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Journal articles on the topic 'Cancer - Radiotherapy treatment'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Shirai, Katsuyuki, Akiko Nakagawa, Takanori Abe, Masahiro Kawahara, Jun-ichi Saitoh, Tatsuya Ohno, and Takashi Nakano. "Use of FDG-PET in Radiation Treatment Planning for Thoracic Cancers." International Journal of Molecular Imaging 2012 (May 14, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/609545.

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Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment for thoracic cancers. Accurate diagnosis is essential to correctly perform curative radiotherapy. Tumor delineation is also important to prevent geographic misses in radiotherapy planning. Currently, planning is based on computed tomography (CT) imaging when radiation oncologists manually contour the tumor, and this practice often induces interobserver variability. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has been reported to enable accurate staging and detect tumor extension in several thoracic cancers, such as lung cancer and esophageal cancer. FDG-PET imaging has many potential advantages in radiotherapy planning for these cancers, because it can add biological information to conventional anatomical images and decrease the inter-observer variability. FDG-PET improves radiotherapy volume and enables dose escalation without causing severe side effects, especially in lung cancer patients. The main advantage of FDG-PET for esophageal cancer patients is the detection of unrecognized lymph node or distal metastases. However, automatic delineation by FDG-PET is still controversial in these tumors, despite the initial expectations. We will review the role of FDG-PET in radiotherapy for thoracic cancers, including lung cancer and esophageal cancer.

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2

Barley, Victor. "Treatment of cancer." Clinical Risk 13, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/135626207781572756.

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The second in a series of three articles. This article describes the management of cancer by surgery, radiotherapy and drugs. The beneficial and harmful effects of radiation are described, and the planning and delivery of radiotherapy are outlined. Potential errors such as incorrect or delayed diagnosis, failure to obtain informed consent, errors in planning, identification, or dose of radiation given are discussed. Chemotherapy and its side effects are explained and the potential harm from error in prescription or delivery is described.

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3

Asadli, Geis. "RADIOTHERAPY IN COMBINED TREATMENT OF RECURRENT STAGE 3 LARYNGEAL CANCER." International Medical Journal, no. 4 (February 26, 2020): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37436/2308-5274-2019-4-14.

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The paper presents the treatment results performed in 250 patients with a laryngeal tumor of the third stage. The average life expectancy of these patients generally does not exceed 3−6 months. Chemotherapy is usually considered the standard treatment for the recurrence of head and neck squamous cell cancer patients, previously received radiotherapy. When prescribing the chemotherapy, a tumor regression is observed only in 10−40 % and does not virtually affect the life. Average life expectancy of these patients often varies from 5 to 9 months. The optimal total dose of radiotherapy for the treatment of inoperable recurrent and metastatic cancer was found in this reserach for imroving treatment results. The surgical protocols and techniques under discussion in this paper are certainly of a practical significance. The method for preoperative radiotherapy for larynx cancers was developed and the guidelines have been proven. Also there was proven that preoperative radiotherapy in a combined treatment of recurrent operable laryngeal cancer increases its effectiveness and does not affect postoperative period. Repeated radiotherapy for recurrent inoperable laryngeal cancer is possible only if the changes after previous radio− or combination therapy do not exceed 2 degrees. In addition, a repeated radiotherapy at a total source dose of 40−60 Gy is an effective method of palliative treatment and significantly improves the life expectancy and quality in the patients if compared with palliative chemotherapy. The method used in combination with intratumoral chemo− and radiotherapy significantly improves the efficiency of palliative treatment in the patients with recurrent regional metastasis for inoperable laryngeal cancer, in the primary tumor area, no signs of recurrence were found. Key words: laryngeal cancer, combined cancer treatment, radiotherapy.

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4

Novario, Raffaele, Paola Stucchi, Lucia Perna, and Leopoldo Conte. "Radiotherapy Treatment Verification." Tumori Journal 84, no. 2 (March 1998): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169808400209.

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During a radiotherapy treatment, a dosimetric verification or a geometric localization can be done, in order to assess the quality of the treatment. The dosimetric verification is generally performed measuring the dose at some points inside (natural cavities) or outside the patient, and comparing it to the dose at the same points calculated and predicted by the treatment planning system. This can be done either with thermoluminescent or diodes dosimeters or with ionization chambers. The geometric localization can be done acquiring a portal image of the patient. Portal imaging can be performed either with films placed between metallic screens, or with an electronic portal imaging device such as fluoroscopic systems, solid state devices or matrix ionization chamber systems. In order to assess possible field placement errors, the portal images have to be compared with images obtained with the simulator in the same geometric conditions and/or with the digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) obtained with the treatment planning system. In particular, when using matrix ionization chamber systems, the portal images contain also information regarding the exit dose. This means that this kind of imaging device can be used both for geometric localization and for dosimetric verification. In this case, the exit dose measured by the portal image can be compared with the exit dose calculated and predicted by the treatment planning system. Some “in-vivo” applications of this methodology are presented.

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Radosevic-Jelic, Ljiljana, Suzana Stojanovic, and I. Popov. "Radio therapy in prostate cancer treatment." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 52, no. 4 (2005): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0504093r.

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Prostate cancer is a complex disease, with many controversial aspects of management in almost all stages of disease. The natural history of this tumor is variable and is influenced by multiple prognostic factors. Radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy are standard treatment options for disease limited to the prostate. The data in literature does not provide clear- cut evidence for the superiority of any treatment. Neo- adjuvant or adjuvant hormonal therapy improves local control and survival in locally advanced disease. The patients treated with radiotherapy would have a relatively long life expectancy, not great risk factors for radiation toxicity and a preference for radiotherapy. The advantages of radiotherapy are that it has a significant potential for cure, it is well tolerated in the majority of men especially when the modern techniques of conformal radiotherapy and intensity modulated therapy are used and it is non-invasive therapeutic options with no anesthesia risk. Expected complications like radiation cystitis, impotence and proctitis are registered in about 1% of patients.

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6

Dearnaley, D. P. "Radiotherapy and hormonal treatment." European Journal of Cancer Supplements 5, no. 5 (September 2007): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6349(07)70038-1.

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7

Rong, Yi, Li Zuo, Lu Shang, and Jose G. Bazan. "Radiotherapy treatment for nonmelanoma skin cancer." Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 15, no. 7 (May 8, 2015): 765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737140.2015.1042865.

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8

&NA;. "Breast cancer: tamoxifen treatment after radiotherapy." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1104 (September 1997): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199711040-00036.

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9

Falk, Stephen. "Principles of cancer treatment by radiotherapy." Surgery (Oxford) 27, no. 4 (April 2009): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2009.01.008.

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10

Gwynne, Sarah, and John Staffurth. "Principles of cancer treatment by radiotherapy." Surgery (Oxford) 30, no. 4 (April 2012): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2012.01.012.

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Owadally, Waheeda, and John Staffurth. "Principles of cancer treatment by radiotherapy." Surgery (Oxford) 33, no. 3 (March 2015): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2014.12.008.

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12

Evans, Elin, and John Staffurth. "Principles of cancer treatment by radiotherapy." Surgery (Oxford) 36, no. 3 (March 2018): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2017.12.006.

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13

Mould, R. F. "CANCER TREATMENT SERVICES (RADIOTHERAPY) IN LONDON." Lancet 327, no. 8494 (June 1986): 1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91696-x.

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Falk, Stephen. "Principles of cancer treatment by radiotherapy." Surgery (Oxford) 24, no. 2 (February 2006): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/surg.2006.24.2.62.

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Falk, Stephen. "Principles of cancer treatment by radiotherapy." Surgery (Oxford) 21, no. 11 (November 2003): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/surg.21.11.269.22298.

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16

Read, Thomas E. "Treatment of Rectal Cancer Without Radiotherapy?" Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 49, no. 1 (January 2006): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10350-005-0222-6.

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17

Vaidya, Jayant S. "Principles of cancer treatment by radiotherapy." Surgery (Oxford) 39, no. 4 (April 2021): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2021.02.002.

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18

Long, R., J. Luzuriaga, C. Biondi, A. Woods, P. Jackson, C. Anderiesz, C. Giles, and H. Zorbas. "Collection and Reporting of System-Wide Cancer Treatment Activity Data As Part of the Stage, Treatment and Recurrence (STaR) Project." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 74s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.61400.

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Background: The need for high quality, comprehensive national data on the treatments applied to cancers is widely recognized within the Australian cancer control community. The analysis and reporting of cancer treatment data will greatly enhance our ability to better understand cancer care activity and outcomes - and in particular the treatments being applied across population groups. Aim: To collect and report national data on cancer treatments, as part of Cancer Australia's Stage, Treatment and Recurrence (STaR) project. The linking of this data with national data on stage at diagnosis, survival and recurrence, will help inform policy and practice and ultimately improve cancer outcomes. Methods: Cancer Australia developed a dataset of selected surgical procedures for the treatment of the top five incidence cancers (prostate, breast, colorectal, lung, and melanoma). A dataset of key selected radiotherapy, and systemic therapies for the treatment of all cancer types was also developed. Data for reporting system-wide treatment activity were extracted from existing national health administrative datasets, including: the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) and the National Hospital Morbidity Database (NHMD). The scope of the analysis was selected surgical procedures, radiotherapy procedures, or pharmaceutical agents administered with the general intent to change the outcome of the cancer and/or provide symptom relief/ palliative care. Results: The data reported provide a high-level national system-wide overview of cancer treatments applied, including: • More than 1 million radiotherapy services were provided for all cancers combined in Australia (as indicated by MBS reimbursement claims data) for the years 2013 to 2015 inclusive; • The number of people receiving systemic anticancer therapies in Australia for all cancers combined (as indicated by PBS reimbursement claims data) increased from 198,756 in 2012 to 247,939 in 2016; and • The number of hospital separations recorded in the NHMD (i.e., episodes of admitted patient care) for patients with a principal diagnosis of cancer undergoing surgery for the treatment of the top five high incidence cancers in Australia increased from 53,516 in 2010 to 57,651 in 2015. Conclusion: National cancer treatment data were successfully collected and reported. Australia is one of very few countries in the world to collect and report national system-wide treatment data with a specific focus on cancer. These data will be linked to cancer incidence, stage at diagnosis, survival and recurrence data to help inform for population-level reporting of cancer outcomes.

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19

Yang, Shixuan, Shuang Yang, Wenjun Liao, Rui Huang, Baisen Li, Shun Lu, Chao Li, et al. "Clinical outcomes for 61 cases of hypopharyngeal cancer with synchronous esophageal cancer." Journal of Radiation Research 60, no. 5 (June 28, 2019): 658–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrz042.

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Abstract The aim of this research was to provide data from a single-center study of the treatment of synchronous hypopharyngeal cancer (HPC) and esophageal cancer (EC) with different treatment modalities. A total of 61 patients with synchronous HPC and EC were included in this study. Patients were treated with radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy (28 cases), surgery (9 cases), palliative radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy (17 cases), or supportive care (7 cases). The median radiotherapy doses for EC and HPC in the radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy group were 64.5 Gy (range, 0–70) and 70 Gy (range, 60–75.2), respectively. Seven patients in the surgery group received pharyngoesophagectomy with gastric pull-up reconstruction, and two received esophagectomy followed by radiotherapy at the hypopharynx. Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that the outcome of active treatments, including surgery and radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy, was better than that of conservative care. In survival analysis, patients in the surgery group tended to have a better 3-year overall survival rate than those in the radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy group (55.6% vs 30.9%); however, this difference was not statistically different (P = 0.493). The two groups had similar 3-year progression-free survival rates (30.6% and 33.3%, P = 0.420). The current study suggested that radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy should be considered as an important treatment modality in addition to surgery for synchronous HPC and EC.

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20

Marinko, Tanja. "Pericardial disease after breast cancer radiotherapy." Radiology and Oncology 53, no. 1 (September 6, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raon-2018-0035.

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AbstractBackgroundBreast cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide. Thanks to the modern oncological treatments, disease specific survival has improved throughout the last decades. The number of breast cancer survivors has been increasing, and more and more attention has been paid to the breast cancer treatment side effects. Whereas there are many data regarding ischemic heart disease after radiotherapy for breast cancer, there is not much data in the literature about the incidence and clinical meaning of pericardial disease after breast cancer radiotherapy.ConclusionsAlthough radiation-induced pericarditis is the earliest form of radiation-induced cardiovascular disease after irradiation of the heart, it seems that in clinical practice, especially by using modern radiotherapy treatment techniques, it is underdiagnosed because patients are mostly asymptomatic. In some cases, especially in its late form and after multimodal systemic oncological treatment in combination with radiotherapy, it could be presented in severe form and life threatening. Treatment modalities for radiation-induced pericardial diseases are the same as in the non-irradiated population, but in the irradiated patients, surgery may be difficult.

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21

Attner, Per. "Outcome after different treatments for patients with HPV+ tonsillar cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): e16048-e16048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e16048.

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e16048 Background: In the last few years, oncological treatment for tonsillar cancer has intensified with accelerated radiotherapy and chemotherapy, which has resulted in more side effects. Patients with HPV-positive tonsillar cancer have better prognosis than those with HPV-negative tumors, and it is possible that patients with HPV-positive tonsillar cancer may benefit from a reduced, less-toxic treatment without compromising survival. Methods: To evaluate the possible difference in survival after different oncological treatments of patients with HPV-positive tonsillar cancer, we evaluated all 211 patients diagnosed with tonsillar cancer between 2000-2007, in Stockholm, Sweden. Included patients were those with available pretreatment biopsies, and treated with intent to cure. A total of 172 patients had HPV-positive tumors and of those, 98 were treated with conventional radiotherapy, 44 were treated with accelerated radiotherapy and 30 were treated with chemoradiotherapy. Results: No significant differences in overall and disease-free survival were seen between the three treatment groups, but there was a trend, where chemoradiotherapy was better than radiotherapy; and accelerated radiotherapy was better than conventional radiotherapy. This trend needs to be followed further. Conclusions: In this study, patients with HPV-positive tonsillar cancer treated with conventional radiotherapy, accelerated radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy had similar survival rates. However, there is a trend for better survival and less metastasis after intensified treatment underlining the need for prospective studies, where less intense treatment is compared to more intense treatment.

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22

Cho, L. Chinsoo, Robert Timmerman, and Brian Kavanagh. "Hypofractionated External-Beam Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer." Prostate Cancer 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/103547.

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There are radiobiological rationales supporting hypofractionated radiotherapy for prostate cancer. The recent advancements in treatment planning and delivery allow sophisticated radiation treatments to take advantage of the differences in radiobiology of prostate cancer and the surrounding normal tissues. The preliminary results from clinical studies indicate that abbreviated fractionation programs can result in successful treatment of localized prostate cancer without escalation of late toxicity.

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23

Chan, K., A. E. Clarke, R. Ramsey-Goldman, W. Foulkes, B. Tessier Cloutier, M. B. Urowitz, D. Gladman, et al. "Breast cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): receptor status and treatment." Lupus 27, no. 1 (June 8, 2017): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203317713146.

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Objective There is a decreased risk of breast cancer in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) versus the general population; little is known regarding the receptor status of breast cancers in SLE, or treatment. Methods Breast cancer cases occurring after SLE diagnosis were ascertained through linkage with tumor registries. We determined breast cancer positivity for estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), and/or Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2), as well as cancer treatment. Results We obtained information on ER, PR, and/or HER2 status for 63 SLE patients with breast cancer. Fifty-three had information on ER and/or PR status; 36 of these (69%) were ER positive. Thirty-six of the 63 had information on HER2 status; of these, 26 had complete information on all three receptors. Twenty-one of these 26 (81%) were HER2 negative; seven of 26(27%) were triple negative. All but one patient underwent surgery; 11.5% received both non-tamoxifen chemotherapy and radiotherapy, 16.4% radiotherapy without non-tamoxifen chemotherapy, and 14.7% received non-tamoxifen chemotherapy without radiotherapy. Conclusion ER positivity was similar to historical general population figures, with a trend toward a higher proportion of triple-negative breast cancers in SLE (possibly reflecting the relatively young age of our SLE patients).

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Dee, Edward Christopher, James D. Byrne, and Jennifer Y. Wo. "Evolution of the Role of Radiotherapy for Anal Cancer." Cancers 13, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13061208.

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Prior to the 1980s, the primary management of localized anal cancer was surgical resection. Dr. Norman Nigro and colleagues introduced neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy prior to abdominoperineal resection. Chemoradiotherapy 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C afforded patients complete pathologic response and obviated the need for upfront surgery. More recent studies have attempted to alter or exclude chemotherapy used in the Nigro regimen to mitigate toxicity, often with worse outcomes. Reductions in acute adverse effects have been associated with marked advancements in radiotherapy delivery using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and image-guidance radiation delivery, resulting in increased tolerance to greater radiation doses. Ongoing trials are attempting to improve IMRT-based treatment of locally advanced disease with efforts to increase personalized treatment. Studies are also examining the role of newer treatment modalities such as proton therapy in treating anal cancer. Here we review the evolution of radiotherapy for anal cancer and describe recent advances. We also elaborate on radiotherapy’s role in locally persistent or recurrent anal cancer.

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Kalavrezos, Nicholas, and Crispian Scully. "Mouth cancer for clinicians part 11: cancer treatment (radiotherapy)." Dental Update 43, no. 5 (June 2, 2016): 472–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2016.43.5.472.

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26

Marusic, Goran, Sasa Vojinov, and Ivan Levakov. "Treatment of locally advanced prostatic cancer." Medical review 63, no. 9-10 (2010): 689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1010689m.

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Introduction. A locally advanced prostate cancer is defined as a malignant process spreading beyond the prostate capsule or in seminal vesicles but without distant metastasis or regional lymph nodes invasion. Clinical classification, prediction and treatment of prostate cancer. An exact staging of clinical T3 stadium is usually difficult because of the frequent over and under staging. The risk prognostic stratification is performed through nomograms and ANN (artificial neural networks). The options for treatment are: radical prostatectomy, external radiotherapy and interstitial implantation of radioisotopes, hormonal therapy by androgen blockade. Radical prostatectomy is considered in patients with T3 stage but extensive dissection of lymph nodes, dissection of neurovascular bundle (on tumor side), total removal of seminal vesicle and sometimes resection of bladder neck are obligatory. Postoperative radiotherapy is performed in patients with invasion of seminal vesicles and capsular penetration or with prostate specific antigen value over 0.1 ng/ml, one month after the surgical treatment. Definitive radiotherapy could be used as the best treatment option considering clinical stage, Gleason score, age, starting prostate specific antigen (PSA) value, concomitant diseases, life expectancy, quality of life, through multidisciplinary approach (combined with androgen deprivation). Hormonal therapy in intended for patients who are not eligible for surgical treatment or radiotherapy. Conclusion. Management of locally advanced prostate cancer is still controversial and studies for better diagnosis and new treatment modalities are ongoing.

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IGDEM, Sefik. "Treatment of prostate cancer by hypofractionated radiotherapy." Marmara Medical Journal 28, no. 4 (April 15, 2015): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5472/mmj.11680.

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O'Rourkc, N., F. Milne, and R. Edwards. "Radiotherapy treatment delays and lung cancer progression." Lung Cancer 29, no. 1 (September 2000): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5002(00)80532-2.

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Durante, Marco, Norman Reppingen, and Kathryn D. Held. "Immunologically augmented cancer treatment using modern radiotherapy." Trends in Molecular Medicine 19, no. 9 (September 2013): 565–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2013.05.007.

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Yaromina, Ala, Mechthild Krause, and Michael Baumann. "Individualization of cancer treatment from radiotherapy perspective." Molecular Oncology 6, no. 2 (February 9, 2012): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2012.01.007.

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Shabunin, A. A., V. V. Bedin, M. M. Tavobilov, and A. A. Karpov. "Intraoperative radiotherapy in pancreatic cancer combine treatment." HPB 18 (April 2016): e749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2016.01.235.

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Costello, A. J., and W. G. Bowsher. "RADIOTHERAPY AS A TREATMENT FOR BLADDER CANCER." ANZ Journal of Surgery 62, no. 1 (January 1992): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.1992.tb05361.x.

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Podder, Tarun, Daniel Song, Timothy Showalter, and Luc Beaulieu. "Advances in Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer Treatment." Prostate Cancer 2016 (2016): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3079684.

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Delaney, Geoff, Susannah Jacob, Carolyn Featherstone, and Michael Barton. "The role of radiotherapy in cancer treatment." Cancer 104, no. 6 (September 15, 2005): 1129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.21324.

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Verbrugge, Inge, Esther H. J. Wissink, Rogier W. Rooswinkel, Johan Jongsma, Nicola Beltraminelli, Marc Dupuis, Jannie Borst, and Marcel Verheij. "Combining Radiotherapy with APO010 in Cancer Treatment." Clinical Cancer Research 15, no. 6 (March 10, 2009): 2031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2125.

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Chernichenko, A. V., E. G. Novikova, A. V. Boiko, L. V. Demidova, I. A. Bocharova, and S. A. Ter-Arutunyants. "INTRAOPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPY IN TREATMENT OF CERVIX CANCER." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 13, Suppl 1 (March 2003): 92.3–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200303001-00339.

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Mazzola, Rosario, Stefanie Corradini, Markus Eidemüeller, Vanessa Figlia, Alba Fiorentino, Niccolò Giaj-Levra, Luca Nicosia, et al. "Modern radiotherapy in cancer treatment during pregnancy." Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 136 (April 2019): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.02.002.

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Freedman, H. I., and G. Belostotski. "Perturbed models for cancer treatment by radiotherapy." Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems 17, no. 1-2 (April 2009): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12591-009-0009-7.

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Riddall, Ralph, Dobelbower Donald, and George Bronn. "Radiotherapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer." Baillière's Clinical Gastroenterology 4, no. 4 (December 1990): 969–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-3528(90)90030-k.

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Radosevic-Jelic, Ljiljana. "Radio (chemo) therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 49, no. 2 (2002): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci0202033r.

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Radiotherapy has an role in combined treatment to lower local recurrence in resectable rectal cancer. Radiotherapy also has an established role in nonresectable rectal cancers to increase the operability, but radiochemotherapy is more efficient. Radiotherapy can be administered as a transcutaneous therapy on the megavoltage machines as well as brachytherapy and combined - transcutaneous and brachtherapy.

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Hajj, Carla, and Karyn A. Goodman. "Role of Radiotherapy and Newer Techniques in the Treatment of GI Cancers." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 16 (June 1, 2015): 1737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.59.9787.

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The role of radiotherapy in multidisciplinary treatment of GI malignancies is well established. Recent advances in imaging as well as radiotherapy planning and delivery techniques have made it possible to target tumors more accurately while sparing normal tissues. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy is an advanced method of delivering radiation using cutting-edge technology to manipulate beams of radiation. The role of intensity-modulated radiotherapy is growing for many GI malignancies, such as cancers of the stomach, pancreas, esophagus, liver, and anus. Stereotactic body radiotherapy is an emerging treatment option for some GI tumors such as locally advanced pancreatic cancer and primary or metastatic tumors of the liver. Stereotactic body radiotherapy requires a high degree of confidence in tumor location and subcentimeter accuracy of the delivered dose. New image-guided techniques have been developed to overcome setup uncertainties at the time of treatment, including real-time imaging on the linear accelerator. Modern imaging techniques have also allowed for more accurate pretreatment staging and delineation of the primary tumor and involved sites. In particular, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography scans can be particularly useful in radiotherapy planning and assessing treatment response. Molecular biomarkers are being investigated as predictors of response to radiotherapy with the intent of ultimately moving toward using genomic and proteomic determinants of therapeutic strategies. The role of all of these new approaches in the radiotherapeutic management of GI cancers and the evolving role of radiotherapy in these tumor sites will be highlighted in this review.

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Parikh, Neil R., and Amar U. Kishan. "Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer." American Journal of Men's Health 14, no. 3 (May 2020): 155798832092724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988320927241.

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Prostate cancer remains the most common and second most deadly cancer diagnosed amongst U.S. men. External beam radiotherapy is a standard-of-care definitive treatment option for localized prostate cancer and historically constituted an 8–9-week treatment course comprised of 39–45 doses of 1.8–2.0 Gy each (conventional fractionation, CF). Based on the notion that prostate cancer may respond favorably to a higher dose per day, considerable research efforts have been focused on characterizing the safety and efficacy profile of shorter and shorter radiation courses. Ultrahypofractionation (UHF) involves condensing the radiation course into just 5–7 treatments of 6–8 Gy each. When utilizing modern techniques that allow the precise sculpting of a dose distribution that delivers high doses to the prostate and lower doses to surrounding normal tissues over five or fewer treatments, this treatment is called stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Two randomized trials (HYPO-RT-PC and PACE-B) have compared UHF to longer radiation courses. The former demonstrated that UHF and CF have similar long-term toxicity and efficacy, while the latter demonstrated that modern SBRT has equivalent short-term toxicity as well. A separate report from a consortium of studies data provides prospective, albeit nonrandomized, data supporting the longer-term safety and efficacy of SBRT specifically. Thus, mounting high-level evidence suggests that SBRT is an acceptable standard care of option for men with localized prostate cancer.

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Liu, Zijian, and Chenxue Yang. "A Mathematical Model of Cancer Treatment by Radiotherapy." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/172923.

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A periodic mathematical model of cancer treatment by radiotherapy is presented and studied in this paper. Conditions on the coexistence of the healthy and cancer cells are obtained. Furthermore, sufficient conditions on the existence and globally asymptotic stability of the positive periodic solution, the cancer eradication periodic solution, and the cancer win periodic solution are established. Some numerical examples are shown to verify the validity of the results. A discussion is presented for further study.

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Woynar, S. P., P. Burban, E. Le Prisé, P. Romestaing, C. Maylin, V. Mazeau, M. Cauterman, and V. Vendrely. "Reducing radiotherapy delays after surgery for breast cancer in five radiotherapy departments." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 17011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.17011.

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17011 Background: An interval superior to 8 weeks between surgery and radiotherapy increases the risk of recurrence for patients with early stage breast cancer treated with conservative surgery and breast irradiation and without chemotherapy. Five French radiotherapy departments launched simultaneously a quality improvement project aimed at reducing the delay to radiotherapy for all types of cancers concerned. Breast cancer radiotherapy delays were used as the principal proxy to evaluate overall progress. Methods: Teams focused their efforts on reducing the interval between the first appointment with the radio-oncologist and the start of the radiotherapy, interval on which they had control. Between May and December 2005, consultancy firms financed by the Ministry of Health, helped the teams (radio-oncologists, physicists, radiographers and nurses) to realize an organizational audit: identifying the processes of treatment, analysing the patient flow and the staff and equipment capacity. Concerning breast cancer, target intervals were set based on the 8 weeks standard. An action plan that included matching capacity and demand (better allocation of staff time during the week), standardising treatment processes and patient programming was implemented between January and December 2006. Results: The five radiotherapy departments reduced the delays to radiotherapy for breast cancers as well as for the majority of the other cancer types. Concerning breast cancer, the average of the five departments intervals between the first appointments and the start of the radiotherapy dropped from 4.9 weeks to 2.3 weeks, reducing in the same time the interval between surgery and radiotherapy. Furthermore, the teams’ cohesion, motivation and sense of responsibility increased, key elements for the sustainability of the improvements. These results were obtained without an increase of the departments resources. Conclusion: By redesigning their organisation with a patient centred goal, the five radiotherapy departments were able to meet the standards of practice. Following these results, ten new departments have joined the program financed by the Ministry of Health. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Swerdlow, A. J., J. A. Barber, G. Vaughan Hudson, D. Cunningham, R. K. Gupta, B. W. Hancock, A. Horwich, T. A. Lister, and D. C. Linch. "Risk of Second Malignancy After Hodgkin’s Disease in a Collaborative British Cohort: The Relation to Age at Treatment." Journal of Clinical Oncology 18, no. 3 (February 1, 2000): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2000.18.3.498.

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PURPOSE: To assess long-term site-specific risks of second malignancy after Hodgkin’s disease in relation to age at treatment and other factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cohort of 5,519 British patients with Hodgkin’s disease treated during 1963 through 1993 was assembled and followed-up for second malignancy and mortality. Follow-up was 97% complete. RESULTS: Three hundred twenty-two second malignancies occurred. Relative risks of gastrointestinal, lung, breast, and bone and soft tissue cancers, and of leukemia, increased significantly with younger age at first treatment. Absolute excess risks and cumulative risks of solid cancers and leukemia, however, were greater at older ages than at younger ages. Gastrointestinal cancer risk was greatest after mixed-modality treatment (relative risk [RR] = 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1 to 4.8); lung cancer risks were significantly increased after chemotherapy (RR = 3.3; 95% CI, 2.4 to 4.7), mixed-modality treatment (RR = 4.3; 95% CI, 2.9 to 6.2), and radiotherapy (RR = 2.9; 95% CI, 1.9 to 4.1); breast cancer risk was increased only after radiotherapy without chemotherapy (RR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.4 to 4.0); and leukemia risk was significantly increased after chemotherapy (RR = 31.6; 95% CI, 19.7 to 47.6) and mixed-modality treatment (RR = 38.1; 95% CI, 24.6 to 55.9). These risks were generally greater after treatment at younger ages: for patients treated at ages younger than 25 years, there were RRs of 18.7 (95% CI, 5.8 to 43.5) for gastrointestinal cancer after mixed-modality treatment, 14.4 (95% CI, 5.7 to 29.3) for breast cancer after radiotherapy, and 85.2 (95% CI, 45.3 to 145.7) for leukemia after chemotherapy (with or without radiotherapy). CONCLUSION: Age at treatment has a major effect on risk of second malignancy after Hodgkin’s disease. Although absolute excess risks are greater for older patients, RRs of several important malignancies are much greater for patients who are treated when young. The increased risk of gastrointestinal cancers may relate particularly to mixed-modality treatment, and that of lung cancer to chemotherapy as well as radiotherapy; there are also well-known increased risks of breast cancer from radiotherapy and leukemia from chemotherapy. The roles of specific chemotherapeutic agents in the etiology of solid cancers after Hodgkin’s disease require detailed investigation.

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Huh, Gene, Soon-Hyun Ahn, Jun-Girl Suk, Min-Hyung Lee, Won Shik Kim, Seong Keun Kwon, Chan-Young Ock, et al. "Severe late dysphagia after multimodal treatment of stage III/IV laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer." Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 50, no. 2 (November 11, 2019): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyz158.

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Abstract Background Long-term side effects after radiotherapy for organ preservation ‘could deteriorate’ the laryngeal function. This study intended to identify the incidence of severe late dysphagia following the multimodal treatment for stage III/IV laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer ‘to evaluate the function of larynx’. Methods The medical records of patients successfully treated for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer with a multimodal approach, including radiotherapy, were retrospectively analyzed. ‘Functional larynx was defined as tolerable oral diet without severe late dysphagia or tracheostoma’. Results The study included 99 patients with a median follow-up period of 72 months. ‘Tracheostomy during the follow-up period was required in only one patient due to aspiration pneumonia, and dysphagia is the main determinant for functional larynx’. The probability of maintaining functional larynx was 63% for 10 years, when the treatment was started with radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy. In upfront surgery (operation first and adjuvant radiotherapy/concurrent chemoradiotherapy) group, 37% of patients required total laryngectomy as primary treatment and 43% of patients could maintain laryngeal function for 10 years. And severe late dysphagia in the latter group developed mainly after laryngeal preservation surgery. The patients aged ≥65 years showed significantly higher incidence of dysphagia. Severe late dysphagia was very rare in laryngeal cancer successfully cured with radiotherapy/concurrent chemoradiotherapy (1/25, 4%); however, it gradually increased over time in hypopharyngeal cancer patients showing a statistically significant difference from laryngeal cancer patients (P = 0.040). Conclusion Severe late dysphagia occurred in 19.2% of patients treated for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers, regardless of whether treatment started with radiotherapy/concurrent chemoradiotherapy or surgery.

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Piraux, Elise, Gilles Caty, Frank Aboubakar Nana, and Gregory Reychler. "Effects of exercise therapy in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy treatment: a narrative review." SAGE Open Medicine 8 (January 2020): 205031212092265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312120922657.

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Despite its beneficial effects, radiotherapy still results in a range of side effects that negatively impact quality of life of patients. Exercise has been shown to counteract the side effects induced by cancer treatment. This narrative review aims to provide an up-to-date review of the effects of an exercise intervention in cancer patients during radiotherapy. A literature search was performed on PubMed to identify original articles that evaluated the effects of an exercise programme to alleviate treatment-related side effects in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy with or without other cancer treatments. Benefits related to exercise training have been shown in breast, prostate, rectal, lung, head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Therefore, exercise should be considered as a concurrent treatment alongside radiotherapy to alleviate treatment-related side effects and facilitate effective recovery. Due to the onset and progress of treatment-related side effects throughout radiotherapy, a regular clinical evaluation seems strongly advisable in order to continuously adapt the exercise programme depending on symptoms and side effects. An exercise professional is needed to personalize exercise training based on the medical condition and tailor it throughout the intervention according to progress and the patient’s medical status. Future studies are needed to confirm the potential benefits of exercises observed on treatment-related side effects. Furthermore, because of the narrative design of this study, a systematic review is required to evaluate the strength of the evidence reported.

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Gogolin, D. V., I. A. Gulidov, K. E. Medvedeva, Y. A. Ragulin, Y. S. Mardinsky, I. N. Ivanova, L. V. Kursova, I. I. Kotuhov, and A. Y. Buksha. "UNCONVENTIONAL FRACTIONATION RADIOTHERAPY REGIMENS IN TREATMENT OF INOPERABLE LUNG CANCER." Siberian journal of oncology 18, no. 4 (September 1, 2019): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21294/1814-4861-2019-18-4-21-26.

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The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy and toxicity of hypofractionated versus hyperfractionated radiotherapy in patients with inoperable lung cancer.Material and Methods. Patients with inoperable lung cancer, who were treated between 2014 and 2017, were assigned to undergo radiotherapy in two arms: accelerated hypofractionated conformal radiotherapy arm with 70 patients (60 Gy in 25 fractions, with 2.4 Gy per fraction) and accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy with 49 patients (60–70 Gy with 1–1.5 Gy per fraction). At the same time, platinum-based chemotherapy was applied.Results. The rates of partial response, complete response, stable disease and progressive disease were 44.3, 7.2, 38.5 and 10.0 %, respectively in patients with hypofractionated conformal radiotherapy arm. The corresponding values were 71.4, 6.1, 16.4 and 6.1 %, respectively in patients with hyperfractionated radiotherapy arm. The 2-year overall survival rate was 62.8 % for the hypofractionated group and 58.1 % for the hyperfractionated group. Esophagitis III grade was observed in 4 (5.7 %) patients of the hypofractionated group and in 3 (6.5 %) patients of the hypofractionated group. Pneumonitis III grade was reported in 2 (2.9 %) patients in the hypofractionated radiotherapy arm and in 4 (8.7 %) patients in the hyperfractionated radiotherapy arm.Conclusion. Results of the study showed that 3D-conformal hypofractionated radiotherapy combined with concurrent chemotherapy resulted no in severe radiation-induced complications, and demonstrated satisfactory short-and long-term treatment outcomes.

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Irabor, Omoruyi Credit, William Swanson, Fiza Shaukat, Johanna Wirtz, Abba Aji Mallum, Twalib Ngoma, Ahmed Elzawawy, Paul Nguyen, Luca Incrocci, and Wilfred Ngwa. "Can the Adoption of Hypofractionation Guidelines Expand Global Radiotherapy Access? An Analysis for Breast and Prostate Radiotherapy." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (September 2020): 667–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.19.00261.

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PURPOSE The limited radiotherapy resources for global cancer control have resulted in increased interest in developing time- and cost-saving innovations to expand access to those resources. Hypofractionated regimens could minimize cost and increase access for limited-resource countries. In this investigation, we estimated the percentage cost-savings per radiotherapy course and increased radiotherapy access in African countries after adopting hypofractionation for breast and prostate radiotherapy. For perspective, results were compared with high-income countries. METHODS The cost and course of breast and prostate radiotherapy for conventional and hypofractionated regimens in low-resource facilities were calculated using the Radiotherapy Cost Estimator tool developed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and then compared with another activity-based costing model. The potential maximum cost savings in each country over 7 years for breast and prostate radiotherapy were then estimated using cancer incidence data from the Global Cancer Observatory database with use rates applied. The increase in radiotherapy access was estimated by current national capacities from the IAEA directory. RESULTS The estimated cost per course of conventional and hypofractionated regimens were US$2,232 and $1,339 for breast treatment, and $3,389 and $1,699 for prostate treatment, respectively. The projected potential maximum cost savings with full hypofractionation implementation were $1.1 billion and $606 million for breast and prostate treatment, respectively. The projected increase of radiotherapy access due to implementing hypofractionation varied between +0.3% to 25% and +0.4% to 36.0% for breast and prostate treatments, respectively. CONCLUSION This investigation demonstrates that adopting hypofractionated regimens as standard treatment of breast and prostate cancers can result in substantial savings and increase radiotherapy access in developing countries. Given reduced delivery cost and treatment times, we anticipate a substantial increase in radiotherapy access with additional innovations that will allow progressive hypofractionation without compromising quality.

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Powell, Melanie E. B. "Modern Radiotherapy and Cervical Cancer." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 20, Suppl 2 (September 2010): S49—S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/igc.0b013e3181f7b241.

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For most cervical cancers, radiotherapy is the mainstay of treatment. The introduction of concurrent chemotherapy to radiation at the end of the 20th century led to a significant improvement in disease survival. Now, techniques such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy, which allow a high degree of conformity to the tumor, offer the opportunity to further improve outcome by reducing treatment-related toxicity and also to potentially improve local control by an increase in tumor dose.This review will outline the history and current state of play of cervical radiotherapy.

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