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1
S, Tanabe. "Molecular Markers and Networks for Cancer and Stem Cells." Journal of Embryology & Stem Cell Research 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jes-16000101.
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Frąszczak, Karolina, and Bartłomiej Barczyński. "Characteristics of Cancer Stem Cells and Their Potential Role in Endometrial Cancer." Cancers 16, no. 6 (2024): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers16061083.
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Endometrial cancer is one of most common types of gynaecological tumours in developing countries. It has been suggested that cancer stem cells play an important role in the development of endometrial cancer. These are a subset of highly tumorigenic cells with similar features to normal stem cells (unlimited proliferation, multi-potential differentiation, self-renewal, aggressiveness, invasion, recurrence, and chemo- and endocrine therapy resistance). Wnt/β-catenin, Hedghog, and Notch1 are the most frequently activated pathways in endometrial cancer stem cells. The presence of cancer stem cells is associated with the resistance to chemotherapy caused by different mechanisms. Various markers, including CD24, CD40, CD44, CD9, CD133, and CD 166, have been identified on the surface of these cells. A higher expression of such markers translates into enhanced tumorigenicity. However, there is no strong evidence showing that any of these identified markers can be used as the universal marker for endometrial cancer stem cells. Growing data from genomic and proteomic profiling shed some light on the understanding of the molecular basis of cancers in humans and the role of cancer stem cells. However, there is much left to discover. Therefore, more studies are needed to fully uncover their functional mechanisms in order to prevent the development and recurrence of cancer, as well as to enhance treatment effectiveness.
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Carvalho, M. J., M. Laranjo, T. Costa, et al. "Endometrial cancer stem cells: tumorospheres characterization and cancer stem cells markers." European Journal of Cancer 61 (July 2016): S90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(16)61317-5.
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Brescia, Paola, Cristina Richichi, and Giuliana Pelicci. "Current Strategies for Identification of Glioma Stem Cells: Adequate or Unsatisfactory?" Journal of Oncology 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/376894.
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Cancer stem cells (CSCs) were isolated in multiple tumor types, including human glioblastomas, and although the presence of surface markers selectively expressed on CSCs can be used to isolate them, no marker/pattern of markers are sufficiently robust to definitively identify stem cells in tumors. Several markers were evaluated for their prognostic value with promising early results, however none of them was proven to be clinically useful in large-scale studies, leading to outstanding efforts to identify new markers. Given the heterogeneity of human glioblastomas further investigations are necessary to identify both cancer stem cell-specific markers and the molecular mechanisms sustaining the tumorigenic potential of these cells to develop tailored treatments. Markers for glioblastoma stem cells such as CD133, CD15, integrin-α6, L1CAM might be informative to identify these cells but cannot be conclusively linked to a stem cell phenotype. Overlap of expression, functional state and morphology of different subpopulations lead to carefully consider the techniques employed so far to isolate these cells. Due to a dearth of methods and markers reliably identifying the candidate cancer stem cells, the isolation/enrichment of cancer stem cells to be therapeutically targeted remains a major challenge.
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Woodward, Wendy A., and Erik P. Sulman. "Cancer stem cells: markers or biomarkers?" Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 27, no. 3 (2008): 459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10555-008-9130-2.
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Xia, Pu, Da-Hua Liu, Ze-Jun Xu, and Fu Ren. "Cancer Stem Cell Markers for Urinary Carcinoma." Stem Cells International 2022 (March 15, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3611677.
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Cancer stem cell (CSC) refers to cancer cells with stem cell properties, that is, they have the ability of “self-renewal” and “differentiation.” Cancer stem cells exist in cancer cells and are the “culprit” of cancer recurrence and metastasis. It is difficult to be found because of its small amount, and it is difficult for anticancer drugs to produce effects on it. At present, the isolation and identification of cancer stem cells from many solid tumors are still quite difficult, mainly due to the lack of specific molecular markers of cancer stem cells. In this review, cancer stem cell surface markers and functional markers in urinary system were summarized. These markers can provide molecular targets for cancer therapy.
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He, Yue, Kristina B. V. Døssing, Ane Beth Sloth, Xuening He, Maria Rossing, and Andreas Kjaer. "Quantitative Evaluation of Stem-like Markers of Human Glioblastoma Using Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Datasets." Cancers 15, no. 5 (2023): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15051557.
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Targeting glioblastoma (GBM) stem-like cells (GSCs) is a common interest in both the laboratory investigation and clinical treatment of GBM. Most of the currently applied GBM stem-like markers lack validation and comparison with common standards regarding their efficiency and feasibility in various targeting methods. Using single-cell RNA sequencing datasets from 37 GBM patients, we obtained a large pool of 2173 GBM stem-like marker candidates. To evaluate and select these candidates quantitatively, we characterized the efficiency of the candidate markers in targeting the GBM stem-like cells by their frequencies and significance of being the stem-like cluster markers. This was followed by further selection based on either their differential expression in GBM stem-like cells compared with normal brain cells or their relative expression level compared with other expressed genes. The cellular location of the translated protein was also considered. Different combinations of selection criteria highlight different markers for different application scenarios. By comparing the commonly used GSCs marker CD133 (PROM1) with markers selected by our method regarding their universality, significance, and abundance, we revealed the limitations of CD133 as a GBM stem-like marker. Overall, we propose BCAN, PTPRZ1, SOX4, etc. for laboratory-based assays with samples free of normal cells. For in vivo targeting applications that require high efficiency in targeting the stem-like subtype, the ability to distinguish GSCs from normal brain cells, and a high expression level, we recommend the intracellular marker TUBB3 and the surface markers PTPRS and GPR56.
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Munro, Matthew J., Susrutha K. Wickremesekera, Lifeng Peng, Swee T. Tan, and Tinte Itinteang. "Cancer stem cells in colorectal cancer: a review." Journal of Clinical Pathology 71, no. 2 (2017): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204739.
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in women and the third most common in men. Adenocarcinoma accounts for 90% of CRC cases. There has been accumulating evidence in support of the cancer stem cell (CSC) concept of cancer which proposes that CSCs are central in the initiation of cancer. CSCs have been the focus of study in a range of cancers, including CRC. This has led to the identification and understanding of genes involved in the induction and maintenance of pluripotency of stem cells, and markers for CSCs, including those investigated specifically in CRC. Knowledge of the expression pattern of CSCs in CRC has been increasing in recent years, revealing a heterogeneous population of cells within CRC ranging from pluripotent to differentiated cells, with overlapping and sometimes unique combinations of markers. This review summarises current literature on the understanding of CSCs in CRC, including evidence of the presence of CSC subpopulations, and the stem cell markers currently used to identify and localise these CSC subpopulations. Future research into this field may lead to improved methods for early detection of CRC, novel therapy and monitoring of treatment for CRC and other cancer types.
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Tawari Erebi Patricia. "Evaluation of the cancer stem cell characteristics of acquired resistant BT549 GEM100nM breast cancer cells." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 13, no. 2 (2024): 2428–34. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.13.2.2442.
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Stem cells playing a vital role in cancer biology have drawn more attention in recent years. Many dense cancers, involving the breast, brain, colon, liver, and pancreas, have been found to be associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs). The objective of this research is to evaluate the cancer stem markers of an attained resistant BT549 GEM100nM breast cancer cell line. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FASC) results showed that the resistant cell lines contained higher levels of embryonic markers (Nanog, Oct 4, and Sox2) and cancer stem cell markers (ALDH and CD 133) than the parental wild-type cell (BT549). It is thought that these CSC indicators are pivotal for cancer genesis, relapse, spread and treatment resistance.
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Engel, Chan, Nickless, et al. "Patient-Derived Colorectal Cancer Organoids Upregulate Revival Stem Cell Marker Genes following Chemotherapeutic Treatment." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 1 (2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9010128.
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Colorectal cancer stem cells have been proposed to drive disease progression, tumour recurrence and chemoresistance. However, studies ablating leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5)-positive stem cells have shown that they are rapidly replenished in primary tumours. Following injury in normal tissue, LGR5+ stem cells are replaced by a newly defined, transient population of revival stem cells. We investigated whether markers of the revival stem cell population are present in colorectal tumours and how this signature relates to chemoresistance. We examined the expression of different stem cell markers in a cohort of patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids and correlated expression with sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment. Our findings revealed that there was inter-tumour variability in the expression of stem cell markers. Clusterin (CLU), a marker of the revival stem cell population, was significantly enriched following 5-FU treatment and expression correlated with the level of drug resistance. Patient outcome data revealed that CLU expression is associated with both lower patient survival and an increase in disease recurrence. This suggests that CLU is a marker of drug resistance and may identify cells that drive colorectal cancer progression.
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Wuputra, Kenly, Chia-Chen Ku, Jia-Bin Pan, et al. "Stem Cell Biomarkers and Tumorigenesis in Gastric Cancer." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 6 (2022): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12060929.
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Stomach cancer has a high mortality, which is partially caused by an absence of suitable biomarkers to allow detection of the initiation stages of cancer progression. Thus, identification of critical biomarkers associated with gastric cancer (GC) is required to advance its clinical diagnoses and treatment. Recent studies using tracing models for lineage analysis of GC stem cells indicate that the cell fate decision of the gastric stem cells might be an important issue for stem cell plasticity. They include leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5+), Cholecystokinin receptor 2 (Cckr2+), and axis inhibition protein 2 (Axin2+) as the stem cell markers in the antrum, Trefoil Factor 2 (TFF2+), Mist1+ stem cells, and Troy+ chief cells in the corpus. By contrast, Estrogen receptor 1 (eR1), Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (Lrig1), SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (Sox2), and B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (Bmi1) are rich in both the antrum and corpus regions. These markers might help to identify the cell-lineage identity and analyze the plasticity of each stem cell population. Thus, identification of marker genes for the development of GC and its environment is critical for the clinical application of cancer stem cells in the prevention of stomach cancers.
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Lee, Cheong J., Joseph Dosch, and Diane M. Simeone. "Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells." Journal of Clinical Oncology 26, no. 17 (2008): 2806–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2008.16.6702.
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Cellular heterogeneity in cancer was observed decades ago by studies in mice which showed that distinct subpopulations of cells within a tumor mass are capable of driving tumorigenesis. Conceptualized from this finding was the stem-cell hypothesis for cancer, which suggests that only a specific subset of cancer cells within each tumor is responsible for tumor initiation and propagation, termed tumor initiating cells or cancer stem cells (CSCs). Recent data has been provided to support the existence of CSCs in human blood cell–derived cancers and solid organ tumors of the breast, brain, prostate, colon, and skin. Study of human pancreatic cancers has also revealed a specific subpopulation of cancer cells that possess the characteristics of CSCs. These pancreatic cancer stem cells express the cell surface markers CD44, CD24, and epithelial-specific antigen, and represent 0.5% to 1.0% of all pancreatic cancer cells. Along with the properties of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation, pancreatic CSCs display upregulation of important developmental genes that maintain self-renewal in normal stem cells, including Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and BMI-1. Signaling cascades that are integral in tumor metastasis are also upregulated in the pancreatic CSC. Understanding the biologic behavior and the molecular pathways that regulate growth, survival, and metastasis of pancreatic CSCs will help to identify novel therapeutic approaches to treat this dismal disease.
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Mokhtari, Reza Bayat, Bessi Qorri, Manpreet Sambi, et al. "3D Multicellular Stem-Like Human Breast Tumor Spheroids Enhance Tumorigenicity of Orthotopic Xenografts in Athymic Nude Rat Model." Cancers 13, no. 11 (2021): 2784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112784.
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Therapeutic targeting of stem cells needs to be strategically developed to control tumor growth and prevent metastatic burden successfully. Breast cancer presents a unique clinical problem because of the variety of cellular subtypes present, including cancer stem cells (CSCs). The development of 3D stem-like properties of human breast tumor spheroids in stem cell factor conditioned media was investigated in orthotopic xenografts for enhanced tumorgenicity in the athymic nude rat model. MCF-7, ZR-75-1, and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were cultured in serum-free, stem cell factor-supplemented medium under non-adherent conditions and passaged to generate 3rd generation spheroids. The spheroids were co-cultured with fetal lung fibroblast (FLF) cells before orthotopic heterotransplantation into the mammary fat pads of athymic nude rats. Excised xenografts were assessed histologically by H&E staining and immunohistochemistry for breast cancer marker (ERB1), proliferation marker (Ki67), mitotic marker (pHH3), hypoxia marker (HIF-2α), CSC markers (CD47, CD44, CD24, and CD133), and vascularization markers (CD31, CD34). Breast cancer cells cultured in stem cell factor supplemented medium generated 3D spheroids exhibited increased stem-like characteristics. The 3D stem-like spheroids co-cultured with FLF as supporting stroma reproducibly and efficiently established orthotopic breast cancer xenografts in the athymic nude rat.
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Kim, Won-Tae, and Chun Jeih Ryu. "Cancer stem cell surface markers on normal stem cells." BMB Reports 50, no. 6 (2017): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.2017.50.6.039.
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Świerzewski, Piotr, Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, and Martyna Elas. "The Role of Cancer Stem Cells in Uveal Melanoma." Ophthalmology 27, no. 3 (2025): 15–18. https://doi.org/10.5114/oku/199409.
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Uveal melanoma is the most common type of eye cancer, with primary tumors typically originating in the choroid, though they can also develop in the iris or ciliary body. The condition is associated with high mortality due to metastases, particularly to the liver, which are often resistant to treatment. An important factor in this resistance is the presence of cancer stem cells or progenitor cells. These cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into diverse cell types, contributing to the development of resistant and heterogeneous cancer cell populations. There have been numerous efforts to identify cancer stem cell markers across various types of cancer, including uveal melanoma. This paper aims to review stem cell markers, such as CD133 and CD166, common to multiple cancers, alongside markers more specific to melanoma and uveal melanoma, including SOX2 and nestin. Despite extensive research, a definitive characterization of cancer stem cells in uveal melanoma has yet to be achieved.
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Valladares-Ayerbes, M., S. Díaz Prado, V. Medina, et al. "Stem cell markers in gastrointestinal cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (2007): 21095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.21095.
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21095 Background: Cancer cells with stem cells (CSC) properties have been identified in different tumors. It is suggested that CSC are responsible for the continuous growth of tumors, metastasis and drug-resistance. Markers for stem cells have been described. Oct4 and Nanog are transcription factors required to maintain the pluripotency and self-renewal of embryonic stem (ES) cells. ABCG2 transporter (MDR1) gene expression has been described as surrogate for the side-population phenotype. PTTG1 has also been recently identified as a component of the molecular signature of human (hu) ES cell-lines. Methods: Using Digital Northern we have demonstrated a significant tag counts for PTTG1 and reticulocalbin 2 (RCN2) in 11 huES cell-lines of the CGAP. The objective of our work has been to assess gene expression of these SC markers in a panel of new gastrointestinal cancer (GC) cells lines (CL) developed in our laboratory. Quantitative assessment was obtained by real-time PCR relative to normal bone marrow (BM), colonic mucosa and established cell-lines. GCCLs have been developed from ascitic fluid obtained of pancreatic carcinoma (MBQ-OJC1) and colon cancer (JJPF-OJC4, LCM-OJC5 and JAC-OJC6). GCCLs had been fully characterized by cytomorphology, epithelial and tumor markers (keratins, EGFR, EpCAM, p53), karyotype and tumor spheroids cultures. Results: Expression for ABCG2, Nanog, Oct4, PTTG1 and RCN2 were clearly detected in all the GCCL. Relative levels for each mRNA shown wide variety. For example, ABCG2 mRNA was highly expressed (2–26 fold) in colon cancer CL relative to BM. RCN2 was overexpressed (more than 2 x 102 fold) in 3 GCCL. Conclusions: Our results show that expressions of different “stemness” genes are maintained in cultured cancer cells. These data suggest that CSC are present in metastatic sites and can be maintained in continuous culture. We hypothesized that PTTG1 and RCN2 could be tested as a new cancer stem cells markers. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Hubbard, Joleen M., and Axel Grothey. "Cancer Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cell Inhibitors in Gastrointestinal Cancers." Oncology & Hematology Review (US) 12, no. 01 (2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/ohr.2016.12.01.41.
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Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of phenotypically distinct cancer cells that may play an important role in tumor pathogenesis. The gastrointestinal (GI) system provides a good example for investigation of the role of CSCs in tumor proliferation; GI CSCs are suitable for study due to their abundance, proliferative potential, and consistent structural arrangement that is maintained under tightly controlled signaling pathways. GI stem cells have a long lifespan and this, combined with their rapid turnover, may predispose them to forming CSCs. Alternative possible sources of GI CSCs include differentiated intestinal cells, bone marrow, and cancer cells. Therapies that specifically target CSCs present an exciting opportunity to treat patients with cancer. Enhanced understanding of CSC markers, such as CD133, CD44, and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), may facilitate development of therapies that target them. Among the stemness pathways that have been targeted are Wnt/β-catenin, STAT, Notch, and Nanog.
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Hassan, Ghmkin, Said M. Afify, Neha Nair, et al. "Hematopoietic Cells Derived from Cancer Stem Cells Generated from Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells." Cancers 12, no. 1 (2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12010082.
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Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent the subpopulation of cancer cells with the ability to differentiate into other cell phenotypes and initiated tumorigenesis. Previously, we reported generating CSCs from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs). Here, we investigated the ability of the CSCs to differentiate into hematopoietic cells. First, the primary cells were isolated from malignant tumors that were formed by the CSCs. Non-adherent cells (NACs) that arose from adherent cells were collected and their viability, as well as the morphology and expression of hematopoietic cell markers, were analyzed. Moreover, NACs were injected into the tail vein of busulfan conditioned Balb/c nude mice. Finally, CSCs were induced to differentiate to macrophages while using IL3 and SCF. The round nucleated NACs were found to be viable, positive for hematopoietic lineage markers and CD34, and expressed hematopoietic markers, just like homing to the bone marrow. When NACs were injected into mice, Wright–Giemsa staining showed that the number of white blood cells got higher than those in the control mice after four weeks. CSCs also showed the ability to differentiate toward macrophages. CSCs were demonstrated to have the potential to provide progenies with hematopoietic markers, morphology, and homing ability to the bone marrow, which could give new insight into the tumor microenvironment according to the plasticity of CSCs.
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Pratap, Dr Pushpendra D. "CANCER STEM CELLS IN CERVICAL CANCER AS BENEFICIAL GOALS AND BIOMARKERS: A COMPREHENSIVE." Era's Journal of Medical Research 10, no. 2 (2023): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24041/ejmr2023.36.
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The fourth most prevalent gynaecological malignancy affecting females globally is cervical cancer (CC). HPV (high-risk) infection has been related to the majority of CC cases. Owing to efficient screening through Pap smear and vaccination delivery, the commonness and death rate of CC have significantly decreased. Nevertheless, not all societies have access to this equally. A better therapeutic outcome may be achieved by targeting CSCs, which might play a significant impact in carcinogenesis, metastasis, recurrence, and radio / chemo –resistance of CC. The majority of tumours are made up of a tiny subset of tumour cells called CSCs that have the capability to self-renew and develop into a variety of tumour cell types. Cervical CSCs (CCSC) are challenging to recognise, which has prompted the hunt for other markers. The potential indicators of CSCs in CC are described in the current review. These CCSC indicators might be used as molecular goals to improve the effectiveness and lessen the negative effects of chemotherapy in HR-HPV-positive CC.
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Crabtree, Judy, and Lucio Miele. "Breast Cancer Stem Cells." Biomedicines 6, no. 3 (2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines6030077.
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Breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) have been implicated in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, recurrence, and resistance to therapy. The origins of BCSCs remain controversial due to tumor heterogeneity and the presence of such small side populations for study, but nonetheless, cell surface markers and their correlation with BCSC functionality continue to be identified. BCSCs are driven by persistent activation of developmental pathways, such as Notch, Wnt, Hippo, and Hedgehog and new treatment strategies that are aimed at these pathways are in preclinical and clinical development.
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Parmiani, Giorgio. "Melanoma Cancer Stem Cells: Markers and Functions." Cancers 8, no. 3 (2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers8030034.
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Natarajan, Thanemozhi G., and Kevin T. FitzGerald. "Markers in normal and cancer stem cells." Cancer Biomarkers 3, no. 4-5 (2007): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/cbm-2007-34-506.
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Noah A. Mahmood. "Cancer Stem Cell Markers in Iraqi Patients with Solid Tumor: Review Article." Iraqi Journal of Cancer and Medical Genetics 15, no. 1 (2022): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29409/ijcmg.v15i1.326.
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Cancer stem cells (CSCs) or in another term, tumor intimation cells (TICs), represent a small distinct subpopulations cells within cancer cells which have capability for potential self-regeneration and cell proliferation. During division, TICs or CSCs produced two deferent cell types; one cell is progenitor cell and anther is tumor cell that drive tumor initiation and tumor progression. Previous studies on cancer stem cell markers in solid tumor types that including breast cancer, colon cancer and thyroid cancer have using specific markers to detect cancer stem cells, but it is remain not fully clear as the stem cell stairway these markers collapse. In this study we compounded moreover by the existence of multiple cancer stem cell subtypes withinsolid tumors, making realization depending on the use of different markers. This mini review paper concentrate on the recent information in cancer stem cell markers including aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1A1), CD44 , ATP binding protein G2(ABCG2) or breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and OCT3/4 highlight their used and validity in Iraqi patients with solid tumors.
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Kim, Y. S., A. M. Kaidina, J. H. Chiang, K. N. Yarygin, and A. Yu Lupatov. "Molecular markers of cancer stem cells verified in vivo." Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 62, no. 3 (2016): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20166203228.
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This systematic review aims to analyze molecular markers of cancer stem cells. Only studies that confirmed tumor-initiating capacity of this population by in vivo assay in immunodeficient mice were included. Final sample of papers that fully correspond with initial aim consists of 97 original studies. The results of their analysis reveal that markers commonly used for cancer stem cells deriving were as follows: CD133, СD44, ALDH, CD34, CD24 and EpCAM. The review also contains description of molecular features of some cancer stem cell markers, modern approaches to cancer treatment by targeting this population and brief assessment of cancer stem cell theory development.
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Pine, Sharon R., Blair Marshall, and Lyuba Varticovski. "Lung Cancer Stem Cells." Disease Markers 24, no. 4-5 (2008): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/396281.
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Lung cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related lethality because of high incidence and recurrence in spite of significant advances in staging and therapies. Recent data indicates that stem cells situated throughout the airways may initiate cancer formation. These putative stem cells maintain protumorigenic characteristics including high proliferative capacity, multipotent differentiation, drug resistance and long lifespan relative to other cells. Stem cell signaling and differentiation pathways are maintained within distinct cancer types, and destabilization of this machinery may participate in maintenance of cancer stem cells. Characterization of lung cancer stem cells is an area of active research and is critical for developing novel therapies. This review summarizes the current knowledge on stem cell signaling pathways and cell markers used to identify the lung cancer stem cells.
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Richard, Vinitha, Madhumathy G. Nair, T. R. Santhosh Kumar, and M. Radhakrishna Pillai. "Side Population Cells as Prototype of Chemoresistant, Tumor-Initiating Cells." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/517237.
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Classically, isolation of CSCs from tumors exploits the detection of cell surface markers associated with normal stem cells. Invariable expression of these cell surface markers in almost all proliferating tumor cells that albeit impart specific functionality, the universality, and clinical credibility of CSC phenotype based on markers is still dubious. Side Population (SP) cells, as defined by Hoechst dye exclusion in flow cytometry, have been identified in many solid tumors and cell lines and the SP phenotype can be considered as an enriched source of stem cells as well as an alternative source for the isolation of cancer stem cells especially when molecular markers for stem cells are unknown. SP cells may be responsible for the maintenance and propagation of tumors and the proportion of SP cells may be a predictor of patient outcome. Several of these markers used in cell sorting have emerged as prognostic markers of disease progression though it is seen that the development of new CSC-targeted strategies is often hindered by poor understanding of their regulatory networks and functions. This review intends to appraise the experimental progress towards enhanced isolation and drug screening based on property of acquired chemoresistance of cancer stem cells.
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Krishnamurthy, S., and J. E. Nör. "Head and Neck Cancer Stem Cells." Journal of Dental Research 91, no. 4 (2011): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034511423393.
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Most cancers contain a small sub-population of cells that are endowed with self-renewal, multipotency, and a unique potential for tumor initiation. These properties are considered hallmarks of cancer stem cells. Here, we provide an overview of the field of cancer stem cells with a focus on head and neck cancers. Cancer stem cells are located in the invasive fronts of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) close to blood vessels (perivascular niche). Endothelial cell-initiated signaling events are critical for the survival and self-renewal of these stem cells. Markers such as aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), CD133, and CD44 have been successfully used to identify highly tumorigenic cancer stem cells in HNSCC. This review briefly describes the orosphere assay, a method for in vitro culture of undifferentiated head and neck cancer stem cells under low attachment conditions. Notably, recent evidence suggests that cancer stem cells are exquisitely resistant to conventional therapy and are the “drivers” of local recurrence and metastatic spread. The emerging understanding of the role of cancer stem cells in the pathobiology of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas might have a profound impact on the treatment paradigms for this malignancy.
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Belyakova, Lyubov I., Aleksandr B. Sagakyants, Alexey N. Shevchenko, et al. "Cancer stem cells as markers of bladder cancer recurrence." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (2021): e16511-e16511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e16511.
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e16511 Background: Bladder cancer (BC) is an urgent problem of oncology in the world, and without appropriate and timely treatment it can lead to severe disability and a significant deterioration in the quality of life of patients. BC accounts for 4.5% of the total cancer incidence. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are actively involved in the development of recurrent malignant tumors, and also play an important role in the development of chemotherapy and radioresistance of tumor cells. CSCs in BC are poorly studied. Our purpose was to determine the CSC numbers in patients with non-muscle invasive BC. Methods: The study included 7 patients with newly diagnosed stage I BC, G2, intermediate prognosis according to the EORTC scoring system. All patients underwent transurethral resection of the bladder, and tumor tissues (TT, size up to 1.5 cm) and perifocal tissues (PT, at least 1.0 cm from the tumor) were obtained. The specimens were disintegrated to obtain the cell suspension, and the CSC percentages were determined using the FACS Canto II flow cytometer with monoclonal antibodies to CD45-APC-Cy7, CD24-FITC, and CD133–PE according to the manufacturer's instructions (BD, USA). Numbers of cells with CSC markers (CD24+, CD44+, CD133+, CD24+CD44+, CD44+CD133+) were calculated as the percentage from the total number of CD45--cells. The results of statistical processing were presented as the arithmetic mean and the standard error of the arithmetic mean. The significance of differences between the samples was assessed using the Mann-Whitney’s nonparametric test. Results: The numbers of CD45--cells were similar in TT and PT (61.3±5.8 and 71.8±12.6). The relative numbers of cells with CSC phenotypic markers, such as CD24, CD44, were 77% and 58% higher in TT than in PT: 18.3±3.5 vs. 4.3±2.1 and 15.5±5.3 vs. 6.5±0.8, respectively; p≤0.05. The number of CD133+ cells was 83% higher in PT compared to TT - 41.6±12.1 vs. 22.7±7.6. The numbers of CD44+CD24+ and CD44+CD133+ cells in TT were higher than in PT by 80% and 63%, respectively: 10.3±4.9 vs. 2.1±0.4, 9.0±4.5 vs. 3.3±0.9, p≤0.05. CD44-CD24+ CD133+ cells were not detected in PT. Conclusions: The results indicate the peculiarities of the distribution of CSCs in TT and PT, which can be used to predict the risk of the disease recurrence and/or progression, and also help to evaluate results of the treatment.
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Nunes, Toni, Diaddin Hamdan, Christophe Leboeuf, et al. "Targeting Cancer Stem Cells to Overcome Chemoresistance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12 (2018): 4036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19124036.
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Cancers are heterogeneous at the cell level, and the mechanisms leading to cancer heterogeneity could be clonal evolution or cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cells are resistant to most anti-cancer treatments and could be preferential targets to reverse this resistance, either targeting stemness pathways or cancer stem cell surface markers. Gold nanoparticles have emerged as innovative tools, particularly for photo-thermal therapy since they can be excited by laser to induce hyperthermia. Gold nanoparticles can be functionalized with antibodies to specifically target cancer stem cells. Preclinical studies using photo-thermal therapy have demonstrated the feasibility of targeting chemo-resistant cancer cells to reverse clinical chemoresistance. Here, we review the data linking cancer stem cells and chemoresistance and discuss the way to target them to reverse resistance. We particularly focus on the use of functionalized gold nanoparticles in the treatment of chemo-resistant metastatic cancers.
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Dyall, Sheetal, Simon A. Gayther, and Dimitra Dafou. "Cancer Stem Cells and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer." Journal of Oncology 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/105269.
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The cancer stem cell hypothesis is becoming more widely accepted as a model for carcinogenesis. Tumours are heterogeneous both at the molecular and cellular level, containing a small population of cells that possess highly tumourigenic “stem-cell” properties. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), or tumour-initiating cells, have the ability to self-renew, generate xenografts reminiscent of the primary tumour that they were derived from, and are chemoresistant. The characterisation of the CSC population within a tumour that drives its growth could provide novel target therapeutics against these cells specifically, eradicating the cancer completely. There have been several reports describing the isolation of putative cancer stem cell populations in several cancers; however, no defined set of markers has been identified that conclusively characterises “stem-like” cancer cells. This paper highlights the current experimental approaches that have been used in the field and discusses their limitations, with specific emphasis on the identification and characterisation of the CSC population in epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Zhang, Wenying, Jing Liu, Qiongwei Wu, Yu Liu, and Chengbin Ma. "HOTAIR Contributes to Stemness Acquisition of Cervical Cancer through Regulating miR-203 Interaction with ZEB1 on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition." Journal of Oncology 2021 (September 10, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4190764.
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Cervical cancer stem cells contribute respond to considerable recurrence and metastasis of patients with cervical cancer. The stemness properties were partly regulated by the interaction of lncRNAs and miRNAs. HOTAIR functions as an oncogenic lncRNA. Previous research studies revealed its role in regulating stemness properties in various cancers. However, the role of HOTAIR in cervical cancer stem cells is still unknown. Here, cisplatin-resistant and serum-free cultured cells exhibited stem cells properties. Cervical cancer stem cells exhibited greater invasion and migration compared with their parental cells, which was similar to cells overexpressing HOTAIR. HOTAIR was significantly overexpressed in cervical cancer stem cells, and knockdown of HOTAIR generated statistical downregulation of stemness markers. Additionally, HOTAIR expression was negatively correlated with the level of miR-203, which was found to be an inhibitory miRNA in regulating the expressions of stemness markers. Also, miR-203 expression was negatively correlated with ZEB1. These findings suggested that HOTAIR should be a positive contributor in stemness acquisition of cervical cancer cells, and this effect should correlate with the interaction with miR-203, which can be suppressed by ZEB1.
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Mirzaei, Sepideh, Kiavash Hushmandi, Maliheh Entezari, Alireza Bahonar, Mehdi Raei, and Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari. "Mesenchymal Stem Cells Trigger Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in the HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cell Line." Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research 30, no. 143 (2022): 477–85. https://doi.org/10.30699/jambs.30.143.477.
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<strong>Abstract</strong> <strong>Background and Objective: </strong>Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promote metastasis in colorectal cancer; however, the mechanism underlying this process is not fully understood. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key step in tumor acquisition of metastatic phenotype. We aimed to investigate the effect of MSCs on the expression of EMT markers, as well as cancer stem cell markers in HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>MSCs were isolated from bone marrow tissue, and their multi potency was confirmed. The HT-29 cell line was prepared and co-cultured with MSCs for 3 days using 6-well transwell co-culture plates (membrane pore size: 0.4 µm). Cell morphology was observed by inverted microscopy. The expression levels of EMT-related genes, namely E-cadherin, Vimentin, and β-catenin, were investigated by the RT-qPCR method. Also, the surface expression levels of CD44 and CD133 cancer stem cell markers were analyzed by flow cytometry. <strong>Results:</strong> The co-culture of HT-29 cells with bone marrow-derived MSCs resulted in changes in cell morphology from epithelial to mesenchymal forms. The expression of mesenchymal stem cell markers, namely Vimentin and β-catenin, were significantly increased (2.25 and 1.83 folds, respectively), while the expression of the epithelial marker, E-cadherin, was reduced (0.3 folds). The expression of CD133 was also increased (51.5%). <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Tumor-resident mesenchymal stem cells can promote colorectal cancer metastasis inducing EMT as well as increasing cancer stem cell frequency in the tumor microenvironment. It seems that direct contact between MSCs and colorectal cancer cells is not required for the interaction. Our findings may help scientists to find effective strategies against cancer metastasis by targeting tumor-resident MSCs. <strong>Keywords: </strong>Stem cells, Metastasis, Colorectal cancer, Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition, Biomarker
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Yang, Jianhui, Omar Aljitawi, and Peter Van Veldhuizen. "Prostate Cancer Stem Cells: The Role of CD133." Cancers 14, no. 21 (2022): 5448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14215448.
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Prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs), possessing self-renewal properties and resistance to anticancer treatment, are possibly the leading cause of distant metastasis and treatment failure in prostate cancer (PC). CD133 is one of the most well-known and valuable cell surface markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in many cancers, including PC. In this article, we focus on reviewing the role of CD133 in PCSC. Any other main stem cell biomarkers in PCSC reported from key publications, as well as about vital research progress of CD133 in CSCs of different cancers, will be selectively reviewed to help us inform the main topic.
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Mikhail, Sameh, and Aiwu Ruth He. "Liver Cancer Stem Cells." International Journal of Hepatology 2011 (2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/486954.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary malignancy of the liver in adults. It is also the fifth most common solid cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related death. Recent research supports that liver cancer is a disease of adult stem cells. From the models of experimental hepatocarcinogenesis, there may be at least three distinct cell lineages with progenitor properties susceptible to neoplastic transformation. Identification of specific cell surface markers for each of the liver cell types, production of corresponding monoclonal antibodies and cell sorting techniques have together revolutionized the characteristics of normal stem cells. In hepatocarcinogenesis, multiple signaling transduction pathways, important for stem cell proliferation and differentiations, are deregulated. Strategies are being developed to identify and characterize the liver cancer stem cells. Targeting liver cancer stem cells may bring hope to curing hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Margaryan, Naira, Hannah Hazard-Jenkins, Mohamad Salkeni, et al. "The Stem Cell Phenotype of Aggressive Breast Cancer Cells." Cancers 11, no. 3 (2019): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11030340.
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Aggressive cancer cells are characterized by their capacity to proliferate indefinitely and to propagate a heterogeneous tumor comprised of subpopulations with varying degrees of metastatic propensity and drug resistance properties. Particularly daunting is the challenge we face in the field of oncology of effectively targeting heterogeneous tumor cells expressing a variety of markers, especially those associated with a stem cell phenotype. This dilemma is especially relevant in breast cancer, where therapy is based on traditional classification schemes, including histological criteria, differentiation status, and classical receptor markers. However, not all patients respond in a similar manner to standard-of-care therapy, thereby necessitating the need to identify and evaluate novel biomarkers associated with the difficult-to-target stem cell phenotype and drug resistance. Findings related to the convergence of embryonic and tumorigenic signaling pathways have identified the embryonic morphogen Nodal as a promising new oncofetal target that is reactivated only in aggressive cancers, but not in normal tissues. The work presented in this paper confirms previous studies demonstrating the importance of Nodal as a cancer stem cell molecule associated with aggressive breast cancer, and advances the field by providing new findings showing that Nodal is not targeted by standard-of-care therapy in breast cancer patients. Most noteworthy is the linkage found between Nodal expression and the drug resistance marker ATP-binding cassette member 1 (ABCA1), which may provide new insights into developing combinatorial approaches to overcome drug resistance and disease recurrence.
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Tiezzi, Daniel G., Renata D. Sicchieri, Heriton MR Antonio, Larissa R. Mouro, Joao Santana da Silva, and Jurandyr Moreira de Andrade. "Cancer stem cell markers in locally advanced breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (2012): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.1075.
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1075 Background: the expressions of CD44/CD24, CXCR4 and ABCG2 have been reported as potential breast cancer stem-like cell (CSLC) markers. The association between the quantity of CSLCs and the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) remains unclear. Methods: we prospectively analyzed the expression of CD44/CD24, CXCR4 and ABCG2 in 20 patients with locally advanced or metastatic (LAMBC) invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast subjected to NACT. The mammosphere assay (Mammocult) was studied in 10 samples. Patients’ mean age was 55.6 ± 8.2 yo. According to clinical stage (CS), 5 patients were IIb, 4 - IIIa, 8 - IIIb and 3 - IV. The mean clinical tumor diameter was 6.3 ± 2.8cm. The ER, PgR and HER2 positive expression rates were 50%, 45% and 50%, respectively. Ten patients were treated with EC-T, eight were treated with EC-TH (HER2+) and two were treated with FEC75 combination as NACT. The median percentage CD44+/CD24-, CXCR4+, ABCG2+ and ESA+ cells within Lin- cells were determined by flow cytometry in fresh sampled tumors after tissue digestion. The relationship between flow cytometry analyses and clinical and pathological response to therapy was analyzed. Results: complete clinical response (cCR) and complete pathological response (pCR) was observed in 9 (45%) and 5 (25%) patients. We did not observe a significant association between pCR and ER, PgR or HER2 expression. We observed and association between the pCR with percentage of ABCG2+ cells within the tumor and with the number of mammospheres. No correlation between pCR and CD44+/CD24- cell population within the tumor was observed. The median percentage of ESA+/Lin-/ABCG2+ cells within the tumor in pCR patients was 0.6% and 3.5% in patients with no pCR (p= 0.02). The median number of sphere formation was 5/100 cells and 0.9/1000 cells in pCR and non-pCR patients, respectively (p= 0.02). Interestingly, there was a positive correlation between ABCG2 expression and the number of mammosfere formation (r= 0.66; p= 0.03). This correlation was not significant comparing to CD44+/CD24- cells or CXCR4. Conclusions: the percentage of ABCG2+ cancer cells within the tumor and the number of mammosphere formation are predictive factors for pCR in LAMBC patients subjected to NACT. ABCG2 is a potential marker for CSLCs.
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Sell, Stewart, and Hyam L. Leffert. "Liver Cancer Stem Cells." Journal of Clinical Oncology 26, no. 17 (2008): 2800–2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.15.5945.
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In an effort to review the evidence that liver cancer stem cells exist, two fundamental questions must be addressed. First, do hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) arise from liver stem cells? Second, do HCCs contain cells that possess properties of cancer stem cells? For many years the finding of preneoplastic nodules in the liver during experimental induction of HCCs by chemicals was interpreted to support the hypothesis that HCC arose by dedifferentiation of mature liver cells. More recently, recognition of the role of small oval cells in the carcinogenic process led to a new hypothesis that HCC arises by maturation arrest of liver stem cells. Analysis of the cells in HCC supports the presence of cells with stem-cell properties (ie, immortality, transplantability, and resistance to therapy). However, definitive markers for these putative cancer stem cells have not yet been found and a liver cancer stem cell has not been isolated.
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Choi, Dong Kyu, and Sang Hyun Min. "Abstract A021: Screening of novel therapeutic markers for ovarian cancer stem cells." Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 22, no. 12_Supplement (2023): A021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-23-a021.
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Abstract Drug resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer is reportedly attributed to the existence of cancer stem cells, because in most cancers, CSCs still remain after chemotherapy. To overcome this limitation, novel therapeutic strategies are required to prevent cancer recurrence and chemotherapy-resistant cancers by targeting cancer stem cells. We screened an FDA-approved compound and clinical libraries, and found several small molecule drugs that target ovarian CSCs. These drugs decreased sphere formation, viability, and proliferation, and induced apoptosis in ovarian CSCs. Since these drugs harbor target proteins, we investigated the expression of the target proteins in ovarian CSC and found the increased level of the protein expression and new therapeutic markers of ovarian CSCs. Downregulation of these genes reduced the stem-cell-like properties of ovarianCSCs. Expressions of these three genes are negatively correlated with the survival rate of patient groups. In combination therapy with chemo agents, synergistic ect was shown in inhibiting the viability and proliferation of ovarian CSCs. Our results suggested that these may be potential therapeutic drugs for preventing ovarian cancer recurrence. Citation Format: Dong Kyu Choi, Sang Hyun Min. Screening of novel therapeutic markers for ovarian cancer stem cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC Virtual International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2023 Oct 11-15; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2023;22(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A021.
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Wojcierowski, Jacek, Karolina Olszewska-Bożek, Ewa Kolobius, Magdalena Wojcierowska-Litwin, and Szymon Zmorzyński. "Properties of cancer stem cells." Diagnostyka Laboratoryjna 57, no. 4 (2022): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1866.
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Adult stem cells (ASCs) are pluripotent and make up a small percentage of healthy tissue. ASCs are essential for tissue repair, regeneration and growth. ASCs divide into identical stem cells or transiently proliferating cells. The latter cells mature after a number of divisions and become adult differentiating cells. There are different types of cells in cancerous tissue, as in normal, healthy tissue. Most cancer tissues contain three types of cells: (I) cancer stem cells (CSC); (II) cancer initiating cells; and (III) “differentiated”, non-proliferating cancer cells. In the review, the authors present experimental evidences for the presence of CSC, describe cell surface and intracellular markers of CSC. These markers allow for the appropriate identification and isolation of CSC. In addition, the possible location of these cells and theories of their formation are considered. It should be noted, that the theories of CSC originating are in fact theories of neoplasm formation. Many factors and processes may be involved in the formation of CSC. These include: (I) mutations of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes in spoczynadult differentiated cells; (II) expression of different regulatory RNA types (microRNAs or long non-coding RNAs); processes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and mesenchymalepithelial transition; (IV) CSC formation from differentiated cancer cells in a consequence of cancer therapy; (V) formation of CSC in conditions of hypoxy and during cell aging. The presented work synthetically characterizes the features, localization and formation of cancer stem cells. Furthermore, the research on these cells is still ongoing and many properties of CSC have not been fully understood.
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Jandu, Danny, Nani Latar, Artida Bajrami, et al. "Single Cell RNA Sequencing of Papillary Cancer Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Reveals a Transcriptional Profile That Supports a Role for These Cells in Cancer Progression." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 10 (2025): 4957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104957.
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Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) contains mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), but their contribution to PTC progression is not clear. In this study, we compared the transcriptional signatures of normal thyroid (NT) and PTC-derived MSCs with the aim of determining if these have distinct transcriptomes that might influence PTC progression. We used flow cytometry in combination with a panel of MSC clusters of differentiation (CD) markers and showed that both thyroid MSC populations expressed MSC markers and lacked expression of markers not normally expressed by MSCs. In addition, we determined that both MSC populations could differentiate to adipocytes and osteocytes. Analysis of single cell RNA sequencing data from both MSC populations revealed, regardless of tissue of origin, that both contained similar numbers of subpopulations. Cluster analysis revealed similarity in expression of both MSC populations for stromal markers, the vascular marker VEGFA and the smooth muscle marker CALD1, while smaller subpopulations expressed markers of more lineage-committed thyroid cells. PTC MSCs also showed upregulated expression of 28 genes, many of which are known to be involved in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and/or disease progression in several types of cancers, including but not limited to breast cancer, gastric cancer, cervical carcinoma, bladder cancer and thyroid cancer. This included several members of the S100 and IGFBP gene families. Taken together, these data support a role for PTC MSCs in PTC progression.
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Mallika, Lavanya, Mani Rajarathinam, and Sundararajan Thangavel. "Cancer stem cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its associated markers: A review." Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology 67, no. 2 (2023): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_467_23.
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ABSTRACT Evidences of the current research say that cancer is multifactorial with varied mechanisms of origin. Most theories evolve either intrinsic (genetic) or extrinsic factors like tobacco and alcoholism as the major cause of oral cancer in India. There is growing evidence that human papilloma virus may act as a co-carcinogen, along with tobacco, in the causation of cancers. The cells being triggered by the agents may be somatic (differentiated functional cell) or a normal stem cell with multipotency or even the transient proliferative cells derived from the stem cells. These stem cells possess several features like slow cell cycle, ability to extrude chemotherapeutic drugs, exhibit epithelial mesenchymal transition, and inhibit apoptosis. Targeting these progenitor stem cells may aid in improving the overall prognosis of the patient. These cancer stem cells are targeted using various markers that are apparently more or less specific to various types of stem cells.
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Dimov, Irena, Milan Visnjic, and Vladisav Stefanovic. "Urothelial Cancer Stem Cells." Scientific World JOURNAL 10 (2010): 1400–1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2010.138.
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There is mounting evidence supporting the idea that tumors, similar to normal adult tissues, arise from a specific stem-like cell population, the cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are considered as the real driving force behind tumor growth, the ability to metastasize, as well as resistance to conventional antitumor therapy. The concept that cancer growth recapitulates normal proliferative and/or regenerative processes, even though in very dysfunctional ways, has tremendous implications for cancer therapy. The rapid development of the CSC field, shoulder to shoulder with powerful genome-wide screening techniques, has provided cause for optimism for the development of more reliable therapies in the future. However, several important issues still lie ahead. Recent identification of a highly tumorigenic stem-like compartment and existence of urothelial differentiation programs in urothelial cell carcinomas (UCCs) raised important questions about UCC initiation and development. This review examines the present knowledge on CSCs in UCCs regarding the similarities between CSCs and the adult urothelial stem cells, potential origin of urothelial CSCs, main regulatory pathways, surface markers expression, and the current state of CSC-targeting therapeutic strategies.
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Nagare, Rohit, Smarakan Sneha, Syama Priya, and Trivadi Ganesan. "Cancer Stem Cells – Are Surface Markers Alone Sufficient?" Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 12, no. 1 (2016): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574888x11666160607211436.
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Pham, Phuc Van, and Nhan Lu-Chinh Phan. "What are markers for breast cancer stem cells ?" Progress in Stem Cell 3, no. 01 (2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15419/psc.v3i01.121.
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Ghoneum, Alia, Daniela Gonzalez, Ammar Yasser Abdulfattah, and Neveen Said. "Metabolic Plasticity in Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells." Cancers 12, no. 5 (2020): 1267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12051267.
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Ovarian Cancer is the fifth most common cancer in females and remains the most lethal gynecological malignancy as most patients are diagnosed at late stages of the disease. Despite initial responses to therapy, recurrence of chemo-resistant disease is common. The presence of residual cancer stem cells (CSCs) with the unique ability to adapt to several metabolic and signaling pathways represents a major challenge in developing novel targeted therapies. The objective of this study is to investigate the transcripts of putative ovarian cancer stem cell (OCSC) markers in correlation with transcripts of receptors, transporters, and enzymes of the energy generating metabolic pathways involved in high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). We conducted correlative analysis in data downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), studies of experimental OCSCs and their parental lines from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE). We found positive correlations between the transcripts of OCSC markers, specifically CD44, and glycolytic markers. TCGA datasets revealed that NOTCH1, CD133, CD44, CD24, and ALDH1A1, positively and significantly correlated with tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) enzymes. OVCAR3-OCSCs (cancer stem cells derived from a well-established epithelial ovarian cancer cell line) exhibited enrichment of the electron transport chain (ETC) mainly in complexes I, III, IV, and V, further supporting reliance on the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) phenotype. OVCAR3-OCSCs also exhibited significant increase in CD36, ACACA, SCD, and CPT1A, with CD44, CD133, and ALDH1A1 exhibiting positive correlations with lipid metabolic enzymes. TCGA data show positive correlations between OCSC markers and glutamine metabolism enzymes, whereas in OCSC experimental models of GSE64999, GSE28799, and CCLE, the number of positive and negative correlations observed was significantly lower and was different between model systems. Appropriate integration and validation of data model systems with those in patients’ specimens is needed not only to bridge our knowledge gap of metabolic programing of OCSCs, but also in designing novel strategies to target the metabolic plasticity of dormant, resistant, and CSCs.
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Khalida I. Noel, Rana M. Raoof, and Nibras H. Khamees. "Cancer stem cells and their detection using specific cancer stem cell markers- a new strategy for cancer therapies." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 17, no. 3 (2021): 094–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.17.3.0357.
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Background: In the previous theories of cancer, they considered that cancer was a homogeneous which mean that the tumor had only tumor cells and for this reason the treatment for any tumor directed to kill these tumor cells. But, with rising of the metastatic cases of cancer patients, another theory have been raised, that the cancer is a heterogeneous disease which composed of tumor cells that previously the chemotherapy and other cancer therapies directed toward them, in addition there is another group of cells, called cancer stem cells (CSCs), these are more aggressive than the tumor cells that can force the poor microenvironment of the cancer tissue and survive and also they are undifferentiated cells so can undergo mitosis to produce more tumor cells and another group of cancer stem cells in contrast to the tumor cells, which considered a post mitotic and not divided. Objective: Demonstrate some of cancer stem cell markers that considered an important indicators of early cancer development and lately to detect cases of metastasis. Conclusion: The theory of the presence of cancer stem cells is more acceptable and applicable and so the cancer therapy must be directed to these groups of cancer stem cells.
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Rahmawati, Dicha Yuliadewi, Hernindya Dwifulqi, and Ferry Sandra. "Origin, Stemness, Marker and Signaling Pathway of Oral Cancer Stem Cell." Molecular and Cellular Biomedical Sciences 4, no. 3 (2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21705/mcbs.v4i3.159.
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Cancer constitutes of complex heterogeneous organ-like structures with a hierarchical cell structure, and only minor phenotypic subpopulations with stem-like properties have a dual capacity to indefinitely self-renew and generate all heterogeneous cell phenotypes consisting of bulk tumor cells. Cancer stem cells (CSC) has similar properties to ordinary stem cells. It is understood that CSC is responsible for the recurrence of metastasis and drug resistance. Thus, control of CSC can provide successful therapy intervention that inhibits cancer growth and aggressive behavior. Conventional cancer therapy is realized to be insufficient for oral cancer therapy. Meanwhile, accurate targeting of OCSC has proved to be a significant challenge due to the commonality of many markers between OCSC and healthy cells. This article discusses the current understanding of oral CSC, with focus on origin, stemness, marker and signalling pathway.Keywords: oral cancer stem cell, CSC, marker, origin, stemness, therapy
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Kozovska, Zuzana, Veronika Gabrisova, and Lucia Kucerova. "Colon cancer: Cancer stem cells markers, drug resistance and treatment." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 68, no. 8 (2014): 911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2014.10.019.
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Cho, Huan-Chieh, Chien Huang Liao, Alice L. Yu, and John Yu. "Surface markers in stem cells and cancer from the perspective of glycomic analysis." International Journal of Biological Markers 27, no. 4 (2012): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jbm.2012.10361.
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Most cancers are detected when patients present with symptoms, and at that point the disease is usually quite advanced and often not curable. Therefore, new biomarkers are needed for detection and therapy. The recent success of using monoclonal antibodies against nonprotein gangliosides for the treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma provides an incentive to search for new glycan-targeted immunotherapies for cancer using markers found through glycomic analysis as targets. Since more than 85% of cell surface components are glycosylated, glycomic analysis is useful to probe systematically the cancer cell surface, in search for novel glycoproteins and glycolipids. Furthermore, cancer cells tend to dedifferentiate and express many oncofetoproteins, since human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from epiblast of embryo, representing the early stage of normal embryonic development before gastrulation. Unique ESC surface markers are likely to be found in cancer cells, but not in normal mature tissues. Moreover, stem cells and cancer cells share several common features in related regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways. Thus, identification of the cancer stem cells in cancer and definition of the glycoproteomic changes that accompany their transformation are important for the development of strategies for early detection and treatment of cancer.
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Khalida, I. Noel, M. Raoof Rana, and H. Khamees Nibras. "Cancer stem cells and their detection using specific cancer stem cell markers- a new strategy for cancer therapies." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 17, no. 3 (2021): 094–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5808807.
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<strong>Background:</strong> In the previous theories of cancer, they considered that cancer was a homogeneous which mean that the tumor had only tumor cells and for this reason the treatment for any tumor directed to kill these tumor cells. But, with rising of the metastatic cases of cancer patients, another theory have been raised, that the cancer is a heterogeneous disease which composed of tumor cells that previously the chemotherapy and other cancer therapies directed toward them, in addition there is another group of cells, called cancer stem cells (CSCs), these are more aggressive than the tumor cells that can force the poor microenvironment of the cancer tissue and survive and also they are undifferentiated cells so can undergo mitosis to produce more tumor cells and another group of cancer stem cells in contrast to the tumor cells, which considered a post mitotic and not divided. <strong>Objective:</strong> Demonstrate some of cancer stem cell markers that considered an important indicators of early cancer development and lately to detect cases of metastasis. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The theory of the presence of cancer stem cells is more acceptable and applicable and so the cancer therapy must be directed to these groups of cancer stem cells.