Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Capacità portante'
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Vittori, Giulio. "Gestire la manutenzione dei ponti: dalle prove in sito alla valutazione della capacità portante Applicazione al ponte sul fiume Lamone a Ravenna." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/12892/.
Full textNancey, Alain. "Capacité portante des fondations superficielles sous sollicitations sismiques." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1992. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00783443.
Full textBusco, Serge dal. "Déformabilité et capacité portante des colonnes en béton armé /." Lausanne, 1988. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=734.
Full textBakir, Nour-Eddine. "Etude sur modèles centrifuges de la capacité portante de fondations superficielles." Nantes, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NANT2036.
Full textGarnier, Pierre. "Influence de l'anisotropie d'une tourbe sur la capacité portante d'un remblai ferroviaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24831/24831.pdf.
Full textHamlaoui, Madani. "Capacité portante des fondations superficielles pour géomateriaux avec modèles plastiques non associés." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10146.
Full textIn associated plasticity, i.e. with the normality law, Prandtl-Hill analytical solution gives the exact limit load of a punch on a semi-infinite massive of foundation with Mohr-Coulomb model. However, it is experimentally recognized that geomaterial shave a non-associated behavior, what means that in reality the value of the limit load is only an estimation.In this work, it is proposed to fill this lack in addressing the problem of the bearing capacity of a shallow foundation, when the low of plasticity is no-associated. On the basis of numerical simulations and an extension of the limit analysis method to materials with non-associated laws by the bipotential approach, de Saxcé (1992), we proposed an approximated analytical solution by a variational method and we compared to Drescher-Detournay formula (1993) and numerical results
Daniels, Byron James Daniels Byron J. "Comportement et capacité portante des dalles mixtes : modélisation mathématique et étude expérimentale /." Lausanne : Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne Département de génie civil ICOM-Construction métallique, 1991. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=895.
Full textLateb, Mourad. "Calcul de la capacité portante des murs en maçonnerie de petits éléments sous charges verticales." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00569146.
Full textRocher-Lacoste, Frédéric. "Étude expérimentale en vraie grandeur et étude numérique des pieux vibrofoncés : vibrations dans l'environnement et capacité portante." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005507.
Full textRocher-Lacoste, Frédéric. "Etude expérimentale en vraie grandeur et étude numérique des pieux vibrofoncés : Vibrations dans l’Environnement et Capacité Portante." Paris Est, 2008. http://pastel.paristech.org/5507/01/FRL-rapport_final.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this work is to better understand the phenomena related to vibratory driving and to capitalize on it. This report is organized into three chapters. The first describes two techniques of driven piles: impact driving and vibratory driving. The second chapter is based on two axes : 1) A full scale experimental study of acoustic impact of sound and especially an analysis of noise caused by the driving piles with a vibrator, a hydraulic hammer or a pneumatic hammer, 2) A full scale experimental study of particulate velocity during pile driving, coupled with a numerical analysis (both in 2D and in 3D), with the finite element software package CESAR-LCPC. From full-scale experiments, the third chapter compares the bearing capacity of piles implemented by impact and vibratory driving and proposes to take into account the vibratory driving piles into the French rules
Chopov, Borislav Ivanov. "La capacité d'endettement de l'entreprise : une étude portant sur un échantillon de sociétés françaises cotées." Bordeaux 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR40002.
Full textThis research aims to identify the determining factors of a firm's debt capacity. A review of the relvant literature highlights a certain number of limits to the traditional approach where debt capacity is perceived as an external constraint imposed on the firm. We then move on trom this perception to illustrate that today the concept should be understood as a strategic resource. The results show that firms seek to maintain their borrowing power to gain flexibility and to guarantee their independence in an increasingly unpredictable environment
Chatzigogos, Charisis. "Comportement sismique des fondations superficielles: vers la prise en compte d'un critere de performance dans la conception." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00212279.
Full texta. Reconnaissance des caractéristiques principales du problème par l'examen de ruptures sismiques de structures réelles. Cet effort a abouti à la création d'une base de données d'environ 200 structures qui ont subi une rupture par perte de capacité portante au niveau de la fondation.
b. Approche théorique pour la détermination de la capacité portante sismique d'un système de fondation. On a traité le problème de la capacité portante sismique d'une semelle circulaire sur un sol purement cohérent hétérogène par l'approche cinématique du Calcul à la Rupture. Les solutions établies nous ont permis de proposer une modification/extension des procédures de conception existantes qui sont incorporées dans les normes de conception parasismique européennes (Eurocode 8).
c. Approche expérimentale pour la validation de la solution théorique établie. Une collaboration avec le LCPC – Centre de Nantes a abouti à la planification des trois séances d'essais en centrifugeuse. Les deux premières séances sont incluses dans la thèse et portent sur la détermination de la capacité portante d'une semelle circulaire sur sol cohérent sous chargement quasi-statique.
d. Développement d'un outil intégré permettant la mise en œuvre d'analyses dynamiques efficaces pour la prise en compte de l'interaction sol-structure non-linéaire au niveau de la fondation. On a développé un nouveau modèle de macroélément pour le système sol-fondation. Le macroélément est utilisé comme élément de liaison à la base de la superstructure et reproduit les effets non-linéaires qui ont lieu au niveau de la fondation lors d'une sollicitation sismique. Le modèle proposé comporte deux mécanismes en couplage : la plastification du sol et le décollement qui peut se produire sur l'interface sol-structure. L'objectif de cet outil est de permettre d'effectuer de manière efficace un grand nombre d'analyses de structures dynamiques non-linéaires.
L'objectif ultérieur de nos développements est d'enrichir les normes de conception parasismique actuelles et de les orienter vers une philosophie de conception basée sur la performance des structures lors d'un séisme.
Salhi, Lakhdar. "Contribution à l’étude des comportements mécaniques et à la corrosion d’un système de fondation de type pieu vissé dans un sol mou en environnement tropical humide." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0790/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to study the both behaviors mechanical and of the corrosion of a new foundation system, called spirec piles, for lightweight structures. The work was based on two main aspects. The first aspect concerns the analysis of behavior of the spirmec piles under axial loading on the basis of experimental and numerical modeling in a non-cohesive soft soil. On the second aspect, it addresses the problem of corrosion of steel forming the pile in a humid tropical environment. The behavior of the tested piles under axial traction load, in a non-cohesive soil, showed the development of a cylindrical surface of failure. This does not depend on the geometrical configuration of the tested piles such that: the spacing s, the helix diameter dh and the diameter of the shaft. By adopting this failure criterion and using statistical data analysis, we proposed four analytical methods for predicting the bearing capacity of the piles from in-situ and laboratory tests, which are: cpt method based on tip resistance penetrometer (cpt test), mpt method based on pressuremeter limit pressure (test mpt), method of installation torque and analytical method based on the shear parameters of soil (triaxial tests and shear box). These methods take into account the geometry of the pile, the method and implementation of soil compaction. Performance analysis of the proposed methods showed that the analytical methods and cpt represent better the behavior of piles tested. An axisymmetric condition was assumed to model this geometry in two-dimensional space. In this study, we proposed to model the pipe screw pile with plates elements available in plaxis 2d. The helixes were modeled as circular disks. Interface elements were incorporated along the pile to simulate the soil-pile interaction. Hardening soil model was chosen to describe the soil with drained behavior was assigned for all layers. Linear elastic for pile and elastic plastic model based on the mohr-coulomb criterion was used to describe the interface behavior. The lateral expansion generated by the pile shaft was modeled by anisotropic volumetric strains (ɛxx=ɛzz, ɛyy=0). The pile behavior under tensile loading at different volumetric strains, it is clear that the best fit was obtained at volumetric strain of 40%. The parametric study also allowed us to establish the existence of a linear variation between the bearing capacity and spacings. The behavior of the galvanized steel in the ground has also been studied using three approaches such as: electrochemical, microscopic imaging and gravimetrically. Electrochemical tests of the corrosion of the zinc have been made in artificial soil solution into two periods, the rainy season and after eight months of contact soil-pile. Is a strong dependence of the observed corrosion rate of the zinc at the ph and conductivity of the solution. The corrosion rate is higher in the rainy season compared to eight months of contact of the pile with soil. High sulfate concentrations increase the rate of corrosion. The meb analysis shows that the fluctuation zone of the water table is the most corroded area. Comparison between the different methods of evaluating the corrosion rate showed that the ground water may be used as a representative profile of the chemical environment of a non-cohesive soil and slightly granular
Garnier, Denis. "Analyse par la théorie du calcul à la rupture des facteurs de réduction de la capacité portante de fondations superficielles." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529455.
Full textJin, Zhuang. "Numerical investigation of caisson foundations in sand under combined monotonic loadings for offshore wind turbines." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECDN0002/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis deals with the response of caisson foundations in sand for offshore wind turbines submitted to combined monotonic and cyclic loadings. First, the failure process and failure envelope (or bearing capacity diagram) of a caisson foundation in sand under combined monotonic loadings is investigated using the conventional Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model. A Combined Lagrangian-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(CLSPH) method is adopted to consider large deformations and the limitations of the approach are highlighted. A recently developed critical state model for sand (SIMSAND) is then introduced and combined with the CLSPH method. Rectangular channel soil collapse tests and granular column collapse tests considering different aspect ratios are simulated to validate the approach in terms of final deposit morphologies, flow profiles and undisturbed areas.The CLSPH method and the SIMSAND model are then used to investigate the bearing capacity diagram of the caisson foundation in sand. Different parameters affecting the shape and size of the failure envelope are considered, as soil density and stiffness, friction strength, grain breakage, geometry and aspect ratio of the foundation. An analytical formula is introduced to describe the 3D failure surface reproducing the numerical results. Based on the proposed analytical formula, a macro-element for the caisson foundation in sand submitted to monotonic and cyclic loadings is finally developed within the framework of hypoplasticity. Validation is provided through comparison with experimental results
Diop, Khadim. "Estimation de la fiabilité d'un palier fluide." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0029/document.
Full textThese research is a contribution to the development of reliability theory in fluid mechanics. For the machines design and complex mechatronic systems, many fluid components are used. These components have static and dynamic sensitive characteristics and thus have a great significance on the reliabilityand lifetime of the machines and systems. Development performed focuses specifically on the reliability evaluation of a fluid bearing using a"fluid mechanics - reliability" interaction approach. This coupling requires a specific definition of the limit state function for estimating the failure probability of a fluid bearing. The Reynolds equation permits to determine the fluid bearing load capacity according to the operating conditions. Several simple geometries of fluid bearings were modeled analytically and their failure probabilities were estimated using the approximation methods FORM / SORM (First Order Reliability Method,Second Order Reliability Method) and Monte Carlo simulation
Dhaybi, Mathieu. "Renforcement de fondations superficielles par soil mixing : Analyses par modélisation physique et numérique." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0014/document.
Full textThe reinforcement of shallow foundations by soil mixing consists on mixing the soil beneath with a hydraulic binder in order to obtain columns with mixed modulus. These columns, which have mechanical properties bounded between those of concrete and those of soil, can improve the soil bearing capacity and reduce excessive settlements as well. This research work is a phenomenological and quantitative study of the behavior of shallow foundations reinforced by soil mixing columns. It leads to analyze and highlight improvements that this technology brings in terms of bearing capacity increase and settlement reduction. In a first step, a soil mixing material is formulated from Hostun sand and cement CEM III. A preliminary study is conducted to determine the mechanical characteristics of the soil mixing material, Hostun sand and sand – soil mixing interface. In a second step, an experimental tank is designed to allow the installation of 1 m3 of hostun sand under different density. The experimental procedure allows also the installation of soil mixing columns that reinforce the soil. Finally a device is installed in order to carry on loading tests. Different configurations of the physical model were tested. Loading tests are carried on soil mixing columns and on unreinforced and reinforced shallow foundations. Size of the foundation, number of reinforcing columns, their age, soil density and type of reinforcement (rigid inclusion or mixed foundation) are parameters we change during this study. The characterization tests, the design of the experimental model, and the loading tests helped us to better understand the behavior of the reinforced soil. The knowledge of geomechanical parameters of soil and soil mixing material allowed us to understand the evolution of the bearing capacity of the reinforced foundations. The presence of a carrier horizon, in which the tip columns is embedded, leads to significantly increase the bearing capacity of the foundation. In the rigid inclusions reinforcement case, the increasing of granular mattress thickness reduces the bearing capacity of the reinforced foundation. However, it increases the part of the loading transmitted to soil mixing columns. A comparison was made between the experimental results of loading tests and the results of a finite element model implemented with Abaqus software. Model parameters are taken from our material characterization study. It is proven that the model developed is able to reproduce not only loading tests at column scale, but alsot at reinforced foundations scale
Tahenni, Touhami. "Étude de la capacité portante à l'effort tranchant des poutres en béton armé renforcées en fibres d'acier avec référence particulière aux poutres en béton à hautes performances." Thesis, Lorient, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORIS413.
Full textDespite de multiple advantages of high performances, it is still relatively unknown. It is thusimportant to study this material from all the aspects in the aim of understanding its structuralbehavior and using it as a building material in composition with steel and hence beneficiate fullyfrom its higher compressive strength and denser compactness. In this sense, the serviceability ofthe material, particularly its behaviour towards cracking which affects its integrity, necessitates adeeper investigation. In the same context, the shear behavior of high performances concrete(HPC) is still insufficiently investigated by comparison to the abundant literature for that of ordinaryconcrete (OC). On the aspect of shear behaviour, it is worth noting that such a solicitation inreinforced concrete is a topic which continues to arouse a lot of interest despite the abundanceof the existing literature. The applicability of the different design approaches to high performancesconcrete requires further investigations. This aspect is a part of the objectives of the presentexperimental study. The use of steel fibers as reinforcement for concrete in general and for highperformances concrete in particular seems to improve the structural behavior of this concretematerial, particularly for shearing. On these aspects of structural behaviour, a total of 70 reinforcedconcrete beams, from ordinary concrete and high performances concrete, with and withoutsteel fibers, have been tested in four-point flexural bending. The steel fibers were used in differentquantities /f and different aspect ratios lf/df. The test carried out in this investigation have shownthat fibers stitch up effectively the two faces of a crack and thus enable structural elements to beserviceable at higher loading levels. This efficiency is particularly distinguishable for highperformances concrete (HPC) which develops a relatively better bond with the reinforcement bycomparison to ordinary concrete (OC). These stitching effects are however not reflected in thedesign models presented in the different universal design codes
Li, Davelouis Julio Raúl, and Chávez Juan Segundo Zegarra. "Diseño de propuestas de solución y evaluación técnico-económica para la cimentación de tres edificios de concreto armado de sistema de muros de 4, 6 y 8 pisos situados en un suelo de capacidad portante de 1.01kg/cm2." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626088.
Full textLa investigación consiste en la evaluación técnico-económica de tres alternativas de cimentación, las cuales son platea de cimentación, sistema de zapatas y micropilotes, estudiadas en tres proyectos situados en un suelo de baja capacidad portante igual a 1.01kg/cm2. Esto con el objetivo de determinar la alternativa de solución más óptima en función a los criterios técnico y económico, teniendo en cuenta que la opción de platea de cimentación es comúnmente la más empleada. En cuanto a los proyectos, estos corresponden a edificios multifamiliares de 4, 6 y 8 pisos, de material de concreto armado, de sistema estructural a base de muros y sin sótanos. Estos ese encuentran situados en un suelo arenoso (SP-SM), sin presencia del nivel freático ni fallas geológicas, perteneciente al distrito de Ica, provincia de Ica, departamento de Ica, Perú. Respecto al diseño de las alternativas de cimentación, estas se rigen bajo las exigencias de las normas de diseño vigentes en el Perú, correspondientes al Reglamento Nacional de Edificaciones (RNE). Asimismo, se utilizaron programas de software como ETABS y SAP2000, para complementar el análisis estructural de los edificios y diseño de las alternativas de cimentación. Posterior al diseño, se realizó la evaluación técnico-económica, proponiendo un plan de ejecución (cronograma) acorde con las características y contexto del proyecto, como también un presupuesto económico para cada caso. Finalmente, mediante un análisis comparativo que contrasta ambos criterios, se concluye la alternativa de cimentación más óptima para cada caso de estudio.
The investigation consists in technical and economic evaluation of foundation alternatives, which are foundation plate, shoe system and micropiles, for three projects located in a low bearing capacity soil of to 1.01kg/cm2. The study objective is determine the best foundation alternative according to technical and economic criteria, taking into account that foundation plate is commonly the most used. Corresponding to the projects, these are multifamily buildings of 4, 6 and 8 floors, of reinforced concrete material, structural system based on walls and without basements. In the same way, these projects are located in a sandy soil (SP-SM), without freatic level presence neither geological fails, located in Ica district, Ica province, Ica department, Peru. On the other hand, according to the foundation alternatives design, these are supported by the requirements of the peruvian design rules “Reglamento Nacional de Edificicaciones” (RNE). In the same way, software programs such as ETABS and SAP2000 were used to complement the study of buildings structural performance and foundation alternatives. After design, the technical-economic evaluation was carried out, proposing an execution plan (schedule) according to the characteristics and context of the projects, and an economic budget for each case. Finally, through a comparative analysis that contrats both criteria, the best foundation alternative por each case is concluded.
Tesis
Six, Vincent. "Analyse du comportement des colonnes ballastées : influence des conditions initiales." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Six.pdf.
Full textSchiavon, José Antonio. "Behaviour of helical anchors subjected to cyclic loadings." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ECDN0014/document.
Full textHelical anchors, used widely to resist uplift loading for a variety of applications, including in transmission towers, pipelines, offshore structures, etc., are subjected to environmental cyclic loads that influence the anchor performance and may induce fatigue failure. However, the influence of cyclic loading on helical anchor behaviour is unknown. A comprehensive evaluation of the effect of cyclic loading on the load-displacement response of single-helix anchors in sandy soils is presented here, including an interaction diagram to help designers evaluate the impact of different conditions in cyclic loadings. The experimental work of this thesis includes geotechnical centrifuge modelling and field load tests. The centrifuge model tests were carried out with reduced scale models of helical anchors in sand, at IFSTTAR (Nantes, France). The field load tests were performed on hekical anchors installed in a tropical residual soil of the Experimental Site of the University of Sao Paulo (Sao Carlos, Brazil). In addition, numerical modelling was used to predict the pre- and post-cyclic responses of the single-helix anchors tested in a centrifuge. The main findings of this research are : (a) helical anchor behaviour is governed by helix bearing resistance and no loss of helix bearing capacity was observed in the range of cyclic loadings tested, (b) the degardation of shaft resistance was noticed mainly during the first 100 cycles, when the accumulation of permanent displacements is more significant, (c) an interaction diagramshowing the different conditions of cyclic stability is proposed from the results of the experimental data, (d) modified values of the bearing capacity factor in tension (Nq) are suggested for the estimation of post-cyclic uplift capacity of single-helix anchors in sand, (e) the installation effect of the anchor should be taken into account in the numerical model in order to obtain reliable predictions of the helical anchor performance
Meftah, Khaled. "Mécanique des sols anisotropes : caractérisation de l'anisotropie des sols et prise en compte dans le calcul des ouvrages." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066413.
Full textBennis, Mohammed. "Un Modèle multiphasique pour le calcul des ouvrages renforcés par inclusions, avec prise en compte de l'interaction matrice-inclusions." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENPC0221.
Full textLebegue, Yves. "Fondations superficielles sur milieu homogène horizontal ou incliné et sur milieu hétérogène sable sur argile molle." Poitiers, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987POIT2023.
Full textBornarel, Bruno. "Fondations superficielles sur pente et essai pressiométrique : Approche numérique." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1999. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1810_bbornarel.pdf.
Full textAccording to French regulations, the bearing capacity of shallow foundations may be calculated by the mean ogf two different approaches. The first one is based on the theory of perfect plasticity. The second one is empirical, and derived from a direct interpretation of in-situ experimentation (pressuremeter or penetrometer test). Both methods give a basic formula dealing with the reference case : a non-embedded foundation resting on a horizontal ground surface and submitted to a vertical and centred load. Complex cases are solved applying reducing factors to the reference bearing capacity. The aim of this study is to analyse the pressuremeter approach, and more particularly, the influence of a slope on the bearing capacity of a shallow strip foundation. This problem is studied through a numerical approach using the finite element method. The soil behaviour is modelled using two elasto-plastic constitutive laws with hardening : CJS model for granular soils, and modified Cam-Clay model for clays. This study is made of three parts : first, the state of stress in a slope is analysed taking into account the stress history. It is shown that this history has a great influence on the final state of stress within the soil. In a second part, a pressuremeter test hold in a slope is modelled. Results analysed in terms of various parameters influence : test location within the slope, initial stress state, type of soil considered. The third part consists of loading simulaltions of a shallow foundation set up near a slope edge. Following the analysis of the initial stress influence, centrifugal tests are simulated using CJS constitutive law. Bearing capacity factors obtained through this approach are compared with those derived from official regulations. Finally, a global synthesis gathering all results is proposed
Francis, Roméo. "Etude du comportement mécanique de micropieux modèles en chambre d'étalonnage. Application aux effets de groupe." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523154.
Full textOlier, Maïwenn. "Caractérisation de souches de portage asymptomatique de Listeria monocytogenes isolées chez l'homme : évaluation des capacités invasives et étude de leur survie en milieu acide et en présence de sels biliaires." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOS014.
Full textHellebois, Armande. "Theoretical and experimental studies on early reinforced concrete structures: contribution to the analysis of the bearing capacity of the Hennebique system." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209441.
Full textWith this in mind, the present research aims at identifying the specific structural characteristics of reinforced concrete structures erected before the First World War. Several axes of investigation were pursued in this PhD research and have resulted in the main observations detailed below.
- Based on a case study of the region of Brussels (Belgium), a database of structures built in reinforced concrete prior to 1914 was drawn up in order to place the material in its historical and geographical context. The inventory currently contains 507 examples and provides a panorama of the uses of reinforced concrete, ranging from numerous foundations and slabs to a complete structure from the end of the 1890s. This list is supplemented by a survey of a total of 605 patents filed for reinforced concrete in Belgium before the First World War. The early development of reinforced concrete was strongly related to national patenting, with a considerable number of systems being patented by private inventors for commercial purposes. Reinforced concrete profoundly transformed the building industry. All the professions working with the composite material had to change their approach, from the planning stage through to execution on the site. From the viewpoint of construction history, all these modifications make the time of the advent of reinforced concrete a particularly fruitful period to study.
- From the survey of early reinforced concrete structures in Brussels and the database of Belgian patents, the supremacy of the Frenchman François Hennebique and his system on the Brussels market for reinforced concrete (and, by extension, on the Belgian market) before 1914 is incontestable. This commercial achievement resulted from a combination of factors: an efficient structural system, meticulous attention to the quality of on-site reinforced concrete execution, and the commercial acumen to develop the business through advertising and other media. The well-known Hennebique system represents a monolithic structure including slabs, beams and columns. In fact, this system changed over the decades of operation of Hennebique’s company, not so much in relation to the design methods (his original semi-empirical method continued to be used) but particularly in practical terms (the type and location of the rebars among others). The evolution of the system is analysed by means of technical drawings from about 30 Belgian projects designed by Hennebique between 1900 and 1930.
- After the building contractors, who had been the first to believe in the structural and economic potential of reinforced concrete, engineers invented the calculation models and architects started developing new shapes. The Belgian engineer Paul Christophe was among the first theorists of reinforced concrete. The publication of his book Le béton armé et ses applications in 1899 is internationally recognised as a milestone in the rational modelling of structural reinforced concrete elements. Prior to the present study, details of his life and work remained largely uninvestigated, but the discovery of large parts of his personal archives has allowed clarification of his role in the popularisation of reinforced concrete, especially at the theoretical level.
- Reinforced concrete structures around the beginning of the 20th century were initially governed by empirical models of calculation (and execution) developed by the individual constructors. Gradually, reinforced concrete standards, published between 1904 and 1923 and based on working stress analysis and elastic modular ratio theory, replaced the utility of the patented systems. The different theoretical approaches are briefly described in this research. Mastering the theoretical assumptions and calculation methods used at the time represents the first step towards an appreciation of the structural behaviour and the possible weaknesses that can be expected.
- A review, based on literature published at that time, of the properties of the components of reinforced concrete allows identification of the characteristic materials used in the concrete matrix and the metal reinforcements. The execution process and the available technological tools for erecting a reinforced concrete structure are also addressed, as these would have had a direct influence on the quality of construction. Non-destructive and destructive experimental laboratory tests were performed on original samples, mainly removed from the Colo-Hugues viaduct (1904, Braine-l’Alleud, Hennebique system) in order to assess the mechanical properties, chemical features and durability issues for concrete and ferrous reinforcements. Comparing the results obtained using different techniques also makes it possible to determine the extent to which these techniques are reliable for the appraisal of early reinforced concrete structures.
- The structural efficiency of the Hennebique system is assessed based on an understanding of the principles of Hennebique’s semi-empirical method of calculation, but also – and primarily – by means of observations from experimental tests carried out on full-sized beams removed from the Colo-Hugues viaduct. Analysing and understanding the behaviour of the new composite material was a critical issue for promoting the use of reinforced concrete at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, what is required is a re-assessment of its structural behaviour. Three bending tests up to failure in simply supported conditions were performed at the BATir Department of the Université libre de Bruxelles on T-beams from the Colo-Hugues viaduct. This case study is representative of the majority of Hennebique structures, because the typical continuous straight T-beam is the main structural element of any Hennebique structure (bridge, building, etc.). The first test is a four-point bending test on a complete span (6 m) of the viaduct to obtain the response of the central part under positive bending moment. The flexural failure was ductile and occurred through yielding of the reinforcements followed by crushing of the concrete at mid-span. The second and third tests are three-point bending tests on 4 m long specimens centred on the column, representing the behaviour of the beam around the supports. These showed a sudden slipping failure due to loss of the adhesive bond between rebars. The results of these three experiments combined reproduce the actual behaviour of the viaduct in service. The bearing capacity of the Hennebique system in service and at ultimate has been demonstrated, at least for one loading case. These experimental tests provide essential data for a better understanding of the mechanisms of failure and reveal the main weaknesses of the Hennebique T-beam. Two strengthening solutions are suggested as supplementary information.
- The pathologies observed in early reinforced concrete structures (honeycombs, corrosion of the rebars, and so on) are mainly attributable to the tools and techniques that the builders had at their disposal (handmade compaction, high water-to-cement ratio, etc.) and by the limited contemporary knowledge of the physical and chemical phenomena, especially with regard to long-term effects. In fact, the concrete quality of the viaduct is surprisingly satisfactory despite its great age, due to the fact that the whole structure was covered with plaster, like the majority of reinforced concrete structures designed at that time.
This research establishes that reinforced concrete structures from 1880 to 1914 differ from later reinforced concrete structures. Taking into consideration the features of early reinforced concrete structures will contribute to ensuring sustainable conservation with limited intervention, thus preserving as much as possible of the original structure when restoration work is undertaken. Working on existing buildings often requires a multidisciplinary and holistic approach. The present study could thus be extended in various areas. For example, other structural aspects could be studied more in depth, such as demonstration of the shear strength of the Hennebique system or detailed consideration of the reinforcements (low adherence, particular anchorage devices, etc.)/
C'est dans le cadre de la conservation, au sens large du terme, que s'inscrit cette recherche sur les constructions en béton armé de première génération, c'est-à-dire de la fin du 19ème siècle au début du 20ème siècle. Cette recherche traite uniquement des superstructures, à l'exclusion des fondations, routes, tuyaux, etc. et en béton armé au sens moderne du terme, c'est-à-dire un béton réalisé à base de ciment artificiel et dont les armatures interviennent surtout pour reprendre les efforts de traction, ce qui exclut par exemple les utilisations de poutrelles métalliques enrobées de béton. Certains de ces ouvrages, réalisés entre 1880 et 1914, font aujourd'hui partie intégrante du patrimoine bâti, pour leurs valeurs architecturale, historique, technique ou aussi socio-économique. Ils jalonnent désormais l'histoire de la construction comme témoins d'une époque où le béton armé était un matériau nouveau. La Première Guerre mondiale marque la fin de cette période de premières innovations, d'explorations et d'expérimentations. Elle entérine l'acceptation et la diffusion du béton armé comme matériau de construction à part entière. Cependant, ainsi que le montrent certains projets de restauration actuels aux interventions inadéquates, il y a encore une méconnaissance des spécificités du béton armé de cette époque. Les causes de leurs dégradations mal diagnostiquées sont traitées de façon inappropriée. Or, dans les prochaines années, nombre de structures en béton armé construites dans la première moitié du 20ème siècle seront amenées à subir une rénovation suite au vieillissement naturel du matériau. C'est pourquoi pour conserver au mieux ces structures, il est indispensable d'étudier en détails leurs caractéristiques techniques pour ensuite intervenir, si nécessaire, de façon précise et adaptée.
Ce doctorat s'attèle donc à identifier les particularités des constructions en béton armé construites avant l'avènement de la Première Guerre mondiale, et plus spécifiquement à étudier leurs aspects structuraux. Plusieurs axes de recherche ont été développés et ont abouti aux principaux résultats suivants.
- Basé sur le cas de la région de Bruxelles-Capitale (Belgique), un inventaire des interventions en béton armé, construites avant 1914, a été dressé pour replacer le matériau dans son contexte historique et géographique. Cette base de données, comprenant 507 biens jusqu'à présent, illustre les types d'utilisation du béton armé dans la construction au début du 20ème siècle, d'abord des fondations ou simples planchers, jusqu'à une structure monolithique complète dès la fin des années 1890. Cet inventaire est complété par le relevé détaillé des brevets, au nombre de 605, déposés à ce sujet en Belgique avant la Première Guerre mondiale. Les brevets ont joué un rôle fondamental dans le développement du béton armé. Celui-ci était, en effet, régi par un foisonnement de systèmes commerciaux, majoritairement brevetés. L'introduction du béton armé a transformé en profondeur le secteur de la construction et notamment les professions liées tant à la phase de conception qu'au chantier lui-même. Du point de vue de l'histoire de la construction, toutes ces mutations font de l'avènement du béton armé une période historique riche.
- A la lecture du panorama offert par les inventaires des constructions et des brevets, la prééminence de la compagnie du Français François Hennebique, et donc de son système, sur le marché bruxellois (et par extrapolation sur le marché belge) du béton armé avant 1914 est indéniable. La réussite commerciale de Hennebique résulte d'une combinaison de facteurs: un système efficace sur le plan structural, une qualité d'exécution de béton coulé en place fiable et méticuleuse ainsi qu'un sens développé des affaires, en maîtrisant l'art de la promotion et de la publicité notamment. Le système bien connu de Hennebique comprend un ensemble monolithique formé par des dalles (hourdis), poutres et colonnes. Ce système a, en réalité, évolué dans le temps, pas tant d'un point de vue théorique (les calculs de dimensionnement sont les mêmes) mais plutôt pratique (positionnement, type d'armatures, etc.). Cette évolution a été observée par l'étude d'une trentaine de cas pratiques exécutés par Hennebique entre 1900 et 1930 en Belgique.
- Après les entrepreneurs, qui ont été les premiers à croire aux nouvelles possibilités constructives qu'offre le béton armé ainsi qu'à son succès commercial, les ingénieurs en inventent les principes de calcul et les architectes en révolutionnent les formes. L'ingénieur belge Paul Christophe fut parmi les premiers théoriciens du béton armé. La publication de son ouvrage Le béton armé et ses applications en 1899 constitue une étape importante, et internationalement reconnue, pour le dimensionnement rationnel d'éléments structuraux en béton armé. Jusqu'à la présente recherche, sa vie et son œuvre étaient restées assez confidentielles mais la découverte d'une partie de ses archives personnelles a permis de clarifier son rôle dans la diffusion, surtout théorique, du béton armé.
- Les structures en béton armé d'avant la Première Guerre mondiale furent d'abord gouvernées par des méthodes empiriques de dimensionnement (et d'exécution) développées par chaque constructeur. L'apparition des premières règlementations entre 1904 et 1923, basées sur une analyse en contraintes admissibles et la théorie du coefficient d'équivalence, remplace ensuite peu-à-peu l'utilité des systèmes brevetés. Les différentes approches théoriques sont brièvement décrites dans cette recherche. Maitriser les hypothèses et les méthodes de calculs employées à l'époque est, en effet, une première étape pour comprendre le fonctionnement structural prévu et les potentielles défaillances de dimensionnement.
- A travers une lecture attentive de la littérature publiée à cette période, les matériaux intervenants dans la fabrication du béton armé (c'est-à-dire le béton et les armatures) et utilisés couramment au début du 20ème siècle ont été identifiés ainsi que les moyens disponibles à cette époque pour produire des structures en béton armé. Des méthodes d'essais non-destructives et destructives ont été appliquées principalement, sur le viaduc Colo-Hugues (1904, Braine-l'Alleud, système Hennebique) afin d'évaluer les caractéristiques mécaniques, les propriétés chimiques et la durabilité tant du béton que des renforcements métalliques. Comparer les résultats de ces différentes méthodes permet d'aborder les limites d'utilisation de ces techniques, lorsqu'il s'agit d'évaluer structuralement des bétons armés de première génération.
- Grâce à la compréhension des principes, semi-empiriques, de dimensionnement appliqués par le bureau Hennebique en son temps mais surtout grâce aux observations déduites des essais expérimentaux réalisés sur des poutres de grandeur réelle, prélevées sur le viaduc Colo-Hugues, le fonctionnement structural réel du système Hennebique est évalué. Comprendre et modéliser le comportement du nouveau matériau composite fut une problématique fondamentale pour accroître l'usage du béton armé au début du 20ème siècle. Actuellement, il s'agit de réévaluer le comportement de ces structures. Trois essais jusqu'à rupture ont été menés, au département BATir de l'Université libre de Bruxelles, sur des poutres à gousset en T provenant du viaduc Colo-Hugues en conditions isostatiques et soumises à flexion. Ce viaduc des chemins de fer vicinaux est un cas d'étude représentatif de la majorité des constructions Hennebique, car la poutre de section en T est la structure typique du système Hennebique, utilisée tant dans les ouvrages d'art que dans les bâtiments. Le premier essai est une flexion 4 points sur une travée complète du viaduc (6 m de portée) pour obtenir la réponse en zone de moment maximum positif. La rupture ductile a eu lieu par plastification des armatures suivie d'un écrasement du béton en zone centrale, c'est-à-dire dans la zone la plus sollicitée. Deux éléments identiques de longueur de 4 m ont été essayés en flexion 3 points pour représenter le comportement sur appuis. La rupture de ces deux dernières expériences s'est produite suite à un glissement des armatures sur appuis (goussets à côté de la colonne). Il s'agit donc d'une rupture à caractère fragile. Les trois essais combinés représentent correctement la structure hyperstatique du viaduc dans son fonctionnement en service. La capacité portante réelle du système Hennebique en service et à l'état limite ultime, du moins dans un cas de chargement, a pu être expliquée. Ces essais fournissent les données essentielles pour estimer l'efficacité structurale du système Hennebique et identifier ses faiblesses. Deux solutions de renforcement sont proposées en complément d'information.
- Les pathologies observées dans les bétons armés datant du début du 20ème siècle (nids de graviers, corrosion des armatures, etc.) sont, la plupart du temps, causées par les outils sommaires à la disposition des constructeurs (vibration à la main, rapport eau/ciment plus élevé qu'aujourd'hui, etc.) et par une connaissance limitée des phénomènes physiques et chimiques, surtout à long terme. En fait, la qualité du béton du viaduc Colo-Hugues est particulièrement satisfaisante malgré l'âge avancé du béton, grâce notamment à l'enduit recouvrant l'ensemble du viaduc, ce qui est le cas pour la majorité des structures de la période étudiée.
Cette recherche démontre que les constructions en béton armé datant de 1880 à 1914 diffèrent des ouvrages postérieurs en béton armé et qu'il serait utile pour leur restauration de tenir compte de ces spécificités. La connaissance approfondie des particularités des constructions en béton armé de première génération permettra, espérons-le, de contribuer à leur longévité en intervenant le moins possible sur les structures d'origine. Etant donné que l'étude des structures existantes nécessite le plus souvent une approche pluridisciplinaire, ce travail pourrait être poursuivi dans plusieurs domaines variés. Il resterait notamment à approfondir d'autres aspects de stabilité, comme par exemple la démonstration de l'efficacité à l'effort tranchant du système Hennebique ou encore la prise en considération plus détaillée des armatures (adhérence limitée, forme d'ancrage particulier, etc.).
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Souley, Issiakou Mahamadou. "Caractérisation et valorisation des matérieux latéritiques utilisés en construction routière au Niger." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0340/document.
Full textLaterites are the most commonly used soils in civil engineering works, particularly in road construction in most countries of intertropical region. These are residual or detrital soils resulting from the alteration of pre-existing rocks. These soils contain a considerable quantity of iron and aluminum oxides, kaolinite and silica, but small quantities of titanium oxides, manganese, magnesium, etc. The large diversity of the chemical compounds of laterites makes their characterization difficult. Moreover, specification documents and technical guides used for road design in sub-saharan Africa, most of them unsuitable, do not take into account the specificity of climatic and environmental conditions of laterite formations in road projects. An interdisciplinary characterization of these soils, taking into account the factors involved in the lateritization process, should make it possible to be determined more precisely. It’s also the best way to get more relevant and much more representative properties. The aim of this work is to characterize and determine the lateritic soils suitability of southwestern Niger in road construction. The area covered by the study consists of seven lateritic deposits with strong geological different contexts from one to another. Our study, based on various approaches, made it possible to determine the geotechnical and mechanical properties of the soils on the one hand and the chemical and mineralogical properties on the other hand. At the end of the study, two categories of soils are to be distinguished: [1] soils with good bearing capacity : CBR of around 100 contain average fines content not exceeding 12% and a plasticity index less than 15. For these soils, the bearing capcity depends very much on the size of the particles. They have a high shear strength, an effective internal friction angle φ' of the order of 40° and an effective cohesion c' greater than 10 kPa. Their behavior is dilatant during shear. They have low values in void ratio and in index permeability. Similarly, their amplitude of settlement is low. The good bearing capacity of these soils is mainly justified by their appreciable iron oxides content. The attack of the microstructure by the latter is done in diffuse way or by concretionary circles of oolites. [2] the soils of low bearing capacity : the fine fraction and the plasticity index are high respectively of the order of 25 and 30. The bearing capacity is around 30, the internal friction angle is less than 30° and the cohesion less than 5 kPa. These soils are weak to the shear and their behavior is contracting (loose sand behavior). They are more compressible and less permeable with a high swelling coefficient. The low bearing capacity of these soils is attributable to their low iron oxide content and to the mode of attack which is carried out in isolated way.The improvement of soils with low bearing capacity has been tested separately by adding a certain amount of hydraulic binder (cement), lime (CaO) and lateritic nodules. Mineralogical and chemical analyzes showed that the addition of the products led to a textural modification and favored the production of neo-synthesized chemical compounds whose main role was to strengthen the links between the mineral elements contained in the lateritic samples. In most cases, the improved samples showed good bearing capacity and validated their road pavement suitability
Broutin, Michaël. "Évaluation des chaussées souples aéroportuaires à l'aide du déflectomètre à masse tombante (HWD) : développement d'une méthode d'analyse dynamique temporelle par éléments finis pour le calcul inverse des propriétés structurelles." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00565757.
Full textKvasnička, Karel. "Mobilní zdroje elektrické energie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-413211.
Full text"Influence de l'anisotropie d'une tourbe sur la capacité portante d'un remblai ferroviaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24831/24831.pdf.
Full textSee, Chan H., Elmahdi A. Elkhazmi, Khalid G. Samarah, Khambashi Majid S. Al, Raed A. Abd-Alhameed, Neil J. McEwan, and Peter S. Excell. "A printed wideband MIMO antenna for mobile and portable communication devices." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9217.
Full textA printed crescent-shaped monopole MIMO antenna is presented for handheld wireless communication devices. The mutual coupling between the two antenna elements can be minimised by implementing a I-shaped common radiator. Both the simulated and measured results agree that the antenna covers the operating frequency band from 1.6 to 2.8 GHz with the return loss and isolation better than 10 dB and 14 dB respectively. To further verifying the MIMO characteristic including far-field, gain, radiation efficiency, channel capacity loss and envelope correlation, the results confirm that the antenna can operate effectively in a rich multipath environment.
Lopes, Luis. "Étude exploratoire portant sur les obstacles aux objectifs organisationnels dans le management public." Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3626/1/M11623.pdf.
Full textChen, Wen-Cheng, and 陳文政. "A Capacitor-free Low Dropout Voltage Regulator for Portable Generators’ Back-end Application." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39880037754486369335.
Full textDelagrave, Étienne. "Évaluation de la capacité des futurs enseignants en sciences à interpréter adéquatement les nouvelles scientifiques portant sur des études épidémiologiques." Mémoire, 2008. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1174/1/M10314.pdf.
Full textZhang, Chao. "A Dual-Supply Buck Converter with Improved Light-Load Efficiency." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-05-9521.
Full text陳奕安. "Lithium Battery Charger with Accurate Control and Switched-Capacitor DC-DC Converter by Threshold Voltage Switching For Portable Application." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86745577571131020401.
Full text國立交通大學
電控工程研究所
100
In recent years, portable products have become the most popular commodity for consumers, and its market share is rising rapidly. Because handheld devices rely on the power of battery, the energy charged to battery and the voltage conversion for a variety of batteries have become important issues. This paper presents a lithium-ion charger with accurate termination of the charging circuit and analog smooth conversion technology and a switched-capacitor DC-DC converter with dual branch interleaving regulation by threshold voltage switching. In the lithium-ion charger part, based on physical properties of battery cells, constant current and constant voltage mode (CC-CV Mode)is widespread use of a charging method. The charging model of this thesis is divided into four stages, which are trickle current(TC) stage, constant current(CC) stage, constant voltage(CV) stage ,and end of charge(EOC)stage. In addition, accurate charge termination circuit and analog smooth transition technology not only help to precisely reach the charging voltage but also avoid battery damage by overcharge to extend battery life. In the switched-capacitor voltage doubler part, the proposed charge pump regulator circuit can be used for boost demand. The thesis proposes a new mechanism with modulation of threshold voltage. This paper presents a new mechanism and an interleaving fashion to achieve continuous output voltage regulation, thereby improving the output voltage regulation and ripple voltage. The chips presented in this paper were fabricated by Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.35μm 2P4M 3.3V mixed‐signal CMOS process. Keywords: Lithium battery charger, accurate control, analog smooth transition, switched- capacitor voltage doubler, threshold voltage modulation.
Laplante, Danielle. "Une étude exploratoire portant sur la qualité de vie de personnes adultes en période d'adaptation à la perte de vision en lien à la qualité du soutien familial reçu." Mémoire, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5321/1/M12806.pdf.
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