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Books on the topic 'Cap stimulation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Instinctual stimulation of children: From common practice to child abuse. International Universities Press, 1989.

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2

The Cure for all Diseases: With many case histories of diabetes, high blood pressure, seizures, chronic fatigue syndrome, migraines, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and others showing that all of these can be simply investigated and cured. New Century Press, 1995.

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3

Clark, Hulda Regehr. The cure for all diseases: With many case histories of diabetes, high blood pressure, seizures, chronic fatigue syndrome, migraines, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and others showing that all of these can be simply investigated and cured. ProMotion Pub., 1995.

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4

Montgomery, Erwin B. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0001.

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Even by the standards at the time of the first edition, programming for some patients can still be a challenge. Even with the old systems, there were literally thousands of possible combinations of stimulator parameters which often intimidates programmers. The increase in functionality, such as multiple stimulation patterns and interleaved electrode configurations, has exponentially increased the number of combinations of DBS settings. Fortunately, most patients respond to a similar and narrow range of combinations, provided that the DBS stimulating leads are optimally placed. For other patien

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5

Petersen, Erika A. Spinal Cord Stimulation. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0032.

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Spinal cord stimulation is an effective strategy for managing chronic neuropathic pain that is refractory to other medical treatment. Proper patient selection and fastidious technique are essential to good outcomes. Electrodes can be placed through both percutaneous and laminotomy approaches. Care should be taken to minimize the risks of spinal electrode implantation: infection, neurologic injury, device migration, and device malfunction. Technological innovation and applications continue to improve rapidly, affording more options for treatment.

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6

Epstein, Charles M. TMS stimulation coils. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0004.

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The simplest transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coil is a circular one. The induced current is maximum near the outer edge of the coil while the magnetic field is the maximum under the center of the coil. TMS coils have good penetration to the cerebral cortex. They are commonly placed at the cranial vertex, where they can stimulate both hemispheres simultaneously. The main drawback of circular coils is their lack of focality. Several complex designs for multiloop coils have been proposed to increase the focality or improve the penetration to deep brain structures. This article describes f

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7

Hummel, Friedhelm C., and Leonardo G. Cohen. Brain stimulation in neurorehabilitation. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0045.

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This article explains the role of brain stimulation in neurorehabilitation. The outline of this article is formed by the characterization of some of the problems faced in the field of nuerorehabilitation. Furthermore, it describes results of studies conducted to understand the functional changes in the motor cortices of hemispheres after stroke. This article finally discusses some of the interventional approaches proposed to improve motor function. Stroke is the main cause of long-term disability among adults. The disability resulting from stroke impairs the quality of life. Post-stroke recove

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8

Montgomery, Erwin B. Approach to DBS in the Vicinity of the Subthalamic Nucleus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0011.

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The regional anatomy around the DBS lead in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) determines efficacy and adverse effects. Understanding the regional anatomy allows the programmer to adjust the stimulation to provide optimal benefit and the absence of adverse effects.The STN lies near the junction of the diencephalon and mesencephalon. It is just ventral to the thalamus, just lateral to the brachium conjunctivum and red nucleus, and medial and dorsal to the internal capsule. These structures are important because inappropriate stimulation causes side effects. For examples: Electrical fields spreading

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9

Davey, Kent. Magnetic field stimulation: the brain as a conductor. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0005.

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For the purposes of magnetic stimulation, the brain can be treated as a homogeneous conductor. A properly designed brain stimulation system starts with the target stimulation depth, and it should incorporate the neural strength–duration response characteristics. Higher-frequency pulses require stronger electric fields. The background of this article is the theoretical base determining, where in the brain TMS induces electrical activity, and whether this shifts as a function of differences in the conductivity and organization of gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid. The use of str

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10

Rotenberg, Alexander, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, and Alan D. Legatt. Transcranial Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0028.

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Noninvasive magnetic and electrical stimulation of cerebral cortex is an evolving field. The most widely used variant, transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), is routinely used for intraoperative monitoring. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are emerging as clinical and experimental tools. TMS has gained wide acceptance in extraoperative functional cortical mapping. TES and TMS rely on pulsatile stimulation with electrical current intensities sufficient to trigger action potentials within the stimulated cortical volume. tDCS, in contr

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11

Riehl, Mark. TMS stimulator design. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0003.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulators have progressed from basic implementations to integrated systems optimized for treatment of pathologies. This article reviews key factors of design of such clinically targeted systems, discussing design principles, procedure-specific features, and clinical safety requirements. A power source, a capacitor, and a high-power switch controlled by a processor form the basic stimulator. The fundamental operating mechanism of a TMS stimulator is to create a changing magnetic field that can induce a current in adjacent conductive material. The clinical TMS system must

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12

Paus, Tomáš. Combining brain imaging with brain stimulation: causality and connectivity. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0034.

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This article establishes the concept of a methodological approach to combine brain imaging with brain stimulation. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a tool that allows perturbing neural activity, in time and space, in a noninvasive manner. This approach allows the study of the brain-behaviour relationship. Under certain circumstances, the influence of one region on other, called the effective connectivity, can be measured. Functional connectivity is the extent of correlation in brain activity measured across a number of spatially distinct brain regions. This tool of connectivity can b

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13

Clark, Caroline, Jeffrey Cole, Christine Winter, and Geoffrey Grammer. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0005.

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Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often fail to resolve with psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, or integrative medicine treatments. Given these limitations, there is a continued push to discover treatment methods utilizing novel mechanisms of action. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers a non-invasive and safe method of brain stimulation that modulates neuronal activity in a focal area to achieve excitation or inhibition, and may have utility for patients suffering from PTSD, although, to date, evidence of efficacy is limited. The TMS treatment can be varied to suit the

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14

Di Lazzaro, Vicenzo. Transcranial stimulation measures explored by epidural spinal cord recordings. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0014.

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In response to a single-electrical stimulus to the motor cortex an electrode placed in the medullary pyramid or on the dorsolateral surface of the cervical spinal cord records a series of high-frequency waves. This has been shown by various studies conducted on animals. Recording from the surface of the spinal cord during spinal cord surgery has provided evidence for the action of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) on the human motor cortex. However, the interpretation of this data has been limited. This article explains both types of transcra

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15

Gill, Janie Spaht. Can a Fox Wear Polka-Dotted Socks? (A Predictable Word Book). Aro Books Inc., 1997.

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16

Wong, Stacy N., and Line G. Jacques. Neuropathic Groin Pain. Edited by Meghan E. Lark, Nasa Fujihara, and Kevin C. Chung. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190617127.003.0017.

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Chronic neuropathic groin pain may be iatrogenic or posttraumatic and can be disabling or even crippling in some individuals. Patients may have significant sleep disturbances and may experience psychosocial effects along with significant physical limitations. A combination of pharmacologic treatments with physical therapy and local infiltrations may be useful. Neurostimulation techniques, including spinal cord stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, and dorsal root ganglion stimulation, have shown promising results in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. In certain cases, surgical app

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17

Deletis, Vedran, Francesco Sala, and Sedat Ulkatan. Transcranial electrical stimulation and intraoperative neurophysiology of the corticospinal tract. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0008.

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Transcranial electrical stimulation is a well-recognized method for corticospinal tract (CT) activation. This article explains the use of TES during surgery and highlights the physiology of the motor-evoked potentials (MEPs). It describes the techniques and methods for brain stimulation and recording of responses. There are two factors that determine the depth of the current penetrating the brain, they are: choice of electrode montage for stimulation over the scalp and the intensity of stimulation. D-wave collision technique is a newly developed technique that allows mapping intraoperatively a

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18

Bangladesh: Can Child Stimulation Messages Be Added to an Existing Platform for Delivering Health and Nutrition Information? World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/28862.

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19

Montgomery, Erwin B. Approach to DBS in the Vicinity of the Globus Pallidus Interna. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0012.

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The regional anatomy around the DBS lead in the globus pallidus interna (GPi) determines efficacy and adverse effects. Understanding the regional anatomy allows the programmer to adjust the stimulation to provide optimal benefit and the absence of adverse effects. Just ventral to the sensorimotor region of the GPi is the optic tract. Spread of stimulation to the optic tract can produce phosphenes (the experience of seeing light without light actually entering the eye). The internal capsule lies just posterior to the globus pallidus, and stimulation there can cause tonic muscle contractions. An

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20

Gerovasili, Vasiliki, and Serafim N. Nanas. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation: A New Therapeutic and Rehabilitation Strategy in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0044.

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Many critically ill patients undergo a period of immobilization with detrimental effects on skeletal muscle, effects which seem most pronounced in the first days of critical illness. Diagnosis of intensive care unit muscle weakness (ICUAW) is often made after discontinuation of sedation when significant nerve and/or muscle damage may already have occurred. Recently, there has been interest in early mobilization during the acute phase of critical illness, with the goal of preventing ICUAW. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NEMS) is an alternative form of exercise that has been successfully

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Macdougall, Iain C. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0124.

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The advent of recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin) in the late 1980s transformed the management of renal anaemia, liberating many dialysis patients from lifelong regular blood transfusions, in turn causing severe iron overload and human leucocyte antigen sensitization. Epoetin can be administered either intravenously or subcutaneously, but the half-life of the drug is fairly short at around 6–8 hours, necessitating frequent injections. To circumvent this problem, two manipulations to the erythropoietin molecule were engineered. The first of these was to attach an extra two carbohydrate c

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Montgomery, Erwin B. Helpful Programming Hints. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0015.

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A number of suggestions are offered to make the post-operative care of patients with implanted systems more effective and safe. The choice of constant current versus constant voltage stimulation and the consequences and implications of that choice are reviewed. For example, with constant voltage stimulation, the programmer should wait at least two weeks after lead implantation before programming the IPG. Starting DBS too soon after implantation can cause marked adverse effects because of changes in tissue impedance is high immediately after implantation. The use of a monopolar survery at the i

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Glannon, Walter. Psychiatric Neuroethics II. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.31.

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I discuss ethical issues relating to interventions other than intracranial surgery and psychopharmacology for psychiatric disorders. I question the distinction between “invasive” and “non-invasive” techniques applying electrical stimulation to the brain, arguing that this should be replaced by a distinction between more and less invasive techniques. I discuss electroconvulsive therapy (ECT); it can be a relatively safe and effective treatment for some patients with depression. I consider transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial current stimulation (tCS); the classification of t

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24

Wolters, Alexander, Ulf Ziemann, and Reiner Benecke. The cortical silent period. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0010.

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The cortical silent period (cSP) refers to an interruption of voluntary muscle contraction by transcranial stimulation of the contralateral motor cortex. This article summarizes the physiology of cSP and gives guidelines as to how the cSP should be recorded and analysed, and refers to useful clinical applications. It describes the mechanisms at the spinal and supraspinal level can account for the cSP. It is currently thought that the cSP is mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. cSP measurements are easy to obtain but require a standardized protocol to allow useful interpretation. Cond

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Montgomery, Erwin B. Approach to DBS in the Vicinity of the Ventral Intermediate Nucleus of the Thalamus DBS. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0013.

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The regional anatomy around the DBS lead in the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Vim) determines efficacy and adverse effects. Understanding the regional anatomy allows the programmer to adjust the stimulation to provide optimal benefit and the absence of adverse effects. Vim is the target of therapeutic DBS. The ventrocaudal nucleus of the thalamus (Vc) lies posterior to the Vim. Electrical stimulation of Vc can cause treatment-limiting paresthesias. The corticospinal and cortical bulbar tracts in the internal capsule lie lateral and ventral to the Vim. Electrical stimulation of

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Daskalakis, Zafiris J., and Robert Chen. Evaluating the interaction between cortical inhibitory and excitatory circuits measured by TMS. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0012.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation was first introduced in the late 1980s. Numerous studies have used TMS as an investigational tool to elucidate cortical physiology and to probe cognitive processes. This article introduces TMS paradigms and presents information gathered on cortical neuronal connectivity. TMS paradigms that demonstrate intracortical inhibition include short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI), cortical silence period (cSP) and long interval cortical inhibition (LICI). There are two types of cortical inhibitions from the stimulation of other brain areas, interhemispheric inhibit

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Sandbrink, Friedhelm. The MEP in clinical neurodiagnosis. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0019.

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This article gives information on the clinical application of motor-evoked potential (MEP). Transcranial stimulation of the cerebral cortex to elicit MEPs is a noninvasive method for assessing the integrity of the central motor pathway function. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used in diagnosing and monitoring neurological disorders. This article highlights the neurophysiological differences between TMS and transcranial electric stimulation. All the different MEP parameters that can be measured by TMS, the latency of the MEP is generally regarded as the most reliable and useful. TMS

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Shafi, Mouhsin M., and M. Brandon Westover. EEG Activation Methods. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0010.

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Activation procedures are commonly employed to increase the diagnostic yield of electroencephalography (EEG) in patients with suspected epilepsy. This chapter reviews the effects and utility of hyperventilation, intermittent photic stimulation, and color/pattern stimulation on the EEG in patients with epilepsy and other neurological disorders. In theory, the greater the number of different activation methods used in EEG evaluation of an epilepsy patient, the greater the chance of obtaining abnormal findings. However, the specificity of these findings for epilepsy is uncertain. Furthermore, fro

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Pitt, Matthew. Pathophysiological associations in paediatric neuromuscular junction disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0010.

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Myasthenia can be caused by acquired or autoimmune conditions and other conditions resulting from genetic abnormalities of the proteins in the neuromuscular junction. The clinical clues to diagnosis in the paediatric population are highlighted in this chapter. Among these are sudden death, episodic apnoea, stridor, association with myopathy, and limb-girdle weakness presentation. Acquired disorders of the neuromuscular junction occur, such as infantile botulism, tick paralysis, and persistence of neuromuscular blocking agents. Some patterns of abnormality are seen in the neurophysiological fin

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Gupta, Pawan, and Anurag Vats. Regional anaesthesia of the lower limb. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0055.

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Lower limb nerve blocks gained popularity with the introduction of better nerve localization techniques such as peripheral nerve stimulation and ultrasound. A combination of lower limb peripheral nerve blocks can provide anaesthesia and analgesia of the entire lower limb. Lower limb blocks, as compared to central neuraxial blocks, do not affect blood pressure, can be used in sick patients, provide longer-lasting analgesia, avoid the risk of epidural haematoma or urinary retention, provide better patient satisfaction, and have acceptable success rates in experienced hands. Detailed knowledge of

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31

Pitt, Matthew. Basic physiology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754596.003.0002.

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The basic physiology common to all neurophysiological testing is covered in this chapter. It describes the process of the production of a transmembrane gradient by the sodium pump to the generation of an action potential, the influence of refractory periods, unidirectional propagation, and the influence of volume conduction on the appearance of the action potential when recorded on the skin surface. The practicalities of recording the signals are discussed, including the importance of bipolar stimulation and the practical limitations of what can be recorded and measured in nerve conduction stu

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Song, Dong, and Theodore W. Berger. Hippocampal memory prosthesis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0055.

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Damage to the hippocampus and surrounding regions of the medial temporal lobe can result in a permanent loss of the ability to form new long-term memories. Hippocampal memory prosthesis is designed to restore this ability. The animal model described here is the memory-dependent, delayed nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS) task in rats, and the core of the prosthesis is a biomimetic multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear dynamical model that predicts hippocampal output (CA1) signals based on input (CA3) signals. When hippocampal CA1 function is pharmacologically blocked, successful DNMS behavior is a

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Pollard, Brian J. Muscle relaxants in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0047.

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The place of neuromuscular blocking agents in the intensive care unit (ICU) has changed markedly over the last 20 years. Originally regarded as a mainstay of the process of ‘sedation’, they are now only used for specific indications. The principal disadvantage is probably the difficulty in neurological assessment when a muscle relaxant is used coupled with the increased risk of awareness, because inadequate sedation will be masked. Of the available agents, the intermediate acting ones are the most popular. The degree of relaxation can be readily controlled and they have few side effects. In th

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Rafferty, Gerrard, and John Moxham. Assessment of Peripheral and Respiratory Muscle Strength in ICU. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0047.

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Skeletal muscle weakness affecting the respiratory and peripheral muscles is common in critically ill patients and can lead to difficulties in weaning, prolonged ICU admission, and significant morbidity in survivors. A number of techniques can be used to assess muscle strength. In the peripheral muscles, volitional techniques employing scoring systems or portable hand dynamometers are relatively simple and quick to use, requiring little or no specialist equipment. Such techniques can, however, only be applied to conscious and cooperative patients, preventing assessment of muscle weakness in ma

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Siebner, Hartwig R., Martin Peller, and Lucy Lee. TMS and positron emission tomography: methods and current advances. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0035.

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This article provides an overview of how transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and positron emission tomography (PET) can be combined. It explains the methodology concerning the combination of TMS with PET and discusses the applications of this combination to study human brain function. TMS represents a nonphysiological means of producing or modulating neuronal activity in the human brain. PET imaging can make an important contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms of action of repetitive TMS and has the potential to determine neural correlates of compensatory plasticity in both hea

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Montgomery, Erwin B. Clinical Assessments. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259600.003.0010.

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The primary endpoints of DBS adjustments are functional and as such, are related to the symptoms and signs due to the disease and consequent to stimulation. Thus, effective programming requires the programmer to be an astute clinician in the assessing symptoms and signs. This is not always a straight forward or intuitive process. For example, stimulation of the corticospinal tract can reduce tremor but interfere with other motor functions. Assesments often are complicated by the time required for changes to manifest rendering some assessments impractical in the confines of a clinic visit. A sy

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Campea, Scott, and Jodie K. Haselkorn. Disorders of Mobility in Multiple Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0014.

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Multiple sclerosis almost invariably affects a person’s ability to ambulate. Weakness, discoordination, spasticity, and decreased sensation may all directly contribute to impaired mobility. Multiple strategies can be used to enhance a person’s, mobility, including exercise, medications, orthotics, wheelchairs, and functional electrical stimulation. Complications of impaired mobility include skin breakdown, osteoporosis, and contractures.

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Goodman, Wayne K., and Mark S. George. Neuromodulation and Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0010.

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An increasing number of approaches permit psychiatrists to directly stimulate the brain. Such therapies are sometimes referred to as neuromodulation, as psychiatrists can either excite or inhibit neuronal firing in the brain. This chapter reviews two such technologies—transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS). Both techniques have FDA approval and are moving into mainstream therapeutic use. Daily prefrontal TMS for 4–6 weeks is FDA approved for treating depression, with minimal side effects. It is now accepted in most treatment algorithms as an approach for patie

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Chappell, Michael, Bradley MacIntosh, and Thomas Okell. Using ASL to Measure Perfusion Changes in an Individual: Task-Based ASL and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793816.003.0007.

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Arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI measurements of perfusion provide a flexible and unique way to study the brain’s physiology and function. They enable experimental designs in neuroimaging that can complement widely used blood oxygen level dependent functional MRI (BOLD fMRI) experiments, or even enable experiments not possible with BOLD fMRI. This chapter explores ways in which ASL can be used to detect changes in perfusion in an individual, including those that involve stimulation of neuronal activity or pharmacological intervention.

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Lefaucheur, Jean-Pascal. TMS and pain. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0046.

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Few clinical investigations show that repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the brain could produce analgesia. Apart from the relationship between TMS and pain with respect to the clinical observation of rTMS-induced analgesic effects, this article also reviews the effects of pain on motor cortex excitability assessed by single or paired-pulse TMS and the results obtained by applying peripheral magnetic stimulation to treat musculoskeletal pain. This article discusses the effects of acute phasic provoked pain, and prolonged tonic provoked pain on motor cortex excitability. The a

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Przekop, Peter. Professionally Directed Non-Pharmacological Management of Chronic Pain (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0016.

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This chapter is a complement to Chapter 15, concentrating on the non-pharmacological approaches to chronic pain. It features a discussion on the utility of mind-body therapies, psychosocial treatments, and technology-based therapies in the context of recovery through 12-Step programs and other mutual support groups. Such settings are commonly poorly receptive to medication management of either pain or addiction; the availability of other approaches can bridge the gap, leading to effective management of both. The therapies discussed include “movement” therapies, such as internal qi gong, tai ch

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Macpherson, Fiona, ed. Sensory Substitution and Augmentation. British Academy, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266441.001.0001.

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Sensory substitution and augmentation devices are built to try to replace or enhance one sense by using another sense. For example, in tactile–vision, stimulation of the skin driven by input to a camera is used to replace the ordinary sense of vision that uses our eyes. The feelSpace belt aims to give people a magnetic sense of direction using vibrotactile stimulation driven by a digital compass. This volume brings together researchers—neuroscientists, psychologists and philosophers—who are developing these technologies, studying the minds and behaviour of subjects who use them. There is a par

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43

Dick, John F. R. Acute pain in pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0012.

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Labour pain can be severe, and relieving this pain can reduce physiological stress on mother and baby. Epidural and spinal analgesia is by far the most effective modality. Epidurals do not increase the likelihood of Caesarean delivery. Entonox is the next best choice for labour analgesia. Intravenous opioids, especially pethidine, have very little analgesic effect and cause sedation as well as other negative effects on the mother and baby. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation has a limited role confined to early labour.

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McMillan, John. Containing Violence and Controlling Desire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758617.003.0013.

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Deep brain stimulation and wireless deep brain stimulation have the potential to reduce or control violent dispositions. This raises the question of whether enhancing the morality of those who are likely to harm others is ethically acceptable. The implications of controlling harmful dispositions for free will is a feature of the enhancement debate, and it was a feature of worries about other techniques earlier in the twentieth century. In A Clockwork Orange, Burgess expresses the concern that a new technique that controls the violent dispositions of the central character in the book and film,

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Lovett, Alexandra, and Whitney W. Woodmansee. A Woman with Weight Gain and Fatigue. Edited by Angela O’Neal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190609917.003.0011.

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Cushing’s syndrome is a descriptive term of a syndrome secondary to elevated levels of steroids or cortisol, while Cushing’s disease is hypercortisolemia that results from an adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma. Patients will present with cushingoid features on physical examination and can be myopathic with proximal rather than distal muscle weakness. Diagnosis can be obtained by multiple avenues including but not limited to checking 24 hour urine cortisol, a dexamethasone suppression test, checking ACTH levels, a CRH (corticotrophin-releasing hormone) stimulation test, and

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Thien Lim, Thien, and Hubert H. Fernandez. Parkinson Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0003.

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Levodopa is the most efficacious medication to reduce motor impairment in Parkinson disease (PD). The effect of levodopa can wear off after time, which is treated by increasing the dose or shortening the inter-dose interval. Dyskinesias can be treated by a change in levodopa dosing or route of administration, such as by constant administration of levodopa as a gel through a jejunostomy tube or a change to dopamine agonists or amantadine. Non-motor signs including depression can be treated with several antidepressants. Surgical treatments including pallidotomy, thalamotomy, and deep brain stimu

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Massimini, Marcello, and Giulio Tononi. Assessing Consciousness in Other Humans: From Theory to Practice. Translated by Frances Anderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728443.003.0007.

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This chapter translates the theoretical principles illustrated in Chapter 5 into an empirical measure that can be applied to real human brains. It explains how transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) can be employed to derive a surrogate measure of information integration, the perturbational complexity index (PCI). By describing the results of a series of experiments, it demonstrates that PCI can discriminate with very high accuracy between consciousness and unconsciousness, across many different conditions, ranging from wakefulness to sleep, dream

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Lynch-Faser, Diane, and Ellenmorris Tiegerman. Babysignals: How Understanding the Language of Babies Can Make You a Better Parent. Walker & Company, 1987.

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Nuwer, Marc R., and Stephan Schuele. Electrocorticography. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0030.

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Electrocorticography (ECoG) is the method of recording electroencephalographic signals directly from surgically exposed cerebral cortex. It detects intraoperatively the cortical regions with substantial epileptiform interictal discharges. Direct cortical stimulation during ECoG provides a method of identifying language, motor, and sensory regions during a craniotomy. Both techniques—the identification of cortex with epileptic activity and cortex with important eloquent functional activity—help determine limits for surgical cortical resection. These are used most commonly during epilepsy and tu

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Alarcón, Gonzalo, and Antonio Valentín. Intracranial electroencephalographic recordings. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0012.

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Around 30% of patients assessed for surgery for the treatment of epilepsy require intracranial electrodes to localize the epileptic focus or to identify functionally relevant cortex. Patients can be very different and the various non-invasive techniques used during presurgical assessment often render conflicting or contradictory results. Deciding the type of electrodes to be used and the sites to be implanted can be puzzling. This chapter describes the electrode types available, their indications, and various implantation strategies. This chapter also summarizes the criteria used to interpret

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