Journal articles: 'Cannibalism in animals'

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Houghton, R. J., C. Wood, and X. Lambin. "Size-mediated, density-dependent cannibalism in the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852) (Decapoda, Astacidea), an invasive crayfish in Britain." Crustaceana 90, no. 4 (2017): 417–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003653.

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The role of cannibalism in crayfish populations is not well understood, despite being a potentially key density-dependent process underpinning population dynamics. We studied the incidence of cannibalism in an introduced signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus population in a Scottish lowland river in September 2014. Animals were sampled using six different sampling techniques simultaneously, revealing variable densities and size distributions across the site. Cannibalism prevalence was estimated by analysing the gut contents of crayfish >20 mm CL for the presence of crayfish fragments, which was found to be 20% of dissected individuals. When seeking evidence of relationships between the sizes of cannibals and ‘prey’, the density of conspecifics <56% the size of a dissected individual yielded the best fit. The relationship between cannibalism probability and crayfish size and density was equally well described by three different metrics of crayfish density. Cannibalism increased with crayfish size and density but did not vary according to sex. These results suggest that large P. leniusculus frequently cannibalize smaller (prey) conspecifics, and that the probability of cannibalism is dependent upon the relative size of cannibal-to-prey and the density of the smaller crayfish. We suggest that removing large individuals, as targeted by many traditional removal techniques, may lead to reduced cannibalism and therefore a compensatory increase in juvenile survival.

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Bellamy, Desmond Fraser. "A ‘horrid way of feeding’." Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 7, no. 3 (June 26, 2020): 65–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v7i3.456.

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Cannibalism both fascinates and repels. The concept of the cannibal has changed and evolved, from the semi- or in-human anthropophagi of Classical texts to the ‘savage’ cannibals of colonial times, whose alleged aberrations served as a justification for invasion, conversion and extermination, to the contemporary cannibal driven often by psychosexual drives. Cannibal texts typically present the act as pervasive, aggressive and repulsive. If these parameters are admitted, alleged cannibals immediately fall outside normative European humanist morality. This paper examines cannibalism as a major delineator of the civilised human. Cannibals offer social scientists a handy milestone to confirm the constant improvement and progress of humanity. The idea that colonised peoples were not savage, degenerate cannibals threatens the concept of the ‘Great Chain of Being’, which was assumed to show an inexorable progress from plants to animals to humans, and upward toward the divine, led by enlightened Western civilisation. But cannibal mythology, factual or imaginary, offers an opportunity to re-evaluate the assumptions of human supremacism and see ourselves as edible, natural beings.

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Rudolf, Volker H. W., and Janis Antonovics. "Disease transmission by cannibalism: rare event or common occurrence?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1614 (February 27, 2007): 1205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0449.

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Cannibalism has been documented as a possible disease transmission route in several species, including humans. However, the dynamics resulting from this type of disease transmission are not well understood. Using a theoretical model, we explore how cannibalism (i.e. killing and consumption of dead conspecifics) and intraspecific necrophagy (i.e. consumption of dead conspecifics) affect host–pathogen dynamics. We show that group cannibalism, i.e. shared consumption of victims, is a necessary condition for disease spread by cannibalism in the absence of alternative transmission modes. Thus, endemic diseases transmitted predominantly by cannibalism are likely to be rare, except in social organisms that share conspecific prey. These results are consistent with a review of the literature showing that diseases transmitted by cannibalism are infrequent in animals, even though both cannibalism and trophic transmission are very common.

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Klug, Hope, and Kai Lindström. "Hurry-up and hatch: selective filial cannibalism of slower developing eggs." Biology Letters 4, no. 2 (February 5, 2008): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0589.

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Filial cannibalism (the consumption of one's own offspring) is thought to represent an adaptive strategy in many animals. However, little is known about the details of which offspring are consumed when a parent cannibalizes. Here, we examined patterns of within-brood filial cannibalism in the sand goby ( Pomatoschistus minutus ). Males spawned sequentially with two females, and we asked whether males cannibalized selectively with regard to egg size or the order in which eggs were received. Males preferentially consumed the larger eggs of the second female they spawned with. Because larger eggs took longer to hatch, and because female 2's eggs were up to 1 day behind those of female 1, such preferential cannibalism might allow males to decrease the time spent caring for the current brood and re-enter the mating pool sooner. More work is needed to understand the fitness consequences of such selective cannibalism.

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Ercan, Nazlı, and Mustafa Koçkaya. "Determination of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) Levels in Kangal Dogs with Maternal Cannibalism." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 12 (December 14, 2017): 1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i12.1493-1496.1478.

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Oxidative stress, which plays an active role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, continues to be relevant in assessing the condition changes such as aggression. Some of Kangal dogs have been found to eat their own puppies during their first 24 hours following birth, as a case called maternal cannibalism. The present study aims to determine the levels of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), which is a product of lipid peroxidation, and serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes, which are the parameters of antioxidant defense system, and total protein and albumin levels and to show their relationship with cannibalism. The study material consists of blood and blood serum of 30 Kangal dog breed in total, 15 of which have maternal cannibalism and 15 haven’t observed maternal cannibalism as a control group. Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde levels were investigated by means of spectrophotometric method in blood serum of these animals. The difference between the mean values of total protein, GPx, SOD, MDA and albumin was statistically significant in the results obtained. These findings conclude that oxidative stress and antioxidative metabolism plays a role in the pathogenesis of cannibalism in dogs.

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Duffy, Rodney, Ian Godwin, Ian Purvis, and John Nolan. "Cannibalism in juvenile Cherax destructor Clark: The role of diet and density in cannibalism of laboratory reared animals." Freshwater Crayfish 18, no. 1 (October 28, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5869/fc.2011.v18.1.

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Ford, Hugh Z., Lynda Zeboudj, Gareth S. D. Purvis, Annemieke ten Bokum, Alexander E. Zarebski, Joshua A. Bull, Helen M. Byrne, Mary R. Myerscough, and David R. Greaves. "Efferocytosis perpetuates substance accumulation inside macrophage populations." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1904 (June 5, 2019): 20190730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0730.

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In both cells and animals, cannibalism can transfer harmful substances from the consumed to the consumer. Macrophages are immune cells that consume their own dead via a process called cannibalistic efferocytosis. Macrophages that contain harmful substances are found at sites of chronic inflammation, yet the role of cannibalism in this context remains unexplored. Here we take mathematical and experimental approaches to study the relationship between cannibalistic efferocytosis and substance accumulation in macrophages. Through mathematical modelling, we deduce that substances which transfer between individuals through cannibalism will concentrate inside the population via a coalescence process. This prediction was confirmed for macrophage populations inside a closed system. We used image analysis of whole slide photomicrographs to measure both latex microbead and neutral lipid accumulation inside murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (10 4 – 10 5 cells ) following their stimulation into an inflammatory state ex vivo . While the total number of phagocytosed beads remained constant, cell death reduced cell numbers and efferocytosis concentrated the beads among the surviving macrophages. As lipids are also conserved during efferocytosis, these cells accumulated lipid derived from the membranes of dead and consumed macrophages (becoming macrophage foam cells). Consequently, enhanced macrophage cell death increased the rate and extent of foam cell formation. Our results demonstrate that cannibalistic efferocytosis perpetuates exogenous (e.g. beads) and endogenous (e.g. lipids) substance accumulation inside macrophage populations. As such, cannibalism has similar detrimental consequences in both cells and animals.

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Meek, P. D., and S. C. Brown. "It’s a dog eat dog world: observations of dingo (Canis familiaris) cannibalism." Australian Mammalogy 39, no. 1 (2017): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am16018.

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Cannibalism in predators has been reported for a range of species throughout the world, including observations of dingoes (Canis familiaris) eating dingoes in Australia. Here, we report on camera trap observations of dingoes feeding on the carcasses of dingoes and showing aggressive behaviours towards live-trapped conspecifics. At this site, cannibalism and conspecific aggression by dingoes was not caused by food shortages, but was more likely a result of high dingo density in a focal area. We present the first camera trap image observations of dingoes eating dingoes and describe aggressive encounters between live animals.

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Pham, Van Khang, Ha Phuong Truong, Dat Khac Nguyen, and Nguyen Hong Nguyen. "Genetic component of cannibalism in Asian seabass Lates Calcarifer." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 231 (October 2020): 105074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105074.

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Quirt, Janice, and David Lasenby. "Cannibalism and ontogenetic changes in the response of the freshwater shrimp Mysis relicta to chemical cues from conspecific predators." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 1022–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-084.

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Laboratory feeding experiments demonstrated that juvenile and immature mysids could be susceptible to cannibalism by adult mysids. Differences in the responses to chemical cues between juvenile, immature, and adult Mysis relicta were determined by noting the distributions of test animals after a 4-h test period in a Y-tube choice-test olfactometer. Both juvenile and immature mysids avoided water that had contained adult mysids.

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Kohda, Masanori, Nobuhiro Ohnishi, Noboru Okuda, Tomohiro Takeyama, and Omar Myint. "Mate availability facilitates cannibalistic behaviour in a nest brooding fish: effects of timing during the brood cycle." Behaviour 148, no. 2 (2011): 247–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000579511x554242.

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AbstractFilial cannibalism, eating one's own viable offspring, is accepted as an adaptive response to trade-offs between current and future reproduction. Theoretical models predict that high mate availability may induce more filial cannibalism, but this prediction is rarely tested. To examine this prediction, we performed laboratory experiments using the nest breeding goby Rhinogobius flumineus. Subject males were allowed to mate with a gravid female and care for the broods. A separate gravid female housed in a small cage (stimulus-female) was shown to the subject males at one of three different points during the brood cycle: prior to spawning, within 1 day after spawning and 1 week after spawning. Empty cages were shown as a control. Males that were shown the stimulus-female before spawning cannibalised more eggs than control males. In contrast, males that were shown the stimulus-females after spawning cannibalised as few eggs as control males did. Additionally, males that were shown the stimulus-female prior to spawning did not court females more intensively than other males. Thus, we suggest that the presence of an additional mate, rather than energy expenditure associated with courtship directed toward an additional mate, can facilitate males to cannibalise their eggs.

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Burn, Charlotte C., and Georgia J. Mason. "Effects of cage-cleaning frequency on laboratory rat reproduction, cannibalism, and welfare." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 114, no. 1-2 (November 2008): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2008.02.005.

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Jensen, Anja Brinch, Rupert Palme, and Björn Forkman. "Effect of brooders on feather pecking and cannibalism in domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 99, no. 3-4 (September 2006): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.10.017.

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Riber, Anja Brinch, and Joy Ann Mench. "Effects of feed- and water-based enrichment on activity and cannibalism in Muscovy ducklings." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 114, no. 3-4 (December 2008): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2008.03.005.

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Cloutier, Sylvie, and Ruth C. Newberry. "A note on aggression and cannibalism in laying hens following re-housing and re-grouping." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 76, no. 2 (March 2002): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(02)00004-7.

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Johnsen, Pernille F., Klaus S. Vestergaard, and Gert Nørgaard-Nielsen. "Influence of early rearing conditions on the development of feather pecking and cannibalism in domestic fowl." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 60, no. 1 (October 1998): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(98)00149-x.

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Claus-Walker, Debra B., Philip H. Crowley, and Frank Johansson. "Fish predation, cannibalism, and larval development in the dragonfly Epitheca cynosura." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 687–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-089.

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We manipulated the risk of fish predation and cannibalism in semi-field and laboratory experiments with larvae of the dragonfly Epitheca cynosura. Results of a 22-week semi-field experiment showed that larvae from different densities were indistinguishable in mean size by the end of the experiment, but that individuals from low densities were larger until week 12. Larvae from low densities varied less in size than did those from high densities. Larvae showed rapid convergence of densities in the absence of fish. Fish predation also generated rapid convergence of densities. The presence of fish initially reduced larval size variation. There was a significant trend for the presence of fish scent to increase larval survival at low larval densities over survival in the absence of fish. Behavioral observations in the laboratory supported the results of the semi-field study in that (i) dragonfly larvae reduced their activity under daytime conditions, (ii) the presence of large larvae caused small larvae to increase their hiding inside a refuge and inhibited their crawling while exposed, (iii) small larvae ate fewer prey in the presence of fish. The results of our study suggest that the interaction between intra- and inter-specific predation risk may prove to be important for survival and development of animals in natural systems.

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Kuntner, Matjaž, and Jonathan A. Coddington. "Sexual Size Dimorphism: Evolution and Perils of Extreme Phenotypes in Spiders." Annual Review of Entomology 65, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025032.

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Sexual size dimorphism is one of the most striking animal traits, and among terrestrial animals, it is most extreme in certain spider lineages. The most extreme sexual size dimorphism (eSSD) is female biased. eSSD itself is probably an epiphenomenon of gendered evolutionary drivers whose strengths and directions are diverse. We demonstrate that eSSD spider clades are aberrant by sampling randomly across all spiders to establish overall averages for female (6.9 mm) and male (5.6 mm) size. At least 16 spider eSSD clades exist. We explore why the literature does not converge on an overall explanation for eSSD and propose an equilibrium model featuring clade- and context-specific drivers of gender size variation. eSSD affects other traits such as sexual cannibalism, genital damage, emasculation, and monogyny with terminal investment. Coevolution with these extreme sexual phenotypes is termed eSSD mating syndrome. Finally, as costs of female gigantism increase with size, eSSD may represent an evolutionary dead end.

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Craig, J. V., and H. Y. Lee. "Beak trimming and genetic stock effects on behavior and mortality from cannibalism in White Leghorn-type pullets." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 25, no. 1-2 (January 1990): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(90)90074-n.

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Growns, IO, and AMM Richardson. "Diet and burrowing habits of the freshwater crayfish, Parastacoides tasmanicus tasmanicus Clark (Decapoda : Parastacidae)." Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 4 (1988): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880525.

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Parastacoides tasmanicus tasmanicus, which burrows extensively into the peat soils of south-western Tasmania, is, like most freshwater crayfish, an omnivore. All food categories in the diet vary seasonally. Detritus, including unidentifiable material, is the major food type present in the gut contents, although root and algal material are also important. Less animal material is present in the diet than in the diet of open-water species, and the taxa consumed and size of prey differ between the adults and juveniles. Cannibalism occurred in less than 1% of the crayfish examined, an incidence considerably lower than that reported for any other crayfish species. Animal material was of comparatively little importance, but the low levels of mineral nutrients, bacteria and fungi in peat soils probably increase its importance as a protein source. The burrows of P. t. tasmanicus include blind, root-lined chambers beneath clumps of sedgeland plants. Larger animals occupy larger burrows and these have a higher proportion of their volume in the form of blind chambers. The animal appears to spend the majority of its time foraging within its burrow system, a behaviour that contrasts with most other crayfish.

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Lightfoot, James W., Mohannad Dardiry, Ata Kalirad, Stefano Giaimo, Gabi Eberhardt, Hanh Witte, Martin Wilecki, Christian Rödelsperger, Arne Traulsen, and Ralf J. Sommer. "Sex or cannibalism: Polyphenism and kin recognition control social action strategies in nematodes." Science Advances 7, no. 35 (August 2021): eabg8042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg8042.

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Resource polyphenisms, where single genotypes produce alternative feeding strategies in response to changing environments, are thought to be facilitators of evolutionary novelty. However, understanding the interplay between environment, morphology, and behavior and its significance is complex. We explore a radiation of Pristionchus nematodes with discrete polyphenic mouth forms and associated microbivorous versus cannibalistic traits. Notably, comparing 29 Pristionchus species reveals that reproductive mode strongly correlates with mouth-form plasticity. Male-female species exhibit the microbivorous morph and avoid parent-offspring conflict as indicated by genetic hybrids. In contrast, hermaphroditic species display cannibalistic morphs encouraging competition. Testing predation between 36 co-occurring strains of the hermaphrodite P. pacificus showed that killing inversely correlates with genomic relatedness. These empirical data together with theory reveal that polyphenism (plasticity), kin recognition, and relatedness are three major factors that shape cannibalistic behaviors. Thus, developmental plasticity influences cooperative versus competitive social action strategies in diverse animals.

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Stekolnikov, A. A., and M. A. Ladanova. "TECHNOLOGICAL INJURIES IN INDUSTRIAL PIG FARMING." International bulletin of Veterinary Medicine 1 (2020): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2072-2419.2020.1.135.

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Industrial injuries in pig farms of closed type are a very common pathology. Howev-er, nowadays, injury prevention and treat-ment of sick animals in the conditions of industrial pig breeding complex do not bring good results and require improvements. Ac-cording to the literature, there is no infor-mation about the results of the use of oint-ments and immuno- stimulators in the treat-ment of pigs with bitten wounds of the ears, tails and other parts of the body. In this re-gard, we have set a goal to develop therapeu-tic measures for injuries of piglets in a pig breeding complex of a closed type. We ana-lyzed the prevalence of industrial injuries in pigs. During the clinical examination, we studied the specific structures of injuries. The main cause of pigs injuries in industrial farming is cannibalism. In 28 days, 60% of pigs in the second experimental group, showed complete cicatrization of the wound, and 40% of animals showed this process regenerated on 85-95%, meanwhile 2 days they also had complete scarring of the wound. In 28 days, 50% of pigs of the third experimental group had a complete cicatriza-tion of the wound, and for 50% were ob-served scarring of the wound by 75-85%, and only after 4 days they demonstrated the complete scaring of the defect. For the treatment of bitten wounds as a result of developing cannibalism, it is recommended, to use local treatment of wounds with chlor-hexidine solution and argosulfan ointment daily 2 times a day and also to use the im-munostimulator “Ferrovir” in a dose of 1.0 ml/m2 per week. Such scheme of treatment of bitten wounds gives the best therapeutic effect.

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Rodenburg, T. Bas, Hans Komen, Esther D. Ellen, Koen A. Uitdehaag, and Johan A. M. van Arendonk. "Selection method and early-life history affect behavioural development, feather pecking and cannibalism in laying hens: A review." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 110, no. 3-4 (April 2008): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2007.09.009.

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IMHOFF, EMILY M., ROBERT J. G. MORTIMER, MARTIN CHRISTMAS, and ALISON M. DUNN. "Horizontal transmission of Thelohania contejeani in the endangered white-clawed (Austropotamobius pallipes) and the invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus)." Parasitology 139, no. 11 (July 20, 2012): 1471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012000777.

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SUMMARYThe microsporidian parasite Thelohania contejeani causes porcelain disease and has been implicated in mass mortalities in populations of the endangered European crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes. However, the route of parasite transmission is not known. This paper investigates the horizontal transmission of T. contejeani between A. pallipes hosts as well as its transmissibility to the invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus). Field collected juvenile A. pallipes and P. leniusculus were assigned to 1 of 3 experimental treatments; fed heavily infected A. pallipes tissue, exposed to water from tanks housing heavily parasitized A. pallipes, and a control group to provide an estimate of the baseline infection levels in the field. After 26 weeks, abdominal muscle samples were screened by PCR for T. contejeani. Infection was significantly higher in the treatment groups (83% in the cannibalism treatment, 42% in the water exposure treatment) than in the control group (4%), providing evidence for horizontal transmission of the parasite between A. pallipes hosts. Cannibalism and scavenging are common amongst crayfish, providing transmission opportunities in the field. The study also provides the first direct evidence for transmission of the parasite from an indigenous European crayfish species to the invasive signal crayfish, with 50% of P. leniusculus in each treatment, and 8% of control animals infected. We discuss the possibility that high density populations of the invasive signal crayfish may serve either as reservoirs or sinks for the parasite.

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Marshall, Sharon, Kevin Warburton, Brian Paterson, and David Mann. "Cannibalism in juvenile blue-swimmer crabs Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1766): effects of body size, moult stage and refuge availability." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 90, no. 1 (January 2005): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.07.007.

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Díez Fernández-Lomana, J. Carlos, and Antonio J. Romero. "Canibalismo en el PleistocenoCannibalism during the Pleistocene." Vínculos de Historia. Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 5 (May 23, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh.v0i5.200.

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RESUMEN El consumo de miembros de la misma especie acontece en numerosos organismos y debió ser practicado por los humanos durante la Prehistoria, aunque su reconocimiento arqueológico es difícil. En muchas ocasiones podemos demostrar la intervención sobre los cuerpos, pero no si hubo ingesta de la carne. Tampoco es sencillo saber las causas concretas de cada acción de canibalismo, debido a que las evidencias halladas suelen ser magras y pueden interpretarse bajo diferentes hipótesis (equifinalidad). Hemos avanzado mucho en la caracterización de las señales dejadas por el empleo de armas y cuchillos sobre los cuerpos, pero nuestra complejidad cultural produce dificultades para definir las motivaciones de los comportamientos pretéritos. Trataremos de actualizar las evidencias que poseemos sobre antropofagia en el registro arqueológico, en particular para los períodos más antiguos y para el ámbito ibérico, tratando de plantear posibles motivos en cada caso y ver si hay patrones o tendencias a nivel de especie, época, sistema económico o creencias. Los casos documentados parecen avalar un canibalismo de tipo gastronómico entre los cazadores-recolectores simples, al que se le reviste de ritualidad entre los cazadores complejos. De todas formas, desde sus primeras manifestaciones en Atapuerca TD6, apreciamos una clara consciencia en la identificación y distinción de los seres humanos respecto a otras presas por parte de los homininos. Nada parece indicarnos territorialidad o violencia reiterada durante el Paleolítico. Las redes de intercambio y la reciprocidad debieron amortiguar los conflictos en épocas de escasez o en procesos de fisión-fusión de los grupos. PALABRAS CLAVE: canibalismo, violencia, sociedad humana, tafonomía, Pleistoceno ABSTRACT Consumption of members of the same species occurs in many organisms and it must have been practiced by humans during Prehistory, although archaeological evidence for this is scant. It is often possible to show interventions on the bodies, but we cannot prove meat ingestion. Neither is it easy to demonstrate the specific causes of each act of cannibalism. The evidence can be interpreted in terms of several hypotheses (equifinality). Progress has been made in characterizing knives and tool marks on bodies, but our cultural complexity produces difficulties in defining the motivations of behaviors. We will try to provide an update regarding the evidence of anthropophagy in the archaeological record, particularly for the most ancient periods and the Iberian area. We will try to outline reasons in each case and check for patterns regarding species, period, economic system and beliefs. Documented cases seem to show a gastronomic cannibalism between simple hunters-gatherers and a “ritualization” of this for complex hunters-gatherers. In any case, since its first appearance at the Atapuerca TD6 site, we note a clear conscience among hominine groups in terms of the identification and distinctiveness of humans by comparison to other animals. Nothing suggests territoriality or repeated violence during the Palaeolithic. Sharing of resources and reciprocity must have decreased conflicts in times of shortage or fusion/fission processes of groups. KEY WORDS: cannibalism, violence, human society, taphonomy, Pleistocene

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Stépanoff, Charles. "Devouring Perspectives: On Cannibal Shamans in Siberia." Inner Asia 11, no. 2 (2009): 283–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000009793066451.

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AbstractThroughout Siberia, shamans are suspected of 'devouring' other humans. This article, based on ethnographic literature about Siberian peoples and on fieldwork conducted in Tuva, examines different theoretical interpretations of this conception. A 'perspectivist' approach explains that shamans become cannibal because they see humans as prey animals. The paradoxes of this interpretation lead to a critical discussion of the philosophical premises of the perspectivist theory. Another approach is then proposed: Siberian traditions demonstrate two distinct understandings of the kinds of body connected with different pragmatic contexts. Legendary narratives elaborate a definition of the body by its position in an interaction. The logic of practices is ruled by distinctly more essentialist schemas. The theme of shamans' cannibalism contributes convincingly to broader hypotheses about the internal properties of the shamanic bodies which are necessary to their ritual practices.

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Lukefahr, S. D., P. R. Cheeke, J. I. McNitt, and N. M. Patton. "Limitations of intensive meat rabbit production in North America: A review." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a04-002.

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This paper documents underlying causes for the poor track record of the commercial meat rabbit industry in North America, relative to the success of several other species (cattle, swine, chickens and turkeys). For over half a century, efforts have been ongoing to develop a viable commercial meat rabbit industry. The progress has not been significant; rather, an accumulation of serious obstacles has targeted the species (e.g., high labor demand, no tradition of rabbit meat consumption, and nutritional limitations and behavioral constraints). Critical biological behaviors associated with the doe rabbit [e.g., short gestation and (or) underdeveloped neonates, cannibalism, territorialism, and pseudo-pregnancy] require that does be permanently placed into individual cages. These behaviors underpin the inability of management to offset labor by employing cost-effective automated feeding and management systems. As a consequence, labor costs per rabbit are high; rabbit meat is generally not competitive with more widely consumed meats. A proposed alternative solution is a redirected focus on rabbits as a “microlivestock” species — reared in small numbers as a family enterprise to enhance quality of life in rural and periurban areas, as well as in lesser developed countries — as opposed to further exploitation of the species as a commercial agricultural commodity. Key words: Rabbit, commercial, contemporary issues, industry, production

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Brinker, T., B. Raymond, P. Bijma, A. Vereijken, and E. D. Ellen. "Estimation of total genetic effects for survival time in crossbred laying hens showing cannibalism, using pedigree or genomic information." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 134, no. 1 (November 23, 2016): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12245.

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Appleby, M. C. "The science of animal welfare." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600017906.

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Current scientific progress in the understanding of animal welfere is resulting in the possibility of realistic assessments of welfare and the application of such assessments. Understanding has been advanced by the recognition that welfare is not a unitary variable but has different aspects, which may be compromised independently. Some problems which arise, such as injury and disease, also reduce production and may be covered by veterinary and production science. Others, though, such as behavioural restriction and stress, do not affect production so clearly. There is increasing input to these areas from behavioural science and physiology. Ethology has contributed theoretical insights into the control of behaviour, basic knowledge of the behaviour of farm animals and comparisons between different environments (e.g. intensive, extensive and feral). It has also highlighted occurrence of abnormal behaviour, such as stereotypies and cannibalism, in some circumstances. To investigate causes of abnormal behaviour, though, observation must be complemented by experimentation, and by behavioural physiology and neurophysiology. These are now producing notable advances in our understanding of stress. Experimental work is also progressing on motivation for normal behaviour, such as feeding,and for different features in the environment. With increased understanding of different aspects of welfare comes a move away from unrealistic expectations of unitary welfare meesurements or indices, and towards an acceptance that there are scientific grounds for abroader assessment. Further, there is increasing recognition that assessment of welfare has a valid, scientific role in the design end management of housing and husbandry systems for our farm animals.

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Marques, Brenda Maria F. P. P., Mari L. Bernardi, Carolini F. Coelho, Mirian Almeida, Oscar E. Morales, Tiago J. Mores, Sandra M. Borowski, and David E. S. N. Barcellos. "Influence of tail biting on weight gain, lesions and condemnations at slaughter of finishing pigs." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32, no. 10 (October 2012): 967–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2012001000003.

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The present study assessed the association of tail-biting lesions in finishing pigs with weight gain, occurrence of locomotion or respiratory disorders and abscesses during finishing period, and carcass condemnation at slaughter. The study was carried out on 4 different farms. For each animal with a tail biting lesion, two control pigs were selected. The total number of animals in the study was 312, with 104 of them being tail-bitten. Tail lesions were classified according to the degree of severity into four scores: score 0 -normal tail withou lesion; score 1-3 - increasing lesion severity, and score 4 - healed lesions. Overall, the occurrence of severe tail lesions (score 3) varied from 55 to 73% of tail-bitten pigs among farms. On all farms, healing of tail lesions was observed in 95% to 100% of the animals at the evaluation performed within 41-43 days after the commencement of the study. In two out of the four evaluated farms, pigs with score of 3 showed lower weight gain (P<0.05) compared with score 0 pigs. Before slaughter, the occurrence of locomotion problems and nodules/abscesses was associated (P<0.05) with the presence of tail-biting lesions. At slaughter, tail-biting lesions were associated (P<0.05) with the presence of abscesses, lung lesions (pleuritis and embolic pneumonia) or arthritis in carcasses. Carcass condemnation was associated with the presence of tail-biting lesions (P<0.05). Overall, carcass condemnation rate was 21.4%, of which animals with tail-biting lesions accounted for 66.7% of condemnations. Among the animals diagnosed with cannibalism at farm level, only two had not healed their lesions at slaughter. The fact that there were a lot of carcass condemnations, despite the fact that tail-bitten animals had no more active lesions, suggests that different situations may be observed between the field and slaughter, reinforcing the need to analyze pigs both at farm and slaughter to allow proper assessment of losses related to tail biting. Collectively, the observations of the present study show that complications associated with tail-biting found in slaughterhouses are probably underestimating field prevalence.

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Srygley, Robert B., and Patrick D. Lorch. "Loss of safety in numbers and a novel driver of mass migration: radiotelemetry reveals heavy wasp predation on a band of Mormon crickets." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 5 (May 2016): 160113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160113.

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Coordinated movement of animals is a spectacular phenomenon that has received much attention. Experimental studies of Mormon crickets and locust nymphs have demonstrated that collective motion can arise from cannibalism that compensates for nutritional deficiencies arising from group living. Grouping into migratory bands confers protection from predators. By radiotracking migrating, Mormon crickets released over 3 days, we found that specialized, parasitoid digger wasps (Sphecidae) respond numerically and prey heavily on aggregated Mormon crickets leading to loss of safety in numbers. Palmodes laeviventris paralysed and buried 42% of tagged females and 8% of the males on the final day of tracking. Risk of wasps and Mormon crickets hatching on the same site is high and may drive nymphal emigration. A preference to provision offspring with adult female Mormon crickets can be explained by their greater fat content and larger size compared with males, improving survival of wasps during diapause.

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Bazazi, Sepideh, Pawel Romanczuk, Sian Thomas, Lutz Schimansky-Geier, Joseph J. Hale, Gabriel A. Miller, Gregory A. Sword, Stephen J. Simpson, and Iain D. Couzin. "Nutritional state and collective motion: from individuals to mass migration." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1704 (August 25, 2010): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1447.

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In order to move effectively in unpredictable or heterogeneous environments animals must make appropriate decisions in response to internal and external cues. Identifying the link between these components remains a challenge for movement ecology and is important in understanding the mechanisms driving both individual and collective motion. One accessible way of examining how internal state influences an individual's motion is to consider the nutritional state of an animal. Our experimental results reveal that nutritional state exerts a relatively minor influence on the motion of isolated individuals, but large group-level differences emerge from diet affecting inter-individual interactions. This supports the idea that mass movement in locusts may be driven by cannibalism. To estimate how these findings are likely to impact collective migration of locust hopper bands, we create an experimentally parametrized model of locust interactions and motion. Our model supports our hypothesis that nutrient-dependent social interactions can lead to the collective motion seen in our experiments and predicts a transition in the mean speed and the degree of coordination of bands with increasing insect density. Furthermore, increasing the interaction strength (representing greater protein deprivation) dramatically reduces the critical density at which this transition occurs, demonstrating that individuals' nutritional state could have a major impact on large-scale migration.

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Anderson, James R. "Chimpanzees and death." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1754 (July 16, 2018): 20170257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0257.

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Information about responses to death in nonhuman primates is important for evolutionary thanatology. This paper reviews the major causes of death in chimpanzees, and how these apes respond to cues related to dying and death. Topics covered include disease, human activities, predation, accidents and intra-species aggression and cannibalism. Chimpanzees also kill and sometimes eat other species. It is argued that, given their cognitive abilities, their experiences of death in conspecifics and other species are likely to equip chimpanzees with an understanding of death as cessation of function and irreversible. Whether they might understand that death is inevitable—including their own death, and biological causes of death is also discussed. As well as gathering more fundamental information about responses to dying and death, researchers should pay attention to possible cultural variations in how great apes deal with death. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals’.

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Morello, Sara, Sabina Pederiva, Rosa Avolio, Giuseppina Amato, Simona Zoppi, Alessia Di Blasio, Maria Cesarina Abete, et al. "Tetracyclines in Processed Animal Proteins: A Monitoring Study on Their Occurrence and Antimicrobial Activity." Foods 10, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040696.

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In 2013, the European Union (EU) lifted the feed ban restriction, authorizing the use of non-ruminant (NR) processed animal proteins (PAPs) as ingredient in aquafeed. A further relaxation is soon expected, and NR PAPs will be allowed in next future in poultry and pig feed, avoiding cannibalism. Other potential hazards linked to PAPs as raw material should be evaluated. Antibiotics administered along the lifecycle of animals may leave residue in tissues and bones and still be present in PAPs. This monitoring study aimed to determine tetracyclines (TCLs), known to cumulate in bones, in PAPs and their possible residual antibiotic activity (RAC). A sensitive Liquid Chromatography coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of TCLs in PAPs was developed and applied to 55 PAPs from EU manufactures. Most PAP samples (n = 40) contained TCLs (concentrations 25.59 ÷ 456.84 µg kg−1). Among samples containing more than 25 µg kg−1 for at least three TCLs, three PAPs were chosen for RAC test before and after TCLs extraction procedure applying an in vitro acidic digestion: in two out of those three samples, RAC was observed after in vitro digestion. TCLs were determined in the digested PAPs (concentrations 26.07 ÷ 64.55 µg kg−1). The detection of TCLs in PAPs should promptly target the risk assessments of this unconsidered way of exposure to antibiotic residues.

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Siqueira, Amanda Keller, Vanessa Gomes da Silva, Isabelle Dangui Ferro, Ricardo Antonio Freitas, and Alexandre Giesel. "Absence of Trichinella spiralis in swine carcasses slaughtered in the midwestern Region of Paraná State, Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 3 (April 7, 2020): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n3p1073.

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Trichinella spiralis causes severe infections in humans, resulting in various clinical symptoms and even death, in several countries worldwide. Human trichinellosis has been reported in 55 countries, and mainly affects certain ethnic groups and tourists. It is caused by the ingestion of raw, undercooked meat or pork, or their by-products containing parasitic larvae. Infections in swine especially occur due to the parasitic contamination of food containing animal products, predation by rodents and other animals infected with T. spiralis, and due to the frequent habit of cannibalism in intensive production systems. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of T. spiralis in pig carcasses from a slaughterhouse located in the midwestern region of Paraná State, Brazil. Pools of 100 g of diaphragm, containing at least 1 g of tissue from each test animal, were collected, ground, and subjected to acid digestion with pepsin (1:10,000) and 25% hydrochloric acid. Sampling was performed in accordance to the methodology recommended by the European Union. All the 735,902 samples collected between 2010 and 2013, and in 2018, were negative for Trichinella spp. larvae. The pigs came from 483 farms from 90 municipalities from the three states of southern Brazil (Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul). The absence of the parasite in different animal species, reported by surveys conducted in Brazil, could confirm the country as free from trichinellosis. Although T. spiralis is not endemic to Brazil, it is necessary to subject the meat of adult pigs slaughtered here and exported to other countries to inspections and parasitological examinations. It is therefore necessary to continually inspect pig carcasses for T. spiralis in slaughterhouses worldwide.

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Krstulović Šifner, Svjetlana, and Nedo Vrgoč. "Diet and feeding of the musky octopus, Eledone moschata, in the northern Adriatic Sea." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 2 (March 2009): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408002488.

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This paper presents data on the diet of the musky octopus, Eledone moschata, caught with bottom-trawl nets in the northern Adriatic Sea from October 2001 to June 2003. A total of 1226 stomachs were examined, out of which 34.8% were empty. Several indices were used to describe the diet of the species. Crustaceans were found to be the most important prey category and their remains occurred in 65.0% of stomachs with food. Fish and cephalopods were present in 37.8% and 21.8% of stomachs, respectively. Differences in food composition between smaller and larger individuals were observed. In specimens with mantle lengths up to 80 mm crustaceans dominated, occurring in 79.4% of examined stomachs. Important prey categories of the larger specimens (>80 mm) were crustaceans, fish and cephalopods. No significant differences in the diet between males and females were found. Cannibalism occurred only occasionally and at larger sizes. Seasonal changes in the diet were observed, but seasonality did not seem to be a limiting factor in the feeding intensity of the species. Results indicate that the observed differences in the diet composition and feeding dynamics of the musky octopus are primarily due to the animals' changes in size.

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Child, Travis, Benjamin L. Phillips, and Richard Shine. "Does desiccation risk drive the distribution of juvenile cane toads (Bufo marinus) in tropical Australia?" Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, no. 2 (March 2009): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467408005695.

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Abstract:Immediately after their transition from aquatic to terrestrial life, juveniles of many anuran species are restricted to the margins of natal ponds. Understanding the factors determining the duration of that pondside aggregation has direct management ramifications in the case of the invasive cane toad (Bufo marinus) in tropical Australia. Previous work suggests that dispersal confers biotic advantages (reduced risk of cannibalism, enhanced feeding opportunities) to juvenile toads, but desiccation risk constrains these small animals to the moist margins of the pond. If so, juvenile dispersal should be sensitive to fluctuating hydric conditions on a diel and seasonal cycle. We tested this prediction with field observations (monitoring of dispersal to and from the pond) and field experiments (manipulating hydric regimes). Our results support a dynamic model of juvenile distribution, with a primary role for temporal variations in desiccation risk as the primary factor driving dispersal. During the dry season, strong diel cycles in desiccation risk generate a ‘tidal’ flow of juveniles, dispersing out in the moist morning but retreating to the pond margins at midday. Dispersal rates were enhanced by artificial watering during the dry season, and by the onset of the wet season.

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Newsome, Thomas M., Chris Howden, and Aaron J. Wirsing. "Restriction of anthropogenic foods alters a top predator’s diet and intraspecific interactions." Journal of Mammalogy 100, no. 5 (August 28, 2019): 1522–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz125.

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Abstract Anthropogenic foods are utilized by many animals around the world, and these resources could impact dietary preferences and intra- and interspecific interactions. Under a quasi-Before-After-Control-Impact experimental design, we assessed how dingoes (Canis dingo) responded to a decline in anthropogenic foods in the Tanami Desert, central Australia. We did so by assessing dingo diets close to and away from human influence during a period when food waste was available at two rubbish tips, and then during a period when food waste was restricted at one of the tips. Our results demonstrate that access to anthropogenic foods can alter a top predator’s diet. Namely, dingoes showed a preference for eating the desert mouse (Pseudomys desertor) in areas where food waste was restricted, whereas dingo diets did not reflect ambient prey availability at areas where food waste was constantly available. Reduced availability of food waste also affected interactions between dingoes, with cannibalism decreasing where food waste was removed, and it may have increased consumption of a subordinate mesopredator, the feral cat (Felis catus). By implication, efforts to manage food waste could reestablish or strengthen interactions between predators and their wild prey with possible cascading consequences for ecosystems.

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Anderson, Alissa G., and Eileen A. Hebets. "Benefits of size dimorphism and copulatory silk wrapping in the sexually cannibalistic nursery web spider, Pisaurina mira." Biology Letters 12, no. 2 (February 2016): 20150957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0957.

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In sexually cannibalistic animals, male fitness is influenced not only by successful mate acquisition and egg fertilization, but also by avoiding being eaten. In the cannibalistic nursery web spider, Pisaurina mira , the legs of mature males are longer in relation to their body size than those of females, and males use these legs to aid in wrapping a female's legs with silk prior to and during copulation. We hypothesized that elongated male legs and silk wrapping provide benefits to males, in part through a reduced likelihood of sexual cannibalism. To test this, we paired females of random size with males from one of two treatment groups—those capable of silk wrapping versus those incapable of silk wrapping. We found that males with relatively longer legs and larger body size were more likely to mate and were less likely to be cannibalized prior to copulation. Regardless of relative size, males capable of silk wrapping were less likely to be cannibalized during or following copulation and had more opportunities for sperm transfer (i.e. pedipalpal insertions). Our results suggest that male size and copulatory silk wrapping are sexually selected traits benefiting male reproductive success.

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Kjaer, J. B., and P. Sørensen. "Feather pecking and cannibalism in free-range laying hens as affected by genotype, dietary level of methionine + cystine, light intensity during rearing and age at first access to the range area." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 76, no. 1 (February 2002): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(01)00209-x.

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Maekawa, Koji, and Osamu Katano. "Individual Differences in Egg Cannibalism in Female Dark Chub (Pisces: Cyprinidae)." Behaviour 132, no. 3-4 (1995): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853995x00720.

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AbstractNine of 41 identifiable females of dark chub, Zacco temmincki, in a river cannibalized eggs of other females. There was no significant difference in body size, condition factor or the location of home range between cannibals and noncannibals. In laboratory experiments, one male and two females were introduced into an aquarium to observe the behaviour of individual females while a pair spawned. The response of 16 females to spawning was observed and 15 of 16 females exhibited egg cannibalism. The percentages of egg-eating behaviour for individual females varied from 11.1 to 81.8%, and did not change significantly over the course of the experiment. Dark chub were multiple spawners. In a river the number of spawning sequences for cannibals was significantly higher than that for noncannibals. The number of eggs laid by cannibals was estimated to be 1.55 times as many as that by noncannibals.

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Fatouros, N. E., A. Cusumano, F. Bin, A. Polaszek, and J. C. van Lenteren. "How to escape from insect egg parasitoids: a review of potential factors explaining parasitoid absence across the Insecta." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1931 (July 22, 2020): 20200344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0344.

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The egg is the first life stage directly exposed to the environment in oviparous animals, including many vertebrates and most arthropods. Eggs are vulnerable and prone to mortality risks. In arthropods, one of the most common egg mortality factors is attack from parasitoids. Yet, parasitoids that attack the egg stage are absent in more than half of all insect (sub)orders. In this review, we explore possible causes explaining why eggs of some insect taxa are not parasitized. Many insect (sub)orders that are not attacked by egg parasitoids lack herbivorous species, with some notable exceptions. Factors we consider to have led to escape from egg parasitism are parental egg care, rapid egg development, small egg size, hiding eggs, by e.g. placing them into the soil, applying egg coatings or having thick chorions preventing egg penetration, eusociality, and egg cannibalism. A quantitative network analysis of host–parasitoid associations shows that the five most-speciose genera of egg parasitoids display patterns of specificity with respect to certain insect orders, especially Lepidoptera and Hemiptera, largely including herbivorous species that deposit their eggs on plants. Finally, we discuss the many counteradaptations that particularly herbivorous species have developed to lower the risk of attack by egg parasitoids.

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Mirza, Reehan, and Douglas Chivers. "DO JUVENILE YELLOW PERCH USE DIET CUES TO ASSESS THE LEVEL OF THREAT POSED BY INTRASPECIFIC PREDATORS?" Behaviour 138, no. 10 (2001): 1249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685390152822201.

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AbstractThe mechanisms that drive the evolution of intraspecifc predation (cannibalism) are unclear. Many authors speculate that predators can make substantial gains in nutrition and reproductive output by consuming conspecifics. However, by consuming conspecifics, predators may risk decreasing their inclusive fitness by consuming kin or increasing the chances of pathogen transmission. In fishes intraspecific predation is typically observed when resource levels are low. During these periods it is important for prey fishes to be able to accurately assess their level of predation risk from cannibalistic conspecifics. Prey animals may be able to do this by using chemical cues available in the predator's diet. The last meal consumed by the predator may give important information for prey animals to assess predation risk. We exposed juvenile yellow perch, Perca flavescens, to chemical cues of adult perch fed a diet of either juvenile perch, spot tail shiners, Notropis hudsonius, swordtails, Xiphophorus helleri, or a control of distilled water. Spot tail shiners and juvenile perch commonly form mixed species shoals and are vulnerable to the same suite of predators. Swordtails do not co-occur with yellow perch or spot tail shiners. We found that juvenile perch increased shelter use significantly more when exposed to chemical cues of adult perch fed juvenile perch or spot tails, compared to adult perch fed swordtails or those exposed to distilled water. This suggests that the level of chemosensory assessment used by juvenile perch is quite sophisticated and that the antipredator response can be mediated by specific cues in the predator's diet. This study is the first to demonstrate a response of a fish to chemical cues from intraspecific predators. Future studies should examine the importance of predator diet cues in responses to chemical cues from intraspecific predators.

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Krinko, Evgeny, Alexander Skorik, and Alla Shadrina. "The Don and Kuban Regions During Famine: The Authorities, the Cossacks, and the Church in 1921–1922 and 1932–1933." Nationalities Papers 48, no. 3 (May 2020): 569–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2019.120.

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AbstractThis article studies the famine of 1921–1922 and 1932–1933 in the Southern Russian regions. Famine as a socio-historical phenomenon is considered in the context of the relationship of state power, the Cossacks, and the Church. The authors reveal the general and special features of the famine emergence and analyze the differences in the state policies of 1921–1922 and 1932–1933. Considerable attention is paid to the survival strategies of the Don, Kuban and Terek populations. Slaughtering and eating draft animals, transfer from the state places of work to the private campaigns and cooperatives, moving to shores and banks, and eating river and sea food became widespread methods of overcoming famine. Asocial survival strategies included cannibalism, abuse of powers, bribery, and more. In 1921–1922, the Russian Orthodox Church fought actively against the famine. In 1932–1933, the Church was weakened and could not provide significant assistance to the starving population. The article was written based on declassified documents from the state and departmental archives, including criminal investigations and analytical materials of the Obedinjonnoe gosudarstvennoe politicheskoe upravlenie [Joint State Political Directorate] (OGPU) recording the attitudes of minds. Also used are personal stories—namely, interviews with eyewitnesses of the famine of 1932–1933, recorded by the Kuban folklorists in the territory of the Krasnodar and Stavropol Krai.

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Watson, Claire F. I., and Tetsuro Matsuzawa. "Behaviour of nonhuman primate mothers toward their dead infants: uncovering mechanisms." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1754 (July 16, 2018): 20170261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0261.

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In comparative thanatology, most reports for nonhuman mammals concern mothers' behavioural responses to their dead offspring: most prominently, dead-infant carrying (sometimes of extended duration); but also inspection, proximity, maternal care such as grooming, protective behaviours and filial cannibalism. Documented across many primate species, these behaviours remain poorly understood in all. The literature is dominated by relatively brief qualitative descriptions of isolated anecdotal cases in apes and monkeys. We argue for quantitative coding in case reports, alongside analyses of longitudinal records of such events to allow objective evaluation of competing theories, and systematic comparisons within and across species and populations. Obtaining necessary datasets depends on raised awareness in researchers of the importance of recording occurrences and knowledge of pertinent data to collect. We review proposed explanatory hypotheses and outline data needed to test each empirically. To determine factors influencing infant-corpse carriage, we suggest analyses of deaths resulting in ‘carry’ versus ‘no carry’. For individual cases, we highlight behavioural variables to code and the need for hormonal samples. We discuss mothers' stress and welfare in relation to infant death, continued transportation and premature removal of the corpse. Elucidating underlying proximate and ultimate causes is important for understanding phylogeny of maternal responses to infant death. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals’.

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Peiser, Benny. "From Genocide to Ecocide: The Rape of Rapa Nui." Energy & Environment 16, no. 3-4 (July 2005): 513–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958305054672385.

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The ‘decline and fall’ of Easter Island and its alleged self-destruction has become the poster child of a new environmentalist historiography, a school of thought that goes hand-in-hand with predictions of environmental disaster. Why did this exceptional civilisation crumble? What drove its population to extinction? These are some of the key questions Jared Diamond endeavours to answer in his new book Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive. According to Diamond, the people of Easter Island destroyed their forest, degraded the island's topsoil, wiped out their plants and drove their animals to extinction. As a result of this self-inflicted environmental devastation, its complex society collapsed, descending into civil war, cannibalism and self-destruction. While his theory of ecocide has become almost paradigmatic in environmental circles, a dark and gory secret hangs over the premise of Easter Island's self-destruction: An actual genocide terminated Rapa Nui's indigenous populace and its culture. Diamond, however, ignores and fails to address the true reasons behind Rapa Nui's collapse. Why has he turned the victims of cultural and physical extermination into the perpetrators of their own demise? This paper is a first attempt to address this disquieting quandary. It describes the foundation of Diamond's environmental revisionism and explains why it does not hold up to scientific scrutiny.

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Brajon, Sophie, Gabriela Munhoz Morello, Sara Capas-Peneda, Jan Hultgren, Colin Gilbert, and Anna Olsson. "All the Pups We Cannot See: Cannibalism Masks Perinatal Death in Laboratory Mouse Breeding but Infanticide Is Rare." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 2327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082327.

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Perinatal mortality is a major issue in laboratory mouse breeding. We compared a counting method using daily checks (DAILY_CHECK) with a method combining daily checks with detailed video analyses to detect cannibalisms (VIDEO_TRACK) for estimating the number of C57BL/6 pups that were born, that died and that were weaned in 193 litters from trios with (TRIO-OVERLAP) or without (TRIO-NO_OVERLAP) the presence of another litter. Linear mixed models were used at litter level. To understand whether cannibalism was associated with active killing (infanticide), we analysed VIDEO_TRACK recordings of 109 litters from TRIO-OVERLAP, TRIO-NO_OVERLAP or SOLO (single dams). We used Kaplan-Meier method and logistic regression at pup level. For DAILY_CHECK, the mean litter size was 35% smaller than for VIDEO_TRACK (p < 0.0001) and the number of dead pups was twice lower (p < 0.0001). The risk of pup loss was higher for TRIO-OVERLAP than TRIO-NO_OVERLAP (p < 0.0001). A high number of pup losses occurred between birth and the first cage check. Analyses of VIDEO_TRACK data indicated that pups were clearly dead at the start of most of the cannibalism events and infanticide was rare. As most pups die and disappear before the first cage check, many breeding facilities are likely to be unaware of their real rates of mouse pup mortality.

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MADEJ, JANUSZ A. "Pathomorphology of the sarcomas." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 1 (2018): 6032–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6032.

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Sarcomas (sarcomata - sa) are neoplasms that have a mesenchymal origin or are differentiating in that direction. Their growth is chaotic and progressive: the cells divide constantly in time and tumor space. They can be caused by viruses, chemical compounds, physical factors or even autoimmune reactions. They result from a disruption in a balance between protooncogenes and suppressor genes. This can be an effect of the accumulation of mutation within those genes, often with the participation of viruses that can modify the cell’s genetic information. The changes in genes are transmitted from one generation of cells to subsequent ones and are irreparable and progressive. Sarcomas are vimentin - positive, S - 100 -negative, LCA - negative and HMB - 45 - negative. They can show positive or negative reactions to keratin and EM. The frequency of sarcomas as compared to cancers is like 1:50 and so they constitute approximately 1% of malignant neoplasms in humans. In animals this ratio is reversed: sarcomas (except in the mammary gland and skin) are far more common than carcinomas. Sarcomas tumors are accompanied by various disturbances in circulation, regressive changes (degeneration, necrosis) and inflammation, including immune reactions or a response to bacterial or fungal co-infection. Sarcomas, similarly to cancers, show neoplastic cannibalism; i.e. an ability of one cell to absorb another cell. Moreover, they are less mature than mother and can show histoformative features. They also manifest a wide range of malignancy features. Because of their localization in deeply lying tissues, the diagnosis is often delayed and the clinical prognosis is poor. .

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Spratt, DM, and GR Singleton. "Studies on the Life-Cycle, Infectivity and Clinical Effects of Capillaria-Hepatica (Bancroft) (Nematoda) in Mice, Mus-Musculus." Australian Journal of Zoology 34, no. 5 (1986): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9860663.

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The life cycle, infectivity and clinical effects of Capillaria hepatica, a nematode parasite of the liver of Mus musculus, were investigated as a prelude to assessment of the potential of the organism to suppress populations of this economic pest. Eggs of the parasite are deposited in the liver of the host and are not released during the life of that animal. C. hepatica was not transmitted by a trans-seminal, trans- placental or trans-mammary route. A high rate of transmission of C. hepatica (prevalence 71.7% at 145 days) occurred in an enclosed breeding colony of BALB/c mice after the founders of the colony were fed infected mouse liver. After ingestion of infected liver by mice, the majority of eggs were released unembryonated to the environment, via the faeces, within 40 h. Eggs have specific temperature, moisture and oxygen requirements for embryonation. We postulate that transmission of C. hepatica is dependent principally upon cannibalism and/or necrophagy for release of eggs, upon the mouse burrow and the host population density for embryonation and survival of eggs, and upon grooming behaviour within the burrow for ingestion of embryonated eggs. C. hepatica established, and produced clinical signs, in 11 strains of laboratory mice and in wild mice. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were characteristic features of infection, and death occurred in some animals. The slight variation in susceptibility to infection among genetically diverse mice suggests that mice may not have the genetic flexibility to rapidly develop resistance to C. hepatica. The parasite has been recorded only in M. rnusculus, Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus in urban areas in Australia. However, native murids Rattus fuscipes and Pseudomys australis, and a marsupial Trichosurus vulpecula, are susceptible to experimental infection. Suspected C. hepatica infection has been found only in native murids near Atherton, Qld. The absence of this conspicuous infection in free-ranging native mammals elsewhere in Australia suggests that they do not come into contact with embryonated eggs of C. hepatica, a situation compatible with the postulated transmission cycle. The life cycle of C. hepatica appears unique among helminth parasites of mammals, in that transmission and hence survival of the parasite is dependent upon death of the definitive host. This parasite may have the potential to suppress mouse population density.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cannibalism in animals'

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