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Journal articles on the topic 'Cannabinoid type 2'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Soraya, hiva, Ruohollah Seddigh, Fatemeh Hadi, and Mohammad Faramarzi. "Chemical cannabis; The New Trend of addiction in Iran." Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 28, no. 1 (2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijpcp.28.1.4010.1.

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Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) are a heterogeneous group of substances with a high affinity for cannabinoid receptors. Unlike Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), synthetic cannabinoids are incredibly potent, highly productive, have more affinity for the Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), and Cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), and are designed to accelerate the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol. Also, there is experimental evidence that SCs acts on non-cannabinoid receptors, such as the 5-HT2B receptor or dopaminergic receptors. (1, 2).

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Romero-Sandoval, Alfonso, and James C. Eisenach. "Spinal Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Activation Reduces Hypersensitivity and Spinal Cord Glial Activation after Paw Incision." Anesthesiology 106, no. 4 (2007): 787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000264765.33673.6c.

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Background Cannabinoids bind to cannabinoid receptors type 1 and 2 and produce analgesia in several pain models, but central side effects from cannabinoid 1 receptors limit their clinical use. Cannabinoid 2 receptors reduce inflammatory responses in the periphery by acting on immune cells, and they are present on glia in the central nervous system. This study tested whether spinal cannabinoid activation would induce analgesia, glial inhibition, and central side effects in a postoperative model or incisional pain. Methods Rats underwent paw incision surgery, with intrathecal injections of canna

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Walsh, Kenneth B., and Andrea E. Holmes. "Pharmacology of Minor Cannabinoids at the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor: Isomer- and Ligand-Dependent Antagonism by Tetrahydrocannabivarin." Receptors 1, no. 1 (2022): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/receptors1010002.

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(1) Background: In addition to the major phytocannabinoids, trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), the cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa L.) synthesizes over 120 additional cannabinoids that are known as minor cannabinoids. These minor cannabinoids have been proposed to act as agonists and antagonists at numerous targets including cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) receptors, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and others. The goal of the present study was to determine the agonist effects of the minor cannabinoids: cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG), canna

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Twitchell, W., S. Brown, and K. Mackie. "Cannabinoids Inhibit N- and P/Q-Type Calcium Channels in Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 1 (1997): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.1.43.

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Twitchell, W., S. Brown, and K. Mackie. Cannabinoids inhibit N- and P/Q-type calcium channels in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 43–50, 1997. Cannabinoids and their analogues have been found to inhibit N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ currents in cell lines and sympathetic neurons transfected with cannabinoid CB1 receptor. However, the effects of cannabinoids on Ca2+ currents in the CNS are largely unexplored. In this study we investigated whether these compounds inhibit Ca2+ channels in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. With the use of antibodies directed against the amino-terminus

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Zong, Yuan, Xujiao Zhou, Jingyi Cheng, Jian Yu, Jihong Wu, and Chunhui Jiang. "Cannabinoids Regulate the Diameter of Pericyte-Containing Retinal Capillaries in Rats." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 43, no. 5 (2017): 2088–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000484193.

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Background/Aims: Cannabinoids are vasoactive substances that act as key regulators of arterial tone in the blood vessels supplying peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. We therefore investigated the effect of cannabinoids on retinal capillaries and pericytes. Methods: The effects of cannabinoids on capillary diameters were determined using an ex vivo whole-mount rat retinal model. Western blotting, quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry were performed to explore the underlying mechanism. Results: Endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide and exogenous cannab

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Storr, M., E. Gaffal, D. Saur, V. Schusdziarra, and H. D. Allescher. "Effect of cannabinoids on neural transmission in rat gastric fundus." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 80, no. 1 (2002): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y02-005.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the possible role of cannabinoids on the neuromuscular function of rat gastric fundus. In addition to possible direct effects on smooth muscle, the influence of cannabinoids on contractile (cholinergic) and relaxant (non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC)) neural innervation of the rat gastric fundus was investigated in vitro. Neither anandamide (an endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist) nor Win 55,212-2 and methanandamide (synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists) nor AM 630 (a cannabinoid receptor antagonist) showed any effect on smooth muscle activi

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Koay, Luan C., Rachael J. Rigby, and Karen L. Wright. "Cannabinoid-induced autophagy regulates suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in intestinal epithelium." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 307, no. 2 (2014): G140—G148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00317.2013.

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Autophagy is a catabolic process involved in homeostatic and regulated cellular protein recycling and degradation via the lysosomal degradation pathway. Emerging data associate impaired autophagy, increased activity in the endocannabinoid system, and upregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) protein expression during intestinal inflammation. We have investigated whether these three processes are linked. By assessing the impact of the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD), the synthetic cannabinoid arachidonyl-2′-chloroethylamide (ACEA), and the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethan

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Park, Yu Mi, Charlotte Dahlem, Markus R. Meyer, Alexandra K. Kiemer, Rolf Müller, and Jennifer Herrmann. "Induction of Liver Size Reduction in Zebrafish Larvae by the Emerging Synthetic Cannabinoid 4F-MDMB-BINACA and Its Impact on Drug Metabolism." Molecules 27, no. 4 (2022): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041290.

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Zebrafish (ZF; Danio rerio) larvae have become a popular in vivo model in drug metabolism studies. Here, we investigated the metabolism of methyl 2-[1-(4-fluorobutyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido]-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (4F-MDMB-BINACA) in ZF larvae after direct administration of the cannabinoid via microinjection, and we visualized the spatial distributions of the parent compound and its metabolites by mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). Furthermore, using genetically modified ZF larvae, the role of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) on drug metabolism was studied. Receptor-deficient

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Gonçalves, Elaine C. D., Gabriela M. Baldasso, Maíra A. Bicca, Rodrigo S. Paes, Raffaele Capasso, and Rafael C. Dutra. "Terpenoids, Cannabimimetic Ligands, beyond the Cannabis Plant." Molecules 25, no. 7 (2020): 1567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071567.

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Medicinal use of Cannabis sativa L. has an extensive history and it was essential in the discovery of phytocannabinoids, including the Cannabis major psychoactive compound—Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)—as well as the G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors (CBR), named cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1R) and cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2R), both part of the now known endocannabinoid system (ECS). Cannabinoids is a vast term that defines several compounds that have been characterized in three categories: (i) endogenous, (ii) synthetic, and (iii) phytocannabinoids, and are able to modulate

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Ellert-Miklaszewska, Aleksandra, Iwona Anna Ciechomska, and Bozena Kaminska. "Synthetic Cannabinoids Induce Autophagy and Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathways in Human Glioblastoma Cells Independently of Deficiency in TP53 or PTEN Tumor Suppressors." Cancers 13, no. 3 (2021): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13030419.

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Glioblastomas (GBMs) are aggressive brain tumors with frequent genetic alterations in TP53 and PTEN tumor suppressor genes rendering resistance to standard chemotherapeutics. Cannabinoid type 1 and 2 (CB1/CB2) receptor expression in GBMs and antitumor activity of cannabinoids in glioma cells and animal models, raised promises for a targeted treatment of these tumors. The susceptibility of human glioma cells to CB2-agonists and their mechanism of action are not fully elucidated. We determined CB1 and CB2 expression in 14 low-grade and 21 high-grade tumor biopsies, GBM-derived primary cultures a

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Bisogno, Tiziana, Sergio Oddi, Alessandra Piccoli, Domenico Fazio, and Mauro Maccarrone. "Type-2 cannabinoid receptors in neurodegeneration." Pharmacological Research 111 (September 2016): 721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.021.

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Capettini, Luciano S. A., Silvia Q. Savergnini, Rafaela F. da Silva, et al. "Update on the Role of Cannabinoid Receptors after Ischemic Stroke." Mediators of Inflammation 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/824093.

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Cannabinoids are considered as key mediators in the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. In particular, they have been shown to reduce the ischemic injury after acute cardiovascular events, such as acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. These protective and anti-inflammatory properties on peripheral tissues and circulating inflammatory have been demonstrated to involve their binding with both selective cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) transmembrane receptors. On the other hands, the recent discoveries of novel different classes of cannabinoids

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Basavarajappa, Balapal, and Shivakumar Subbanna. "Potential Mechanisms Underlying the Deleterious Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids Found in Spice/K2 Products." Brain Sciences 9, no. 1 (2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9010014.

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The chief psychoactive constituent of many bioactive phytocannabinoids (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ9-THC) found in hemp, cannabis or marijuana plants are scientifically denoted by the Latin term, Cannabis sativa, acts on cell surface receptors. These receptors are ubiquitously expressed. To date, two cannabinoid receptors have been cloned and characterized. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) is found to serve as the archetype for cannabinoid action in the brain. They have attracted wide interest as the mediator of all psychoactive properties of exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids and they are

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Fisyunov, Alexander, Vera Tsintsadze, Rogier Min, Nail Burnashev, and Natalia Lozovaya. "Cannabinoids Modulate the P-Type High-Voltage-Activated Calcium Currents in Purkinje Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 3 (2006): 1267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01227.2005.

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Endocannabinoids released by postsynaptic cells inhibit neurotransmitter release in many central synapses by activating presynaptic cannabinoid CB1 receptors. In particular, in the cerebellum, endocannabinoids inhibit synaptic transmission at granule cell to Purkinje cell synapses by modulating presynaptic calcium influx via N-, P/Q-, and R-type calcium channels. Using whole cell patch-clamp techniques, we show that in addition to this presynaptic action, both synthetic and endogenous cannabinoids inhibit P-type calcium currents in isolated rat Purkinje neurons independent of CB1 receptor acti

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Ramírez-Emiliano, Joel, Iraís Guadalupe Ortega-Barrón, Norma Angélica Caudillo-Ortega, José Vicente Negrete-Díaz, and Victoriano Pérez-Vázquez. "Endocannabinoid system and eating behavior / Sistema endocannabinoide y conducta alimentaria." Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios/Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders 14, no. 1 (2024): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fesi.20071523e.2024.1.707.

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The objective of this systematic review was to investigate previously published literature that examined the effect of hypercaloric diet on the endocannabinoid system, eating behavior, and the development of obesity. In the present review, we analyzed and described the evidence that suggests that the regulation of the endocannabinoid system through the activation of the receptors for cannabinoid type 1 (CB1R) and type 2 (CB2R) by modulating the production of anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and oleamide, influence the appetite and satiety centers, inducing or inhibiting the consumptio

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Dorris, Kathleen, Jessica Channell, Ashley Mettetal, et al. "QOL-36. USE OF CANNABINOIDS IN THE PEDIATRIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR POPULATION." Neuro-Oncology 22, Supplement_3 (2020): iii438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa222.695.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Cannabinoids, including cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), are a class of compounds found in marijuana. Numerous studies in adults have examined cannabinoid use in management of cancer-related symptoms such as nausea, anorexia, and pain. Less is known about the use in the pediatric oncology population. METHODS A prospective observational study has been ongoing since 2016 at Children’s Hospital Colorado to evaluate cannabinoids’ impact using PedsQL™ modules on quality of life of pediatric patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors who are 2–18 years old

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Iribarren González, Gaizka, and Xavier Pons Díez. "Synthetic cannabinoids: an integrative theoretical review." Revista Española de Drogodependencias 49, no. 3 (2024): 124–39. https://doi.org/10.54108/10090.

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Synthetic cannabinoids are agonists of cannabinoid receptors and produce similar effects to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive phytocannabinoid of Cannabis Sativa. Synthetic cannabinoids are classified as “new psychoactive substances” (NPS), and are the most numerous type of substance in this group with over 200 types. The effects of synthetic cannabinoids, although similar to those produced by THC, are of the order of 2 to 800 times more potent, as they are total agonists of the receptors. Among the most reported effects are anxiety, nausea, paranoia, and tachycardia, although the

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Zibolka, Juliane, Anja Wolf, Lisa Rieger, et al. "Influence of Cannabinoid Receptor Deficiency on Parameters Involved in Blood Glucose Regulation in Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9 (2020): 3168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093168.

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Cannabinoids are known to influence hormone secretion of pancreatic islets via G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor type 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2). The present study was designed to further investigate the impact of cannabinoid receptors on the parameters involved in insulin secretion and blood glucose recognition. To this end, CB1 and CB2 receptor knockout mice (10–12 week old, both sexes) were characterised at basal state and compared to wild-type mice. The elimination of cannabinoid receptor signalling resulted in alterations of blood glucose concentrations, body weights and insulin levels. C

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Ahmed, Ishtiaq, Saif Ur Rehman, Shiva Shahmohamadnejad, et al. "Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders." Molecules 26, no. 11 (2021): 3389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113389.

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In humans, various sites like cannabinoid receptors (CBR) having a binding affinity with cannabinoids are distributed on the surface of different cell types, where endocannabinoids (ECs) and derivatives of fatty acid can bind. The binding of these substance(s) triggers the activation of specific receptors required for various physiological functions, including pain sensation, memory, and appetite. The ECs and CBR perform multiple functions via the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1); cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), having a key effect in restraining neurotransmitters and the arrangement of cytokines. T

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Inglot, Julia, Jadwiga Inglot, Damian Sowa, et al. "The Effects of Cannabinoid Compounds on the Endocrine System." Quality in Sport 36 (December 22, 2024): 56516. https://doi.org/10.12775/qs.2024.36.56516.

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Cannabinoids are chemical compounds that occur naturally in the cannabis plant. They have been known for thousands of years and have been used to treat conditions such as asthma, malaria, hypertension, and spasticity. The most common cannabinoids are tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Due to their abundant type 1 and 2 cannabinoid receptors, they affect most systems in the human body. This review focuses on the effects of cannabis on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, growth hormone, food intake, glycemia regulation, reproductive system, prolac

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Wu, Yan-ran, Jia-qin Tang, Wan-nian Zhang, Chun-lin Zhuang, and Ying Shi. "Rational drug design of CB2 receptor ligands: from 2012 to 2021." RSC Advances 12, no. 54 (2022): 35242–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra05661e.

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Trettel, Joseph, and Eric S. Levine. "Cannabinoids Depress Inhibitory Synaptic Inputs Received by Layer 2/3 Pyramidal Neurons of the Neocortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 1 (2002): 534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.1.534.

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Using whole cell voltage-clamp recordings we investigated the effects of a synthetic cannabinoid (WIN55,212-2) on inhibitory inputs received by layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in slices of the mouse auditory cortex. Activation of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) with WIN55,212-2 reliably reduced the amplitude of GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents evoked by extracellular stimulation within layer 2/3. The suppression of this inhibition was blocked and reversed by the highly selective CB1R antagonist AM251, confirming a CB1R-mediated inhibition. Pairing evoked inhibitory postsynaptic cu

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Brennecke, Benjamin, Thais Gazzi, Kenneth Atz, et al. "Cannabinoid receptor type 2 ligands: an analysis of granted patents since 2010." Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst 10, no. 3 (2021): 111–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/ppa-2021-0002.

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The G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) is a key element of the endocannabinoid (EC) system. EC/CB2R signaling has significant therapeutic potential in major pathologies affecting humans such as allergies, neurodegenerative disorders, inflammation or ocular diseases. CB2R agonism exerts anti-inflammatory and tissue protective effects in preclinical animal models of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, liver, kidney, lung and neurodegenerative disorders. Existing ligands can be subdivided into endocannabinoids, cannabinoid-like and synthetic CB2R ligands that possess various degre

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Ramalho Alves, Miriam, and Leticia Ultramari Fettback. "Uso medicinal da Cannabis sativa na oncologia veterinária." Pubvet 18, no. 06 (2024): e1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v18n06e1603.

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The growing use of Cannabis sativa for medicinal purposes, both in human and veterinary medicine, in various treatments, including oncology, has been gaining prominence due to the potentially beneficial therapeutic properties of its compounds. The animal body has an endocannabinoid system (ECS) that regulates several physiological functions and is composed of phytocannabinoids that activate cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2), which bind to endogenous cannabinoids (AEA and 2-AG ) and exogenous (THC and CBD). The objective of this review was to research scientific articles on th

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Reis, J., and G. Pereira. "The Role of Cannabinoids in Schizophrenia: Where Have we Been and Where are we Going?" European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): S277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.117.

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IntroductionSeveral studies have shown that both endocannabinoid system (ECS) and synthetic cannabinoids (SC) might be involved in schizophrenia.ObjectivesTo review recent literature on the role of cannabinoids in schizophrenia. The review includes the evidence of cannabis use as a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia, but also the preliminary evidence for the use of cannabinoid-based compounds in the treatment of psychosis.MethodsThe authors made an online search on PubMed for clinical trials and reviews published in the last 12 months, using the keywords: “cannabinoids”, “endocan

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Cooper, Anna G., Caitlin R. M. Oyagawa, Jamie J. Manning, et al. "Development of selective, fluorescent cannabinoid type 2 receptor ligands based on a 1,8-naphthyridin-2-(1H)-one-3-carboxamide scaffold." MedChemComm 9, no. 12 (2018): 2055–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8md00448j.

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Faúndez-Parraguez, Manuel, Carlos Alarcón-Miranda, Young Hwa Cho, et al. "New Pyridone-Based Derivatives as Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Agonists." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20 (2021): 11212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011212.

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The activation of the human cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2R) is known to mediate analgesic and anti-inflammatory processes without the central adverse effects related to cannabinoid receptor type I (CB1R). In this work we describe the synthesis and evaluation of a novel series of N-aryl-2-pyridone-3-carboxamide derivatives tested as human cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2R) agonists. Different cycloalkanes linked to the N-aryl pyridone by an amide group displayed CB2R agonist activity as determined by intracellular [cAMP] levels. The most promising compound 8d exhibited a non-toxic profile

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Sophocleous⁎, A., D. Salter, and S. H. Ralston. "Role of type 2 cannabinoid receptors in osteoarthritis." Bone 50 (May 2012): S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2012.02.162.

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Scheen, André J. "Cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonists in type-2 diabetes." Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 21, no. 4 (2007): 535–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2007.08.005.

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Nazaré, Marc, and Uwe Grether. "Visualizing the anti-inflammatory cannabinoid Type-2 receptor." Open Access Government 38, no. 1 (2023): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-038-10485.

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Visualizing the anti-inflammatory cannabinoid Type-2 receptor Medicinal chemists describe how small molecule probes allow for the detection of CB2R, and thereby enable the discovery of novel anti-inflammatory treatments. The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) CB2R (1) is an essential constituent of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a central lipid signalling system in all vertebrates (2). Preclinical studies have shown that CB2R activation is a general and robust principle to attenuate inflammation and associated tissue injury in a wide variety of pathological conditions. Strong accumulating ev

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Gebremedhin, Debebe, Andrew R. Lange, William B. Campbell, Cecilia J. Hillard, and David R. Harder. "Cannabinoid CB1 receptor of cat cerebral arterial muscle functions to inhibit L-type Ca2+ channel current." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 276, no. 6 (1999): H2085—H2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.6.h2085.

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The CB1 subtype of the cannabinoid receptor is present on neurons in the brain and mediates the perceptual effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids. We found that cat cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells (VSMC) contain the protein for the CB1 receptor and express a cDNA that has >98% amino acid homology to the CB1 cDNA expressed in rat and human neurons. Activation of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor has been shown to decrease the opening of N-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in neurons through a pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding protein. In the present study we tested the

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Nocheva, Hristina Hristova, Eleonora Nikolaeva Encheva-Stoykova, and Evgeni Evgeniev Grigorov. "Interaction between endocannabinoids and the adrenergic system before and after stress-exposure." Pharmacia 69, no. (1) (2022): 249–54. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.69.e80550.

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Cold stress-induced analgesia (c-SIA) has been evaluated in male Wistar rats injected with cannabinoid receptors type 1 and a<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists in different combinations before or after stress exposure. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the endogenous cannabinoid and the adrenergic systems influenced c-SIA, and the patterns of their potential interaction. Exogenous administration of anandamide and Clonidine together, before or after stress exposure, increased c-SIA even with differences in the time of manifestation of the effect, its duration a

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Duczmal, Dominik, Aleksandra Bazan-Wozniak, Krystyna Niedzielska, and Robert Pietrzak. "Cannabinoids—Multifunctional Compounds, Applications and Challenges—Mini Review." Molecules 29, no. 20 (2024): 4923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29204923.

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Cannabinoids represent a highly researched group of plant-derived ingredients. The substantial investment of funds from state and commercial sources has facilitated a significant increase in knowledge about these ingredients. Cannabinoids can be classified into three principal categories: plant-derived phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids and endogenous cannabinoids, along with the enzymes responsible for their synthesis and degradation. All of these compounds interact biologically with type 1 (CB1) and/or type 2 (CB2) cannabinoid receptors. A substantial body of evidence from in vitro an

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Haspula, Dhanush, and Michelle A. Clark. "Cannabinoid Receptors: An Update on Cell Signaling, Pathophysiological Roles and Therapeutic Opportunities in Neurological, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 20 (2020): 7693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207693.

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The identification of the human cannabinoid receptors and their roles in health and disease, has been one of the most significant biochemical and pharmacological advancements to have occurred in the past few decades. In spite of the major strides made in furthering endocannabinoid research, therapeutic exploitation of the endocannabinoid system has often been a challenging task. An impaired endocannabinoid tone often manifests as changes in expression and/or functions of type 1 and/or type 2 cannabinoid receptors. It becomes important to understand how alterations in cannabinoid receptor cellu

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Prado-Celis, Linley P., Rodrigo Zamora-Cárdenas, Javier Alamilla, et al. "Nucleolar sequestration of cannabinoid type-2 receptors in triple-negative breast cancer cells." PLOS One 20, no. 5 (2025): e0323554. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323554.

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Multiple investigations have shown that the different types of cannabinoids, phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and endocannabinoids, possess antiproliferative and anticancer properties. The cannabinoid type-2 receptor (CB2R) has been proposed as a central player in tumor progression and has been correlated with the aggressiveness of breast cancer. Using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy, in the present work, we studied the expression level and subcellular localization of CB2R in two human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines, corresponding to early (stage I, HCC-1

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Ricardi, Caterina, Serena Barachini, Giorgio Consoli, Donatella Marazziti, Beatrice Polini, and Grazia Chiellini. "Beta-Caryophyllene, a Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Selective Agonist, in Emotional and Cognitive Disorders." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 6 (2024): 3203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063203.

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Mental disorders account for one of the most prevalent categories of the burden of disease worldwide, with depression expected to be the largest contributor by 2030, closely followed by anxiety. The COVID-19 pandemic possibly exacerbated these challenges, especially amongst adolescents, who experienced isolation, disrupted routines, and limited healthcare access. Notably, the pandemic has been associated with long-term neurological effects known as “long-COVID”, characterized by both cognitive and psychopathological symptoms. In general, psychiatric disorders, including those related to long-C

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YAZULLA, STEPHEN, KEITH M. STUDHOLME, HELEN H. McINTOSH, and SHIH-FANG FAN. "Cannabinoid receptors on goldfish retinal bipolar cells: Electron-microscope immunocytochemistry and whole-cell recordings." Visual Neuroscience 17, no. 3 (2000): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800173079.

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Cannabinoid CB1 receptors are distributed throughout the CNS and interact with GABA, glutamate, and dopamine systems. Cannabinoids have effects on the visual system, some of which may have a retinal component, particularly the enhancement of photosensitivity. We used immunocytochemistry and whole-cell recording to study cannabinoids in the goldfish retina. Immunoblots of an antiserum against amino acids (1-14) of the rat CB1 receptor produced a single band in goldfish retina at about 70 kDa. Light microscope immunocytochemistry of CB1 receptor immunoreactivity (CB1R-IR) revealed intense staini

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Dutta, Rajib. "Endocannabinoidome and its role in neurological disorders-A comprehensive update of existing literature." Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Disorders 5, no. 1 (2021): 034–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.jnnd.1001049.

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Medical benefits of cannabis and related compounds is widely known. Discovery of psychotropic plant cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol have urged researchers to study more about the cannabinoid system and related therapeutics in the field of neurology and medicine. Where activation of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) yielded in unwanted and serious side effects, discovery of cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) and its ligands gave a new hope. Till now there is limited success in this field because of complex expanded endocannabinoid system comprising of receptors, ligands and enzymes. In thi

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Liu, Tingting, Jiaqi Liu, Hongjie Chen, et al. "Cannabinoid receptor 2 signal promotes type 2 immunity in the lung." Cell Insight 2, no. 5 (2023): 100124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100124.

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Sánchez-Pastor, Enrique, Xóchitl Trujillo, Christian Ramos-Flores, et al. "Type 2 Diabetes Alters Vascular Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Expression, Phosphorylation Status, and Vasorelaxation in Rat Aorta." Molecules 25, no. 21 (2020): 4948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214948.

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Previous studies have suggested a role of the endocannabinoid system in metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. We investigated the effect of diabetes on cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) expression and cannabinoid-induced vasorelaxation in rat aorta rings. Aortas from healthy rats and from rats with experimentally induced diabetes were used to compare the vasorelaxant effect of the cannabinoid agonist arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA) and CB1 expression and localization. After 4–8 weeks of diabetes induction, CB1 receptor expression and CB1 phosphorylation were higher in aortic rings, in assoc

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Passagem Ventura, Bruno, Jhulya De Andrade Borges Vieira, Maria Mauri Marques, et al. "Therapeutic use and cardiovascular effects of <i>Cannabis</i> spp. in veterinary medicine." Revista MVZ Córdoba 30, no. 2 (2025): e3459. https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.3459.

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Cannabis spp. is a plant from the Cannabaceae family that has known therapeutic effects for many years. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) are the most studied phytocannabinoids. The endocannabinoid system, present in practically the entire kingdom Animalia, is an important regulatory mechanism, mainly at the neurological and immunological level. The main receptors for phytocannabinoids are cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptors type 2 (CB2) and these are widely distributed in the body, including the cardiovascular system. Cannabinoids have known car

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Bagher, Amina M., Alexander P. Young, Robert B. Laprairie, James T. Toguri, Melanie E. M. Kelly, and Eileen M. Denovan‐Wright. "Heteromer formation between cannabinoid type 1 and dopamine type 2 receptors is altered by combination cannabinoid and antipsychotic treatments." Journal of Neuroscience Research 98, no. 12 (2020): 2496–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.24716.

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Harhangi, Madhavi S., Sinno H. P. Simons, Hilmar H. Bijma, et al. "Placental Endocannabinoid System: Focus on Preeclampsia and Cannabis Use." Hypertension 82, no. 5 (2025): 804–15. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.125.24934.

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BACKGROUND: The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in the early stages of pregnancy, while cannabis use during pregnancy associates with a greater risk of preeclampsia. This study quantified the placental ECS component mRNA levels in gestational age-matched healthy pregnant women, women with preeclampsia, and women who used cannabis throughout their pregnancy. Next, it compared the effects of the endogenous ECS agonists anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol with those of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 and 2 agonists HU-210 and HU-308 in chorionic plate arteries. METHODS: Pla

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Baek, Yousoon, Heather Grab, and Chang Chen. "Postharvest Drying and Curing Affect Cannabinoid Contents and Microbial Levels in Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)." Plants 14, no. 3 (2025): 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14030414.

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Postharvest operations affect the yield and quality of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). This study aimed to investigate the postharvest drying and curing effects on the key quality and safety indicators of cannabinoid-type hemp. Freshly harvested hemp inflorescence of Hempress and Wild Bourbon cultivars were dried by three methods: (1) Hot air drying at 75 °C; (2) Ambient air drying at 25 °C; and (3) Freeze drying. The dried hemp was then cured in sealed glass jars or mylar bags in dark conditions at ambient temperatures. The drying time, overall cannabinoid contents, decarboxylation leve

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Mori, *Kazuaki, Toru Asahi, and Kosuke Kataoka. "CANNABINOID RECEPTOR TYPE 1-REGULATED CELL DEATH DEPENDING ON ITS SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION IN HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA CELL." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 28, Supplement_1 (2025): i67. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyae059.115.

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Abstract Background The cannabinoid receptor, a major component of the endocannabinoid system, plays a significant role in fine-tuning the physiological processes including cell death, particularly in the brain. The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) in neurons and astrocytes is expressed on the mitochondrial outer mitochondrial membrane (mtCB1) as well as on the plasma membrane (pmCB1) (Hebert-Chatelain et al., 2016). Depending on its sub-cellular localization, CB1 receptors can act differently in synaptic transmission (Soria-Gomez et al., 2021). However, little is known about the role of sub-

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Elphick, Maurice R. "The evolution and comparative neurobiology of endocannabinoid signalling." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1607 (2012): 3201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0394.

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CB 1 - and CB 2 -type cannabinoid receptors mediate effects of the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide in mammals. In canonical endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic plasticity, 2-AG is generated postsynaptically by diacylglycerol lipase alpha and acts via presynaptic CB 1 -type cannabinoid receptors to inhibit neurotransmitter release. Electrophysiological studies on lampreys indicate that this retrograde signalling mechanism occurs throughout the vertebrates, whereas system-level studies point to conserved roles for endocannabinoid signalling in neural mechanisms of lea

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Kanabus, Joanna, Marcin Bryła, Katarzyna Kycia, Joanna Markowska, and Marek Roszko. "Exploring the Presence of Cannabinoids in Hemp-Infused Fermented Milk Drinks: An Analysis of Pre- and Post-Fermentation Levels." Molecules 29, no. 21 (2024): 5056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29215056.

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Yoghurts are the most popular fermented dairy products. Consumer attention is directed towards products containing inputs that enrich the product with bioactive substances. The growing interest in the Cannabis sativa L. plant has resulted in the development of a market for hemp products. The main aim of this research work was to determine the effect of the lactic fermentation process on the stability of cannabinoids in fermented milk beverages containing hemp inputs (hemp oil, dried hemp, ethanolic hemp extract) at 0.5, 1 and 2% (w/v). The effect of the type of hemp input on the technological

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Cortes, Eliceo, José Mora, and Edgar Márquez. "Modelling the Anti-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Activity of Cannabinoids: A QSAR and Docking Study." Crystals 10, no. 8 (2020): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10080692.

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Twenty-four cannabinoids active against MRSA SA1199B and XU212 were optimized at WB97XD/6-31G(d,p), and several molecular descriptors were obtained. Using a multiple linear regression method, several mathematical models with statistical significance were obtained. The robustness of the models was validated, employing the leave-one-out cross-validation and Y-scrambling methods. The entire data set was docked against penicillin-binding protein, iso-tyrosyl tRNA synthetase, and DNA gyrase. The most active cannabinoids had high affinity to penicillin-binding protein (PBP), whereas the least active

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Caillé, Fabien, Fanny Cacheux, Marie-Anne Peyronneau, et al. "From Structure-Activity Relationships on Thiazole Derivatives to the In Vivo Evaluation of a New Radiotracer for Cannabinoid Subtype 2 PET Imaging." Molecular Pharmaceutics 14, no. 11 (2017): 4064–78. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00746.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> Upregulation of the cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB<sub>2</sub>R) unveils inflammation processes of pathological disorders, such as cancer, pain, or neurodegenerative diseases. Among others, CB<sub>2</sub>R agonist A-836339 has been labeled with carbon-11 for PET imaging of the CB<sub>2</sub>R and displayed promising results in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the present work was to develop fluorinated analogs of A-836339 for labeling with fluorine-18 to design a new PET tracer for CB<sub>2</sub>R imaging. Seven fluorinated analogs of A-836339 we

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Tomas-Roig, Jordi, Shyam Ramasamy, Diana Zbarsky, Ursula Havemann-Reinecke та Sigrid Hoyer-Fender. "Psychosocial stress and cannabinoid drugs affect acetylation of α-tubulin (K40) and gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of adult mice". PLOS ONE 17, № 9 (2022): e0274352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274352.

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The dynamics of neuronal microtubules are essential for brain plasticity. Vesicular transport and synaptic transmission, additionally, requires acetylation of α-tubulin, and aberrant tubulin acetylation and neurobiological deficits are associated. Prolonged exposure to a stressor or consumption of drugs of abuse, like marihuana, lead to neurological changes and psychotic disorders. Here, we studied the effect of psychosocial stress and the administration of cannabinoid receptor type 1 drugs on α-tubulin acetylation in different brain regions of mice. We found significantly decreased tubulin ac

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