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1
Travis, Charles. The Move, the Divide, the Myth, and its Dogma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809630.003.0004.
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A simple idea: Perception is of what is in view (before the eyes), or making noise, or the noises made, or emitting odours, or the thus emitted (etc.). What we see is, say, a pig, or its perambulations, or its rooting beneath that oak. Sight offers us a certain form of awareness of this, characterized in one way by its objects. It thus offers us occasion for another sort: we may recognize what we are aware of as, for example, a case of a pig rooting, or of an interminable drum machine. We take up the offer in exercising capacities for recognition such as they are. John McDowell has argued that this cannot be quite right (or anyway complete). For it needs to posit rational relations where there can be none. What follows argues that McDowell cannot be quite right: if he were, thought would cease to exist.
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Magolda, Marcia Baxter, and Kari B. Taylor. Developing Self-Authorship in College to Navigate Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.34.
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Many emerging adults find themselves navigating the complex transition from adolescence to adulthood while enrolled in college. The key to navigating the demands of college (and emerging adulthood) is not simply what decisions one makes but also how one makes them. This chapter foregrounds college student development research regarding the developmental capacities that underlie young adults’ decision-making processes. Drawing upon two longitudinal studies of college student and young adult development, the authors show how young adults move from uncritically following external formulas learned in childhood toward gaining the capacity for self-authorship—a journey that involves developing internal criteria for crafting one’s identities, relationships, and beliefs and yields the ability to navigate external demands. The authors emphasize that diverse combinations of personal characteristics, experiences, and meaning-making capacities yield diverse pathways toward self-authorship. They also highlight how higher education can promote self-authorship and explore further research to better understand self-authorship’s relevance across cultures.
3
Furtak, Rick Anthony. Love’s Knowledge; or, The Significance of What We Care About. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492045.003.0006.
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This chapter explains why love and care can be reliable capacities. Without love, or care, as a basic affective disposition, we would not have access to those features of the world that attract our attention and that move us to respond emotionally. That we are loving or caring beings structures how the world seems to us: what seems real and significant, what appears to be possible, as well as what arouses our attention and moves us to respond. A person who loves or cares minimally apprehends less and inhabits a diminished world. What it means to love someone or something is to value her or its life and well-being as an end in itself. Our heightened awareness of what we love and care about enables us to appreciate aspects of our surroundings that would otherwise have been lost on us: these emotional dispositions thus reveal meaningful features of the world.
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Sandilands, Catriona. Floral Sensations. Edited by Teena Gabrielson, Cheryl Hall, John M. Meyer, and David Schlosberg. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685271.013.33.
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This chapter turns on the concept ofsensationto sketch some of the ways plants are caught up in contemporary biopolitics. Specifically, the idea of the floral sensation both describes the spectacular qualities of (some) plants that make them particularly desirable commodities in the global floral industry, and gestures to recent research that indicate that plantshavesensations that are both similar to and radically different from human ones. Together, these meanings demonstrate that plants are extensively implicated in biopolitical relations, but as agents with specific capacities rather than as passive objects of manipulation. To understand the involvement of active plants in biopolitics, then, requires attentiveness both to the multiplicity of vegetal involvements in socio-political entanglements, and to the ways in which plants complicate questions of life itself; ethical and political responses to plant life must therefore move beyond assertions of plant similarity in the direction of also recognizing their unassimilable differences.
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Singer, Kate, Ashley Cross, and Suzanne Barnett, eds. Material Transgressions. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789621778.001.0001.
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Material Transgressions reveals how Romantic-era authors think outside of historical and theoretical ideologies that reiterate notions of sexed bodies, embodied subjectivities, isolated things, or stable texts. Essays examine how these writers rethink materiality, especially the subject-object relationship, in order to challenge the tenets of Enlightenment and the culture of sensibility that privileged the hegemony of the speaking and feeling lyric subject and to undo supposedly invariable matter, and representations of it, that limited their writing, agency, knowledge, and even being. In this volume, the idea of transgression serves as a flexible and capacious discursive and material movement that braids together fluid forms of affect, embodiment, and textuality. They offer alternative understandings of materiality that move beyond concepts that fix gendered bodies and intellectual capacities, whether human or textual, idea or thing. They enact processes—assemblages, ghost dances, pack mentality, reiterative writing, shapeshifting, multi-voiced choric oralities—that redefine restrictive structures in order to craft alternative modes of being in the world that can help us to reimagine materiality both in the Romantic period and now. Such dynamism not only reveals a new materialist imaginary for Romanticism but also unveils textualities, affects, figurations, and linguistic movements that alter new materialism’s often strictly ontological approach.
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Korsgaard, Christine M. The Case against Human Superiority. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753858.003.0004.
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This chapter argues that human beings are neither better (because of our moral nature) nor better off (because of our higher capacities) than the other animals. Our moral nature does not make us better because moral standards do not apply to animal action. Our higher capacities do not make us better off because the good of a creature is relative to the creature’s capacities. The two views share a common error. One thing can be better or better off than another only as measured by a standard common to both, not because different standards apply to them. The chapter also offers an explanation of the common intuition that death and certain harms are worse for more cognitively and emotionally sophisticated animals than for cognitively and emotionally simpler ones. While the explanation supports the intuition, doubts are raised about whether death is really less bad for some creatures than others.
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Fiorino, Daniel J. Prospects and Politics in the United States. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190605803.003.0007.
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This chapter assesses the capacities for a green growth transition in the United States. Although a leader in the early days of modern environmentalism, evaluations of US ecological policy and performance have been less favorable more recently. Whether or not this will change and the United States will embrace green growth depends on structural and political factors. The first describes relatively fixed institutional characteristics such as federalism, electoral rules, and economic composition. The second, political factors, are less fixed in the near term: the balance of political power, public opinion, and interest group activity. This analysis of capacities for green growth is used to propose a political strategy for change in the concluding chapter.
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Figdor, Carrie. Literalism and Moral Status. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809524.003.0009.
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Chapter 9 presents the idea that Literalism undermines current social and moral boundaries for moral status. Possession of psychological capacities, moral standing, and respectful treatment are a standard package deal. So either many more beings enjoy moral status than we now think, or the relative superiority of human moral status over other beings is diminished. It introduces the role of psychological ascriptions in drawing social and moral boundaries by examining dehumanization and anthropomorphism. It argues that in the short term Literalism does not motivate us to do more than make minor adjustments to current moral boundaries. We can distinguish the kinds of psychological capacities that matter for moral status from the kinds that best divide nature at its joints. In the long run, however, Literalism prompts us to reconsider the anthropocentric standards that govern current moral boundaries.
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Martin, Graham R. The Sensory Ecology of Collisions and Entrapment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199694532.003.0009.
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Collisions of birds with human artefacts (power lines, wind turbines, glass sheets, etc.) are major source of bird mortality. Many birds are also killed by entrapment in fishing nets. A sensory ecology perspective on this problem shows that collision and entrapment occur because these hazards present perceptual tasks that are beyond the capacities of the birds; birds are carrying out tasks where a hazard would not be predicted; or birds perceive the hazard but make an inappropriate categorical response. Birds that fly into power lines and turbines may be simply not looking ahead or are flying in conditions in which their resolution is very low. Reducing collisions requires far more than attempting to make hazards more conspicuous to humans. It requires recognition of the birds’ perceptual limitations and their distraction away from hazard sites. This requires taking account of the particular ecological requirements and sensory capacities of each target species.
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Payne, Steven. Teresa of Ávila. Edited by William J. Abraham and Frederick D. Aquino. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662241.013.40.
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Teresa of Ávila is often cited in Anglo-American philosophical discussions of the epistemic significance of mysticism. Until recently, however, these typically involved quoting her selectively to bolster some particular view regarding which unusual transitory experiences count as truly ‘mystical’, whether they are ‘the same everywhere’, and what support they might provide for belief in God. This chapter suggests a broader approach that recognizes Teresa’s potential contribution to many other topics related to theological epistemology, including: the epistemic benefits of the ‘Teresian’ virtues; mystical growth as involving a fundamental transformation of one’s epistemic capacities; and mysticism as a complementary mode of knowing ‘through experience’ the same divine realities approached more indirectly by theological study.
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Svavarsdóttir, Sigrún. The Rationality of Ends. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823841.003.0013.
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This chapter defends the thesis that an agent can display more or less rationality in selecting ends, even final ends, against the background of a conception of practical rationality as an excellence in the exercise of cognitive capacities in one’s practical endeavors. It moreover argues that Humeans and anti-Humeans alike should accept this conclusion, while refocusing their disagreement on the question of whether excellence in the exercise of cognitive capacities in one’s practical endeavors invariably yields a configuration of attitudes which precludes that some specific kinds of ends make good sense to the agent, so that having these kinds of ends is a sure sign of irrationality. By way of preliminaries, the chapter also offers a new (partial) account of ends and motivates the cognitive excellence conception of practical rationality in preference to conceptions of practical rationality as responsiveness to normative reasons or as coherence of attitudes and actions.
12
Mort, Maggie, Israel Rodriguez-Giralt, and Ana Delicado, eds. Children and Young People’s Participation in Disaster Risk Reduction. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47674/9781447354437.
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Available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. Disasters are complex environmental, social and cultural events and processes yet disaster management approaches tend to simplify responses and homogenise affected populations. Participatory research with more than 550 children across Europe, detailed in this book argues for a radical transformation in children’s roles in disasters. It shows how more child-centred working in civil protection and emergency planning, that recognises children’s capacities in building resilience, benefits at-risk communities as a whole.
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Hsu, Hsuan L. The Smell of Risk. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479807215.001.0001.
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The Smell of Risk considers the capacities of olfaction as a tool for sensing and staging modernity’s differentiated atmospheres and their associated environmental risks. Focusing on American literature and art from the 1890s to the present, the book considers how smell stages the pathways through which environmental materials enter and interact with bodies in detective fiction, naturalist novels, environmental illness memoirs, environmental justice narratives, and olfactory art. These texts reframe modernization as a regime of differential deodorization that relocates bad air and its associated noxious odors to vulnerable spaces and populations even as it derecognizes olfaction as a mode of embodied knowledge. The Smell of Risk brings insights from the fields of material ecocriticism, sensory studies, atmospheric geography, and critical race studies to bear on diverse contexts of atmospheric disparity, including Latinx communities exposed to freeway exhaust and pesticides, Asian diasporic artists’ responses to racial discourses about Asiatic odors, and writings that explore the atmospheric devastation of settler colonialism and the olfactory capacities of Indigenous plants.
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Triantafillou, Peter, and Naja Vucina. The politics of health promotion. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526100528.001.0001.
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This book examines the politics of health promotion in Denmark and England. Based on two areas of health interventions, namely obesity control and mental recovery, the book analyses how public health policies have shifted since the 1980s from a dual strategy of prevention – by modifying the physical environment – and curation to a strategy of health promotion. This involves a new kind of power exercised over and through the subjectivity not only of the ill and sick, but, in principle, all citizens. Thus, the aim of health promotion is not only to prevent or cure illness, but to improve health, a political ambition that has no immanent limits. While health promotion is endorsing a soft mode of power that works through the subjectivity and freedom of those over whom it is exercised, its drive to indefinitely improve the health of each and all calls for concern. Inspired by Michel Foucault, the book employs the conceptual terms constructivist neoliberalism and optimistic vitalism to grasp this phenomenon. Whereas the former denotes a general mode of power working through the mobilization of the self-steering capacities of individuals and groups, the latter term points to the specific mode of biopower by which public authorities constantly seek to augment the health and productive capacities of its citizens.
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Lavenex, Sandra. 15. Justice and Home Affairs Institutional Change and Policy Continuity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780199689675.003.0015.
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This chapter examines the European Union’s justice and home affairs (JHA), which have evolved from a peripheral aspect into a focal point of European integration. It first considers the institutionalization of JHA cooperation, focusing on the Treaty of Lisbon which constitutes a milestone in the communitarization process, before discussing the main actors in the JHA. In particular, it looks at the organization and capacities of EU institutions, the continuity of intergovernmentalism, and the proliferation of semi-autonomous agencies and databases. It also explores the flow of policy, taking into account asylum policy and immigration policy, police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters, and the challenge of implementation. The chapter shows how cooperation among national agencies concerned with combating crime, fighting terrorism, and managing borders, immigration and asylum has gradually moved from loose intergovernmental cooperation to more supranational governance within the EU.
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Frodeman, Robert. The Future of Interdisciplinarity. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.1.
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“The Future of Interdisciplinarity” explores the role of interdisciplinarity within the ecology of knowledge production and use. Cultural transformation, much of it driven by information and communication technologies, suggests the need to rethink the theoretical space of interdisciplinarity. Three themes are highlighted here: the rhetorical and policy dimensions of interdisciplinarity, the future of the research university, and issues of accountability and impact. Overall, interdisciplinary challenges should be seen as more a matter of political philosophy than epistemology, with attention concentrated on the ways in which interdisciplinarians can connect disciplinary expertise to community needs, highlighting both the capacities and limitations of knowledge.
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Calhoun, Cheshire. Living with Boredom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851866.003.0006.
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Rejecting the standard focus on boredom as a cultural or personal problem, this chapter examines how boredom illuminates the kinds of problems that evaluators face just in being evaluators. The chapter explores five reasons for boredom: (1) loss of temporal meaning; (2) normative constraints; (3) disappointment with present value qualities given the standards of what is worth attending to that one sets for oneself; (4) value satiety when spending extended time with a particular value quality exhausts one’s capacities to do anything more with it; and (5) leisure, whereby the agent is burdened with the task of finding things to do with herself.
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Steinmo, Sven H., ed. The Leap of Faith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796817.001.0001.
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This book examines the evolution of the relationship between taxpayers and their states in Sweden, Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Romania, and asks why tax compliance is so much higher in some countries than others. The book shows that successful states have built strong administrative capacities, tax citizens fairly and equitably, and deliver public services that are tangible to taxpayers. The main substantive chapters explore the history of a particular country demonstrating how and why these capacities were developed (or not). The book is part of a larger project entitled “Willing to Pay?” which brings together historical institutional analysis with experimental methods. A series of articles as well as a subsequent book elaborate the specific findings from the experiments undertaken in each country. These experiments, however, cannot tell us why compliance behavior differs so much across societies. The Leap of Faith offers just such an explanation by showing the history of the relationship between taxpayers and their states over time in several countries, allowing an answer to the question: Why are some countries more successful at implementation than others? The book concludes with a policy-oriented chapter written specifically with tax and revenue administrators in the developing world in mind. Drawing on lessons from the historical chapters it is argued that effective administration and equitable distribution of both taxes and public spending are keys to generating taxpayer consent.
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Ghali, Sofiane, and Habib Zitouna. Labor Demand in Tunisia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799863.003.0002.
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This chapter explores the employment performance and capacities of the Tunisian private sector. The analysis relies mainly on data from the annual enterprise surveys and on the TLMPS 2014 data. The size and the structure of the Tunisian labor market are analyzed, showing that the creation of more jobs requires the private sector to invest more, especially in new technologies. The private sector must increase its share in the economy and improve its competitiveness internationally. The intra- and inter-sectoral allocation of employment and variation of labor productivity are described, analyzing the capacity of the economy to improve the quality of labor demand and absorb highly educated young people. The link between firm size and labor demand is also analyzed, showing the need for a new industrial structure with a bigger share of larger and more dynamic enterprises.
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Tyler, Tom R., and Rick Trinkner. Developing Values and Attitudes about the Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190644147.003.0004.
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The chapters in Part II focus on different theoretical models of the legal socialization process. The development of legitimacy is only one facet of a general process of socialization through which children and adolescents develop. Their legal development involves value acquisition, attitude formation, and the growth of reasoning skills. All of these processes occur over time amid a general biological and neurological growth process that enables more advanced reasoning skills, emotional maturity, and capacities to think about the meaning and purpose of rules and systems of authority. We review of each of these theoretical frameworks to provide an overview of whether the field stands at a conceptual level.
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G. G. and J. Robinson. Pleasing Preceptor; or Familiar Instructions in Natural History and Physics, : Adapted to the Capacities of Youth, and Calculated Equally to Inform and Amuse Their Minds During the Intervals of More Dry and Severe Study:. HardPress, 2020.
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Doner, Richard F., Gregory W. Noble, and John Ravenhill. The Political Economy of Automotive Industrialization in East Asia. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197520253.001.0001.
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This book offers a political economy explanation for the striking cross-national differences in strategies and performance among East Asia’s automotive industries. Some countries—China, South Korea, and Taiwan—have successfully pursued “intensive” growth strategies by increasing local value added based on domestic inputs and technological competencies. Malaysia has attempted but failed to pursue this path. In contrast, Thailand has become a champion of “extensive” growth, relying on foreign assemblers and their suppliers to achieve an impressive expansion of production, assembly, and exports. Latecomer Indonesia has followed Thailand with some success, whereas the Philippines has remained an automotive backwater. Through cross-case and within-case analyses of the seven countries, the book argues that variation is a function of the institutional and political contexts in which firms operate. Different strategies require different institutions and institutional capacities. Intensive development is especially institutionally demanding. Effective institutions emerge when political leaders face severe claims on resources (security threats and domestic pressures for welfare improvement) in the absence of easily accessible revenues to satisfy such needs. Brief comparisons with Brazil, Mexico, and other developing countries confirm the utility of the analytic framework. This explanation is superior to neoclassical accounts. It is consistent with but provides more insight than other prominent approaches to development: national innovation systems, global value chains, and developmental states. New challenges facing auto assemblers and suppliers, such as the transition to electric and autonomous vehicles, will call heavily upon the institutional capacities highlighted in this book.
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Snyder, James. Coercive Family Processes and the Development of Child Social Behavior and Self-Regulation. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.10.
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This chapter (1) examines the multiple ways in which coercive processes may be manifested during family interaction in addition to their more blatant, aversive forms, including emotion dismissing, invalidating, intrusive/controlling social actions; (2) assesses the role of higher cognitive processing and control in coercive social interaction in the context of previous assumptions that coercive processes are primarily overlearned and automatic; (3) examines the utility of extensions of environmental main effects models of coercive processes by explicitly focusing on synergistic models that involve child temperamental self-regulatory capacities (reflecting underlying molecular genetic and neurobiological mechanisms); and (4) assesses the role of coercive family processes in relation to borderline features and trauma/PTSD.
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Wilson, Mark. A Second Pilgrim’s Progress. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803478.003.0009.
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Influenced by Quine, self-styled naturalist projects within the philosophy of mathematics rest upon simplistic conceptions of linguistic reference and how the inferential tools of applied mathematics help us reach empirical conclusions. In truth, these two forms of descriptive enterprise must work together in a considerably more entangled manner than is generally presumed. In particular, the vital contributions of set theory to descriptive success within science have been poorly conceptualized. This essay explores how a less onerous “naturalism” can be conceived on this corrected basis. A useful distinction between “mathematical optimism” and “mathematical opportunism” is introduced, which draws our attention to some open questions with respect to the concrete representational capacities of applied mathematics.
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Godfrey-Smith, Peter. Towers and Trees in Cognitive Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367511.003.0015.
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Dennett argues that Darwinism provides a universal theory of adaptation and improvement in design. In his “Tower of Generate and Test,” Dennett distinguishes four kinds of creatures that realize a Darwinian pattern on different scales and with different degrees of sophistication: Darwinian, Skinnerian, Popperian, and Gregorian creatures. I examine Dennett’s tower in the light of recent work on learning, and in the context of the phylogenetic tree. A class of associative learners—Humean organisms—probably lies between Dennett’s Darwinian and Skinnerian creatures. Various cognitive capacities are also more demanding than instrumental conditioning, but insufficient for Popperian cognition in Dennett’s sense. Creatures corresponding to these intermediate stages are named—Carnapian, Pearlian, Tolmanian. These stages are not arranged in a tower.
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Carse, Alisa, and Cynda Hylton Rushton. Moral Distress. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190619268.003.0003.
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Moral distress, a response to moral adversity that imperils integrity under conditions of constraint, has been studied for more than three decades. The context of clinical practice, the complexities of healthcare, clinicians’ roles, and broader society, alongside exponential advances in technology and treatment, create circumstances that regularly imperil integrity. These circumstances create the conditions for burnout, disengagement, and imperiled patient care. Specifically, they foster powerlessness, frustration, anger, diminished moral responsiveness, disillusionment, and shame. The cumulative dynamic of moral distress results in myriad detrimental consequences affecting the bodies, emotions, minds, and souls of clinicians. Transforming these experiences requires a shift in orientation toward restoring and preserving integrity by cultivating capacities of moral resilience and strategies to foster systemic ethical practice.
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Saldin, Robert P. Foreign Policy on the Home Front. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779599.003.0007.
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In the age of mass warfare, US engagement in foreign wars was an important force for state development. In particular, American wars spurred state growth, public capacities, regulatory oversight, and social reforms. These changes expanded government’s sphere of operations and recast American political, economic, and social life. Many of these changes were focused directly on veterans and the social problems that emerged in the aftermath of wars. Yet some of the changes were more broadly based and paved the way for future developments of the American welfare state. This war-based story complements the more familiar, domestic-based accounts of American state development. Notably, and in contrast with many European states, these changes were instituted in the USA even though there was very little war-wrought domestic destruction and no war-induced regime changes or social policy changes ordered by occupying powers.
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Steinmo, Sven H. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796817.003.0001.
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Why are some people more willing to pay their taxes than others? In some countries the government is able to collect more than 90% of the taxes it is owed, while in other countries more than 30% of tax revenue goes missing due to tax evasion. This book explores this question by examining the fiscal history of five different democratic nations: Sweden, Britain, Italy, the United States, and Romania. This chapter introduces the book and draws out the central themes introduced in the substantive chapters. Drawing on these rich historical chapters, the introduction shows that successful states have developed strong administrative capacities, treat all taxpayers fairly, and deliver value for the monies they collect. This chapter argues that differences in tax compliance across countries is not explained by different political cultures, but is instead explained by differences in the efficacy of state institutions and the ways they have interacted with their citizens.
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Grassiani, Erella. Commercialised occupation skills: Israeli security experience as an international brand. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526107459.003.0004.
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This chapter demonstrates how knowledge about security becomes a commodity that can be marketed, sold, and, in fact, moved. Engaging the reputation of the Israeli Defence Forces as not only experts in security, but notably practitioners of security, the chapter shows how private security firms in the United States construct their business model around precisely this reputation. The chapter highlights the capacities of markets to render things mobile and relocate the abstract notion of Israeli security to another country where it manifests itself and transcends boundaries from the military sector to private service provisions for the civil sector. These companies do so by transforming the ‘Israeli Security Experience’ into a brand that symbolises not only security and safety but also values such as discretion and toughness.
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Boyd, Craig A., and Kevin Timpe. The Virtues: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198845379.001.0001.
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The Virtues: A Very Short Introduction explores both the nature of virtue in general and specific kinds of virtues. These include the moral virtues, the intellectual virtues, and the theological virtues, as well as the capital vices. From the philosophy of Aristotle and Confucius, to the paintings of Raphael, Botticelli, and many more, fascination with the virtues has endured and evolved to fit a wide range of cultural, religious, and philosophical contexts through the centuries. This VSI examines the role of the virtues in the moral life, their cultivation, and how they offer ways of thinking and acting that are alternatives to mere rule-following. It also considers the relationship of the virtues to one’s own emotions, desires, and rational capacities.
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Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Ideal gas processes – and two ideal gas case studies too. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0007.
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This chapter brings together, and builds on, the results from previous chapters to provide a succinct, and comprehensive, summary of all key relationships relating to ideal gases, including the heat and work associated with isothermal, adiabatic, isochoric and isobaric changes, and the properties of an ideal gas’s heat capacities at constant volume and constant pressure. The chapter also has two ‘case studies’ which use the ideal gas equations in broader, and more real, contexts, so showing how the equations can be used to tackle, successfully, more extensive systems. The first ‘case study’ is the Carnot cycle, and so covers all the fundamentals required for the proof of the existence of entropy as a state function; the second ‘case study’ is the ‘thermodynamic pendulum’ – a system in which a piston in an enclosed cylinder oscillates to and fro like a pendulum under gravity, in both the absence, and presence, of friction.
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Jarjour, Tala. Emotion and the Economy of Aesthetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190635251.003.0001.
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This chapter sets forth the theoretical and epistemological frame for the book and the themes it integrates. The chapter introduces the main issues at stake in Sense and Sadness, be they intellectual, historical, political, geographic, temporal, methodological, or disciplinary. Its holistic contextualization is essential in order to understand the Suryani music experience as this book explains it: an emotional-cognitive aesthesis. The chapter explains the economy of emotion and aesthetics, proposed here as a new interpretive and analytical concept for a suggested connection between two main problems in music studies, namely mode and emotion. It thus offers theoretical frameworks for connecting mode and emotion through their mutual relation to the aesthetic. While maintaining emphasis on music modality and human emotionality in explaining Syriac chant music, the chapter draws on the cognitive capacities of metaphor and imagination, and addresses issues of liminality as positionality, dynamic method, and musical and contextual complexity.
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Levin, Susan B. Posthuman Bliss? Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190051495.001.0001.
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Transhumanists urge us to pursue the biotechnological heightening of select capacities, above all, cognitive ability, so far beyond any human ceiling that the beings with those capacities would exist on a higher ontological plane. Because transhumanists tout humanity’s self-transcendence via science and technology, and suggest that bioenhancement may be morally required, the human stakes of how we respond to transhumanism are unprecedented and immense. In Posthuman Bliss? The Failed Promise of Transhumanism, Susan B. Levin challenges transhumanists’ overarching commitments regarding the mind, brain, ethics, liberal democracy, knowledge, and reality in a more thoroughgoing and integrated way than has occurred thus far. Her critique shows transhumanists’ notion of humanity’s self-transcendence into “posthumanity” to be pure, albeit seductive, fantasy. Levin’s philosophical conclusions would stand even if, as transhumanists proclaim, science and technology supported their vision of posthumanity. They offer breezy assurances that posthumans will emerge if we but allocate sufficient resources to that end. Yet, far from offering theoretical and practical “proof of concept” for the vision that they urge upon us, transhumanists engage inadequately with cognitive psychology, biology, and neuroscience, often relying on questionable or outdated views within those fields. Having shown in depth why transhumanism should be rejected, Levin defends a holistic perspective on living well that is rooted in Aristotle’s virtue ethics but adapted to liberal democracy. This holism is thoroughly human, in the best of senses. We must jettison transhumanists’ fantasy, both because their arguments fail and because transhumanism fails to do us justice.
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Hannon, Peggy A., and Jeffrey R. Harris. Dissemination and Implementation Research in Worksites. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683214.003.0025.
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The workplace provides an opportunity to reach more than 60% of adults in the United States with evidence-based health promotion. There is substantial research on the effectiveness of specific workplace health promotion programs, but comparatively little research on disseminating and implementing effective programs. Most of the for-profit vendors are focused on working with large employers and with good reason—they can reach large numbers of people more efficiently. Unfortunately, this focus on large employers leaves almost half of the workforce out, and that half is disproportionately at risk for health disparities. There are unique opportunities in workplace health promotion dissemination and implementation research for partnerships between academic researchers, employers, and both for-profit and not-for-profit vendors to identify (and create) effective workplace health promotion programs, tailor them to meet the needs and capacities of employers, and evaluate impact and use the results to improve the programs and increase their reach.
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Metzger, Eran D., Jacob C. Holzer, and Rebecca W. Brendel. Forensic Issues in the Geriatric Psychiatry Consult Liaison Service and the Right to Accept and Refuse Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0014.
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The consultation liaison psychiatrist frequently encounters questions of decision-making capacity for hospitalized geriatric patients. This trend will only continue as the population ages and questions about the ability of aging patients to make medical decisions and broader life decisions arise more and more frequently. Consultation liaison psychiatrists tasked with determining these capacities may be faced with a duality of roles: responsibility to the patient but also protective obligations imposed by laws and regulations. Consultation liaison psychiatrists should engage these evaluations carefully and be forthright with patients. An approach focusing on the nature and cause of incapacity, the potential for reversibility of incapacity, adequately informing the patient, relying on colleagues in occupational and physical therapy as well as speech and language pathology for functional assessment, and understanding the patient’s life history and story can lead to results respectful of both the patient’s well-being and dignity. This chapter presents forensic issues relevant to the geriatric psychiatry consultation-liaison service through an illustrative clinical vignette.
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O'Callaghan, Casey. A Multisensory Philosophy of Perception. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833703.001.0001.
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This book argues that human perception and perceptual consciousness are richly multisensory. Its thesis is that the coordinated use of multiple senses enhances and extends human perceptual capacities and consciousness in three critical ways. First, crossmodal perceptual illusions reveal hidden multisensory interactions that typically make the senses more coherent and reliable sources of evidence about the environment. Second, the joint use of multiple senses discloses more of the world, including novel features and qualities, making possible new forms of perceptual experience. Third, through crossmodal dependence, plasticity, and perceptual learning, each sense is reshaped by the influence of others, at a time and over time. The implication is that no sense—not even vision itself—can be understood entirely in isolation from the others. This undermines the prevailing approach to perception, which proceeds sense by sense, and sets the stage for a revisionist multisensory approach that illuminates the nature, scope, and character of sense perception.
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Marshall, Colin. The Scope of Compassion and Impartiality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809685.003.0009.
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This chapter considers the ultimate ideal range of compassion as well as the issue of whether partiality can be part of being morally good. An infinite moral ideal being is considered, who would be proportionately moved by all creatures’ pains, pleasures, and desires. This ideal being’s moral goodness would coincide with her being proportionately in touch with all creatures’ affective states. Turning to finite agents, two limitations that generate partiality are identified: limitations of representational capacities and limitations of abilities to act. While those forms of partiality seem only morally excusable, other forms intuitively seem morally admirable. Appealing to being in touch is able to vindicate this intuition, by showing how one can be in touch with agent-directed desires, of the sort that are typically part of personal relationships. This connects the present approach to views in care ethics.
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Grare, Frédéric. India-Myanmar Relations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190859336.003.0005.
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The search for greater connectivity with Southeast Asia is driving the evolution of the relationship between India and Myanmar. A partnership with Naypyidaw could help India’s integration with the more dynamic economies of Southeast Asia as well as with the dynamic Yunnan province in China. In doing so, India also expects to contain China’s influence in Myanmar. Transport infrastructure projects, including the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project, are being developed in Myanmar that may help India achieve its objectives. But numerous obstacles including ethnic conflicts in the country as well as relative mistrust between New Delhi and Naypyidaw may inhibit regional integration through Myanmar. India moreover faces competition from countries with much larger capacities such as Japan and the United States, which on one hand may help diminish China’s influence but also diminish the political space available for India.
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Rushton, Cynda Hylton, ed. Moral Resilience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190619268.001.0001.
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Suffering is an unavoidable reality in healthcare. Not only are patients and families suffering but also the clinicians who care for them. Commonly the suffering experienced by clinicians is moral in nature, in part a reflection of the increasing complexity of health care, their roles within it, and the expanding range of available interventions that challenge their moral foundations. Moral suffering is the anguish that arises occurs in response to moral adversity that challenges clinicians’ integrity: the inner harmony that arises when their essential values and commitments are aligned with their choices and actions. The sources and sequelae of moral distress, one type of moral suffering, have been documented among clinicians across specialties. Transforming their suffering will require solutions that expanded individual and system strategies. Moral resilience, the capacity of an individual to restore or sustain integrity in response to moral adversity, offers a path forward. It encompasses capacities aimed at developing self- regulation and self-awareness, buoyancy, moral efficacy, self-stewardship and ultimately personal and relational integrity. Whether it involves gradual or profound radical change clinicians have the potential to transform themselves and their clinical practice in ways that more authentically reflect their character, intentions and values. The burden of healing our healthcare system is not the sole responsibility of individuals. Clinicians and healthcare organizations must work together to transform moral suffering by cultivating the individual capacities for moral resilience and designing a new architecture to support ethical practice. Used worldwide for scalable and sustainable change, the Conscious Full Spectrum approach, offers a method to solve problems to support integrity, shift patterns that undermine moral resilience and ethical practice, and leverage the inner potential of clinicians and leaders to produce meaningful and sustainable results that benefit all.
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Koslicki, Kathrin. Unity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823803.003.0008.
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A serviceable account of unity is needed which can capture the idea that matter–form compounds are more unified than other types of composite entities (e.g., heaps, collections, or mereological sums). This chapter develops a conception of unity according to which a structured whole derives its unity from the way its parts interact with other parts to allow the whole and its parts to manifest their “team-work”-requiring capacities. With this conception of unity in place, interesting differences emerge between paradigmatic matter–form compounds belonging to natural (e.g., physical, chemical, or biological) kinds and composite entities belonging to social kinds, in particular artifacts. In the latter case, the interactional dependencies that connect the components of a system can be traced to mind-dependent factors that are extrinsic or external to the system in question, viz., the mental states of intentional agents who invent, design, produce, or use an artifact.
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Délano Alonso, Alexandra. Consular Protection and Solidarity across Borders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190688578.003.0004.
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This chapter demonstrates how Latin American governments with large populations of migrants with precarious legal status in the United States are working together to promote policies focusing on their well-being and integration. It identifies the context in which these processes of policy diffusion and collaboration have taken place as well as their limitations. Notwithstanding the differences in capacities and motivations based on the domestic political and economic contexts, there is a convergence of practices and policies of diaspora engagement among Latin American countries driven by the common challenges faced by their migrant populations in the United States and by the Latino population more generally. These policies, framed as an issue of rights protection and the promotion of migrants’ well-being, are presented as a form of regional solidarity and unity, and are also mobilized by the Mexican government as a political instrument serving its foreign policy goals.
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Gray, Erik. Animals. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198752974.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on poetry’s frequent use of animals to explore the complexities of love. Animals feature in poems as objects of love, as lovers themselves, or in various other, more figurative, capacities. Although creatures of all kinds populate love poetry, birds are the most ubiquitous. The mating behaviors of birds, at once instinctive and highly patterned, offer a natural parallel to the combination of impulse and predetermined structure that characterizes both love and poetry. And while the same could be said of other animals, birds employ song as a key component of their courtship and so reflect the work of love poetry. A focus on birds and other animals also offers the poet scope to celebrate the role of sexual desire in love. Yet animals, in their mingled familiarity and alienness, ultimately appeal to love poets less as direct models than as signs of erotic uncertainty, queerness, and inconclusiveness.
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Sridharan, Eswaran. Rising or Constrained Power? Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.50.
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This chapter analyses India’s prospects as a rising power by asking what kind of power India has the potential to be, given its military, economic, and institutional capacities and the economic and geostrategic constraints it faces. It argues that while sustained high growth is a necessary condition it is not a sufficient condition since economic growth does not necessarily convert smoothly into greater power. Due to such conversion problems India, like some other powers, might not be able to exercise commensurate regional, extra-regional, and global influence as might appear to follow from the revival of sustained high growth and increased economic weight. The more achievable and likely alternative is that of a coalitional or bridging power that can play the role of an effective partner in the security and other spheres to a range of powers, principally to the United States and in the Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean regions.
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Auer, Peter, and Ina Hörmeyer. Achieving Intersubjectivity in Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190210465.003.0013.
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This paper investigates communication, including computer-based speech aids by people with severe cerebral palsy—namely Augmented and Alternative Communication, AAC. The reduced bodily capacities and the “uncontrolled bodies” of CP sufferers make bodily synchronization with their partners a considerable challenge. What is more, the electronic speech aid not only produces a disembodied language (synthetic speech), but also has a massive impact on the mutual corporeal attunement of the participants. It will be shown that these detrimental effects of AAC can lead to a breakdown in temporal, sequential and topical structure, and to interactional failure and lack of understanding. However, there are ways to overcome these risks—for example, a “moderator” who channels and controls co-participants’ activities despite the Augmented/Alternative Communicator’s focus on the machine, even during the production of a complex utterance. Thus the machine can be “embodied,” and the interaction can—despite CP—become an “intercorporeal” one.
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Stige, Brynjulf. Culture-Centered Music Therapy. Edited by Jane Edwards. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639755.013.1.
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Culture-Centered Music Therapy is a broad and developing orientation within the discipline and practice of music therapy that highlights how humans develop their capacities through participation in society, where culture operates as a resource for action. In other words, culture is seen as much more than an influence on human behavior; it is an integral element in human interaction and creativity. This chapter focuses on the difference between various notions of culture, and on the developments that have made culture-centered a contemporary force within music therapy thought. Three tenets of the orientation are presented here: (1) culture as a resource for self and society; (2) music as situated activity; and (3) music therapy as health musicking. Implications for practice, theory, and research are outlined along with a case example exploring aspects of how music therapy can create space for social-musical participation.
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Alexandrova, Anna, and Robert Northcott. Progress in Economics: Lessons from the Spectrum Auctions. Edited by Don Ross and Harold Kincaid. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195189254.003.0011.
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This article begins by surveying existing work on scientific models, with an eye to the specific case of economics. It reviews four accounts in particular—the satisfaction-of-assumptions account, the capacities account, the credible-worlds account, and the partial-structures account. It tells the detailed story of the 1994 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) spectrum auction in the United States, highlighting the crucial role of experiment as well as theory. In the light of this case study, this article presents its own open-formula account of economic models. It then turns to the issue of economic progress. Finally, it concludes that empirical progress in economic theory might not be discussed here, or at least that the success of the spectrum auction provides no warrant for doing so. Rather, progress is better seen as more akin to the worthy but piecemeal variety typical of engineering.
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Chan, Emily Ying Yang. Special topics in rural health I. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198807179.003.0008.
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To provide more in-depth background and forward-looking perspective in rural health for readers, this chapter looks into two emerging areas in rural health, namely, natural disasters and climate change. Emergency health responses after disasters include the emergency treatment of injuries, basic care for communicable diseases such as diarrhoea and respiratory infections, surveillance, and emergency preparedness for disease outbreaks, nutritional support, water supplies, and sanitation. Globally, natural disasters have increased during the past two decades. Asia, which is characterized by high population density and wide socioeconomic disparities among its countries, had the highest number of natural disasters in the past three decades. Most of the countries in the region had limited disaster response capacities and for the first decade following the millennium, Asia can be considered as the most disaster-prone continent globally. Specific issues for individual countries are included and discussed in textbox format.
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Sriraman, Tarangini. In Pursuit of Proof. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199463510.001.0001.
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The imperative to produce proof of identity has shaped the very life-chances of people inhabiting the diverse geographies, socio-economic groups, and timescales of India and yet, a history of identification documents is nowhere on the horizon. How did the ration card, which went by different names such as the food card, the household consumer card, and more recently, the food security card, crystallize into proof of residence? After the Partition of India, how did the Indian state classify refugees as poor, displaced, and lower caste? Might there be alternative conceptualizations of the period corresponding to what has been regarded the vile and malignant ‘Licence Raj’ and the ‘Inspector Raj’? These questions are now more relevant than ever owing to the changes that the political and technological messiahs behind the Aadhaar have promised within the welfare landscapes of India. In attempting to illuminate the paper regimes of welfare that are now being radically transformed, the author deploys eclectic forms of ethnography and archival research to bring forth the historical quest for proof in the urban margins of India, and Delhi in particular. In Pursuit of Proof moves with methodological agility across moments as disparate as the Second World War, the Partition, ‘Licence Raj’, a forgotten but portentous enumeration initiative, and the production of a unique number. What, however, weaves this vast and ambitious narrative together is the book’s intricate and layered exposition of a state whose welfare capacities of governing are drawn from popular practices of knowledge around documenting and proving identities.
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Cureton, Adam, and Thomas E. Hill, Jr. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812876.003.0001.
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This introduction explains the main themes of the collection and briefly summarizes the chapters. The essays in the ‘Attitudes and Relationships’ section discuss the attitudes that we can have towards people with disabilities, ourselves included, as we engage in personal relationships of various kinds, including friendship, care-giving, and more casual interactions with strangers. The essays in the ‘Attitudes and Policy’ section focus on the implications of moral attitudes, such as respect and love, for social policies, including reproductive decisions, research to find “cures” for disabilities, and physicians’ assessments of the decision-making capacities of newly disabled patients to accept or reject life-sustaining support. And, the essays in the ‘Justifying Frameworks’ section consider what frameworks are appropriate for justifying and assessing particular relationships and policies. Basic moral attitudes are shown to be relevant in practice but also in how we justify our practices and debate about the scope of our moral consideration.
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Karlsen, Sidsel. Leisure-Time Music Activities from the Perspective of Musical Agency. Edited by Roger Mantie and Gareth Dylan Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190244705.013.11.
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This chapter aims to understand the phenomenon of leisure-time music activities from the perspective of musical agency. It explores how individuals’ and groups’ recreational practices involving music can be seen as a means for expanding their capacities for acting in the lived-in world. The exploration proceeds through theoretical and experiential accounts. It first draws on literature from general sociology, music sociology, and the sociology of music education in order to elaborate on the broader notion of agency, as well as the more field-specific concept of musical agency. It then explores various music-related agency modes through narrating the author’s own experiences of participating in, leading, and observing leisure-time music activities. The chapter aims to dissolve the binary opposition between recreational music production and music consumption. It argues that the two poles instead can be understood as inseparably intertwined venues for the constitution of agency, musical taste and music-related learning trajectories.