity that its successor commands would later experience. Early successes, as well as the progress of the war saw to it that the original mission of the Command was quickly rendered moot. Ironically, it was partially the success of the U.S. war effort that kept the CDC from ever reaching its full potential. Nevertheless, the CDC evolved into something different than had originally been envisioned. In the end, it became the model that other COCOMs would follow after November 1947 when the system of regional combatant commands was formally established. Although some research has been conducted into the history of these commands, this dissertation is the first academic attempt to chronicle the history of the United States Caribbean Defense Command. Research into this topic involved combing through the Archives of the United States Southern Command in its offices in Miami, Florida (SOUTHCOM Archives), as well as the CDC archives in Record Group 548 in the U.S. National Archives II in Suitland, Maryland. Secondary sources as well as references regarding treaties and international agreements were also consulted as necessary.

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Beeravolu, Reddy Champak. "Écologie des communautés neutralistes : inférence des paramètres des modèles à l'aide de la composition spécifique en forêt tropicale." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20183.

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La compréhension de la dynamique des forêts tropicales hyperdiverses a toujours été un défi en écologie. Historiquement les modèles se basant sur le concept de la niche ou la courbe logistique ont montré leurs limites lorsqu'il s'agissait d'expliquer la diversité d'espèces en forêt tropicale. L'arrivée des modèles neutres en écologie a permis d'exprimer dans un cadre mathématique l'échantillonnage des forêts tropicales, ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives. Ces modèles, très réduits en nombre de paramètres, ont été développés depuis la génétique des populations. Encore peu explorés, ces modèles considèrent les espèces comme étant fonctionnellement équivalentes entre elles. Pour commencer, nous réexaminerons les avancées récentes dans ce domaine extrêmement actif, pour discuter ensuite du développement futur de ces modèles. Dans un second temps, nous analyserons l'inférence des paramètres neutres, afin d'établir ce lien important entre modèles théoriques et données du terrain. De plus, nous introduirons un nouvel estimateur du paramètre décrivant la richesse d'espèces rencontrées dans ces forêts. Ces résultats seront mis en perspective par l'utilisation des données de terrain provenant des forêts sempervirentes des Ghâts Occidentaux d'Inde ainsi que des forêts humides autour du Canal du Panama. Nous testerons également ces approches sur des simulations variées. Finalement, nous essayerons d'évaluer la pertinence des estimations du paramètre de migration en les comparant avec les distances de dispersion des graines observées en forêt tropicale
Understanding the dynamics of highly diverse communities such as tropical forests has always been a challenging task in ecology. Historically, simplified logistic models and complex niche theories have had a limited success in explaining the species diversity and composition in a tropical context. With the advent of neutral models, we have an original quantitative framework in terms of a sampling theory which opens new perspectives in the field of tropical community ecology. These parsimonious models originally developed from existing theories in population genetics, have a highly selective interpretation of niche theory defined as the functional equivalence of species which has been insufficiently explored. To begin with, we review recent advances of this extremely active field and provide insights into future developments of this theory. Further on, we provide a detailed account of parameter inference which is the crucial link between theoret ical models and field data. In addition, we improve on existing approaches by introducing a novel estimator for the parameter explaining the species richness found in these forests. These results are put into perspective by using field data from the wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats region of India and the tropical rain forests around the Panama Canal Watershed. Our results are also rigorously tested using simulations of neutral community composition. Lastly, we provide insights into whether parameter inferences dealing with immigration correspond to the seed dispersal distances typically found in tropical forests

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Enrique, Yo-Hao Chang, and 張祐豪. "Las influencias de la restitución del Canal de Panamá en su desarrollo económico." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61885774144878818296.

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碩士
靜宜大學
西班牙語文學系
99
Panama has a unique site in the world. It’s located at the junction of Central and South America, having the narrowest place to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In 1776, the French began building the Canal of Panama, but faced lots of difficulties during the project causing a pause on the work. Until 1903, after U.S. instigated Panamanian independence and signed treaties to continue the building of the canal, which finally finished in August 15, 1914. The opening of the canal is not only a highlight of the importance of the location of Panama, but also promotes development of Panama, its local economy and creates good opportunities in the service industries. The Treaty of the Panamanian Canal has been modified three times separately, in 1936, 1955 and 1977. According to the revision of 1977, the United States have to return the canal to Panama at December 31, 1999. For this reason, the Paraguayan government founded the Panama Canal Authority in 1997 to manage canal affairs. In 2006, the Panama Canal Authority stated an expansion project started in 2007, and is expected to be completed in 2014, by then the canal features will also significantly improved. Due to the excellent location of the canal, it rolled the economy around, and thus gradually forming a canal economy. Booming economy in the canal, not only led the Panamanian economy, but also increased dramatically the rate of domestic employment. Therefore, this thesis discusses if the influences of the canal economic system has been widespread in the Panamanian economy after the return of the Panama Canal. This paper is divided into three chapters: Chapter I and Chapter II discusses the past and present perspective of the construction process of the Panama Canal, Panama's economy before the reunification of the impact of the current expansion plans, etc. Then we discuss the level of the economic development of the canal and its impact on ii Panamanian economic development. Finally, based on research literature to explore these issues and make concrete conclusions.

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43

Cerceño, Burbano Ameth Hiram. "Los modelos de gestión de la administración pública Panameña: Un estudio comparativo de la administración pública general y el modelo de gestión pública de la administración del Canal de Panamá." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/20485.

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La Administración Pública del Estado panameño, presenta dos modelos de gestión en su organización, consagrados en su Constitución Política. En primer lugar, una administración pública tradicional, que abarca la organización de la gran mayoría del gobierno; y por la otra el modelo de gestión de la Autoridad del Canal de Panamá. Mientras la administración pública general es considera ineficiente, presentados características de una organización influenciada por las políticas partidistas, el clientelismo político, el exceso de discrecionalidad del gobierno y un recurso humano poco capacitado y con ausencia de estabilidad laboral, presenta deficiencias que afecta el desarrollo del país y el debilitamiento de las instituciones democráticas; la administración del Canal de Panamá, en sus dos décadas de existencia representa un modelo de eficiencia y eficacia para replicar al resto de la Administración Pública panameña. Este estudio que analiza a través de la descripción, entrevistas realizadas compara el funcionamiento de ambas administraciones y el marco institucional y normativo en el que se desarrollan. Las diferencias en las carreras administrativas y el régimen laboral, la falta de políticas públicas coherentes, la diferencias en la ejecución del presupuesto sin medición de resultados, la evaluación de los programas y proyectos, y la evaluación de los servidores públicas, presenta las grandes diferencias entre ambos modelos. El Estado panameño tiene a su alcance las posibilidades de dar una reforma integral a la administración pública tradicional, teniendo como base un modelo de gestión completo y exitoso como el de la Autoridad del Canal de Panamá.
The Public Administration of the Panamanian State presents two management models in its organization, enshrined in its Political Constitution. First, a traditional public administration, which covers the organization of the vast majority of the government; and on the other the management model of the Panama Canal Authority. While the traditional Public Administration is considered inefficient, presenting characteristics of an organization influenced by partisan policies, political clientelism, excessive discretion of the government and a poorly trained human resource with no job stability, it presents deficiencies that affect the development of country and the weakening of democratic institutions; the administration of the Panama Canal, in its two decades of existence, represents a model of efficiency and effectiveness to replicate to the rest of the Panamanian Public Administration. This study that analyzes through description and interviews compares the functioning of both administrations and the institutional and regulatory framework in which they are carried out. The differences in the administrative careers and the labor regime, the lack of coherent public policies, the differences in the execution of the budget without measurement of results, the evaluation of the programs and projects, and the evaluation of the public servants, presents the great differences between both models. The Panamanian State has within its reach the possibilities of giving a comprehensive reform to the traditional public administration, based on a complete and successful management model such as that of the Panama Canal Authority.

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44

Aleixo, João C. "The strategic importance of the Panama Canal : past, present and future /." 2005. http://www.consuls.org/record=b2731041.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2005.
Thesis advisor: Timothy Rickard. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in International Studies." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-99). Also available via the World Wide Web.

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Hsieh, Hsiu-Ping, and 謝秀萍. "The study of effect on economic structure of the Republic of Panama from Panama Canal and canal zone." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41419100377342193521.

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碩士
淡江大學
拉丁美洲研究所
85
Panama's unique geographical position and its abundant natural resources around its Canal and Canal Zone have brought in many economic benefits to Panama. The Panama Canal can be considered as the main developing body of Panama's economic driving force. Almost all the economic activities in Panama take place along the Canal, such as maritime transportation, trading, warehousing storage and tourism. From various economic datas and current situation, it is not difficult to realize that 2/3 of Panama's economic activities are in the tertiary industry (service sector). However, Panama's economic growth doesn't come from its people's demands and stimulates its domestic economic activities, but depends instead on outside needs, its economic activities then will be very much seen as denationalized. With a mindful study, one can see that the booming transportation business on the Canal doesn't help much in bringing up the domestic production and manu- facturing related industries. The Canal is like a closed production line, providinf only advantage and opportunities related to the service sector. Panama Canal and Canal Zone's effect on Panama's economic structure is not only in geography. It does not only divide Panama into two different parts, it also encroaches Panama's sovereignty as a "nation",thus impairing the natural growth of its metropolis.With respect to the economic development, since United States owns a huge chunk of unused lands in the Canal Zone, it affects development of Panama's domestic production and market integration. In 2000 (December 31,1999), based on the Torrijo-Carter treaty, panama Canal and Canal Zone will be returned to Panama, meaning the recovery of sovereignty and a great opportunity for economic development. Therefore, how panamanian government uses this new development driving force in co- ordication with various development strategies and plans will not only affect the future of Panama, it will also affect the existence of the Panama Canal itself. The thesis will discuss in depth how did Panama Canal and Canal Zone distort Panama's economic structure into a denationalized economy, and also analyze the positive and negative sides of Panama Canal and Canal Zone before and after returning to Panama. Through these analysis, we will search for the new trends of Panama's economic development driving force and its possible obstacles.

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Aboul-Enein, Faisal H. Franzini Luisa Ross Michael W. "Dr. William Gorgas and his style of management against yellow fever during the construction of the Panama Canal : a historical case study." 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3360171.

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47

Hsiung, Yu-Lung, and 熊佑容. "The Transfer of Panama Canal and Diplomatic Relation Between Panama andUnited States." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39899872098317448692.

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碩士
淡江大學
美洲研究所碩士班
100
The importance of being at the geographical crossroads of the world has made Panama the Latin American Country most heavily influenced and shaped by the United States over the long time. The Panama Canal focused the economic and strategic interest of the United States more acutely and for much longer than any other place in the Western Hemiphere. For this reason,when Panama proclaimed its independence from Colombia in 1903, it concluded a treaty with the United States for U.S. rights to build, administer, and defend a canal cutting across the country and linking the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Before the Canal turnovered, they were in conflict of interest. The national interests of panama were the interity of Panama Canal, but for United States were the economic and military interests in the Canal. Thorugh the negociations over the years, U.S. government consistently affirmed a commitment to follow through with the Panama Canal Treaty and turn the Canal over to Panama at the end of 1999. Since then open a brand new relation between Panama and United States. The current relationship is characterized by extensive counternarcotics cooperation, assistance to help Panama assure the security of the Canal, and a proposed bilateral free trade agreement (FTA). Communications should be improved within the governments between Panama and the United States to launch a mutually beneficial new relationship, and the stakes remain high for both countries.

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Li, Wei-jie, and 黎濰傑. "International Security and the Transfer of Panama Canal." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54369000393938920212.

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碩士
淡江大學
拉丁美洲研究所
90
In the human’s history, people always live under the war. However, the thought for peace never end. Why there are so many differences between people’s mind and the real enviroment. The thesis focuses on the Transfer of Panama Canal and combines the issues of international security in order to present the problem of the security of the Canal. The contents include security research and the concept of developing international security, the diplomatic policy of USA、PRC、ROC, the development and challenge of the Canal. Generally, the West notices the security issues in Asia, but ignores these issues in Latin America. So few people pay attention to the issues after the Transfer of Panama Canal except the group of the Right Wing in USA. Being a member of the international community, I have to share my thesis to the public to call their attention to the possible issues after the Transfer of Panama Canal in order to prevent it from becoming internationally serious issues.

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Lightner, Delta R. (Delta Ruth) 1953. "The American civic architecture of the Panama Canal Zone, 1910-1920." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/12052.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 529-547).
Also available by subscription via World Wide Web
xxvi, 547 leaves, bound in 2 v. ill., maps, plans 29 cm

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Guerra, de Castillo Zoila Yadira. "Stochastic flow shop scheduling model for the Panama Canal /." 2006.

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