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1
Salazar, Sara B., Rita S. Simões, Nuno A. Pedro, Maria Joana Pinheiro, Maria Fernanda N. N. Carvalho, and Nuno P. Mira. "An Overview on Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Candidiasis and Underlying Resistance Mechanisms in Clinical Strains." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6010023.
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Fungal infections and, in particular, those caused by species of the Candida genus, are growing at an alarming rate and have high associated rates of mortality and morbidity. These infections, generally referred as candidiasis, range from common superficial rushes caused by an overgrowth of the yeasts in mucosal surfaces to life-threatening disseminated mycoses. The success of currently used antifungal drugs to treat candidiasis is being endangered by the continuous emergence of resistant strains, specially among non-albicans Candida species. In this review article, the mechanisms of action of currently used antifungals, with emphasis on the mechanisms of resistance reported in clinical isolates, are reviewed. Novel approaches being taken to successfully inhibit growth of pathogenic Candida species, in particular those based on the exploration of natural or synthetic chemicals or on the activity of live probiotics, are also reviewed. It is expected that these novel approaches, either used alone or in combination with traditional antifungals, may contribute to foster the identification of novel anti-Candida therapies.
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Lortholary, O., and B. Dupont. "Antifungal prophylaxis during neutropenia and immunodeficiency." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 10, no. 3 (July 1997): 477–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.10.3.477.
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Fungal infections represent a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients with almost all types of immunodeficiencies. These infections may be nosocomial (aspergillosis) or community acquired (cryptococcosis), or both (candidiasis). Endemic mycoses such as histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and penicilliosis may infect many immunocompromised hosts in some geographic areas and thereby create major public health problems. With the wide availability of oral azoles, antifungal prophylactic strategies have been extensively developed. However, only a few well-designed studies involving strict criteria have been performed, mostly in patients with hematological malignancies or AIDS. In these situations, the best dose and duration of administration of the antifungal drug often remain to be determined. In high-risk neutropenic or bone marrow transplant patients, fluconazole is effective for the prevention of superficial and/or systemic candidal infections but is not always able to prolong overall survival and potentially selects less susceptible or resistant Candida spp. Primary prophylaxis against aspergillosis remains investigative. At present, no standard general recommendation for primary antifungal prophylaxis can be proposed for AIDS patients or transplant recipients. However, for persistently immunocompromised patients who previously experienced a noncandidal systemic fungal infection, prolonged suppressive antifungal therapy is often indicated to prevent a relapse. Better strategies for controlling immune deficiencies should also help to avoid some potentially life-threatening deep mycoses. When prescribing antifungal prophylaxis, physicians should be aware of the potential emergence of resistant strains, drug-drug interactions, and the cost. Well-designed, randomized, multicenter clinical trials in high-risk immunocompromised hosts are urgently needed to better define how to prevent severe invasive mycoses.
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Nehmatulla, Vian B. "Isolation and Identification of Candida Species and Some Superficial Mycosis Associated with Diaper Dermatitis in Erbil City." Polytechnic Journal 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25156/ptj.v11n1y2021.pp98-103.
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Diaper dermatitis (DD) is the most common cutaneous diagnosis in infancy that affects almost every child during the early months of their life time; most cases are associated with the yeast colonization of Candida or DD candidiasis and some dermatophytes. It is an irritating and inflammatory acute dermatitis in the perineal and perianal areas resulting from the occlusion and irritation caused by diapers. The study aimed to assess the association between Candida species and some dermatophytes in infants with napkin dermatitis and determine the prevalence of DD in relation with yeast (Candida) colonization and identify common Candida spp. which is responsible for Candida (fungal) DD among infants. Data from 210 infants aged between (0 and 18) months are collected from January to August 2018 in Raparin Hospital in Erbil City. The cases include 113 (53.80%) male infants and 97 (46.19%) female infants and diagnosed with DD. Results of 210 infant with diaper rash participated in this study. 188 (89.52%) were positive for Candida spp. and Dermatophytes (molds). From the total yeast number, Candida albicans was the most predominant species accounting 128 (84.21%), while 24 (15.78%) were non-albicans and dermatophyte molds among which Malassezias spp that accounted 26 (13.83%) and 10 (5.32%), respectively. The percentage of misdiagnosed cases was 9 (4.28%). Infants at age group 6–12 months showed high frequency with diaper rash 127 (60.47%). The prevalence of DD is higher in urban 120 (57.14%) than rural area 90 (42.85%). Furthermore, high prevalence DD found in hot season than colds was 121 (64.36%) and 67 (35.63%), respectively. In conclusion, I found that there are high association between DD with Candida spp. and dermatophytes and Candida albicans is a common invader of all types of napkin eruption.
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Dias, Maria Fernanda Reis Gavazzoni, Fred Bernardes-Filho, Maria Victória Pinto Quaresma-Santos, Adriana Gutstein da Fonseca Amorim, Regina Casz Schechtman, and David Rubem Azulay. "Treatment of superficial mycoses: review - part II." Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 88, no. 6 (December 2013): 937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20132018.
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Superficial fungal infections of the hair, skin and nails are a major cause of morbidity in the world. Choosing the right treatment is not always simple because of the possibility of drug interactions and side effects. The first part of the article discusses the main treatments for superficial mycoses - keratophytoses, dermatophytosis, candidiasis, with a practical approach to the most commonly-used topical and systemic drugs , referring also to their dosage and duration of use. Promising new, antifungal therapeutic alternatives are also highlighted, as well as available options on the Brazilian and world markets.
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Sokolova, T. V., and A. P. Malyarchuk. "Candidiasis balanoposthitis as an important problem of superficial skin mycoses." Klinicheskaya dermatologiya i venerologiya 16, no. 2 (2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/klinderma201716233-43.
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Otasevic, Suzana, Jovana Đorđević, Gordana Ranđelović, Aleksandra Ignjatović, Predrag Stojanović, Dragan Zdravković, and Roberta Marković. "Superficial mycoses in the Nis region, Southeast-Serbia." Open Medicine 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 665–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-011-0052-y.
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AbstractThe aim of the study is to investigate the most frequent cause of superficial mycoses in patients from the territory of city Niš Southeast Serbia in the period from 1998 to 2010. A total of 3223 samples from 2887 patients with suspected dermatomycoses were examined. Superficial mycoses were diagnosed using standard microbiology techniques (conventional microscopy and cultivation). Dermatophytes were determined on the basis of their macroscopic and microscopic morphological and morphometric characteristics. Morphometric characteristics were obtained by Laboratory Universal Computer Image Analysis system (Lucia M, 1996). Species of genus Candida were identified using the test of production of germ tube in sera, by growth on comertial chromatogen medium (Chromotogenic Candida, Liofichem/Bacteriology products, Italy) and by using Auxacolor TMBioRad, France. The results were elaborated with the statistical method of descriptive and quantitative analysis (SPSS 14.0 for Windows 2003). The prevalence of superficial mycoses was 25,1%. Dermatophytes were identified in 67.6% of all positive cultures. Microsporum canis was the most prevalent (50.3%) dermatophyte isolated, followed by Trichophyton metagrophytes var. mentagrophytes (35.4%). Yeast genus Candida has become a more frequent cause of superficial fungal infection since 2001. and C. albicans was the dominant yeast (61.1%).
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Kornisheva, V. G., and E. V. Zueva. "SENSITISATION TO CANDIDA ALBICANS IN PATIENTS WITH SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES." Mycoses 45, S2 (August 2002): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2002.tb04643.x.
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Shurygin, A. A., A. E. Shirinkina, E. A. Makarova, A. V. Sergeev, and I. A. Marusich. "Clinical case of invasive candidiasis in phthisiatrician’s practice." Perm Medical Journal 36, no. 6 (January 30, 2020): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/pmj36683-94.
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The paper presents a case of generalized candidomycosis in a 67-year old woman. Literature data regarding the cases of respiratory mycoses and candida sepsis are summarized. This case is interesting from the point of view of difficulty of differential diagnosis in patients with respiratory mycosis and tuberculosis, choice of adequate treatment.
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Ahmedova, S. D. "Analysis of the incidence of dermatomycosis in Azerbaijani Republic during 2000-2016." Kazan medical journal 99, no. 2 (April 15, 2018): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2018-296.
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Aim. To conduct epidemiological analysis of the incidence of dermatomycosis (superficial mycoses of skin and its appendages) in the Republic of Azerbaijan during 2000-2016, as well as clinical epidemiological monitoring during 2011-2016.
Methods. Analysis of incidence of visits was performed in the Republican dermato-venerologic clinic, children's republican dermato-venerologic dispansary №3, city dermato-venerologic dispansary №1 of the Republic of Azerbaijan according to the forms of state statistical observation №9 («Information about predominantly sexually transmitted diseases, fungal skin infections and scabies») approved by the decree of Azerbaijan State Statistical Commission No. 72/5 issued on 04.12.2000. Clinical analysis of dermatomycosis incidence during 2011-2016 was performed based on the results of laboratory (microscopic) verification of mycelium of the fungus.
Results. During 2000-2016 in the Republic of Azerbaijan steady increase of the incidence of superficial mycoses of skin and its appendages was observed. In 2000 the incidence was 2783. In 2016, 12 630 cases were recorded, which is the peak value and is 4.5 times higher than in 2000. Clinical analysis of incidence of superficial mycoses of skin and its appendages in 2011-2016 demonstrated that the diagnosis of pityriasis versicolor (keratomycosis) took the leading place (33.5%). The second place in the prevalence was taken by smooth skin mycoses (32.7%), the third place - by candidiasis (skin and visible mucous membranes - 17.1%), the fourth place - by onychomycosis (14.5%), and the last place - by mycosis of the scalp and face (2.2%). Young population (10-20 years) is susceptible to keratomycosis, and adult population (30-50 years) - to smooth skin mycosis. We suggest that it is related to climate-geographic features, increased insolation, and as a result - to sweating and to disordered lipid-alkaline protective skin barrier. To confirm our hypothesis further investigation is necessary.
Conclusion. Incidence of superficial mycoses of skin and its appendages, increased by 4.5 times was revealed; the leading position in prevalence is taken by pityriasis versicolor, the second - by smooth skin mycoses and the third - by skin and visible mucous membranes candidiasis.
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Akhmedova, S. D. "Retrospective analysis of the superficial dermatomycosis prevalence in areas of the Greater Caucasus of Azerbaijan." Kazan medical journal 96, no. 6 (December 15, 2015): 1038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2015-1038.
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Aim. Study the epidemiological situation regarding the prevalence of skin, hair or nails superficial mycoses in 15 districts of the Greater Caucasus of Azerbaijan for the period from 2000 to 2012.
Methods. Such indicators as the number of patient visits, periodic screening examinations and admissions were analyzed using the current and archived medical records of the Municipal Center for Skin and Sexually transmitted diseases №1, Republican Center for Skin and Sexually transmitted diseases, Republican Paediatric Center for Skin and Sexually transmitted diseases №3 of the Azerbaijan Republic. Skin superficial mycoses were diagnosed after laboratory (microscopic) verification of fungal mycelium presence. Intensive indicators were calculated, such as the prevalence of skin superficial mycoses and the number of patient visits due to skin superficial mycoses.
Results. The prevalence of the skin superficial mycoses has increased in the Greater Caucasus of Azerbaijan area at the examined period (2000 to 2012) since 2004, with the prevalence peaks in 2007, 2009 and 2011. Men were twice (61.54%) more commonly affected compared to women (38.06%). The highest prevalence of skin superficial mycoses was registered in age groups of 0-10 (38.69%) and 11-20 (20.83%) years, the main diagnosis were «scalp mycosis» (27.98%) and «tinea versicolor» (22.62%). The prevalence of skin candidiasis (1.19±0.84%), onychomycosis (4.17±1.54%), tinea cruris (5.36±1.74%), combined scalp and glabrous skin mycosis (5.95±1.83%), athlete’s foot (8.93±2.20%), «Kerion» lesions (10.71±2.39%), glabrous skin mycosis (13.10±2.60%) increased. The prevalence of skin superficial mycoses was the highest in 2011 - 1.980±0.388%, the number of patient visits due to skin superficial mycoses - 0.712±0.140%; in 2007 the following numbers were 1.911±0.390% and 0.607±0.124% respectively, in 2009 - 1.637±0.357% and 0.537±0.117%, duplicating the prevalence peaks. High prevalence of superficial dermatomycoses was seen in Khizi and Ismailli Districts, the lowest - in Balakan, Qusar, Oghuz, Shaki Districts. Conclusions. In the current social and economic conditions, the system of complex examination (cultures, microscopy) of patients with skin mycoses is required, as well as the program of targeted preventive measures and improvement of medical and social aid management.
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Dias, Maria Fernanda Reis Gavazzoni, Maria Victoria Pinto Quaresma-Santos, Fred Bernardes-Filho, Adriana Gutstein da Fonseca Amorim, Regina Casz Schechtman, and David Rubem Azulay. "Update on therapy for superficial mycoses: review article part I." Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 88, no. 5 (October 2013): 764–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20131996.
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Superficial fungal infections of the hair, skin and nails are a major cause of morbidity in the world. Choosing the right treatment is not always simple because of the possibility of drug interactions and side effects. The first part of the article discusses the main treatments for superficial mycoses - keratophytoses, dermatophytosis, candidiasis, with a practical approach to the most commonly-used topical and systemic drugs , referring also to their dosage and duration of use. Promising new, antifungal therapeutic alternatives are also highlighted, as well as available options on the Brazilian and world markets.
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Yamazaki, Toshikazu, Hikaru Kume, Setsuko Murase, Eriko Yamashita, and Mikio Arisawa. "Epidemiology of Visceral Mycoses: Analysis of Data in Annual of the Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 6 (1999): 1732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.6.1732-1738.1999.
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The data on visceral mycoses that had been reported in theAnnual of the Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan from 1969 to 1994 by the Japanese Society of Pathology were analyzed epidemiologically. The frequency of visceral mycoses among the annual total number of pathological autopsy cases increased noticeably from 1.60% in 1969 to a peak of 4.66% in 1990. Among them, the incidences of candidiasis and aspergillosis increased the most. After 1990, however, the frequency of visceral mycoses decreased gradually. Until 1989, the predominant causative agent was Candida, followed in order by Aspergillus and Cryptococcus. Although the rate of candidiasis decreased by degrees from 1990, the rate of aspergillosis increased up to and then surpassed that of candidiasis in 1991. Leukemia was the major disease underlying the visceral mycoses, followed by solid cancers and other blood and hematopoietic system diseases. Severe mycotic infection has increased over the reported 25-year period, from 6.6% of the total visceral mycosis cases in 1969 to 71% in 1994. The reasons for this decrease of candidiasis combined with an increase of aspergillosis or of severe mycotic infection might be that (i) nonsevere (not disseminated) infections were excluded from the case totals, since they have become controllable by antifungal drugs such as fluconazole, but (ii) the available antifungal drugs were not efficacious against severe infections such as pulmonary aspergillosis, and (iii) the number of patients living longer in an immunocompromised state had increased because of developments in chemotherapy and progress in medical care.
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Sokolova, T. V., and T. A. Malyarchuk. "Epidemiology of Foot Mycoses (Literature Review)." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 14, no. 1 (February 20, 2015): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2015-14-1-70-74.
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Generalized the data of domestic and foreign literature on the epidemiology of foot mycoses. An analysis of the incedence of superficial fungal infections in general, and tinea pedis in particular gave. Examined the role of gender characteristics. Assessed the role of agents of foot mycoses (dermatophytes, Candida fungi and molds) in the pathogenesis of the disease in different time periods.
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Rodríguez-Cerdeira, Carmen, Erick Martínez-Herrera, Gabriella Fabbrocini, Beatriz Sanchez-Blanco, Adriana López-Barcenas, May EL-Samahy, Eder R. Juárez-Durán, and José Luís González-Cespón. "New Applications of Photodynamic Therapy in the Management of Candidiasis." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 12 (November 29, 2021): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7121025.
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The most important aetiological agent of opportunistic mycoses worldwide is Candida spp. These yeasts can cause severe infections in the host, which may be fatal. Isolates of Candida albicans occur with greater frequency and variable resistance patterns. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been recognised as an alternative treatment to kill pathogenic microorganisms. PDT utilises a photosensitizer, which is activated at a specific wavelength and oxygen concentration. Their reaction yields reactive oxygen species that kill the infectious microorganism. A systematic review of new applications of PDT in the management of candidiasis was performed. Of the 222 studies selected for in-depth screening, 84 were included in this study. All the studies reported the antifungal effectiveness, toxicity and dosimetry of treatment with antimicrobial PDT (aPDT) with different photosensitizers against Candida spp. The manuscripts that are discussed reveal the breadth of the new applications of aPDT against Candida spp., which are resistant to common antifungals. aPDT has superior performance compared to conventional antifungal therapies. With further studies, aPDT should prove valuable in daily clinical practice.
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Akhmedova, S. "Performance results of the improved working classification of superficial mycoses of the skin in carrying out their clinical and epidemiological monitoring." Medicni perspektivi (Medical perspectives) 26, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2021.2.234726.
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The results of testing of the improved working classification of superficial mycoses of the skin and its appendages (SMS) in the Republic of Azerbaijan for the period of 2012-2016 are presented. Given the variety of classifications of fungal skin diseases, many years of clinical experience have shown that none of them fully meets the requirements of a practicing physician. The author has developed and improved the classification of mycoses of the skin and its appendages, which will facilitate the diagnosis and the appointment of therapy, since this classification takes into account the tissue and topographic localization of the mycotic process, which greatly facilitates the diagnosis by dermatovenerologists, and will also reveal the true prevalence of mycotic pathology. Based on the traditional form No. 9, among 246 cases of superficial mycoses of the skin and its appendages identified in the city of Baku for the period of 2012-2016, the largest number of patients (79.44±2.6%) were diagnosed with mycoses of the scalp – 32, 52±1.21%, smooth skin mycoses – 30.08%±1.28 multi-colored lichen – 14.80%±1.01, which corresponds to the frequency of occurrence of these forms of SMS at the age of 11-20 years (44.01±3,1%) and 0-10 years (39.08±3.1%), leaders in the age line of groups with SMS in Baku. A reliable statistical difference was revealed in the detection of superficial mycoses of the skin and its appendages in the city of Baku during the study period. Based on the developed working classification, the nosological structure of the incidence of SMS in the city of Baku for the period 2012-2016 is represented by the following – 1919 episodes: mycoses of the scalp – 675 patients (35.17±1.1%); mycoses of smooth skin – 638 patients (33.25±1.1%); multi-colored lichen – 264 patients (13.76±0.8%); combined mycoses of smooth skin and scalp – 134 patients (6.98±0.6%); onychomycoses – 97 patients (5.05±0.5%); purulent-infiltrative form of mycoses – 66 patients (3.44±0.4%); skin candidiasis – 19 patients (0.99±0.2%); feet of the mycoses – 19 patients (0.99±0.2%); inguinal epidermophytosis – 7 patients (0.36±0.1%). The prevalence of nosologies preserved in the largest number of patients (1578 patients – 82.23±0.9%), mycoses of the scalp – 35.17±1.1% (675 patients), smooth skin mycoses – 33.25±1.1% (638 patients), multicolored lichen – 13.76%±0.8 (264 patients). The greatest number of patients with SMS was also detected in the age group of 11-20 years (42.12±3.1%) and 0-10 years (40.32±3.1%). The data of a comparative analysis of the results of the developed and improved classification of superficial mycoses of the skin and its appendages with the data of the traditional reporting form, made it possible to expand the scope of the analyzed nosologies and increase the objectivity of statistical data for assessing the epidemiological situation in the study region.
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Pontón, Jose, Fernando L. Hernando, Maria Dolores Moragues, Pedro L. Barea, Mara Gerloni, Stefania Conti, Paola Fisicaro, Cristina Cantelli, and Luciano Polonelli. "Candida albicans stress mannoproteins expression in superficial and systemic candidiasis." Mycopathologia 133, no. 2 (February 1996): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00439119.
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Iosifidis, Elias, Savvas Papachristou, and Emmanuel Roilides. "Advances in the Treatment of Mycoses in Pediatric Patients." Journal of Fungi 4, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof4040115.
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The main indications for antifungal drug administration in pediatrics are reviewed as well as an update of the data of antifungal agents and antifungal policies performed. Specifically, antifungal therapy in three main areas is updated as follows: a) Prophylaxis of premature neonates against invasive candidiasis; b) management of candidemia and meningoencephalitis in neonates; and c) prophylaxis, empiric therapy, and targeted antifungal therapy in children with primary or secondary immunodeficiencies. Fluconazole remains the most frequent antifungal prophylactic agent given to high-risk neonates and children. However, the emergence of fluconazole resistance, particularly in non-albicans Candida species, should be considered during preventive or empiric therapy. In very-low birth-weight neonates, although fluconazole is used as antifungal prophylaxis in neonatal intensive care units (NICU’s) with relatively high incidence of invasive candidiasis (IC), its role is under continuous debate. Amphotericin B, primarily in its liposomal formulation, remains the mainstay of therapy for treating neonatal and pediatric yeast and mold infections. Voriconazole is indicated for mold infections except for mucormycosis in children >2 years. Newer triazoles-such as posaconazole and isavuconazole-as well as echinocandins, are either licensed or under study for first-line or salvage therapy, whereas combination therapy is kept for refractory cases.
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Hamied, Atyaf Saied. "Candida and Candidiasis - A review of Virulence Factors." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2021.15.2.606.
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The occurrences of invasive candidiasis has increased over the previous few decades. Although Candida albicans considers as one of the most common species of organisms, that cause acquired fungal infections.
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and inherent in as a lifelong, the yeast is present in healthy individuals as a commensal, and can reside harmlessly in human body. However, in immuno-compromised individuals, the fungus can invade tissues, producing superficial infections and, in severe cases, life-threatening systemic infections. This review wills emphasis on virulence factor of C. albicans including (adhesion, invasion, candida proteinase, and phenotypic switching and biofilm formation.
Invasive Fungal diseases are result in very high morbidity as well as up to 60% mortality for people with severely susceptible hosts. This review will illustrate briefly the virulence factors in Candida albicans.
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Novikova, Valentina V., Natalya A. Pulina, Fedor V. Sobin, and Konstantin V. Lipatnikov. "Antifungal activity of new derivatives of 4-(het)aryl-2,4-dioxobutanoic acids." Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 18, no. 3 (October 14, 2020): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rcf183225-228.
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Among more than 600 types of micromycetes of clinical importance, fungi of the Candida spp. are the most common pathogen, causing different forms of candidiasis (superficial candidiasis, visceral candidiasis). The aim of this work was to determine the antifungal activity of new derivatives of 4-(het)aryl-2,4-dioxobutanoic acids, in relation to typical strains of Candida yeast and to identify the most active compounds. The study of the antifungal activity of the compounds was carried out by the micromethod of double serial dilutions in a liquid medium. The antifungal activity of 6 compounds in relation to 4 typical strains of Candida spp. was studied; the high antimycotic activity of 4 compounds against the Candida albicans strain was established. A leader compound with high antifungal activity for all the studied strains was revealed. The prospects of studying the modified compounds of this series are shown.
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Naglik, Julian R. "Candida Immunity." New Journal of Science 2014 (August 25, 2014): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/390241.
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The human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans is the predominant cause of both superficial and invasive forms of candidiasis. C. albicans primarily infects immunocompromised individuals as a result of either immunodeficiency or intervention therapy, which highlights the importance of host immune defences in preventing fungal infections. The host defence system utilises a vast communication network of cells, proteins, and chemical signals distributed in blood and tissues, which constitute innate and adaptive immunity. Over the last decade the identity of many key molecules mediating host defence against C. albicans has been identified. This review will discuss how the host recognises this fungus, the events induced by fungal cells, and the host innate and adaptive immune defences that ultimately resolve C. albicans infections during health.
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Channe, Nirmal, and Supriya S. Tankhiwale. "Study of Dermatophytosis in a Tertiary Care Centre in Central India." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 8 (February 22, 2021): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/106.
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BACKGROUND Mycoses are assuming greater significance both in developed and developing countries particularly due to advent of immunosuppressive drugs and diseases. Dermatophytosis is most common type of cutaneous fungal infections seen in man, though in past few decades non-dermatophytes are also assuming importance. Present study is undertaken to know the pattern of dermatophytosis from our region. METHODS An observational study was conducted on 150 samples of patients with complaints of superficial mycoses. Samples were processed for microscopy on potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount and culture on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) with and without cycloheximide and chloramphenicol. Any growth was identified by conventional technique. RESULTS One hundred and fifty samples consisting of 86 skin and 64 nails were studied. Most samples were seen in rainy season and males were predominantly affected. Adults from age of 21 - 50 years were most commonly affected. Most common clinical presentation was tinea corporis (70.93 %). In dermatophytic causes, T. mentagrophytes (36.21 %), T. tonsurans (27.59 %) followed by T. rubrum (15.52 %) were common isolates. In non-dermatophytic causes, candida spp. followed by aspergillus spp. were commonest isolates. CONCLUSIONS Tinea corporis is found to be the commonest presentation. Along with dermatophytes, non-dermatophytic fungi are also emerging as the cause of superficial mycoses. In non-dermatophytic fungi, candida is the commonest species, which is now a days showing drug resistance; hence, identification of causative agent is important for correct and prompt treatment. KEY WORDS Dermatophytosis, Non-Dermatophytic Fungi, Dermatophytic Fungi
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Giacone, Lucía, Estefanía Cordisco, María Clara Garrido, Elisa Petenatti, and Maximiliano Sortino. "Photodynamic activity of Tagetes minuta extracts against superficial fungal infections." Medical Mycology 58, no. 6 (November 14, 2019): 797–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myz114.
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Abstract Candida and dermatophyte species are the most common causes of superficial mycoses because their treatment can be difficult due to limitations of current antifungal drugs in terms of toxicity, bioavailability, interactions, narrow-spectrum activity, and development of resistance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the topical administration of a photosensitizer in combination with light of an appropriate wavelength and molecular oxygen that produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promote damage to several vital components of the microorganism. Tagetes species are known as a source of thiophenes, biologically active compounds whose antifungal activity is enhanced by irradiation with UVA. The present investigation evaluated Tagetes minuta extracts as a photosensitizer on growth of Candida and dermatophytes and their effect on Candida virulence factors. T. minuta root hexane and dichloromethane extracts demonstrated high photodynamic antifungal activity. Bioautographic assays and chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of five thiophenes with reported photodynamic antifungal activities under UVA. Analysis of ROS production indicated that both type I and II reactions were involved in the activity of the extracts. In addition, the extracts inhibited virulence factors of Candida, such as adherence to epithelial surfaces and germ tube formation and showed efficacy against different Candida morphologies: budding cells, cells with germ tube and biofilms. Results suggested that PDT with T. minuta extracts might become a valuable alternative to the already established antifungal drugs for the treatment of superficial fungal infections.
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Kolekar, Ketan, Swagata Tambe, Rashmi Aderao, and Chitra Nayak. "Chronic vulvovaginitis caused by Candida dubliniensis in an immunologically competent adult female." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462418792113.
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Candida, a commensal dimorphic fungus, is the most common microorganism that causes opportunistic fungal infections worldwide. It can cause diseases ranging from superficial mucosal infections to disseminated, systemic life-threatening infections. Among Candida species, Candida albicans is the most common infectious agent. Nowadays, non- albicans Candida species are also emerging as significant pathogens. Candida dubliniensis has been implicated as a causative agent of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected individuals but has also been recovered from HIV non-infected individuals with oral candidiasis and rarely from the genital tract of women with vaginitis. Such cases have been under-reported due to phenotypic resemblance to C. albicans. The majority of C. dubliniensis clinical isolates tested to date have been susceptible to fluconazole, but they tend to develop resistance rapidly. Here, we report a case of chronic vulvovaginitis due to C. dubliniensis not responding to standard doses of fluconazole.
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García-Carnero, Laura C., Diana M. Clavijo-Giraldo, Manuela Gómez-Gaviria, Nancy E. Lozoya-Pérez, Alma K. Tamez-Castrellón, Luz A. López-Ramírez, and Héctor M. Mora-Montes. "Early Virulence Predictors during the Candida Species–Galleria mellonella Interaction." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6030152.
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Fungal infections are a serious and increasing threat for human health, and one of the most frequent etiological agents for systemic mycoses is Candida spp. The gold standard to assess Candida virulence is the mouse model of systemic candidiasis, a restrictive, expensive, and time-consuming approach; therefore, invertebrate models have been proposed as alternatives. Galleria mellonella larvae have several traits that make them good candidates to study the fungal virulence. Here, we showed that a reduction in circulating hemocytes, increased melanin production, phenoloxidase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities were observed at 12 and 24 h postinoculation of highly virulent Candidatropicalis strains, while minimal changes in these parameters were observed in low-virulent strains. Similarly, the most virulent species Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida auris, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida orthopsilosis have led to significant changes in those parameters; while the low virulent species Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, and Candida metapsilosis induced modest variations in these immunological and cytotoxicity parameters. Since changes in circulating hemocytes, melanin production, phenoloxidase and lactate dehydrogenase activities showed a correlation with the larval median survival rates at 12 and 24 h postinoculation, we proposed them as candidates for early virulence predictors in G. mellonella.
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Shimizu, Kazue, Hisao Hattori, Hidesada Adachi, Ryosuke Oshima, Toshinobu Horii, Reiko Tanaka, Takashi Yaguchi, et al. "Microsatellite-based Genotyping of Candida albicans Isolated from Patients with Superficial Candidiasis." Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 52, no. 2 (2011): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3314/jjmm.52.129.
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Boymuradov, Sh A., Y. Kh Kurbonov, and J. A. Djuraev. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FREQUENCY OF RS1801133 POLYMORPHISM OF THE MTHFR GENE IN THE GROUP OF PATIENTS WITH POSTCOVID COMPLICATIONS OF MAXILLOFACIAL AREA." American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 04, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume04issue01-02.
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In the article of genetic studies of patients with post-covid maxillofacial complications. The condition after COVID-19 is considered a life-threatening disease, ranging from mild symptoms to serious complications. Candidiasis is the most common type of superficial purulent infection. The Candida species is a frequent inhabitant of the oral mucosa, but its growth is inhibited by other organisms in the body, which prevents any pathological change in the mucous membrane of this fungus. Candida albicans is the most common yeast, followed by Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis and Candida stellatoidea. According to this systematic review, 57 cases of oral candidiasis and one case of retinitis candidiasis were reported in patients undergoing treatment for COVID-19. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) expression and serologic examination of samples indicates that ACE2 may be the cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that ACE2-expressing cells are likely to be the main target cell type that vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. As a rule, there is a high expression of ACE2 r on the epithelial cells of the oral mucosa, enrichment is enriched in epithelial cells of the tongue. There were few reports prior to this study.
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Talapko, Jasminka, Martina Juzbašić, Tatjana Matijević, Emina Pustijanac, Sanja Bekić, Ivan Kotris, and Ivana Škrlec. "Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7020079.
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Candida albicans is a common commensal fungus that colonizes the oropharyngeal cavity, gastrointestinal and vaginal tract, and healthy individuals’ skin. In 50% of the population, C. albicans is part of the normal flora of the microbiota. The various clinical manifestations of Candida species range from localized, superficial mucocutaneous disorders to invasive diseases that involve multiple organ systems and are life-threatening. From systemic and local to hereditary and environmental, diverse factors lead to disturbances in Candida’s normal homeostasis, resulting in a transition from normal flora to pathogenic and opportunistic infections. The transition in the pathophysiology of the onset and progression of infection is also influenced by Candida’s virulence traits that lead to the development of candidiasis. Oral candidiasis has a wide range of clinical manifestations, divided into primary and secondary candidiasis. The main supply of C. albicans in the body is located in the gastrointestinal tract, and the development of infections occurs due to dysbiosis of the residential microbiota, immune dysfunction, and damage to the muco-intestinal barrier. The presence of C. albicans in the blood is associated with candidemia–invasive Candida infections. The commensal relationship exists as long as there is a balance between the host immune system and the virulence factors of C. albicans. This paper presents the virulence traits of Candida albicans and clinical manifestations of specific candidiasis.
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Medina, Narda, Juan Carlos Soto-Debrán, Danila Seidel, Isin Akyar, Hamid Badali, Aleksandra Barac, Stéphane Bretagne, et al. "MixInYeast: A Multicenter Study on Mixed Yeast Infections." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7010013.
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Invasive candidiasis remains one of the most prevalent systemic mycoses, and several studies have documented the presence of mixed yeast (MY) infections. Here, we describe the epidemiology, clinical, and microbiological characteristics of MY infections causing invasive candidiasis in a multicenter prospective study. Thirty-four centers from 14 countries participated. Samples were collected in each center between April to September 2018, and they were sent to a reference center to confirm identification by sequencing methods and to perform antifungal susceptibility testing, according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). A total of 6895 yeast cultures were identified and MY occurred in 150 cases (2.2%). Europe accounted for the highest number of centers, with an overall MY rate of 4.2% (118 out of 2840 yeast cultures). Of 122 MY cases, the most frequent combinations were Candida albicans/C. glabrata (42, 34.4%), C. albicans/C. parapsilosis (17, 14%), and C. glabrata/C. tropicalis (8, 6.5%). All Candida isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B, 6.4% were fluconazole-resistant, and two isolates (1.6%) were echinocandin-resistant. Accurate identification of the species involved in MY infections is essential to guide treatment decisions.
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Fujimura, T., S. Morita, T. Miyata, M. Masuzawa, and K. Katsuoka. "028 Differentiation between host immune response to candida antigens in localized superficial candidiasis and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis patients." Journal of Dermatological Science 12, no. 2 (June 1996): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-1811(96)89429-1.
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Elfeky, Dalia Saad, and Noha Mahmoud Gohar. "Evaluation of Virulence Factors of Candida Species Isolated from Superficial versus Systemic Candidiasis." Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology 25, no. 1 (January 2016): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0037089.
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Kushnir, I. M., V. I. Kushnir, B. V. Gutyj, I. S. Semen, S. D. Murska, G. V. Kolodiy, and U. Z. Berbeka. "Determination of the activity of fungicides against pathogens of dermatomycoses in domestic animals." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 99 (October 28, 2020): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9903.
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The aim of the study was to identify and identify the causative agents of dermatomycosis in dogs and cats and to determine their sensitivity to solutions of ketonazole and chlorhexidine digluconate, which are part of the drug Skinhard. This is a spray for external use, manufactured by PJSC “Halychpharm”. For laboratory diagnosis of dermatomycoses, samples from the affected parts of the skin and fur of domestic animals were used. To isolate a pure culture of fungi were sown on selective media: wort agar, agar Saburo, Chapek. The optimal cultivation regime for pathogenic fungi was 20–25 °С. Isolated fungal cultures were identified by the appearance and shape of colonies, their consistency, color, ability to grow at 37 °C, microscopic structure, in particular - the nature of mycelial branching and the presence of septa, location of conidiophores, spores and other signs. A microbiological examination of the affected areas of the skin of dogs and cats was performed to detect microscopic fungi. The following fungi were isolated from dogs affected by mycoses: Candida spp., Aspergillus niger, Epidermophyton spp., Microsporum spp., Mucor spp., Trichophyton spp., Mallasseria spp., Sporotrich spp, Candida albicans, and from cats: Microspor Candida spp., Spototrich spp., Rhizorus spp., Fusarium spp. Trichophyton spp. Isolated microscopic fungi of the genus Malassezia spp. belong to superficial mycoses (keratomycoses) and affect the superficial layers of skin and hair. Epidermatophytes: Trichophyton spp., Epidermophyton spp., Microsporum spp. affect the epidermis, skin and coat. In addition, opportunistic fungi of the genus Aspergillus spp, Mucor spp., Rhizorus spp. and Fusarium spp. Chlorhexidine digluconate was found to be highly active against dermatophytes (Trichophyton spp., Microsporum spp.), Less active against fungi of the genus Candida and less active against Aspergillus spp, Mucor spp., Rhizorus spp, Fusarium spp. Ketonazole is highly active against dermatophytes (Trichophyton spp., Epidermophyton spp., Microsporum spp.), Yeast (Malassezia spp., Candida spp.,) And opportunistic fungi (Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp., Rhizorus spp.).
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Bojang, Ebrima, Harlene Ghuman, Pizga Kumwenda, and Rebecca A. Hall. "Immune Sensing of Candida albicans." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7020119.
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Candida albicans infections range from superficial to systemic and are one of the leading causes of fungus-associated nosocomial infections. The innate immune responses during these various infection types differ, suggesting that the host environment plays a key role in modulating the host–pathogen interaction. In addition, C. albicans is able to remodel its cell wall in response to environmental conditions to evade host clearance mechanisms and establish infection in niches, such as the oral and vaginal mucosa. Phagocytes play a key role in clearing C. albicans, which is primarily mediated by Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)–Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) interactions. PRRs such as Dectin-1, DC-SIGN, and TLR2 and TLR4 interact with PAMPs such as β-glucans, N-mannan and O-mannan, respectively, to trigger the activation of innate immune cells. Innate immune cells exhibit distinct yet overlapping repertoires of PAMPs, resulting in the preferential recognition of particular Candida morphotypes by them. The role of phagocytes in the context of individual infection types also differs, with neutrophils playing a prominent role in kidney infections, and dendritic cells playing a prominent role in skin infections. In this review, we provide an overview of the key receptors involved in the detection of C. albicans and discuss the differential innate immune responses to C. albicans seen in different infection types such as vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and oral candidiasis.
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Alves, Izabel Almeida, Flávia Medeiros Savi, Juliana de Vasconcelos C. Braz, Lucindo José Quintans Junior, and Mairim Russo Serafini. "The Patenting and Technological Trends in Candidiasis Treatment: A Systematic Review (2014-2018)." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 28 (December 19, 2019): 2629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666191030091211.
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Background: In the last few decades, mycoses caused by opportunistic fungi namely Candida species has gained significant attention. Such infections are very common and present high mortality rates, especially in immunocompromised patients. Currently, a limited number of antifungal drugs are available for the treatment of these infections and are also often related to severe adverse side effects. Therefore, new drugs and innovative technologies for the treatment of this infection are necessary. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the development of new drugs, formulations, as well as patents for the treatment of infections caused by Candida spp. Methods: The present patent review was carried out through a specialized search database Espacenet. The patent selection was based on the following inclusion criteria: Recent patents published in English or Spanish containing candidiasis as the keyword in the title, abstract or full text. This survey was conducted in October and November 2018. Results: As a result of that, 22 patents were selected to the final selection, the most common routes of application were oral (n = 6), vaginal (n = 6), topical (n = 5) and others (n = 5). This fact is related to the clinical manifestations of candidiasis. Conclusion: Through this review, it was possible to identify significant improvements and advances in the area of antifungal therapeutic innovation research. In addition, we demonstrated the growing interest of academic and industrial groups in pharmaceutical development and novel formulations for the treatment of candidiasis. New therapeutic options can contribute to improve the quality of patient’s life, prevent infections and promote the search for an innovative and effective treatment of Candida infections.
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Shintaku, Masako, Masayuki Shintaku, and Ikuko Torii. "Development of Epidermoid Metaplasia of the Mucosa in Association with Esophageal Intramural Pseudodiverticulosis and Candidiasis." Case Reports in Gastroenterology 15, no. 2 (August 2, 2021): 709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000518023.
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We report a case of epidermoid metaplasia of the esophageal mucosa that developed in a patient with a long history of esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis (EIPD) complicated by candidiasis. The patient, a 69-year-old man, had been treated for about 3 years for EIPD with candidiasis. After candidiasis improved, the development of epidermoid metaplasia of the esophageal mucosa was observed. It comprised longitudinally arranged, multiple, small, whitish flecks with a scaly appearance on the mucosa of the middle to lower esophagus, and pathological examination demonstrated several fine keratohyalin granules in superficial layers of the squamous epithelium. Six months later, candidiasis was almost cured, but these small flecks had slightly increased in size, and pathological examination demonstrated epidermoid metaplasia consisting of a thick, acellular keratin layer and well-developed granular layer beneath it. We considered that chronic candida esophagitis played the principal pathogenetic role in the development of epidermoid metaplasia. EIPD may have provided an environment suitable for the growth of fungi, and mucinous material contaminated by <i>Candida</i> and excreted from the orifices of EIPD may have irritated the mucosa and induced epidermoid metaplasia.
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Tan, Erlyne, and Ketut Suryana. "Oral candidiasis and the risk factors: a serial case reports." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 8, no. 9 (August 21, 2021): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20213247.
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Oral candidiasis (OC) is also referred as ‘thrush’ is caused by the infections of the tongue and other oral mucosal sites and characterized by fungal overgrowth and invasion of superficial tissues. The main causative agent of 95% OC cases is Candida albicans. The prevalence of fungal oral infection was increased due to the increasing use of antibiotic and immunodeficiency condition. However, many factors have been suggested as risk factors for oral colonization. These predisposing factors are divided into local and systemic factors. We present two cases of patient with oral candidiasis that have admitted at Wangaya Regional Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia with different precipitating factors in order to remind health provider that oral candidiasis does not only occur in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).
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Devrari, Jitendra Chandra, Varsha Saxena, and Vidya Pai. "A MYCOLOGICAL STUDY OF CLINICAL SAMPLES FROM SUSPECTED MYCOSES IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i4.24127.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to isolate and identify the fungal agents obtained from clinical samples of suspected mycoses patients attending Yenepoya hospital.Methods: Various clinical samples obtained from patients were subjected to preliminary examination according to standard mycological protocols such as KOH mount, wet mount, Gram’s staining, and Indian ink examination. Causative organisms were identified by macroscopically and microscopically after growth on sabouraud’s dextrose agar (with or without cycloheximide and chloramphenicol) and confirmed by lactophenol cotton blue mount, slide culture technique, urease test, and growth on chrome agar accordingly.Results: Of 274 clinical samples, 125 were culture positive in which the fungal isolates obtained were dermatophytes (all 3 genera), Candida species (including Candida albicans), Fusarium species, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Cryptococcus neoformans. Male predominance was found among the patients being 6:3 male:female ratio.Conclusion: Among the superficial infection, Trichophyton mentagrophytes was found to be predominant isolates; however, in systemic infection, C. albicans was the predominant isolates.
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Feng, Xiaobo, Bo Ling, Guimei Yang, Xia Yu, Daming Ren, and Zhirong Yao. "Prevalence and Distribution Profiles of Candida parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis Responsible for Superficial Candidiasis in a Chinese University Hospital." Mycopathologia 173, no. 4 (November 19, 2011): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11046-011-9496-5.
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Humelnicu, Andra-Cristina, Petrișor Samoilă, Corneliu Cojocaru, Raluca Dumitriu, Andra-Cristina Bostănaru, Mihai Mareș, Valeria Harabagiu, and Bogdan C. Simionescu. "Chitosan-Based Therapeutic Systems for Superficial Candidiasis Treatment. Synergetic Activity of Nystatin and Propolis." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040689.
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The paper deals with new approaches to chitosan (CS)-based antifungal therapeutic formulations designed to fulfill the requirements of specific applications. Gel-like formulations were prepared by mixing CS dissolved in aqueous lactic acid (LA) solution with nystatin (NYS) powder and/or propolis (PRO) aqueous solution dispersed in glycerin, followed by water evaporation to yield flexible mesoporous (pore widths of 2–4 nm) films of high specific surfaces between 1 × 103 and 1.7 × 103 m2/g. Morphological evaluation of the antifungal films showed uniform dispersion and downsizing of NYS crystallites (with initial sizes up to 50 μm). Their mechanical properties were found to be close to those of soft tissues (Young’s modulus values between 0.044–0.025 MPa). The films presented hydration capacities in physiological condition depending on their composition, i.e., higher for NYS-charged (628%), as compared with PRO loaded films (118–129%). All NYS charged films presented a quick release for the first 10 min followed by a progressive increase of the release efficiency at 48.6%, for the samples containing NYS alone and decreasing values with increasing amount of PRO to 45.9% and 42.8% after 5 h. By in vitro analysis, the hydrogels with acidic pH values around 3.8 were proven to be active against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata species. The time-killing assay performed during 24 h on Candida albicans in synthetic vagina-simulative medium showed that the hydrogel formulations containing both NYS and PRO presented the faster slowing down of the fungal growth, from colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL of 1.24 × 107 to CFU/mL < 10 (starting from the first 6 h).
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Staniszewska, Monika. "Virulence Factors in Candida species." Current Protein & Peptide Science 21, no. 3 (March 26, 2020): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203720666190722152415.
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: Fungal diseases are severe and have very high morbidity as well as up to 60% mortality for patients diagnosed with invasive fungal infection. In this review, in vitro and in vivo studies provided us with the insight into the role of Candida virulence factors that mediate their success as pathogens, such as: membrane and cell wall (CW) barriers, dimorphism, biofilm formation, signal transduction pathway, proteins related to stress tolerance, hydrolytic enzymes (e.g. proteases, lipases, haemolysins), and toxin production. The review characterized the virulence of clinically important C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata and C. krusei. Due to the white-opaque transition in the mating-type locus MTL-homozygous cells, C. albicans demonstrates an advantage over other less related species of Candida as a human commensal and pathogen. It was reviewed that Candida ergosterol biosynthesis genes play a role in cellular stress and are essential for Candida pathogenesis both in invasive and superficial infections. Hydrolases associated with CW are involved in the host-pathogen interactions. Adhesins are crucial in colonization and biofilm formation, an important virulence factor for candidiasis. Calcineurin is involved in membrane and CW stress as well as virulence. The hyphae-specific toxin, named candidalysin, invades mucosal cells facilitating fungal invasion into deeper tissues. Expression of this protein promotes resistance to neutrophil killing in candidiasis. The virulence factors provide immunostimulatory factors, activating dendric cells and promoting T cell infiltration and activation. Targeting virulence factors, can reduce the risk of resistance development in Candida infections.
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Lenchenko, E. M., and N. P. Sachivkina. "Studies of biofilms and phenotypic characteristics of Candida fungi." Veterinary Science Today, no. 2 (June 16, 2020): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2020-2-33-132-138.
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Yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida are causative agents of the infectious pathology of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, urogenital tracts and skin of mammals, sepsis, and disseminated infection in birds. The search and testing of multilevel algorithms for biofilm identification when exposed to chemotherapeutic and disinfectant drugs for blocking the synthesis or destruction of the intercellular matrix in the development of superficial, deep and systemic candidiasis of animals are relevant for developing and improving diagnostic and antiepidemic measures. It was established that the formation of biofilm heterogeneous structure comprises multiple stages implementing the processes of intercellular communication due to the synthesis of a polymer matrix composites. Optical microscopy revealed a three-dimensional structure of biofilms in the form of a dense network consisting of yeast cells, hyphal and pseudohyphalic forms surrounded by an intercellular polymer matrix. Candida spp. pathogenicity factors contribute to infection of susceptible species due to adhesion, invasion, secretion of hydrolases, dimorphism. Formation of mono-species or poly-species biofilms of microorganisms, including Candida spp., causes the development of superficial, deep and systemic candidiasis. Detection of a large amount of yeast and micellar phases in C. albicans and C. africana isolates was a differential sign of a significant degree of colonization of the mucous membranes of the larynx, pharynx, and tonsils in case of local and systemic pathologies in pigs. The results of studies of the biofilm heterogeneous structure and phenotypic signs of yeast-like fungi can be used in a comparative study of biological characteristics and the identification of common patterns and differential signs of microorganisms, optimization of mycological diagnostics, and also in the development of antimycotic drugs.
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Nakhli, Raja, Mohamed Sbai, Salma Rouhi, Redouane Moutaj, and El Mostafa El Mezouari. "Superficial Mycosis at the Avicenne Military Hospital in Marrakesh: 5-Years Review." Saudi Journal of Medicine 7, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjm.2022.v07i01.009.
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Superficial mycosis were diagnosed in 1231 cases, a prevalence of 62.07%. The average age of the patients was 45 years, the sex ratio M/F was 1.19. The majority of the patients were followed as outpatients (96.99%). Of all superficial mycosis, onychomycosis was the most frequent with a rate of 52.32%, followed by epidermomycosis (37.44%), scalp mycosis (8.37%), oral mycosis (1.71%) and genital mycosis (0.16%). Dermatophytes were the most isolated (85.05%), followed by yeasts (13.65%), molds (1.30%). The main dermatophytic species were represented by Trichophyton rubrum (80.99%), followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale (8.88%) and Microsporum canis (6.59%). The most common yeasts found were Candida albicans (67.86%), followed by Malassezia furfur (22.02%). Scopulariopsis brevicaulis was the most isolated mold (68.75%). At the end of this study we conclude that mycological examination is essential in the management of patients with superficial mycoses; which must also include the elimination of favourable factors in order to avoid recurrence.
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Oladele, Rita, Folasade Ogunsola, Alani Akanmu, Katie Stocking, David W Denning, and Nelesh Govender. "Opportunistic fungal infections in persons living with advanced HIV disease in Lagos, Nigeria; a 12-year retrospective study." African Health Sciences 20, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 1573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i4.9.
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Introduction: Nigeria has a large estimated burden of AIDS-related mycoses. We aimed to determine the proportion of pa- tients with AIDS-related opportunistic fungal infections (OFIs) at an urban antiretroviral treatment (ART) centre in Nigeria.
Methods: A retrospective analysis of a cohort of ART-naïve, HIV-infected patients, assessed for ART eligibility and ART- experience at the PEPFAR outpatient clinic at Lagos University Teaching Hospital over a 12-year period (April 2004-Feb- ruary 2016) was conducted.
Results: During this period, 7,034 patients visited the clinic: 4,797 (68.2%) were female; 6161 patients had a recorded base- line CD4 count, and the median CD4 count was 184 cells/µl (IQR, 84-328). A baseline HIV-1 viral load (VL) was recorded for 5,908 patients; the median VL was 51,194 RNA copies/ml (IQR, 2,316-283,508) and 6,179/7046(88%) had initiated ART. Some 2,456 (34.9%) had a documented opportunistic infections, of whom 1,306 (18.6%) had an opportunistic fungal infection. The total number of OFI episodes was 1,632: oral candidiasis (n=1,473, 90.3%), oesophageal candidiasis (n=118; 8%), superficial mycoses (n=23; 1.6%), Pneumocystis pneumonia (PJP) (n=13; 0.8%), and cryptococcal meningitis(CM) (n=5; 0.4%). 113 (1.6%) were known to have died in the cohort.
Conclusion: Approximately 1 in 5 HIV-infected patients in this retrospective cohort, most of whom had initiated ART, were clinically diagnosed with an OFI. Improved access to simple accurate diagnostic tests for CM and PJP should be pri- oritised for this setting.
Keywords: Opportunistic fungal infections; ART Adherence; Advanced HIV disease.
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Lima, Ana Luísa de Araújo, Abrahão Alves de Oliveira Filho, Ana Luíza Alves de Lima Pérez, Janiere Pereira de Sousa, Lilian Sousa Pinheiro, Hermes Diniz Neto, José Pinto de Siqueira Júnior, and Edeltrudes de Oliveira Lima. "ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF CITRONELLAL AGAINST Candida NON-albicans OF PEDIATRIC CLINICAL IMPORTANCE." Periódico Tchê Química 16, no. 31 (January 20, 2019): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n31.2019.192_periodico31_pgs_186_191.pdf.
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Despite their commensal interaction, Candida yeasts may infect the human being, causing candidiasis which can vary from a superficial to a disseminated form, namely candidemia. The most common etiological agent of these infections is C. albicans; however, the profile of these fungal infections is changing, where non-albicans species becomes the main pathogens associated with candidiasis. The high mortality rate associated with the development of resistance against standard antifungal agents are factors that make candidemia a serious public health problem worldwide, especially in fragile patients as children, especially when there is an aggravating as a suppressed immune system. Citronellal, one of the main phytochemicals of the essential oils of several plants, is a potential candidate for an antifungal agent. In order to evaluate the antifungal profile of this natural product, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (CFM) were determined against strains of Candida non-albicans from blood infections in pediatric patients. It was observed that both MIC50 and MFC50 of citronellal were 128 μg/mL, attesting the antifungal efficacy of this monoterpene against strains of clinical relevance.
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Martinez, K. V., P. A. Pereira, C. G. S. Nascimento, R. N. Leandro, V. M. Giundice, E. S. Garcia, L. P. R. Silva, et al. "Identification of the etiological agents that cause superficial cutaneous mycoses in southern Brazil." Scientific Electronic Archives 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/13920201078.
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Superficial skin ringworm is a fungal disease that affects external tissues such as nails, skin and hair of humans and animals. The infection can be transmitted directly, through contact with another infected individual or animal, or indirectly, through contaminated materials, these mycoses being potentially contagious. The main objective of the present study was to identify the etiologic agents of potentially contagious cutaneous superficial mycoses present in southern Brazil, correlating with the gender and the most affected sites of the patients.The study period corresponded from January 2011 to June 2019. Prior to the collection, an interview was conducted with patients to obtain epidemiological information. The collected material was scraped from lesions on the skin and nails and hair epilated. The patients were received at the Clinical Analysis Laboratory (LACT) of the UFRGS School of Pharmacy and at the Rio Grande do Sul State Laboratory (LACEN-RS). Subsequently, with the report of the mycological examination, patients treated at LACT were referred to the Dermatology Service of the State of Rio Grande do Sul for medical care and therapy. During the study period, 6010 nail and skin scrapes were obtained and hair, of which 4560 (76%) were negative and 1450 (24%) positive on mycological examination. The most isolated species were T. rubrum (54%), Candida spp. (19%), T. mentagrophytes (14%) and Malassezia spp. (5%). The Female (70%) were the most affected, and nails (72%) were the most affected followed by skin (27%) and hair (1%). With the data obtained on isolated fungal species, we still have much to work with the community developing educational and preventive measures in conjunction with public policies, to try to reduce the risk of contamination by reaching mainly individuals in a higher state of social vulnerability.
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Abe, Masahiro, Yuki Kinjo, Sota Sadamoto, Minoru Shinozaki, Minoru Nagi, Kazutoshi Shibuya, and Yoshitsugu Miyazaki. "α-galactosylceramide-stimulated invariant natural killer T-cells play a protective role in murine vulvovaginal candidiasis by Candida albicans." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): e0259306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259306.
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Background Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a common superficial candidiasis; however, a host’s immunological mechanism against vaginal Candida infection remains unknown. Objectives In this study, we aimed to elucidate the effect of iNKT cell activation on vulvovaginal candidiasis. Methods Using a vulvovaginal candidiasis model with estrogenized mice, we evaluated the fungal burden and number of leukocyte infiltrations in the vaginal lavage of wild-type C57BL/6J mice after Candida albicans inoculation. One day before C. albicans inoculation, α-galactosylceramide (the α-GalCer group) or sterile phosphate-buffered saline (the sham group) was intraperitoneally injected into the mice. We also evaluated the level of antimicrobial peptide S100A8 in the vaginal lavage and analyzed the correlation between S100A8 concentration and the number of vaginal leukocyte infiltrations. Moreover, the number of uterine and vaginal immune cells were evaluated using flow cytometry. Results The number of vaginal leukocyte infiltrations was significantly higher in the α-GalCer group than in the sham group 3 days after C. albicans inoculation. In addition, the fungal burden was significantly lower in the α-GalCer group than the sham group at 7 days after inoculation. In the analysis of S100A8 concentration of vaginal lavage, there were no significant differences between these two groups, although S100A8 concentration and the number of vaginal leukocyte infiltrations were positively correlated in the α-GalCer group. Moreover, the number of vaginal iNKT cells, NK cells and CD8+ T-cells was significantly higher in the α-GalCer group 3 days after inoculation. Conclusions α-GalCer-stimulated iNKT cells likely play a protective role against vulvovaginal candidiasis.
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Castagnola, Elio. "Clinical and diagnostic pathways in pediatric fungal infections." Reviews in Health Care 4, no. 1S (July 11, 2013): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/rhc.v4i1s.859.
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Generally speaking, in pediatrics the patients mostly affected by fungal infections are hematological patients, followed by those with solid tumors, and transplant recipients. Candida infections generally occur just after birth, whereas Aspergillus infections are age-related, and increase their incidence with age. However, among infections, the incidence of bacteremias are still greater than that of mycoses. In pediatrics, in Italy the immunocompromised patients – thus particularly susceptible to fungal infections – are mainly those with severe combined immunodeficiency, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and chronic granulomatous disease. Particular Aspergillus or Scedosporium infections should be considered in peculiar kinds of patients, such as those affected by cystic fibrosis. Finally, different kinds of fungi should be considered in those who come from or spend a lot time in specific areas, such as South America (e.g. coccidioidomycoses, for which differential diagnosis is with tuberculosis).
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Friedman and Schwartz. "Emerging Fungal Infections: New Patients, New Patterns, and New Pathogens." Journal of Fungi 5, no. 3 (July 20, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof5030067.
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: The landscape of clinical mycology is constantly changing. New therapies for malignant and autoimmune diseases have led to new risk factors for unusual mycoses. Invasive candidiasis is increasingly caused by non-albicans Candida spp., including C. auris, a multidrug-resistant yeast with the potential for nosocomial transmission that has rapidly spread globally. The use of mould-active antifungal prophylaxis in patients with cancer or transplantation has decreased the incidence of invasive fungal disease, but shifted the balance of mould disease in these patients to those from non-fumigatus Aspergillus species, Mucorales, and Scedosporium/Lomentospora spp. The agricultural application of triazole pesticides has driven an emergence of azole-resistant A. fumigatus in environmental and clinical isolates. The widespread use of topical antifungals with corticosteroids in India has resulted in Trichophyton mentagrophytes causing recalcitrant dermatophytosis. New dimorphic fungal pathogens have emerged, including Emergomyces, which cause disseminated mycoses globally, primarily in HIV infected patients, and Blastomyces helicus and B. percursus, causes of atypical blastomycosis in western parts of North America and in Africa, respectively. In North America, regions of geographic risk for coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis have expanded, possibly related to climate change. In Brazil, zoonotic sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis has emerged as an important disease of felines and people.
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Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M., G. Sadeghi, E. Zeinali, M. Alirezaee, M. Shams-Ghahfarokhi, A. Amani, R. Mirahmadi, and R. Tolouei. "Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. isolated from superficial candidiasis in outpatients in Iran." Journal de Mycologie Médicale 24, no. 2 (June 2014): e43-e50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.01.004.
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Aly, F. Z., C. C. Blackwell, D. A. C. MacKenzie, D. M. Weir, R. A. Elton, C. G. Cumming, J. A. Sofaer, and B. F. Clarke. "Chronic atrophic oral candidiasis among patients with diabetes mellitus – role of secretor status." Epidemiology and Infection 106, no. 2 (April 1991): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800048500.
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SUMMARYNon-diabetic individuals who are non-secretors of blood group antigens are prone to superficial infections by Candida albicans. In this study, 216 patients with diabetes mellitus who were denture wearers were examined for the presence or absence of denture stomatitis. There was an overall trend for non-secretors to be prone to denture stomatitis compared with secretors. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis was used to dissect the contribution of secretor status and other variables to the development of the disease. Secretor status was found to be a contributory factor among patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes but not among those with insulin-dependent diabetes. The possible reasons for this are discussed.
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Dhakad, Megh S., Ravinder Kaur, Ritu Goyal, Preena Bhalla, and Richa Dewan. "Epidemiological profile of candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients in a tertiary care hospital." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 4858. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20205153.
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Background: Clinical research in fungal infections is largely a neglected area in health care settings in India. Candida species cause diseases ranging from mucosal infections to systemic mycoses depending on host’s immune status. Aim of this study was to evaluate the clinico-epidemiological profile of candidiasis, and their correlation with an immunological profile in HIV/AIDS patients.Methods: Clinical details and investigations of 200 symptomatic, confirmed HIV-positive patients, suspected of having candidiasis were recorded and analyzed. Relevant clinical samples depending on the organ system involved were collected and subjected to direct microscopy, culture isolation and serology. Identification and speciation of the isolates was done by biochemical methods as per standard recommended procedures. CD4-count was determined by flow cytometry using Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorter Count system.Results: Patients ranged from 17-65 years with a mean age of 33.83±9.07 years. Most common clinical presentations were seen to be white oral patches (82%), weight loss (79%), fever (67%), loss of appetite (53%), headache (51.5%), cough (38.5%) and diarrhea (30%). Gastrointestinal system (35%) was the most commonly involved system. The CD4-counts ranged from 16-1033 cells/μl. 93 (46.5%) patients had CD4-counts <200 cells/μl, while CD4-count <100 cells/μl was seen in 40 (20%) and CD4-count <50 cells/μl in 20 (10%). Candidiasis was detected in 60% of the patients. Yeasts isolated were C. albicans (82.51%), C. tropicalis (6.29%), C. krusei (4.89%), C. parapsilosis (3.49%), and C. glabrata (2.79%).Conclusions: C. albicans was predominant species and presence of oral candidiasis is a matter of concern. Early and accurate diagnosis of candidiasis is one of the keys helps for the success of effective HIV/AIDS disease management.