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Journal articles on the topic 'Canopy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Chopping, Mark. "CANAPI: canopy analysis with panchromatic imagery." Remote Sensing Letters 2, no. 1 (2011): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.486805.

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2

Arevalo, Jose Ramon, J. D. Delgado, and J. M. Fernandez-Palacios. "Regeneration of potential laurel forest under a native canopy vs. exotic canopy, Tenerife (Canary Islands)." Forest Systems 20, no. 2 (2011): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2011202-10921.

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3

Luis, V. C., M. S. Jiménez, D. Morales, J. Kucera, and G. Wieser. "Canopy transpiration of a Canary Islands pine forest." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 135, no. 1-4 (2005): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.11.009.

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4

Jun-Wu Zhai, Jun-Wu Zhai, Yu-Chen Tian Jun-Wu Zhai, Wen-Tao Li Yu-Chen Tian, and Kun Liang Wen-Tao Li. "Canopy-MMD Text Clustering Algorithm Based on Simulated Annealing and Canopy Optimization." 電腦學刊 34, no. 1 (2023): 075–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/199115992023023401006.

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<p>Aiming at the problems that traditional K-means text clustering cannot automatically determine the number of clusters and is sensitive to initial cluster centers, this paper proposes a Canopy-MMD text clustering algorithm based on simulated annealing and silhouette coefficient optimization. The algorithm uses the simulated annealing algorithm combined with the silhouette coefficient to optimize the Canopy algorithm to find the optimal number of clusters, and uses the optimal number of clusters to determine the scale coefficient in the MMD algorithm, and finally achieves a better text

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5

Brenner, Brian. "The Canopy." Leadership and Management in Engineering 10, no. 1 (2010): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)lm.1943-5630.0000037.

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6

Nadkarni, Nalini M., and Geoffrey Parker. "Canopy network." Nature 366, no. 6455 (1993): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/366502c0.

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7

STORK, N. "Canopy science." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20, no. 6 (2005): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.03.016.

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8

Grosset, D. G. "Words (canopy)." BMJ 297, no. 6655 (1988): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.297.6655.1047-a.

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9

McDonald, Clement J., J. Marc Overhage, Paul R. Dexter, et al. "Canopy Computing." JAMA 280, no. 15 (1998): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.15.1325.

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10

J. L. Hatfield, D. F. Wanjura, and G. L. Barker. "Canopy Temperature Response to Water Stress under Partial Canopy." Transactions of the ASAE 28, no. 5 (1985): 1607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.32485.

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11

Nelson, Ross. "Modeling forest canopy heights: The effects of canopy shape." Remote Sensing of Environment 60, no. 3 (1997): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(96)00214-3.

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12

Arya*, Neeta, and Jeet Ram. "Influence of canopy cover on vegetation in P. roxburghii sarg (chir-pine) dominated forests in Uttarakhand Himalaya, India." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 06 (2016): 4617. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.06.006.

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Increasing anthropogenic pressure and dependence on plant products have led to widespread exploitation of natural forests in the Uttaranchal Himalaya. The present study was carried out to study the influence of canopy cover on tree, shrub and herb vegetation. For this three different canopy types, open canopy (<30%, cover), moderate canopy (30-60%, cover) and close canopy (>60%, cover) were identified in Pinus roxburghii (chir-pine) dominated forests. The study area is located between 290 20’and 290 30’ N latitude and 790 23’ and 790 42’ E longitude between 1350-2000m elevations in Uttar

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13

Elsherif, A., R. Gaulton, J. P. Mills, and E. Sharaf El Din. "MEASURING FOREST CANOPY WATER MASS IN THREE DIMENSIONS USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-1/W2-2023 (December 13, 2023): 721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-1-w2-2023-721-2023.

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Abstract. Canopy water mass is an important plant characteristic that can indicate the water status of vegetation. However, the parameter remains under-investigated because measuring it requires defoliating the canopy. This study introduced a non-destructive approach to estimate canopy water mass using terrestrial laser scanning data. Tree 3D models were generated from dual-wavelength TLS data for six forest canopies, then the models were utilized in estimating the canopy LAI, total leaf area, and vertical profiles of canopy leaf area. The estimates were then coupled with canopy equivalent wat

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14

White, Hilary. "Under a canopy." Early Years Educator 22, no. 11 (2021): S14—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2021.22.11.s14.

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Use the rainforest as inspiration for investigating the colours of nature and creating a variety of different patterns and textures. Use creative resources to help children understand why it must be protected.

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15

L. Springer, Brian. "Acoustical Canopy System." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 130, no. 5 (2011): 3176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3662360.

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16

Okri, Ben. "Canopy: A Stoku." Callaloo 38, no. 5 (2015): 1027–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2015.0175.

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17

Anderson, Elijah. "The Cosmopolitan Canopy." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 595, no. 1 (2004): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716204266833.

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18

Cato, Beth. "Canopy of skulls." Nature 495, no. 7439 (2013): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/495134a.

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19

Nizigama, Isaac. "The Sacred Canopy." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 45, no. 1 (2016): 6–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008429815622745.

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Peter L. Berger’s sociology of religion is one of the most studied and quoted in the contemporary social science of religions. Nevertheless, it is also one of the most discussed, notably because of the changes of position by the author with regard to his thought on the secularization of the modern world, and on the relationship between his theses of a sociological nature and his reflections on Protestant theology. The present article questions his global epistemological framework by placing that problematic within the framework of the criticisms which have been directed at ‘absolute functional

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20

DEERING, D. W., and T. F. ECK. "Plant canopy radiance." International Journal of Remote Sensing 8, no. 6 (1987): 797–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431168708948690.

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21

Ryan, M. G. "Canopy processes research." Tree Physiology 22, no. 15-16 (2002): 1035–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/22.15-16.1035.

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22

Wesseling-Perry, Katherine. "The BRC Canopy." American Journal of Pathology 184, no. 4 (2014): 924–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.004.

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23

McLaurin, Wayne J., and Stanley J. Kays. "SWEETPOTATO CANOPY GEOMETRY." HortScience 28, no. 5 (1993): 458a—458. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.458a.

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The sweetpotato, unlike most vegetable crops, exhibits a vining growth habit where vertical development is sacrificed for rapid radial expansion. Considerable genetic diversity is present in vine length within the sweetpotato genepool. To test the relationship between the degree of vining (land area covered during the growing season) and yield, 5 vine length types (dwarf, bunch, normal, long and very long) were grafted on the same root stock (`Jewel'). At harvest, canopy diameter and area, root fwt and number, total vine length, and number of vines, leaves, missing leaves, nodes and flowers we

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24

Hardiman, Brady, Gil Bohrer, Christopher Gough, and Peter Curtis. "Canopy Structural Changes Following Widespread Mortality of Canopy Dominant Trees." Forests 4, no. 3 (2013): 537–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f4030537.

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25

Kim, Sunwoo, Sylvie Lorente, and Adrian Bejan. "Vascularized materials: Tree-shaped flow architectures matched canopy to canopy." Journal of Applied Physics 100, no. 6 (2006): 063525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2349479.

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26

Paletto, Alessandro, and Vittorio Tosi. "Forest canopy cover and canopy closure: comparison of assessment techniques." European Journal of Forest Research 128, no. 3 (2009): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-009-0262-x.

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27

Tombesi, S., and D. Farinelli. "Canopy management in super high-density olive orchards: relationship between canopy light penetration, canopy size and productivity." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1177 (November 2017): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1177.9.

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28

Monje, Oscar, and Bruce Bugbee. "Radiometric Method for Determining Canopy Stomatal Conductance in Controlled Environments." Agronomy 9, no. 3 (2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9030114.

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Canopy stomatal conductance is a key physiological factor controlling transpiration from plant canopies, but it is extremely difficult to determine in field environments. The objective of this study was to develop a radiometric method for calculating canopy stomatal conductance for two plant species—wheat and soybean from direct measurements of bulk surface conductance to water vapor and the canopy aerodynamic conductance in controlled-environment chambers. The chamber provides constant net radiation, temperature, humidity, and ventilation rate to the plant canopy. In this method, stepwise cha

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29

Ouyang, Jingyun, Roberta De Bei, Sigfredo Fuentes, and Cassandra Collins. "UAV and ground-based imagery analysis detects canopy structure changes after canopy management applications." OENO One 54, no. 4 (2020): 1093–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2020.54.4.3647.

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Aim: To analyse unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based imagery to assess canopy structural changes after the application of different canopy management practices in the vineyard.Methods and results: Four different canopy management practices: i–ii) leaf removal within the bunch zone (eastern side/both eastern and western sides), iii) bunch thinning and iv) shoot trimming were applied to grapevines at veraison, in a commercial Cabernet-Sauvignon vineyard in McLaren Vale, South Australia. UAV-based imagery captures were taken: i) before the canopy treatments, ii) after the treatments and iii) at ha

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30

Sands, PJ. "Modelling Canopy Production. I. Optimal Distribution of Photosynthetic Resources." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 4 (1995): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950593.

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On the basis of detailed numerical simulations, Field (1983. Oecologia 56, 341-347) stated that total canopy photosynthesis will be a maximum for a fixed total canopy leaf nitrogen provided the derivative δA/δN, where A is photosynthetic rate and N is leaf nitrogen concentration, has the same value throughout the canopy. This paper uses the calculus of variations to formally prove Field's assertion. It shows that if the single-leaf light response is a first-degree homogeneous function of both light-saturated photosynthetic rate Amax and intensity I of photosynthetically active radiation and if

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31

Prasolova, Nina V., Zhihong Xu, Graham D. Farquhar, Paul G. Saffigna, and Mark J. Dieters. "Canopy carbon and oxygen isotope composition of 9-year-old hoop pine families in relation to seedling carbon isotope composition, growth, field growth performance, and canopy nitrogen concentration." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 4 (2001): 673–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-207.

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Carbon isotope composition (δ13C), oxygen isotope composition (δ18O), and nitrogen concentration (Nmass) of branchlet tissue at two canopy positions were assessed for glasshouse seedlings and 9-year-old hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii Ait. ex D. Don) trees from 22 open-pollinated families grown in 5 blocks of a progeny test at a water-limited and nitrogen-deficient site in southeastern Queensland, Australia. Significant variations in canopy δ13C, δ18O, and Nmass existed among the 9-year-old hoop pine families, with a heritability estimate of 0.72 for branchlet δ13C from the upper inner canop

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32

Delgado, Juan D., Natalia L. Arroyo, José R. Arévalo, and José M. Fernández-Palacios. "Edge effects of roads on temperature, light, canopy cover, and canopy height in laurel and pine forests (Tenerife, Canary Islands)." Landscape and Urban Planning 81, no. 4 (2007): 328–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.01.005.

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33

Zimba, Henry, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Banda Kawawa, Hubert Savenije, Imasiku Nyambe, and Hessel Winsemius. "Variations in Canopy Cover and Its Relationship with Canopy Water and Temperature in the Miombo Woodland Based on Satellite Data." Hydrology 7, no. 3 (2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology7030058.

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Understanding the canopy cover relationship with canopy water content and canopy temperature in the Miombo ecosystem is important for studying the consequences of climate change. To better understand these relationships, we studied the satellite data-based land surface temperature (LST) as proxy for canopy temperature, leaf area index (LAI), and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as proxies for canopy cover. Meanwhile, the normalized difference infrared index (NDII) was used as a proxy for canopy water content. We used several statistical approaches including the correlated comp

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34

Wang, Yujie, and Christian Frankenberg. "On the impact of canopy model complexity on simulated carbon, water, and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence fluxes." Biogeosciences 19, no. 1 (2022): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-29-2022.

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Abstract. Lack of direct carbon, water, and energy flux observations at global scales makes it difficult to calibrate land surface models (LSMs). The increasing number of remote-sensing-based products provide an alternative way to verify or constrain land models given their global coverage and satisfactory spatial and temporal resolutions. However, these products and LSMs often differ in their assumptions and model setups, for example, the canopy model complexity. The disagreements hamper the fusion of global-scale datasets with LSMs. To evaluate how much the canopy complexity affects predicte

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35

Wu, Chunyan, Dongsheng Chen, Guowei Xia, Xiaomei Sun, and Shougong Zhang. "Response Characteristics of Photosynthetic Productivity to the Canopy Spatial Distribution Pattern of Larix kaempferi." Forests 14, no. 6 (2023): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14061171.

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The spatial distribution of the forest canopy plays an important role in the transpiration and photosynthetic capacity of trees, ultimately affecting their growth and biomass production. Despite its importance, how canopy photosynthetic productivity enhancement depends on canopy spatial distribution remains unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a study on Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière (L. kaempferi) plantations in Gansu, China, investigating the relationship between canopy height, leaf area, seasonal variations in canopy spatial distribution, and photosynthetic parameters. Th

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36

Ashapure, Akash, Jinha Jung, Anjin Chang, Sungchan Oh, Murilo Maeda, and Juan Landivar. "A Comparative Study of RGB and Multispectral Sensor-Based Cotton Canopy Cover Modelling Using Multi-Temporal UAS Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 23 (2019): 2757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11232757.

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This study presents a comparative study of multispectral and RGB (red, green, and blue) sensor-based cotton canopy cover modelling using multi-temporal unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) imagery. Additionally, a canopy cover model using an RGB sensor is proposed that combines an RGB-based vegetation index with morphological closing. The field experiment was established in 2017 and 2018, where the whole study area was divided into approximately 1 x 1 m size grids. Grid-wise percentage canopy cover was computed using both RGB and multispectral sensors over multiple flights during the growing season

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37

Lynch, Ryan L., Laura A. Brandt, Hongjun Chen, Danielle Ogurcak, Ikuko Fujisaki, and Frank J. Mazzotti. "Recruitment and Growth of Old World Climbing Fern in Hurricane-Caused Canopy Gaps." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 2, no. 2 (2011): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/062011-jfwm-040.

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Abstract Following 2 y of severe hurricanes in 2004 and 2005, we examined the role of canopy gaps in promoting recruitment and growth of the exotic fern, Old World climbing fern Lygodium microphyllum (hereafter Lygodium), on tree islands of the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Florida. We selected 12 sample tree islands, on which we placed three 1-m2 plots in a hurricane-caused canopy gap and three plots in an adjacent closed canopy area. Spore traps were placed in canopy gaps and closed canopy areas to quantify the number of spores reaching the forest floor on each isl

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38

Dow, R. L., N. L. Powell, and D. M. Porter. "Effects of Modification of the Plant Canopy Environment on Sclerotinia Blight of Peanut." Peanut Science 15, no. 1 (1988): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-15-1-1.

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Abstract The development of Sclerotinia blight, caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger under various environmental conditions, was studied in field plots of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). The peanut plant canopy was modified to produce desired environmental parameters. The modifications included the thinning of canopy foliage to allow air circulation that would decrease canopy humidity and the addition of water-filled troughs under an unthinned canopy that would increase humidity. Canopy relative humidity and soil moisture under the canopy was decreased by canopy thinning. Following infection by S

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39

Andreu, Anne G., John I. Blake, and Stanley J. Zarnoch. "Estimating canopy fuel characteristics for predicting crown fire potential in common forest types of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA." International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, no. 11 (2018): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18025.

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We computed four stand-level canopy stratum variables important for crown fire modelling – canopy cover, stand height, canopy base height and canopy bulk density – from forest inventory data. We modelled the relationship between the canopy variables and a set of common inventory parameters – site index, stem density, basal area, stand age or stand height – and number of prescribed burns. We used a logistic model to estimate canopy cover, a linear model to estimate the other canopy variables, and the information theoretic approach for model selection. Coefficients of determination across five f

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40

Zhou, Huitao, Weidong Jia, Yong Li, and Mingxiong Ou. "Method for Estimating Canopy Thickness Using Ultrasonic Sensor Technology." Agriculture 11, no. 10 (2021): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11101011.

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The accurate detection of canopy characteristics is the basis of precise variable spraying. Canopy characteristics such as canopy density, thickness and volume are needed to vary the pesticide application rate and adjust the spray flow rate and air supply volume. Canopy thickness is an important canopy dimension for the calculation of tree canopy volume in pesticide variable spraying. With regard to the phenomenon of ultrasonic waves with multiple reflections and the further analysis of echo signals, we found that there is a proportional relationship between the canopy thickness and echo inter

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41

Xu, X., C. Yi, and E. Kutter. "Stably stratified canopy flow in complex terrain." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 13 (2015): 7457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7457-2015.

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Abstract. Stably stratified canopy flow in complex terrain has been considered a difficult condition for measuring net ecosystem–atmosphere exchanges of carbon, water vapor, and energy. A long-standing advection error in eddy-flux measurements is caused by stably stratified canopy flow. Such a condition with strong thermal gradient and less turbulent air is also difficult for modeling. To understand the challenging atmospheric condition for eddy-flux measurements, we use the renormalized group (RNG) k–&amp;varepsilon; turbulence model to investigate the main characteristics of stably strat

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42

Wu, Alex, Al Doherty, Graham D. Farquhar, and Graeme L. Hammer. "Simulating daily field crop canopy photosynthesis: an integrated software package." Functional Plant Biology 45, no. 3 (2018): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp17225.

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Photosynthetic manipulation is seen as a promising avenue for advancing field crop productivity. However, progress is constrained by the lack of connection between leaf-level photosynthetic manipulation and crop performance. Here we report on the development of a model of diurnal canopy photosynthesis for well watered conditions by using biochemical models of C3 and C4 photosynthesis upscaled to the canopy level using the simple and robust sun–shade leaves representation of the canopy. The canopy model was integrated over the time course of the day for diurnal canopy photosynthesis simulation.

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43

Jenkins, Stuart R., Trevor A. Norton, and Stephen J. Hawkins. "Interactions between canopy forming algae in the eulittoral zone of sheltered rocky shores on the Isle of Man." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, no. 2 (1999): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315498000381.

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The distribution and abundance of Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus serratus and F. vesiculosus were described at four sheltered, rocky shores in the south of the Isle of Man. Canopy removal experiments were performed at mid tide level of one sheltered, canopy dominated shore to investigate the interactions between the dominant canopy alga, Ascophyllum nodosum and the competitively inferior canopy species of Fucus serratus and F. vesiculosus. Ascophyllum was removed from replicated plots, 2×2 m in size, in both winter and summer; the early growth and survival of fucoids in the presence and absence of

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44

Jing, Linlong, Xinhua Wei, Qi Song, and Fei Wang. "Mechanical Analysis of Rice Canopy Using Explicit Dynamics and Practical Applications of Canopy Opener." Agronomy 13, no. 12 (2023): 2908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13122908.

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Open-canopy pesticide application technology is not affected by the canopy structure and can substantially increase droplet penetration and deposition in the middle and lower rice canopy. However, the optimal working position of the canopy opener is difficult to determine. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of rice canopy disturbances under the action of a canopy opener, verify simulation results using high-speed photography tests, and identify the spraying effect of the optimal operating parameters of a canopy opener through spray tests. The mechanical characteristic

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45

Vickers, D., and C. K. Thomas. "Observations of the scale-dependent turbulence and evaluation of the flux–gradient relationship for sensible heat for a closed Douglas-fir canopy in very weak wind conditions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 18 (2014): 9665–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9665-2014.

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Abstract. Observations of the scale-dependent turbulent fluxes, variances, and the bulk transfer parameterization for sensible heat above, within, and beneath a tall closed Douglas-fir canopy in very weak winds are examined. The daytime sub-canopy vertical velocity spectra exhibit a double-peak structure with peaks at timescales of 0.8 s and 51.2 s. A double-peak structure is also observed in the daytime sub-canopy heat flux co-spectra. The daytime momentum flux co-spectra in the upper bole space and in the sub-canopy are characterized by a relatively large cross-wind component, likely due to

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46

Jing, Linlong, Xinhua Wei, Qi Song, and Fei Wang. "Research on Estimating Rice Canopy Height and LAI Based on LiDAR Data." Sensors 23, no. 19 (2023): 8334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23198334.

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Rice canopy height and density are directly usable crop phenotypic traits for the direct estimation of crop biomass. Therefore, it is crucial to rapidly and accurately estimate these phenotypic parameters. To achieve the non-destructive detection and estimation of these essential parameters in rice, a platform based on LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) point cloud data for rice phenotypic parameter detection was established. Data collection of rice canopy layers was performed across multiple plots. The LiDAR-detected canopy-top point clouds were selected using a method based on the highest p

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47

Li, Xinfeng, Shangrui Li, Yifan Zhang, et al. "The Umbrella Type Canopy Increases Tolerance to Abiotic Stress-Leaf Microenvironment Temperature and Tropospheric Ozone in ‘Chambourcin’." Atmosphere 13, no. 5 (2022): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13050823.

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This study reports on the effect of the vertical shoot type canopy (VST) and umbrella type canopy (UT) on the fruit region microenvironment, light interception, tropospheric ozone, and berry quality of vertical trellis ‘Chambourcin’. The real-time temperature and humidity fluctuation and the daily average temperature of the UT canopy were lower than that of the VST canopy. An extremely high temperature was recorded around the fruit region of the VST canopy. Notably, the UT canopy significantly increased light interception and leaf area index and reduced the damage of atmospheric ozone to the l

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48

Lamm, Freddie R., James P. Bordovsky, and Terry A. Howell Sr. "A Review of In-Canopy and Near-Canopy Sprinkler Irrigation Concepts." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 5 (2019): 1355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13229.

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Abstract. The use of in-canopy and near-canopy sprinkler application with mechanical-move systems is prevalent in the U.S. Great Plains. These systems can reduce evaporative losses by nearly 15%, but they introduce a much greater potential for irrigation non-uniformity and other water losses. This article is a review of these application technologies for mechanical-move sprinkler irrigation systems that have been widely adopted in the region, where irrigation capacities are typically less than those required to meet “fully irrigated” crop water demand and there is limited seasonal precipitatio

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49

Gara, Tawanda W., Andrew K. Skidmore, Roshanak Darvishzadeh, and Tiejun Wang. "Leaf to canopy upscaling approach affects the estimation of canopy traits." GIScience & Remote Sensing 56, no. 4 (2018): 554–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2018.1540170.

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Song, Bo, Jiquan Chen, Paul V. Desander, David D. Reed, Gay A. Bradshaw, and Jerry F. Franklin. "Modeling canopy structure and heterogeneity across scales: From crowns to canopy." Forest Ecology and Management 96, no. 3 (1997): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(97)00021-2.

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