Journal articles: 'Canine status epilepticus'

1

Lowrie, Mark. "Canine status epilepticus." Companion Animal 18, no. 5 (July 2013): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2013.18.5.198.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Foreman, Max, and Giunio Bruto Cherubini. "Managing canine status epilepticus in practice." Companion Animal 25, no. 8 (September 2, 2020): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2020.0040.

Full text

Abstract:

Status epilepticus is a common emergency encountered in general practice, and one that can be daunting for many to manage. This review summarises the main considerations for patients presenting in status epilepticus, and discusses the treatment options available, specifically with regard to medications that are likely to be available to the general practitioner.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Zimmermann, R., T. A. Steinberg, K. Raith, V. Hülsmeyer, and A. Fischer. "Canine status epilepticus due to acute intoxication." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 38, no. 05 (2010): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1622862.

Full text

Abstract:

Summary Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe the type of toxin ingested, clinical presentation and outcome of dogs with status epilepticus (SE) due to acute poisoning presented to a large referral veterinary hospital. Materials and methods: Retrospective case series. Medical records of all dogs suffering from SE were reviewed (Jan 1, 2002 to April 30, 2009). Results: Fourteen dogs with SE due to acute intoxication were identified. Toxicological analyses (qualitative analysis with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; n = 11) detected poisonings with carbofuran, crimidine, paraoxone, metaldehyde, strychnine and diazinon. In the other three cases the uptake of a known poison was observed (zink phosphide, metaldehyde). None of the dogs showed evidence of neurological disease up to the day of presentation. The dogs were hospitalised for 2–10 days (median 5 days). The survival rate was 85.7%. None of the dogs experienced any more seizures after discharge (median observation period 2.6 years). Conclusion and clinical relevance: Ancillary to the acute clinical presentation, preliminary reports (possible uptake of poisonous material) and an inconspicuous medical history may suggest a tentative diagnosis. Managed adequately, these patients can have a high survival rate. Clinicians should also keep uncommon intoxications in mind.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Leppik, Ilo E., Edward Patterson, Brian Hardy, and James C. Cloyd. "Canine status epilepticus: Proof of principle studies." Epilepsia 50 (December 2009): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02362.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Platt, S. R., and M. Haag. "Canine status epilepticus: a retrospective study of 50 cases." Journal of Small Animal Practice 43, no. 4 (April 2002): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00047.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Leppik, Ilo E., Edward N. Patterson, Lisa D. Coles, Elise M. Craft, and James C. Cloyd. "Canine status epilepticus: A translational platform for human therapeutic trials." Epilepsia 52 (October 2011): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03231.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Patterson, Edward E., Ilo E. Leppik, Lisa D. Coles, Michael Podell, Charles H. Vite, William Bush, and James C. Cloyd. "Canine status epilepticus treated with fosphenytoin: A proof of principle study." Epilepsia 56, no. 6 (May 7, 2015): 882–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/epi.12994.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Pekcec, A., B. Unkrüer, V. Stein, J. P. Bankstahl, J. Soerensen, A. Tipold, W. Baumgärtner, and H. Potschka. "Over-expression of P-glycoprotein in the canine brain following spontaneous status epilepticus." Epilepsy Research 83, no. 2-3 (February 2009): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.10.010.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Monteiro, R., V. Adams, D. Keys, and S. R. Platt. "Canine idiopathic epilepsy: prevalence, risk factors and outcome associated with cluster seizures and status epilepticus." Journal of Small Animal Practice 53, no. 9 (July 26, 2012): 526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01251.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Jull, P., L. D. Risio, C. Horton, and H. A. Volk. "Effect of prolonged status epilepticus as a result of intoxication on epileptogenesis in a UK canine population." Veterinary Record 169, no. 14 (August 18, 2011): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.d4750.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Coles, Lisa D., Ilo E. Leppik, Edward E. Patterson, Zachary Rivers, Usha Mishra, and James C. Cloyd. "Use of IV fosphenytoin pharmacokinetics to determine the loading dose for a clinical trial of canine status epilepticus." Epilepsia 56, no. 6 (May 7, 2015): 888–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/epi.12961.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Norona, Frances Eleanor, and Holger Andreas Volk. "Investigating the efficacy of medical management for canine structural epilepsy." Veterinary Record 187, no. 8 (June 25, 2020): e63-e63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105708.

Full text

Abstract:

BackgroundStructural epilepsy in dogs is often treated medically with a combination of antiseizure drugs (ASDs) and other concurrent therapies for the primary condition. Unlike idiopathic epilepsy, there have been few studies on the efficacy of medical management in structural epilepsy. This study investigated factors affecting treatment outcomes in dogs medically managed for structural epilepsy.MethodsCases of 71 dogs diagnosed with structural epilepsy were identified from a referral hospital database and data were analysed retrospectively. Efficacy of treatment was assessed by survival time, seizure-free period after diagnosis and overall seizure control.ResultsResults showed that the most significant prognostic indicator was the occurrence of status epilepticus (SE) before diagnosis, with these dogs having reduced survival times, shorter seizure-free periods after diagnosis and overall worse seizure control. Cluster seizure history showed similar, although not statistically significant, trends in treatment efficacy. Treatment outcomes were not significantly impacted by ASD therapy used or by specific diagnosis, with the exception of meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology cases surviving longer.ConclusionOverall, medical management of canine structural epilepsy achieves the best treatment outcomes when the patient has no history of SE. This study may provide a basis for future investigations into the treatment of canine structural epilepsies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Charalambous, M., S. F. M. Bhatti, L. Van Ham, S. Platt, N. D. Jeffery, A. Tipold, J. Siedenburg, et al. "Intranasal Midazolam versus Rectal Diazepam for the Management of Canine Status Epilepticus: A Multicenter Randomized Parallel-Group Clinical Trial." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 31, no. 4 (May 24, 2017): 1149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14734.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Patterson, Edward “Ned”, Irene Vuu, Dorota Zolkowska, Chun-Yi Wu, Ilo Leppik, Greg Worrell, Vaclav Kremen, and James Cloyd. "4512 Allopregnanolone Dose Finding for Status Epilepticus Treatment by Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling using Quantitative EEG in Dogs." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 4, s1 (June 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.51.

Full text

Abstract:

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Allopregnanolone (ALLO), a modulator of GABAA receptors, may be useful as a treatment for human and canine benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus (SE). Our objective was to develop a phamacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model relating ALLO plasma concentrations to electroencephalographic (EEG) effects in dogs. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Four healthy dogs and one dog with epilepsy that had implanted intracranial electrodes were utilized. ALLO doses ranging from 1-6 mg/kg were administered IV over 5 min. EEG data were collected during four IM doses (1-2 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected up to 6 hr following dosing. ALLO concentrations were measured using HPLC-MS/MS. Power density was determined in EEG bands using a custom algorithm. A two-compartment link PKPD model was developed to describe the relation between ALLO plasma concentration and change in EEG power in the alpha, beta, delta and theta bands. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: ALLO caused a rapid increase in absolute power density in all EEG bands measured (1-4, >4 – 8, >8 – 12, >12 – 25, and >25 – 100 Hz). The onset of effect was rapid (1-3 min) and demonstrated by frequency band and dose analysis. Concentration-EEG data were best fit by a two-compartment PK model and sigmoidal Emax PD indirect link model. The beta frequency band was most sensitive, showing increases in power at the lowest ALLO concentrations. The EC50 concentration for the beta frequency was ~270 ng/mL. The EC50 values for effects on the other frequency bands were ~500-700 ng /mL. In conclusion, IV ALLO causes a rapid effect on EEG that can be used to determine minimal plasma concentrations associated with target engagement. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Dose selection for future clinical trials will use the effective concentrations determined here in conjunction with studies in animal status epilepticus models. Studies are planned in client owned dogs with epilepsy to evaluate clinical efficacy in dogs and as nonclinical proof-of-concept evidence supporting translational studies in people. CONFLICT OF INTEREST DESCRIPTION: Michael Rogawski and Dorota Zolkowska are named as inventors on patent applications claiming use of neuroactive steroids including allopregnanolone and ganaxolone in the treatment of status epilepticus.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Hazenfratz, Michal, and Susan M. Taylor. "Recurrent seizures in cats: Treatment – which antiepileptic drugs are recommended?" Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 20, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x18791874.

Full text

Abstract:

Practical relevance: Seizures are one of the most common neurological problems recognized in cats, affecting approximately 1–3% of the general population. Treatment options and prognosis are closely related to the underlying cause, so it is important that veterinarians are familiar with the diagnostic approach to cats with seizures and options for medical management. Series outline: This is the second of a two-part article series that reviews the diagnosis and treatment of seizures in cats. Part 2 describes chronic medical treatment options and prognosis for cats with recurrent seizures, and acute treatment of status epilepticus. Audience: This review of recurrent seizures in cats is intended for all veterinarians who are facing the challenges of seizure diagnosis and management in the feline patient. Evidence base: Recommendations for diagnosis and management of feline seizure disorders have historically been extrapolated from the canine and human literature. The information and guidance provided in this two-part series is based on a review of the recent published literature addressing seizure disorders and antiepileptic treatment in cats, as well as the authors’ clinical experience.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

HASEGAWA, Daisuke, Naoaki MATSUKI, Michio FUJITA, Kenichiro ONO, and Hiromitsu ORIMA. "Kinetics of Glutamate and γ-Aminobutyric Acid in Cerebrospinal Fluid in a Canine Model of Complex Partial Status Epilepticus induced by Kainic Acid." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 66, no. 12 (2004): 1555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.66.1555.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Roynard, Patrick, Ann Bilderback, and Curtis Wells Dewey. "Intravenous Ketamine Bolus(es) for the Treatment of Status Epilepticus, Refractory Status Epilepticus, and Cluster Seizures: A Retrospective Study of 15 Dogs." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8 (February 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.547279.

Full text

Abstract:

Status epilepticus (SE) and cluster seizures (CS) are common occurrences in veterinary neurology and frequent reasons of admission to veterinary hospitals. With prolonged seizure activity, gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA) receptors (GABAa receptors) become inactive, leading to a state of pharmacoresistance to benzodiazepines and other GABAergic medications, which is called refractory status epilepticus (RSE). Prolonged seizure activity is also associated with overexpression of N-methyl-D-aspartic (NMDA) receptors. Rodent models have shown the efficacy of ketamine (KET) in treating RSE, and its use has been reported in one canine case of RSE. Boluses of KET 5 mg/kg IV have become the preferred treatment for RSE in our hospital. A retrospective study was performed to evaluate and report our experience with KET IV bolus to treat prolonged and/or repeated seizure activity in cases of canine CS, SE, and RSE. A total of 15 dogs were retrieved, for 20 hospitalizations and 28 KET IV injections over 3 years. KET IV boluses were used 12 times for RSE (9 generalized seizures, 3 focal seizures) and KET terminated the episode of RSE 12/12 times (100%); however, seizures recurred 4/12 times (33%) within ≤6 h of KET IV bolus. When used for CS apart from episodes of RSE, KET IV bolus was associated with termination of the CS episode only 4/14 times (29%). Only 4/28 (14%) KET IV boluses were associated with adverse effects imputable only to the use of KET. One dog experienced a short, self-limited seizure activity during administration of KET IV, which was most likely related to a pre-mature use of KET IV (i.e., before GABAergic resistance and NMDA receptor overexpression had taken place). This study indicates that KET 5 mg/kg IV bolus may be successful for the treatment of RSE in dogs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

"Intranasal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for the management of canine status epilepticus." Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery 31, no. 8 (August 2018): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asams.2018.07.013.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Charalambous, Marios, Holger A. Volk, Luc Van Ham, and Sofie F. M. Bhatti. "First-line management of canine status epilepticus at home and in hospital-opportunities and limitations of the various administration routes of benzodiazepines." BMC Veterinary Research 17, no. 1 (March 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02805-0.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractStatus epilepticus (SE) or prolonged epileptic seizure activity is a common neurological emergency with a high mortality rate and, if left untreated, can lead to irreversible cerebral damage and systemic complications. Fast and effective first-line management is of paramount importance, particularly in the at-home management of seizures where drug administration routes are limited. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) have been exclusively used in veterinary medicine for decades as first-line drugs based on their high potency and rapid onset of action. Various administration routes exist in dogs, such as oral, intravenous, intramuscular, rectal, and intranasal, all with different advantages and limitations. Recently, intranasal drug delivery has become more popular due to its unique and favourable characteristics, providing potential advantages over other routes of drug administration in the management of canine SE. This narrative review provides an outline of the management of SE at home and in a hospital setting, discusses considerations and challenges of the various routes of BZD administration, and evaluates the impact of intranasal drug administration (nose-brain pathway) for controlling canine SE at home and within hospital settings.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Huenerfauth, Enrice, Jasmin Nessler, Johannes Erath, and Andrea Tipold. "Probable Sudden Unexpected Death in Dogs With Epilepsy (pSUDED)." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8 (April 27, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.600307.

Full text

Abstract:

Sudden unexpected death in human epileptic patients (SUDEP) is defined as death related to recurrent unprovoked seizures, death occurring unexpectedly, and suddenly in a patient with reasonable state of health, without an obvious medical cause of death, trauma, asphyxia, or intractable status epilepticus, and in post mortem examination no obvious reason for death can be found. “Probable SUDEP” (pSUDEP) is defined as SUDEP not confirmed pathologically. The adapted abbreviation for dogs is used in the following: “pSUDED” (probable sudden unexpected death in dogs with epilepsy). The aim of the present monocentric retrospective study using an online questionnaire was to evaluate the occurrence of pSUDED. Data of canine patients presented with seizures between 01/1998 and 05/2018 were retrospectively analyzed and classified according to their etiology (n = 1,503). Owners were contacted by telephone to participate in answering a validated questionnaire. A total of 509 owners were reached, and 373 owners completed the questionnaire. In addition to signalement (e.g., breed), special attention was paid to the frequency and presentation of seizures and seizures in the context of death. Fifty-one percent (191/373) of the dogs were dead at the endpoint of the study. A large proportion of the dogs was euthanized (149/191) because of seizure severity or health problems unrelated to seizures. Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) was diagnosed in 19/34 dogs which died unexpectedly. Of these seven animals had to be excluded for further investigation of pSUDED because of status epilepticus or aspiration pneumonia as a result of the seizures. In 12 dogs with IE the last seizure event occurred between 6 h and ~3 months before death. pSUDED was suspected in these dogs and an occurrence rate of 4.5–10% was calculated. pSUDED appears in a similar occurrence rate as human SUDEP and should be considered as a possible complication in epileptic dogs. The results of this study suggest that dogs with IE but especially those with brachycephalic syndrome and cluster seizures have an increased risk to die of pSUDED. Owners of dogs with seizures should be educated about the risk of sudden death in dogs with epilepsy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Zamora, Mayela, Sebastian Meller, Filip Kajin, James J. Sermon, Robert Toth, Moaad Benjaber, Derk-Jan Dijk, et al. "Case Report: Embedding “Digital Chronotherapy” Into Medical Devices—A Canine Validation for Controlling Status Epilepticus Through Multi-Scale Rhythmic Brain Stimulation." Frontiers in Neuroscience 15 (September 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.734265.

Full text

Abstract:

Circadian and other physiological rhythms play a key role in both normal homeostasis and disease processes. Such is the case of circadian and infradian seizure patterns observed in epilepsy. However, these rhythms are not fully exploited in the design of active implantable medical devices. In this paper we explore a new implantable stimulator that implements chronotherapy as a feedforward input to supplement both open-loop and closed-loop methods. This integrated algorithm allows for stimulation to be adjusted to the ultradian, circadian and infradian patterns observed in patients through slowly-varying temporal adjustments of stimulation and algorithm sub-components, while also enabling adaption of stimulation based on immediate physiological needs such as a breakthrough seizure or change of posture. Embedded physiological sensors in the stimulator can be used to refine the baseline stimulation circadian pattern as a “digital zeitgeber,” i.e., a source of stimulus that entrains or synchronizes the subject's natural rhythms. This algorithmic approach is tested on a canine with severe drug-resistant idiopathic generalized epilepsy exhibiting a characteristic diurnal pattern correlated with sleep-wake cycles. Prior to implantation, the canine's cluster seizures evolved to status epilepticus (SE) and required emergency pharmacological intervention. The cranially-mounted system was fully-implanted bilaterally into the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus. Using combinations of time-based modulation, thalamocortical rhythm-specific tuning of frequency parameters as well as fast-adaptive modes based on activity, the canine experienced no further SE events post-implant as of the time of writing (7 months). Importantly, no significant cluster seizures have been observed either, allowing the reduction of rescue medication. The use of digitally-enabled chronotherapy as a feedforward signal to augment adaptive neurostimulators could prove a useful algorithmic method in conditions where sensitivity to temporal patterns are characteristics of the disease state, providing a novel mechanism for tailoring a more patient-specific therapy approach.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Hytönen, Marjo K., Riika Sarviaho, Christopher B. Jackson, Pernilla Syrjä, Tarja Jokinen, Kaspar Matiasek, Marco Rosati, et al. "In-frame deletion in canine PITRM1 is associated with a severe early-onset epilepsy, mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration." Human Genetics, April 9, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00439-021-02279-y.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractWe investigated the clinical, genetic, and pathological characteristics of a previously unknown severe juvenile brain disorder in several litters of Parson Russel Terriers. The disease started with epileptic seizures at 6–12 weeks of age and progressed rapidly to status epilepticus and death or euthanasia. Histopathological changes at autopsy were restricted to the brain. There was severe acute neuronal degeneration and necrosis diffusely affecting the grey matter throughout the brain with extensive intraneuronal mitochondrial crowding and accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ). Combined homozygosity mapping and genome sequencing revealed an in-frame 6-bp deletion in the nuclear-encoded pitrilysin metallopeptidase 1 (PITRM1) encoding for a mitochondrial protease involved in mitochondrial targeting sequence processing and degradation. The 6-bp deletion results in the loss of two amino acid residues in the N-terminal part of PITRM1, potentially affecting protein folding and function. Assessment of the mitochondrial function in the affected brain tissue showed a significant deficiency in respiratory chain function. The functional consequences of the mutation were modeled in yeast and showed impaired growth in permissive conditions and an impaired respiration capacity. Loss-of-function variants in human PITRM1 result in a childhood-onset progressive amyloidotic neurological syndrome characterized by spinocerebellar ataxia with behavioral, psychiatric and cognitive abnormalities. Homozygous Pitrm1-knockout mice are embryonic lethal, while heterozygotes show a progressive, neurodegenerative phenotype characterized by impairment in motor coordination and Aβ deposits. Our study describes a novel early-onset PITRM1-related neurodegenerative canine brain disorder with mitochondrial dysfunction, Aβ accumulation, and lethal epilepsy. The findings highlight the essential role of PITRM1 in neuronal survival and strengthen the connection between mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Watson, Fraje, A. Augusto Coppi, Holger A. Volk, Rowena M. A. Packer, Anna Tauro, and Clare Rusbridge. "Comparison of volume of the forebrain, subarachnoid space and lateral ventricles between dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and controls using a stereological approach: Cavalieri’s principle." Canine Medicine and Genetics 8, no. 1 (March 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40575-021-00101-6.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Background Canine idiopathic epilepsy (IE) is the most common chronic neurological brain disease in dogs, yet it can only be diagnosed by exclusion of all other potential causes. In people, epilepsy has been associated with a reduction in brain volume. The objective was to estimate the volume of the forebrain (FB), subarachnoid space (SAS) and lateral ventricles (LV) in dogs with IE compared to controls using Cavalieri’s principle. MRI scans of case and control dogs were identified from two neurology referral hospital databases. Eight breeds with increased odds of having IE were included: Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Cocker Spaniel, Border terrier, German Shepherd dog, Parson Jack Russell terrier, Boxer, and Border Collie. Five dogs of each breed with IE and up to five controls were systematically and uniformly randomly sampled (SURS). The volume of the FB, SAS and LV were estimated from MRI scans by one blinded observer using Cavalieri’s principle. Results One hundred-two dogs were identified; 56 were diagnosed with IE and 46 were controls. There was no statistically significant difference in FB, SAS and LV volume between dogs with IE and controls. Dogs with a history of status epilepticus had significantly larger FB than those without (p = 0.05). There was a border-line trend for LV volume to increase with increasing length of seizure history in the IE group (p = 0.055). Conclusion The volumes of the FB, SAS and LV are not different between dogs with IE and controls, so IE remains a diagnosis of exclusion with no specific neuroanatomical biomarkers identified. This is the first time FB and SAS volume has been compared in dogs with IE. Unfortunately, we have shown that the results reporting significantly larger FBs in dogs with status epilepticus and LV volume increase with length of seizure history were likely confounded by breed and should be interpreted cautiously. Whilst these associations are interesting and clinically relevant, further investigation with breed-specific or larger, breed-diverse populations are required to permit strong conclusions. The Cavalieri principle provided an effective estimation of FB, SAS and LV volumes on MRI, but may be too time-intensive for use in clinical practice.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Canine status epilepticus'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles