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Journal articles on the topic 'Capacity of extended family'
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1
Foster, G. "The capacity of the extended family safety net for orphans in Africa." Psychology, Health & Medicine 5, no. 1 (February 2000): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135485000106007.
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Rachev, S. T., and I. Olkin. "Mass transportation problems with capacity constraints." Journal of Applied Probability 36, no. 02 (June 1999): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002190020001723x.
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We exhibit solutions of Monge–Kantorovich mass transportation problems with constraints on the support of the feasible transportation plans and additional capacity restrictions. The Hoeffding–Fréchet inequalities are extended for bivariate distribution functions having fixed marginal distributions and satisfying additional constraints. Sharp bounds for different probabilistic functionals (e.g.Lp-distances, covariances, etc.) are given when the family of joint distribution functions has prescribed marginal distributions, satisfies restrictions on the support, and is bounded from above, or below, by other distributions.
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Rachev, S. T., and I. Olkin. "Mass transportation problems with capacity constraints." Journal of Applied Probability 36, no. 2 (June 1999): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1032374463.
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We exhibit solutions of Monge–Kantorovich mass transportation problems with constraints on the support of the feasible transportation plans and additional capacity restrictions. The Hoeffding–Fréchet inequalities are extended for bivariate distribution functions having fixed marginal distributions and satisfying additional constraints. Sharp bounds for different probabilistic functionals (e.g. Lp-distances, covariances, etc.) are given when the family of joint distribution functions has prescribed marginal distributions, satisfies restrictions on the support, and is bounded from above, or below, by other distributions.
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Truthe, Bianca. "Generative Capacity of Contextual Grammars with Subregular Selection Languages*." Fundamenta Informaticae 180, no. 1-2 (May 12, 2021): 123–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2021-2037.
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A contextual grammar is a language generating mechanism inspired by generating sentences in natural languages. An existing string can be extended to a new string of the language by adjoining a context before and behind the string or by inserting it into the string around some subword. The first mode is called external derivation whereas the second mode is called internal derivation. If conditions are given, around which words which contexts can be adjoined, we speak about contextual grammars with selection. We give an overview about the generative capacity of contextual grammars (working externally or internally) where the selection languages belong to subregular language classes. All languages generated by contextual grammars where all selection languages are elements of a certain subregular language family form again a language family. We compare such families which are based on finite, monoidal, nilpotent, combinational, definite, suffix-closed, ordered, commutative, circular, non-counting, power-separating, or union-free languages, or based on languages defined by restrictions regarding the descriptional complexity.
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Koonce, Tommy, and Dana Neutze. "Improving Patient Care Through Workspace Renovation and Redesign: A Lean Approach." Family Medicine 52, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2020.429243.
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Background and Objectives: At a time when the US health care system needs greater access to comprehensive, on-demand primary care, the University of North Carolina Family Medicine Center found itself struggling to meet patient demands within the confines of an outdated facility. Clinic leadership sought to redesign the physical space to expand capacity, integrate other members of the care team, support extended hours of operation, and improve patient experience. Methods: Clinic leadership employed experienced lean coaches to train our entire department in lean methodology, to implement a comprehensive approach to redesigning our workflows, and to use those perfected workflows to redesign and renovate our new clinical workspace. Results: Upon completion of the renovation and redesign, the clinic experienced significant growth in patient volumes (24%) and unprecedented improvement in patient satisfaction (89th to 92nd percentile). Conclusions: Lean methodology proved to be an effective strategy for analyzing our current workflows and use of physical space. Moreover, lean strategies proved vital for redesigning and renovating our clinic.
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Barrenetxea, Jon, Yang Yi, Kyriakos S. Markides, Woon Puay Koh, and Feng Qiushi. "Older Adults in Poor Health Received Social Support Mainly From Family: The Singapore Chinese Health Study." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.548.
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Abstract While having social support can contribute to the health of older adults, those in poor health may be limited in their capacity to receive social support. We studied health factors associated with social support among 16,948 participants from follow-up 3 of the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a population-based cohort of older Singapore Chinese. Participants were interviewed at mean age of 73 years (range from 61 to 96 years) using the Duke Social Support Scale. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was applied to derive groups based on the source and intensity of social support. We ran multivariate logistic regression models to study health factors associated with group membership. LCA revealed four groups in increasing social support scores: The “family restricted”, who had the lowest social support scores and only received support from family (50%); the “loners”, who had some support from extended family and non-family (5%); the “family oriented”, who had broad family support and some non-family support (28%); and the “overall supported”, who had the highest social support scores and received broad support from family, extended family and non-family (17%). Compared to the “overall supported” group, health factors associated with being “family restricted” were: having instrumental limitations [odds ratio (OR) 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-1.50], having poor self-rated health (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.28-1.54), being depressed (OR 2.49, 95% CI 2.21-2.81) and being cognitively impaired (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.04-1.37). Our results showed that older adults in poor health received social support mainly from family.
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Ellem, Kathy, Lesley Chenoweth, and Ruth Edwards. "Choosing the harder road: Naming the challenges for families in person-centred planning." Journal of Intellectual Disabilities 23, no. 3 (July 18, 2018): 397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744629518784154.
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Person-centred planning (PCP) has underpinned disability service provision in many Western countries for the past 30 years. For many people with an intellectual disability, family members are central to this process and are important allies in facilitating positive change. This article presents findings from an evaluation of a family resourcing and capacity building project in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Accounts from families show the merits of such work, but family efforts can be undermined by apathy and discrimination to disability from extended family, community and service providers. Asking families to be the primary support in PCP initiatives may potentially ignore the impacts of structural and psycho-emotional disablism on all family members. For families to support people with intellectual disability in PCP, there is a need to acknowledge and respond to the material, cultural and personal challenges for all family members in planning processes.
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Harrowfield, Jack M., Irene Ling, Brian W. Skelton, Alexandre N. Sobolev, and Allan H. White. "Structural Systematics for Lanthanide(III) Systems: Interactions of the Achiral Hexamminecobalt(III) Cation with Tris(dipicolinato)lanthanate(III) Anions." Australian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 5 (2017): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch16584.
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Extended structural studies, largely determinations at ~150 K, of the family of hydrates of [Co(NH3)6][Ln(dipic)3] (Ln = La–Lu, and Y; dipic = dipicolinate = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate) have provided detailed evidence of the nature of the interactions between the formally achiral cation and the chiral anions. They also provide a reference point for consideration of related systems incorporating chiral cations with and without the capacity to act as H-bond donors.
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Whittaker, William, Laura Anselmi, Pauline Nelson, Caroline O'Donnell, Natalie Ross, Katy Rothwell, and Damian Hodgson. "Investigation of the demand for a 7-day (extended access) primary care service: an observational study from pilot schemes in England." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e028138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028138.
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ObjectivesTo understand how the uptake of an extended primary care service in the evenings and weekend varied by day of week and over time. Secondary objectives were to understand patient demographics of users of the service and how these varied by type of appointment and to core hour users.DesignObservational study.SettingPrimary care extended access appointments data in 13 centres in Greater Manchester, England, during 2016.ParticipantsAppointments could be booked by 1 261 326 patients registered with a family practitioner in five Clinical Commissioning Group geographic areas.Main outcome measuresPrimary outcome measure was whether an appointment was used (booked and attended), secondary outcome measures included whether used appointments were prebooked or booked the same day, and delivered by a family or nurse practitioner. Additional analyses compared patient demographics with patients reporting the use of core hour primary care services.Results65.33% of 42 472 appointments were booked and attended (used). Usage of appointments was lowest on a Sunday at 46.73% (18.07 percentage points lower usage than on Mondays (95% CI −32.46 to −3.68)). Prebooked appointments were less likely to be booked among age group 0–9 and to result in patients not attending an appointment. Family practitioner appointments were increasingly less likely to be booked with age in comparison to nurse appointments. Patients attending extended access appointments tended to be younger in comparison to core hour patients.ConclusionsThere is spare capacity in the extended access service, particularly on Sundays, suggesting reconfigurations of the service may be needed to improve efficiency of delivering the service. Patient demographics suggest the service is used by a relatively younger population than core hour services. Patient demographics varied with the types of appointment provided, these findings may help healthcare providers improve usage by tailoring appointment provision to local populations.
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Haryani, Ayi. "CARE GIVING RESPONSIBILITES FOR CHILDREN LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS in CITY OF BANDUNG." Journal Sampurasun : Interdisciplinary Studies for Cultural Heritage 2, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/sampurasun.v2i2.141.
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Objective: The HIV/AIDS epidemy on Children have devastating impacts on the survival and development of the children. Limited availability and access to government services, stigma and discrimination, as well as the absence and declining abilities of parents in meeting the needs of the children living with HIV/AIDS (CLWHA) raises the risk for those children to experience severe neglect. The purpose of this study is to examines the responsibilities of child care and to identify those who carry out the role of parenting for children with HIV/AIDS in Bandung.
Methods: This study applies descriptive method, with a qualitative approach. Indept Interviews conducted on social workers in four service providers institutions for people with HIV / AIDS in the city of Bandung.
Results: 29 out of 46 (56%) CLWHA that gets assistance from service providers have lost one or both parents. There are 17 couples of PLWHA parents and caregivers could not fully functions as providers for the needs of their children, due to their health conditions that gradually decreased, complexity of their drug regimens, stigma and fear that associated with death, and also have to care for their families. There is only 11 parents who continue to carry out their parenting responsibilities and roles. While 35 of CLWHA, sequentially, cared by grandparents, or aunts/uncles as relatives that most widely taken over the responsibilities and roles of caregiving. They do this with the main reason for the absence and the inability of parents because of health problems, behavioral, and economic capacity of the family. The existence of strong emotional bond amongs the extended family, and the intention to protect family honors also has prevents family from handing over the childcare to outsiders, which then prevents the child from being abandoned.
Conclusion: This study showed that limited availability and adequacy of governmental services, stigma and disriminasi, absenteeism and the poor capacity of the parents, does not directly cause severe neglect for CLWHA. Traditional cultural values related to extended family life have strengthened the role of the nuclear family and relatives to maintain their parenting responsibilities on children of their relatives.
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Cha, Yoyeon, Jihwan Chun, Bokyung Son, and Sangryeol Ryu. "Characterization and Genome Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Podovirus CSA13 and Its Anti-Biofilm Capacity." Viruses 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11010054.
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Staphylococcus aureus is one of the notable human pathogens that can be easily encountered in both dietary and clinical surroundings. Among various countermeasures, bacteriophage therapy is recognized as an alternative method for resolving the issue of antibiotic resistance. In the current study, bacteriophage CSA13 was isolated from a chicken, and subsequently, its morphology, physiology, and genomics were characterized. This Podoviridae phage displayed an extended host inhibition effect of up to 23 hours of persistence. Its broad host spectrum included methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), local S. aureus isolates, as well as non-aureus staphylococci strains. Moreover, phage CSA13 could successfully remove over 78% and 93% of MSSA and MRSA biofilms in an experimental setting, respectively. Genomic analysis revealed a 17,034 bp chromosome containing 18 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) without tRNAs, representing a typical chromosomal structure of the staphylococcal Podoviridae family. The results presented here suggest that phage CSA13 can be applicable as an effective biocontrol agent against S. aureus.
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Xing, Huan-xia, Peng-bin Li, Li-min Cui, Jian-ye Jiang, Ning-ning Hu, and Xiao-bin Zhang. "Whole Exome Sequencing Facilitated the Identification of a Mosaic Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome (sSMC)." BioMed Research International 2021 (July 2, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6258527.
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Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) are a group of rare chromosomal anomalies, which pose challenges in the clinical practice of prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling. This study enrolled an extended family with an underage male patient displaying infantile seizures, intellectual disability, and retarded speech and psychomotor function. A series of multiplatform genetic detections was conducted to explore the diagnostic variation. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) indicated a mosaic sSMC derived from the pericentromeric region of chromosome 8 in the patient, which was confirmed using cytogenetic methods. The proband and his mother, who carried this mosaic variant, exhibited strong phenotypic variability. We also ruled out the pathogenicity of a KDM5C variant by extended validation. Our results emphasized the capacity of WES to detect mosaic SMCs and the importance of mosaic ratios in the appearance and severity of symptomatic phenotypes.
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Downie, Fiona, Catherine McRitchie, Wendy Monteith, and Helen Turner. "Physiotherapist as an alternative to a GP for musculoskeletal conditions: a 2-year service evaluation of UK primary care data." British Journal of General Practice 69, no. 682 (April 8, 2019): e314-e320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19x702245.
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BackgroundPhysiotherapists are currently working in primary care as first contact practitioners (FCP), assessing and managing patients with musculoskeletal conditions instead of GPs. There are no published data on these types of services.AimTo evaluate a new service presenting the first 2 years of data.Design and settingAnalysis of 2 years’ data of patient outcomes and a patient experience questionnaire from two GP practices in Forth Valley NHS, UK. The service was launched in November 2015 in response to GP shortages.MethodData were collected from every patient contact in the first 2 years. This included outcomes of appointments, GP support, capacity of the service, referral rates to physiotherapy and orthopaedics, numbers of steroid injections, and outcomes from orthopaedic referrals. A patient experience questionnaire was also conducted.ResultsA total of 8417 patient contacts were made, with the majority managed within primary care (n = 7348; 87.3%) and 60.4% (n = 5083) requiring self-management alone. Referrals to orthopaedics were substantially reduced in both practices. Practice A from 1.1 to 0.7 per 1000 patients; practice B from 2.4 to 0.8 per 1000 patients. Of referrals to orthopaedics, 86% were considered ‘appropriate’. Extended scope physiotherapists (ESPs) asked for a GP review in 1% of patients.ConclusionThe results suggest that patients with musculoskeletal conditions may be assessed and managed independently and effectively by physiotherapists instead of GPs. This has the potential to significantly reduce workload for GPs as the service requires minimal GP support. The majority of patients were managed within primary care, with low referral rates and highly appropriate referrals to orthopaedics. Patients reported positive views regarding the service.
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Lohmann, Gitte Vestergaard, Yoshikazu Shimoda, Mette Wibroe Nielsen, Frank Grønlund Jørgensen, Christina Grossmann, Niels Sandal, Kirsten Sørensen, et al. "Evolution and Regulation of the Lotus japonicus LysM Receptor Gene Family." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 23, no. 4 (April 2010): 510–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-23-4-0510.
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LysM receptor kinases were identified as receptors of acylated chitin (Nod factors) or chitin produced by plant-interacting microbes. Here, we present the identification and characterization of the LysM receptor kinase gene (Lys) family (17 members) in Lotus japonicus. Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis revealed a correlation between Lys gene structure and phylogeny. Further mapping coupled with sequence-based anchoring on the genome showed that the family has probably expanded by a combination of tandem and segmental duplication events. Using a sliding-window approach, we identified distinct regions in the LysM and kinase domains of recently diverged Lys genes where positive selection may have shaped ligand interaction. Interestingly, in the case of NFR5 and its closest paralog, LYS11, one of these regions coincides with the predicted Nod-factor binding groove and the suggested specificity determining area of the second LysM domain. One hypothesis for the evolutionary diversification of this receptor family in legumes is their unique capacity to decipher various structures of chitin-derived molecules produced by an extended spectrum of interacting organisms: symbiotic, associative, endophytic, and parasitic. In a detailed expression analysis, we found several Lotus Lys genes regulated not only during the symbiotic association with Mesorhizobium loti but also in response to chitin treatment.
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MUSHUNJE, Leonard, and Maxwell MASHASHA. "Application of the Extended Gompertz Model in Analyzing Insurance Growth." Journal of Advanced Studies in Finance 11, no. 1 (August 9, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jasf.v11.1(21).02.
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The South African insurance sector is experiencing a positive growth as the nation is on high quality economic growth and development. However, there is little attention with regards to research on the growth analysis, hence the researchers aim to bridge the gap by analyzing the growth using a mathematically based approach. To verify the wide spread phenomenon behind insurance growth an extended Gompertz model (EGM) which is a member of the unified Richards family was used. The quantitative approach by means of functional limits, the cumulative distribution approach, initial value problem (IVP) and the qualitative derivative approach were used to fully analyze the model. We managed to derive a cumulative function was derived which can be used to estimate the number of insurance growth indicators.
The maximum carrying capacity of an insurance industry was estimated using the IVP which in our case is time dependent hence does not concur with other Gompertz related works. Using both the qualitative and derivative approach, a growth function which produced the same pattern with the original Gompertz curve with K(t) as the asymptotically stable and non-constant growth limit were deduced. Hence we can conclude that the growth of insurance sectors does follow a sigmoid shape with non-constant maturity levels. Lastly, we performed a statistical analysis of the nexus between insurance sector growth and economic development using GDP and insurance indicators (net premiums) data. From the statistical analysis done the results showed a positive relationship between the two. This showed that, insurance sector indeed plays a significant role towards economic development and as such their growth patterns should be well attended.
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Stawowy, A., and J. Duda. "Iterated Local Search for Foundry Lotsizing and Scheduling Problem with Setup Costs." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0150.
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Abstract The paper presents a novel Iterated Local Search (ILS) algorithm to solve multi-item multi-family capacitated lot-sizing problem with setup costs independent of the family sequence. The model has a direct application to real production planning in foundry industry, where the goal is to create the batches of manufactured castings and the sequence of the melted metal loads to prevent delays in delivery of goods to clients. We extended existing models by introducing minimal utilization of furnace capacity during preparing melted alloy. We developed simple and fast ILS algorithm with problem-specific operators that are responsible for the local search procedure. The computational experiments on ten instances of the problem showed that the presence of minimum furnace utilization constraint has great impact on economic and technological conditions of castings production. For all test instances the proposed heuristic is able to provide the results that are comparable to state-of-the art commercial solver.
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Silverstein, Merril, Aviad Tur-Sinai, and Noah Lewin-Epstein. "Intergenerational Support of Older Adults by the ‘Mature’ Sandwich Generation: The Relevance of National Policy Regimes." Theoretical Inquiries in Law 21, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2020-0004.
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AbstractIn this article we examine the association between national welfare regime and the propensity of middle–aged and older individuals with adult children of their own to provide social support to aged parents. Using data from mature adults (50+) in 26 European countries, we examine whether older and younger generations compete for the time resources of the middle “sandwiched” generation, and whether national policy context shapes this competition. Contrary to expectations, we found that sandwich generation members were less likely to provide support to their parents in Conservative–Mediterranean and East European regimes, but more likely to do so in universalistic Social–Democratic regimes. This evidence supports the hypothesis that well–developed welfare states “crowd–in” family support to older individuals. Middle generation members who provided social support to their adult children tended to provide to their older parents as well. This was particularly true in the two regimes where resources and public benefits tend to be more generous and may be interpreted as state benefits that reduce intergenerational competition. Findings are discussed in terms of the capacity of state policies to shape the allocation of family resources to older adults where extended family lineages have become the norm.
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Reinsch, Norbert. "A General Likelihood Approach to Trait-Based Multipoint Linkage Analysis in Large Groups of Half-Sibs and Super Sisters." Genetics 162, no. 1 (September 1, 2002): 413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.1.413.
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Abstract The idea of trait-based linkage analysis in half-sibs is extended by comparing the frequency of parental marker haplotypes in animals with different phenotypes. This article first presents the likelihood of observing different classes of paternal haplotypes in a half-sib family, where only family members of a certain phenotype (e.g., affected) are genotyped and are fully informative. The likelihood function is then generalized to multiple phenotypic categories. A linear predictor allows for discontinuous as well as for continuous phenotypes and other explanatory variables. Finally, how to incorporate not fully informative offspring and how to analyze super sister families are shown. Maximum-likelihood estimates of all parameters can be found by a Newton-Raphson algorithm, which mimics an iteratively weighted least-squares procedure. The method allows for any multilocus feasible mapping function and, among others, for situations with selective or nonselective genotyping, single or multiple traits, and continuous or categorical traits. No parameters are required to describe the mode of inheritance and the method copes with virtually any family size. Fields of applications are therefore mapping experiments in species with a high reproductive capacity, such as cattle, pigs, horses, honey bees, trees, and fish.
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Greenberg, Day, Angela Calabrese Barton, Carmen Turner, Kelly Hardy, Akeya Roper, Candace Williams, Leslie Rupert Herrenkohl, Elizabeth A. Davis, and Tammy Tasker. "Community Infrastructuring as Necessary Ingenuity in the COVID-19 Pandemic." Educational Researcher 49, no. 7 (September 17, 2020): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x20957614.
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We report on how one community builds capacity for disrupting injustice and supporting each other during the COVID-19 crisis. We engaged long-term community partners (parents, their youth, and local community center leaders) in on-going conversation on their experiences with the pandemic. We learned with and from community partners about how and what people in communities most vulnerable in this crisis learn about and respond to COVID-19 in highly contextualized ways, individually and through extended family groups and trusted social networks. We report on how they put understandings towards educated, organized, urgent community infrastructuring actions within informal coalition networks. We explore these actions as necessary localized responses to systemic neglect from dominant institutional infrastructures during a global pandemic.
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van der Mheen, Malindi, Maya G. Meentken, Ingrid M. van Beynum, Jan van der Ende, Eugène van Galen, Anne Zirar, Elisabeth W. C. Aendekerk, et al. "CHIP-Family intervention to improve the psychosocial well-being of young children with congenital heart disease and their families: results of a randomised controlled trial." Cardiology in the Young 29, no. 09 (August 5, 2019): 1172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951119001732.
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AbstractObjective:Children with congenital heart disease and their families are at risk of psychosocial problems. Emotional and behavioural problems, impaired school functioning, and reduced exercise capacity often occur. To prevent and decrease these problems, we modified and extended the previously established Congenital Heart Disease Intervention Program (CHIP)–School, thereby creating CHIP-Family. CHIP-Family is the first psychosocial intervention with a module for children with congenital heart disease. Through a randomised controlled trial, we examined the effectiveness of CHIP-Family.Methods:Ninety-three children with congenital heart disease (age M = 5.34 years, SD = 1.27) were randomised to CHIP-Family (n = 49) or care as usual (no psychosocial care; n = 44). CHIP-Family consisted of a 1-day group workshop for parents, children, and siblings and an individual follow-up session for parents. CHIP-Family was delivered by psychologists, paediatric cardiologists, and physiotherapists. At baseline and 6-month follow-up, mothers, fathers, teachers, and the child completed questionnaires to assess psychosocial problems, school functioning, and sports enjoyment. Moreover, at 6-month follow-up, parents completed program satisfaction assessments.Results:Although small improvements in child outcomes were observed in the CHIP-Family group, no statistically significant differences were found between outcomes of the CHIP-Family and care-as-usual group. Mean parent satisfaction ratings ranged from 7.4 to 8.1 (range 0–10).Conclusions:CHIP-Family yielded high program acceptability ratings. However, compared to care as usual, CHIP-Family did not find the same extent of statistically significant outcomes as CHIP-School. Replication of promising psychological interventions, and examination of when different outcomes are found, is recommended for refining interventions in the future.Trial registryDutch Trial Registry number NTR6063, https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/5780.
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Petrovic, Mina. "Changes of marital behavior and family patterns in post-socialist countries: Delayed, incomplete or specific second demographic transition?" Stanovnistvo 49, no. 1 (2011): 53–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1101053p.
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The paper starts by questioning the theory of second demographic transition (SDT) and its universal relevance in the field of marriage behavior and family organization in low fertility context, arguing for more differentiated approaches. With an aim to illustrate the contextual specifics of post-socialist countries in general and of Serbia in particular, the author claims that analyzed changes have not just been delayed or incomplete in comparison to more developed European countries, but shaped by specific modernization processes, which led to rationally developed strategies in overcoming structural risks, although, without ideational changes typical to the theory of SDT. Slow changes in marital behavior and family organization in Serbia are illustrated in recent sociological (empirical) research findings. The perceived changes are linked to specific structural risks (war, slow transformation and enduring economic hardships, weak state and low trust in institutions, etc) and value characteristics (persistence of materialism and traditionalism, but with increasing ambivalence). The connection between structural and ideational changes is considered through social stratification variable by relying on Coale's model on necessary preconditions for behavioral changes as well as on social deprivation concept. Having in mind upper social strata (more educated and better off), the value changes precede the behavioral that are adapted to economic uncertainty, which still force more traditional marital and family patterns. Therefore, there is a rank of different options, from extended family (for a short period at the beginning of marriage or after divorce) to separated leaving (of married partners) in parental households (due to refusing the extended family option thus creating quite specific "living apart together" form), combined with dominant strategy of prolonging the marriage. Hence, for upper social strata, marriage is still a universal but negotiable institution since more alternative options (although attractive and in accordance to changing values) are deemed irrational (have no obvious benefit). As regards the lower social strata (less educated and worse off), marriage is more in accordance with their higher inclination to traditional values, but general value liberalization legitimizes possible failures (divorces, extra marital births), which, even if not desired or economically rational, happen due to lower capacity to command life. For that reason, cohabitations and extra marital births are more common among actors at the lower end of the stratification ladder. The paper concludes that adaptive strategies related to traditional patterns of family organization dominate in Serbia, which might be illustrated by the fact that every third of one parent families lives in extended families. Even with significant structural changes (and economic improvements) in Serbia in the near future it is realistic to expect familism as an influential context, which suggests the spreading of cohabitation primarily as a pre- marital option (but more desired than forced).
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Salillas, Sandra, Juan José Galano-Frutos, Alejandro Mahía, Ritwik Maity, María Conde-Giménez, Ernesto Anoz-Carbonell, Helena Berlamont, et al. "Selective Targeting of Human and Animal Pathogens of the Helicobacter Genus by Flavodoxin Inhibitors: Efficacy, Synergy, Resistance and Mechanistic Studies." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (September 20, 2021): 10137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810137.
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Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria constitute a global health concern. Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects about half of the human population and is a major cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Increasing resistance to triple and quadruple H. pylori eradication therapies poses great challenges and urges the development of novel, ideally narrow spectrum, antimicrobials targeting H. pylori. Here, we describe the antimicrobial spectrum of a family of nitrobenzoxadiazol-based antimicrobials initially discovered as inhibitors of flavodoxin: an essential H. pylori protein. Two groups of inhibitors are described. One group is formed by narrow-spectrum compounds, highly specific for H. pylori, but ineffective against enterohepatic Helicobacter species and other Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria. The second group includes extended-spectrum antimicrobials additionally targeting Gram-positive bacteria, the Gram-negative Campylobacter jejuni, and most Helicobacter species, but not affecting other Gram-negative pathogens. To identify the binding site of the inhibitors in the flavodoxin structure, several H. pylori-flavodoxin variants have been engineered and tested using isothermal titration calorimetry. An initial study of the inhibitors capacity to generate resistances and of their synergism with antimicrobials commonly used in H. pylori eradication therapies is described. The narrow-spectrum inhibitors, which are expected to affect the microbiota less dramatically than current antimicrobial drugs, offer an opportunity to develop new and specific H. pylori eradication combinations to deal with AMR in H. pylori. On the other hand, the extended-spectrum inhibitors constitute a new family of promising antimicrobials, with a potential use against AMR Gram-positive bacterial pathogens.
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Solomon, Susan Gross, and Lion Murard. "Outside the Family of Nations: First Thoughts on Writing a History of Public Health from the Perspective of Outlier Nations." Gesnerus 74, no. 2 (November 6, 2017): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-07402005.
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Notwithstanding the current declarations by spokesmen for and proponents of global health, there remain “outlier” countries: countries unwilling to accede to monitoring or surveillance (e.g. China and avian flu; China and SARS); countries lacking the infrastructural and professional capacity to join cooperative global programs to fight epidemics; countries/regions that have populations with divergent approaches to health goals and practices. What, if any, are the historical precedents of the idea of “outliers”? The paper will argue that in the three decades between 1920 and 1950, internationally-minded statesmen, working in philanthropies with transnational “reach” or in international health agencies, operated with two additional categories of outliers. First, countries with political systems judged “inimical” to democracy (e.g. Soviet Russia, post-war Germany). International public health statesmen often engaged such countries by hiving off (at least notionally) the political system from public health. What was the cost to the understanding of public health of the hiving off of the political? At other times, international health spokesmen explicitly linked transnational cooperation/assistance they offered to a program of democratization. To what extent was that linkage accepted by leading health voices in the target countries? Second, there were countries whose health “civilizations” had not yet progressed fully beyond nineteenth century public hygiene. Including these countries in international health programs involved nothing less than pushing out the frontiers of civilization. In dealing with these countries, health statesmen operated with the initial assumption that capacity and orientation to social medicine could be shaped from the outside. Extended experience on the ground (site visits, field work, cooperative programs) convinced those statesmen of the value of local (and regional) approaches and of the possibility of combining those approaches with international ways of conceptualizing public health. What factors shaped the inclusion/exclusion of countries from the category of “civilized” nations?
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Kosta, Lauren, Louise Harms, Lisa Gibbs, and David Rose. "Being a Parent after a Disaster: The New Normal after the 2009 Victorian Black Saturday Bushfires." British Journal of Social Work 51, no. 5 (July 1, 2021): 1759–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcab104.
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Abstract This article explores parental experiences over nearly seven years that followed catastrophic Australian bushfires in 2009. Principles of pragmatism and the constructionist tradition guided the use of semi-structured interviews with parents (nineteen mothers and three fathers) and inductive thematic analysis to distil what participants said about the trauma, loss and disruption caused by the fires, and ways in which they responded as parents. Changes described in their parenting role and family life were themed as ‘losing normal’ which encompassed managing additional exposures, losing fun and living at their capacity. Parents then evinced the struggle of settling and seeking to regain a sense of normal. This theme highlighted tensions, pressures and expectations they faced (their own and external) in trying to get back to normal, along with extended recovery timeframes. Participants valued strategies to provide stability, familiarity and manage their own emotions. The analysis highlights the influence of the parental role on an experience of trauma, the range of losses and the extended experience of disaster recovery for parents. Insights for social work practice are discussed, including the potential to inform expectations of recovery timeframes and supporting parents and their families to reconstruct their sense of normal in their new, post-disaster context.
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Cantu, Phillip A., and Jacqueline L. Angel. "Demography of Living Arrangements Among Oldest-Old Mexican Americans: Evidence From the Hispanic Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly." Journal of Aging and Health 29, no. 6 (August 23, 2017): 1015–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264317727790.
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Objective: In this article, we examine the demographics of living arrangements and household headship status among Mexican-origin individuals aged 85+ years. Method: Data come from the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (H-EPESE) caregiver and respondent surveys. Results: Finances of the elderly individual and their caregiver inform living arrangement decisions. Physical and cognitive disability differentiate among living arrangements: The most mentally and physically impaired are most likely to live with others and less likely to be the head of the household. Discussion: Motivations for living with others are clearly more complex than simple filial piety considerations might hold. Extended living arrangements provide concrete financial and instrumental benefits for both elderly parents and their adult child caregiver. Future research should address the question of the capacity of the Mexican American family to provide care for elderly parents in the face of major demographic and social changes.
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Kumari, Shruti, Renu Kumari, Shilpa Choudhary, and Sanjay Kumar. "Design and Development of Low Temperature Community Solar Dryer for Oily and Hard Edible Produces." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32182.
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Horticulture produce have very high-water content, sometimes more than 90% by volume. Several of them are oily and hard. These horticulture produce have very high count of free radicals and are medicinal in nature. Usually, these are grown in scattered places in rural areas on sidelines of regular agriculture, far from the market place. Their price slumps during seasons and increase exponentially after it, due to short lifetime and absence of good transportation network, cost-effective proper preservation technology as well as specialized transportation vehicles. In this paper, Small state of the art family size solar dryer of 5 kg per day is designed to dry these produces in a single day and validated in real time experiments. The dryer is capable of maintaining desired temperature range to extended period even after sunshine, with the help of High Heat Capacity Material and Phase Change Material. Humidity removal mechanism is also introduced to reduce drying time by at least two hours.
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Bohgaki, Toshiyuki, Julien Mozo, Leonardo Salmena, Elzbieta Matysiak-Zablocki, Miyuki Bohgaki, Otto Sanchez, Andreas Strasser, Anne Hakem, and Razqallah Hakem. "Caspase-8 inactivation in T cells increases necroptosis and suppresses autoimmunity in Bim−/− mice." Journal of Cell Biology 195, no. 2 (October 17, 2011): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201103053.
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Dysregulation of either the extrinsic or intrinsic apoptotic pathway can lead to various diseases including immune disorders and cancer. In addition to its role in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, caspase-8 plays nonapoptotic functions and is essential for T cell homeostasis. The pro-apoptotic BH3-only Bcl-2 family member Bim is important for the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and its inactivation leads to autoimmunity that is further exacerbated by loss of function of the death receptor Fas. We report that inactivation of caspase-8 in T cells of Bim−/− mice restrained their autoimmunity and extended their life span. We show that, similar to caspase-8−/− T cells, Bim−/− T cells that also lack caspase-8 displayed elevated levels of necroptosis and that inhibition of this cell death process fully rescued the survival and proliferation of these cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that inactivation of caspase-8 suppresses the survival and proliferative capacity of Bim−/− T cells and restrains autoimmunity in Bim−/− mice.
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Liu, Jie, Xiaojun Tong, Zhu Wang, Jing Ma, and Longteng Yi. "An Improved Rao–Nam Cryptosystem Based on Fractional Order Hyperchaotic System and EDF–QC–LDPC." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 29, no. 09 (August 2019): 1950122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127419501220.
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A Rao–Nam cryptosystem based on error correction code is proposed to provide both security and reliability. Since its security is drastically constrained by the limited error syndromes, in this paper, an improved Rao–Nam cryptosystem based on fractional order hyperchaotic system and Extended Difference Family–Quasi-Cyclic–Low-Density Parity-Check (EDF–QC–LDPC) codes is proposed to improve the security. A four-dimensional fractional order hyperchaotic system is constructed and is used to generate an excellent pseudorandom sequence. By replacing error syndromes with the pseudorandom sequence and permuting the coded message dynamically, the security of the Rao–Nam cryptosystem is enhanced greatly. The ability of the improved Rao–Nam cryptosystem against known attacks is analyzed and the error correction performance with different parameters is simulated. The results show that the proposed cryptosystem has a significant advantage of resisting the chosen-plaintext attack. Moreover, the proposed cryptosystem retains high capacity of error correction.
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Broxmeyer, Hal E., Edward F. Srour, Scott Cooper, Carrie T. Wallace, Giao Hangoc, and Byung Youn. "Selected Members of the Angiopoietin-Like Family of Human Proteins Enhance Survival and Replating Capacity of Immature Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 3367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.3367.3367.
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Abstract Angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) molecules are a family of secreted proteins which have characteristic structures of angiopoietins. This includes a signal peptide, an extended helical domain predicted to form dimeric or trimeric coiled-coils (CC), a short linker peptide, and a globular fibrinogen-like domain (FLD). Zhang et. al. (Nat. Med., 12(2):240–245, 2006) reported that human ANGPTL-2, 3, 3CC, 5 and 7, but not ANGPTL4, enhanced ex-vivo expansion of highly enriched mouse bone marrow (BM) long term competitive repopulating hematopoietic stem cells in serum-free culture with SCF, TPO, IGF-2, and FGF-1. To the present, there have not been publications describing effects of human ANGPTL molecules on hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) or on human hematopoietic cells. Thus, we evaluated purified recombinant human ANGPTL-2CC, 3, 3CC, 3FLD, 4, 4CC, 5, 6 and 7 (AdipoGen, Inc, Seoul, Korea) for effects on proliferation and survival of HPC from human cord blood (CB). No endotoxin was detected in the ANGPTL molecule preparations (<0.1 EU/ug endotoxin per LAL method). None of the ANGPTL molecules at up to 500ng/ml stimulated HPC colony formation by themselves, or enhanced or inhibited HPC colony formation of low density (LD) or CD34+ human cord blood (CB) cells stimulated by GM-CSF, GM-CSF plus SCF, Epo plus SCF, or the combination of Epo, SCF, IL-3 and GM-CSF. However, ANGPTL-2CC, 3, and 3CC at 200 and 100, but not 10ng/ml significantly enhanced the survival of human LD and CD34+ HPC (CFU-GM, BFU-E, CFU-GEMM) subjected to delayed addition of growth factors (Epo, SCF, IL-3, GM-CSF). Survival is a measure of anti-apoptosis for the hematopoietic progenitor cells in this context. The other ANGPTL molecules were not active at up to 500ng/ml. The survival enhancing effects of ANGPTL-3 was neutralized by purified rabbit anti-ANGPTL-3 IgG, but not by anti-ANGPTL-4, -6, or -7. Replating of HPC colonies offers an estimate of the self-renewal capabilities of HPC. We found that ANGPTL-3, but not -4, -6, or -7 enhanced the replating capacity of single CFU-GEMM colonies by greater than 2 fold. Thus far, we have not detected significant effects of the ANGPTL molecules on ex-vivo expansion of human CB CD34+ cells, alone, or in combination with SCF, TPO, Flt3-ligand, with or without IL-3, after assessing output of HPC, % and numbers of CD34+ cells, or cell cycle status of produced cells. In summary, we have implicated a few members of the ANGPTL family of proteins in functional effects on human HPC survival and replating/”self-renewal” activity, effects requiring the CC domain of the ANGPTL molecules. This information may be of relevance to regulation of HPC, and of use for protocols to use these cells for transplantation.
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Kaltner, Herbert, and Hans-Joachim Gabius. "Sensing Glycans as Biochemical Messages by Tissue Lectins: The Sugar Code at Work in Vascular Biology." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 119, no. 04 (January 8, 2019): 517–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676968.
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AbstractAlthough a plethora of players has already been revealed to be engaged in the haemostatic system, a fundamental consideration of the molecular nature of information coding can give further explorations of the mechanisms of blood clotting, platelet functionality and vascular trafficking direction. By any measures, looking at ranges of occurrence and of potential for structural versatility, at strategic positioning to influence protein and cell sociology as well as at dynamics of processing and restructuring for phenotypic variability, using sugars as an alphabet of life for generating the glycan part of glycoconjugates is a success story. The handiwork by the complex system for glycan biosynthesis renders biochemical messages of exceptionally high coding capacity available. They are read and translated into cellular effects by receptors termed lectins. The different levels of regulation on both sides, that is, glycan and lectin, establish an intriguingly fine-tuned capacity for functional pairing. The emerging insights into the highly branched routes of glycosylation, into lectin structures up to complete characterization in solution and the shape of lectin networks, first obtained for the three selectins, now extended to considering many other C-type lectins, galectins and siglecs, as well as into intra- and inter-family cross-talk and cooperations are sure to push boundaries in our understanding of the molecular basis of haemostasis.
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Billard-Pomares, Typhaine, Stéphanie Fouteau, Marie Elise Jacquet, David Roche, Valérie Barbe, Miguel Castellanos, Jean Yves Bouet, et al. "Characterization of a P1-Like Bacteriophage Carrying an SHV-2 Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase from an Escherichia coli Strain." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 11 (August 18, 2014): 6550–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.03183-14.
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ABSTRACTP1 bacteriophages lysogenize bacteria as independent plasmid-like elements. We describe here a P1-like bacteriophage, RCS47, carrying ablaSHV-2gene, isolated from a clinical strain ofEscherichia colifrom phylogroup B1, and we report the prevalence of P1-like prophages in naturalE. coliisolates. We found that 70% of the sequence of RCS47, a 115-kb circular molecule, was common to the reference P1 bacteriophage under GenBank accession no.AF234172.1, with the shared sequences being 99% identical. RCS47 had acquired two main foreign DNA fragments: a 9,636-bp fragment mobilized by two IS26elements containing ablaSHV-2gene, and an 8,544-bp fragment mobilized by two IS5elements containing an operon encoding a dimethyl sulfoxide reductase. The reference P1 prophage plasmid replication gene belonged to the IncY incompatibility group, whereas that of RCS47 was from an unknown group. The lytic capacity of RCS47 andblaSHV-2gene transduction, through the lysogenization of RCS47 in the recipientE. colistrains, were not demonstrated. The prevalence of P1-like prophages in various animal and humanE. colistrain collections, as determined by the PCR detection ofrepL, the lytic replication gene, was 12.6%. No differences in the prevalences of these prophages were found between extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and non-ESBL-producing strains (P= 0.69), but this prevalence was lower in phylogroup B2 than in the other phylogroups (P= 0.008), suggesting epistatic interactions between P1 family phages and the genetic background ofE. colistrains. P1-like phages are part of the mobile elements that carry antibiotic resistance. The high prevalence of P1-like prophages suggests their role may be underestimated.
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Irto, Anna, Paola Cardiano, Salvatore Cataldo, Karam Chand, Rosalia Maria Cigala, Francesco Crea, Concetta De Stefano, et al. "Speciation Studies of Bifunctional 3-Hydroxy-4-Pyridinone Ligands in the Presence of Zn2+ at Different Ionic Strengths and Temperatures." Molecules 24, no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 4084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224084.
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The acid–base properties of two bifunctional 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone ligands and their chelating capacity towards Zn2+, an essential bio-metal cation, were investigated in NaCl aqueous solutions by potentiometric, UV-Vis spectrophotometric, and 1H NMR spectroscopic titrations, carried out at 0.15 ≤ I/mol −1 ≤ 1.00 and 288.15 ≤ T/K ≤ 310.15. A study at I = 0.15 mol L−1 and T = 298.15 K was also performed for other three Zn2+/Lz− systems, with ligands belonging to the same family of compounds. The processing of experimental data allowed the determination of protonation and stability constants, which showed accordance with the data obtained from the different analytical techniques used, and with those reported in the literature for the same class of compounds. ESI-MS spectrometric measurements provided support for the formation of the different Zn2+/ligand species, while computational molecular simulations allowed information to be gained on the metal–ligand coordination. The dependence on ionic strength and the temperature of equilibrium constants were investigated by means of the extended Debye–Hückel model, the classical specific ion interaction theory, and the van’t Hoff equations, respectively.
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Hershkovitz, Eli, Ruthi Parvari, Stefan A. Wudy, Michaela F. Hartmann, Larissa G. Gomes, Neta Loewental, and Walter L. Miller. "Homozygous Mutation G539R in the Gene for P450 Oxidoreductase in a Family Previously Diagnosed as Having 17,20-Lyase Deficiency." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 3584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0051.
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Context: Very few patients have been described with isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency who have had their mutations in P450c17 (17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase) proven by DNA sequencing and in vitro characterization of the mutations. Most patients with 17,20-lyase deficiency have mutations in the domain of P450c17 that interact with the electron-donating redox partner, P450 oxidoreductase (POR). Objective: Our objective was to clarify the genetic and functional basis of isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency in familial cases who were previously reported as having 17,20-lyase deficiency. Patients: Four undervirilized males of an extended Bedouin family were investigated. One of these has previously been reported to carry mutations in the CYP17A1 gene encoding P450c17 causing isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency. Methods: Serum hormones were evaluated before and after stimulation with ACTH. Urinary steroid metabolites were profiled by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Exons 1 and 8 of CYP17A1 previously reported to harbor mutations in one of these patients and all 15 coding exons of POR were sequenced. Results: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) urinary steroid profiling and serum steroid measurements showed combined deficiencies of 17,20-lyase and 21-hydroxylase. Sequencing of exons 1 and 8 of CYP17A1 in two different laboratories showed no mutations. Sequencing of POR showed that all four patients were homozygous for G539R, a previously studied mutation that retains 46% of normal capacity to support the 17α-hydroxylase activity but only 8% of the 17,20-lyase activity of P450c17. Conclusion: POR deficiency can masquerade clinically as isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency.
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Krokidis, Marios G., Zara Molphy, Eleni K. Efthimiadou, Marianna Kokoli, Smaragda-Maria Argyri, Irini Dousi, Annalisa Masi, Kyriakos Papadopoulos, Andrew Kellett, and Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu. "Assessment of DNA Topoisomerase I Unwinding Activity, Radical Scavenging Capacity, and Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Viability of N-alkyl-acridones and N,N′-dialkyl-9,9′-biacridylidenes." Biomolecules 9, no. 5 (May 8, 2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9050177.
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The anticancer activity of acridone derivatives has attracted increasing interest, therefore, a variety of substituted analogs belonging to this family have been developed and evaluated for their anti-cancer properties. A series of N-alkyl-acridones 1–6 and N,N′-dialkyl-9,9′-biacridylidenes 7–12 with variable alkyl chains were examined for their topoisomerase I activity at neutral and acidic conditions as well as for their binding capacity to calf thymus and possible radical trapping antioxidant activity. It was found that at a neutral pH, topoisomerase I activity of both classes of compounds was similar, while under acidic conditions, enhanced intercalation was observed. N-alkyl-acridone derivatives 1–6 exhibited stronger, dose-dependent, cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 human breast epithelial cancer cells than N,N′-dialkyl-9,9′-biacridylidenes 7–12, revealing that conjugation of the heteroaromatic system plays a significant role on the effective distribution of the compound in the intracellular environment. Cellular investigation of long alkyl derivatives against cell migration exhibited 40–50% wound healing effects and cytoplasm diffusion, while compounds with shorter alkyl chains were accumulated both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. All N,N′-dialkyl-9,9′-biacridylidenes showed unexpected high scavenging activity towards DPPH or ABTS radicals which may be explained by higher stabilization of radical cations by the extended conjugation of heteroaromatic ring system.
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Dai, Jun, Naohiko Hanajima, Toshiharu Kazama, and Akihiko Takashima. "An Improved Path-Generating Regulator for Two-Wheeled Robots to Track the Circle/Arc Passage." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/254503.
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The improved path-generating regulator (PGR) is proposed to path track the circle/arc passage for two-wheeled robots. The PGR, which is a control method for robots so as to orient its heading toward the tangential direction of one of the curves belonging to the family of path functions, is applied to navigation problem originally. Driving environments for robots are usually roads, streets, paths, passages, and ridges. These tracks can be seen as they consist of straight lines and arcs. In the case of small interval, arc can be regarded as straight line approximately; therefore we extended the PGR to drive the robot move along circle/arc passage based on the theory that PGR to track the straight passage. In addition, the adjustable look-ahead method is proposed to improve the robot trajectory convergence property to the target circle/arc. The effectiveness is proved through MATLAB simulations on both the comparisons with the PGR and the improved PGR with adjustable look-ahead method. The results of numerical simulations show that the adjustable look-ahead method has better convergence property and stronger capacity of resisting disturbance.
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RODOLOSSE, Annie, Véronique CARRIERE, Monique ROUSSET, and Michel LACASA. "Two HNF-1 binding sites govern the glucose repression of the human sucrase-isomaltase promoter." Biochemical Journal 336, no. 1 (November 15, 1998): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3360115.
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We have previously shown, using the Caco-2 clone PF11, that glucose represses transcription of the human sucrase-isomaltase (SI) gene and that the -370/+30 fragment of the SI gene conferred glucose-regulated expression on a heterologous gene. Different fragments beginning at the already characterized SI footprint (SIF) 1 (-53/-37), SIFR (-153/-129) or SIF3 (-176/-156) elements [Wu, Chen, Forslund and Traber (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 17080–17085] were tested, in comparison with the -370/+30 fragment, for their capacity to inhibit reporter gene expression under high-glucose (25 mM) conditions. Unlike SIF1 and SIFR, the addition of the HNF (hepatocyte nuclear factor)-1-binding element SIF3 to the promoter fragment was required for repression under high-glucose conditions. This effect was enhanced when the SI promoter was extended to position -370, indicating that the -370/-176 region contains elements that may co-operate with SIF3 to increase the metabolic control of the SI promoter. We have characterized an additional HNF-1-binding site near to and upstream from SIF3; SIF4. By mutagenesis of the three HNF-1-binding elements we show that the two distal HNF-1-recognition sites are the most important for the glucose regulation of the SI gene. Moreover, this glucose regulation was abolished in PF11 cells overexpressing vHNF-1C (variant HNF, an isoform of the HNF-1 family). We thus propose that the differential binding of HNF-1-family proteins to their DNA targets on the SI promoter constitutes the molecular mechanism that controls the glucose regulation of the SI gene transcription.
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van Oppen, Madeleine J. H., and Mónica Medina. "Coral evolutionary responses to microbial symbioses." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1808 (August 10, 2020): 20190591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0591.
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This review explores how microbial symbioses may have influenced and continue to influence the evolution of reef-building corals (Cnidaria; Scleractinia). The coral holobiont comprises a diverse microbiome including dinoflagellate algae (Dinophyceae; Symbiodiniaceae), bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses, but here we focus on the Symbiodiniaceae as knowledge of the impact of other microbial symbionts on coral evolution is scant. Symbiosis with Symbiodiniaceae has extended the coral's metabolic capacity through metabolic handoffs and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and has contributed to the ecological success of these iconic organisms. It necessitated the prior existence or the evolution of a series of adaptations of the host to attract and select the right symbionts, to provide them with a suitable environment and to remove disfunctional symbionts. Signatures of microbial symbiosis in the coral genome include HGT from Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria, gene family expansions, and a broad repertoire of oxidative stress response and innate immunity genes. Symbiosis with Symbiodiniaceae has permitted corals to occupy oligotrophic waters as the algae provide most corals with the majority of their nutrition. However, the coral–Symbiodiniaceae symbiosis is sensitive to climate warming, which disrupts this intimate relationship, causing coral bleaching, mortality and a worldwide decline of coral reefs. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of the microbiome in host evolution’.
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Hasanah, Uswatun. "Permainan Tradisional sebagai Kegiatan Ekstrakurikuler untuk Meningkatkan Kompetensi Sosial Siswa." Journal An-Nafs: Kajian Penelitian Psikologi 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 83–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.33367/psi.v2i1.346.
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The purpose of this study is to obtain a picture of the extent to which self-control and acceptance of parents to the level of anxiety parents on the success of their children's education that bears autism. This study uses a qualitative approach. Characteristics of research subjects include parents who have children who are diagnosed with autism. The number of subjects in this study as many as 3 people. Technique of collecting data by interview as main method and observation as support method. The result of research indicate that overall the three subjects have good self-control and can fully accept the condition of their children who are diagnosed with autism and anxiety level on the success of their children's education with autism By the three subjects is very minimal. The acceptance is influenced by the support factors of the extended family, the family's financial capacity, religious background, education level, marital status, age and support of experts and the general public. Doctor's diagnosis, diet food, foster communication with doctor, psychologist, teacher and therapist, seek other doctors if the doctor is considered less cooperative, tell the truth when doing consultation about the development of his child enrich the knowledge, and accompany K when educating and therapy
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Dawson, Brittany, and Zeina Azzam. "Interview with Dr. Yasser Abu Jamei: The Gaza Community Mental Health Programme." Journal of Palestine Studies 45, no. 2 (2016): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2016.45.2.120.
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This October 2015 interview with director of the Gaza Community Mental Health Programme (GCMHP) Dr. Yasser Abu Jamei addresses how mental health professionals care for themselves and each other in an environment with little break from sustained conflict. Mental health workers in the Gaza Strip must cope with the resource shortage generated by the Israeli blockade and their own trauma while aiding others. The United Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) estimates that over one-third of Gaza's children require direct and specialized psychosocial support as a result of Israel's Operation Protective Edge (OPE), the fifty-day war on Gaza in the summer of 2014, and earlier assaults. GCMHP provides services free of charge at clinics, community centers, and by phone via a twenty-four-hour hotline, and since its founding, has served more than twenty thousand Gazans with capacity-building programs and trainings, community education, scientific research, and human rights advocacy. GCMHP provided mental health support to the community both during and after each of the three large-scale Israeli assaults on Gaza (in 2008, 2012, and 2014), helping the community to work through both collective and individual trauma. Over twenty-one hundred Palestinians, five hundred of them children, were killed during OPE and another eleven thousand injured. During OPE an airstrike killed twenty-eight members of Abu Jamei's extended family, including nineteen children, as they broke their Ramadan fast. It was the largest loss of life within a single family at that point in the war. The structural damage was similarly catastrophic, leaving over one hundred thousand Gazans homeless. Long after the cease-fire, the psychological wounds sustained during consecutive assaults continue to disrupt everyday life.
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Sakoda, Teppei, Yoshikane Kikushige, Toshihiro Miyamoto, and Koichi Akashi. "TIM-3/Gal-9 Signaling Enhances Self-Renewal Capacity of AML-LSCs through Mimicking Canonical Wnt Signaling." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.1673.1673.
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Abstract (Introduction) Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) originates from self-renewing leukemic stem cells (LSCs). Self-renewal capacity is one of the most important biological features of LSCs, and therefore, targeting self-renewal machineries of LSCs should be necessary for the eradication of LSCs. We have recently identified the autocrine loop consisted of LSCs-specific surface molecule TIM-3 and its ligand galectin-9 (Gal-9) in human myeloid malignancies. TIM-3/Gal-9 autocrine loop constitutively activates the nucleus accumulation of β-catenin in primary AML LSCs. However, the precise mechanism how this autocrine loop induces β-catenin accumulation has been still unknown. Here, we extended the analysis to clarify the molecular basis of the enhanced β-catenin activity in TIM-3+LSCs. (Results) We tested whether TIM-3 signaling could interact with the canonical Wnt pathway, which plays a central role in controlling the self-renewal capacity in normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through regulating intracellularβ-catenin accumulation. LDL receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) is a key component of canonical Wnt pathway and its phosphorylation is essential for the signal transduction of Wnt signaling. Surprisingly, TIM-3 signaling induced by Gal-9 (10 ng/ml) led to phosphorylation of LRP6and accumulation of β-catenin in primary TIM-3+ AML cells. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of LRP6 induced by Gal-9 was completely abrogated in the presence of an anti-TIM-3 antibody (F38-2E2), which blocks the Gal-9 ligation to TIM-3. These results suggested that the ligation of TIM-3 by Gal-9 could activate canonical Wnt pathway independent of Wnt ligands in TIM-3+AML cells. We then tried to clarify the molecular machinery for canonical Wnt pathway activation by TIM-3/Gal-9 interaction. It has been reported that Wnt signaling promptly induces formation of the protein complex described as LRP6-signalosome preceding LRP6 phosphorylation. Therefore, we tested whether TIM-3 signaling could affect the signalosome formation. In the presence of Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1; 200 ng/mL), which could inhibit LRP6-signalosome formation, TIM-3 signaling totally failed to phosphorylate LRP6 and to activate β-catenin accumulation, indicating that TIM-3 signaling induced Wnt signaling activation through the LRP6-signalosome formation. Since it has been shown that Src family kinases are cytoplasmic mediator of TIM-3 signaling, we focused on p120-catenin because the molecule has been identified as a substrate of Src family kinases as well as an indispensable molecule in LRP6-signalosome formation. We found that the phosphorylation of p120-catenin, a very early step of canonical Wnt signaling, was promptly induced at Tyr228 by TIM-3/Gal-9 interaction as well as Wnt ligand stimulation (Wnt3a; 200 ng/mL), leading to the enhanced β-catenin accumulation in primary TIM-3+LSCs. These results collectively suggested that the TIM-3 signaling mimicked the canonical Wnt signaling from the very early phase of its signaling cascade in LSCs. (Discussion) In this study, we showed TIM-3/Gal-9 signal "mimick" canonical Wnt signaling and lead to the aberrant accumulation of intracellular β-catenin in AML LSCs. Considering that TIM-3 is commonly expressed in LSCs of myeloid malignancies, but not in normal HSCs, TIM-3/Gal-9 signal can serve as a promising therapeutic target for the selective eradication of LSCs because inhibition of TIM-3 signaling can impair the self-renewal capacity of LSCs without affecting normal hematopoiesis. Disclosures Akashi: Bristol Meyers Squibb: Research Funding; Astellas Pharma: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Kyowa Hakko Kirin: Consultancy, Research Funding; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation: Research Funding; Shionogi & Co., Ltd: Research Funding; Sunitomo Dainippon Pharma: Consultancy.
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Kondrack, Robyn M., Judith Harbertson, Joyce T. Tan, Meghan E. McBreen, Charles D. Surh, and Linda M. Bradley. "Interleukin 7 Regulates the Survival and Generation of Memory CD4 Cells." Journal of Experimental Medicine 198, no. 12 (December 8, 2003): 1797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20030735.
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Cytokines, particularly those of the common γ chain receptor family, provide extrinsic signals that regulate naive CD4 cell survival. Whether these cytokines are required for the maintenance of memory CD4 cells has not been rigorously assessed. In this paper, we examined the contribution of interleukin (IL) 7, a constitutively produced common γ chain receptor cytokine, to the survival of resting T cell receptor transgenic memory CD4 cells that were generated in vivo. IL-7 mediated the survival and up-regulation of Bcl-2 by resting memory CD4 cells in vitro in the absence of proliferation. Memory CD4 cells persisted for extended periods upon adoptive transfer into intact or lymphopenic recipients, but not in IL-7− mice or in recipients that were rendered deficient in IL-7 by antibody blocking. Both central (CD62L+) and effector (CD62L−) memory phenotype CD4 cells required IL-7 for survival and, in vivo, memory cells were comparable to naive CD4 cells in this regard. Although the generation of primary effector cells from naive CD4 cells and their dissemination to nonlymphoid tissues were not affected by IL-7 deficiency, memory cells failed to subsequently develop in either the lymphoid or nonlymphoid compartments. The results demonstrate that IL-7 can have previously unrecognized roles in the maintenance of memory in the CD4 cell population and in the survival of CD4 cells with a capacity to become memory cells.
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Portier, Lucie, Christophe Desterke, Diana Chaker, Noufissa Oudrhiri, Afag Asgarova, Fatima Dkhissi, Ali G. Turhan, Annelise Bennaceur-Griscelli, and Frank Griscelli. "iPSC-Derived Hereditary Breast Cancer Model Reveals the BRCA1-Deleted Tumor Niche as a New Culprit in Disease Progression." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031227.
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Tumor progression begins when cancer cells recruit tumor-associated stromal cells to produce a vascular niche, ultimately resulting in uncontrolled growth, invasion, and metastasis. It is poorly understood, though, how this process might be affected by deletions or mutations in the breast cancer type 1 susceptibility (BRCA1) gene in patients with a lifetime risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer. To model the BRCA1-deleted stroma, we first generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients carrying a germline deletion of exon 17 of the BRCA1 gene (BRCA1+/− who, based on their family histories, were at a high risk for cancer. Using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of these two affected family members and two normal (BRCA1+/+) individuals, we established a number of iPSC clones via non-integrating Sendai virus-based delivery of the four OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC factors. Induced mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) were generated and used as normal and pathological stromal cells. In transcriptome analyses, BRCA1+/− iMSCs exhibited a unique pro-angiogenic signature: compared to non-mutated iMSCs, they expressed high levels of HIF-1α, angiogenic factors belonging to the VEGF, PDGF, and ANGPT subfamilies showing high angiogenic potential. This was confirmed in vitro through the increased capacity to generate tube-like structures compared to BRCA1+/+ iMSCs and in vivo by a matrigel plug angiogenesis assay where the BRCA1+/− iMSCs promoted the development of an extended and organized vessel network. We also reported a highly increased migration capacity of BRCA1+/− iMSCs through an in vitro wound healing assay that correlated with the upregulation of the periostin (POSTN). Finally, we assessed the ability of both iMSCs to facilitate the engraftment of murine breast cancer cells using a xenogenic 4T1 transplant model. The co-injection of BRCA1+/− iMSCs and 4T1 breast cancer cells into mouse mammary fat pads gave rise to highly aggressive tumor growth (2-fold increase in tumor volume compared to 4T1 alone, p = 0.01283) and a higher prevalence of spontaneous metastatic spread to the lungs. Here, we report for the first time a major effect of BRCA1 haploinsufficiency on tumor-associated stroma in the context of BRCA1-associated cancers. The unique iMSC model used here was generated using patient-specific iPSCs, which opens new therapeutic avenues for the prevention and personalized treatment of BRCA1-associated hereditary breast cancer.
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Yakubenko, Valentin P., Satya P. Yadav, and Tatiana P. Ugarova. "Integrin αDβ2, an adhesion receptor up-regulated on macrophage foam cells, exhibits multiligand-binding properties." Blood 107, no. 4 (February 15, 2006): 1643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-06-2509.
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Integrin αDβ2, the most recently discovered member of the β2 subfamily of integrin adhesion receptors, is up-regulated on macrophage foam cells. Although other members of the subfamily have been subjects of extensive research, the recognition specificity and the molecular basis for αDβ2 ligand binding remain unknown. Based on the high extent of structural homology between αDβ2 and the major myeloid-cell-specific integrin αMβ2 (Mac-1), noted for its capacity to bind multiple ligands, we considered that the 2 integrins have similar recognition specificity. In this study, using recombinant and natural αDβ2-expressing cells, we demonstrate that αDβ2 supports adhesion and migration to many extracellular matrix proteins in a fashion similar to αMβ2. Consistent with these data, the recombinant αDI-domain of the receptor bound selected ligands. The binding was activation-dependent because the αDI-domain with its C-terminal α7 helix truncated, but not the form with the C-terminal part extended, bound ligands. When the αDI-domain segment Lys244-Lys260 (highly homologous to its αMI-domain counterpart Lys245-Arg261 responsible for αMβ2 multiligand-binding properties) was inserted into the mono-specific αLI-domain, the chimeric protein bound many ligands with affinities similar to those of wild-type αDI-domain. These results establish integrin αDβ2 as a multiligand receptor and indicate that the mechanism whereby αDβ2 exhibits broad ligand specificity resembles that used by αMβ2, the most promiscuous member of the integrin family.
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Prelovšek, Petra-Maja, Lilijana Bizjak Mali, and Boris Bulog. "Hepatic pigment cells of Proteidae (Amphibia, Urodela): A comparative histochemical and ultrastructural study." Animal Biology 58, no. 2 (2008): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075608x328080.
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AbstractAmphibian liver pigment cells, also known as Kupffer cells, contain various amounts of melanin, haemosiderin and lipofuscin. We used different histochemical and ultrastructural methods to analyse and compare the level of hepatic pigmentation and the structure of hepatic pigment cells in the livers of three representatives of the family Proteidae; two subspecies of the hypogean Proteus anguinus (depigmented Proteus a. anguinus and pigmented Proteus a. parkelj) and the epygean Necturus maculosus. Our analysis revealed differences at histological and ultrastructural level. While the percentage of the pigmented area and ultrastructural characteristics are similar in both subspecies of P. anguinus, great differences occur in the amount and structure of the pigment cells between P. anguinus and N. maculosus. Pigment cells are more numerous and compose larger pigmented clusters in P. anguinus. They are structurally more heterogeneous and contain a larger amount of haemosiderin when compared to N. maculosus. Our results confirm a high degree of variation in hepatic pigmentation among different amphibian species. Because many factors influence the level of hepatic pigmentation in poikilotherms, differences among species from different habitats and also among individuals of the same species are expected but are not easily explained. We propose two possible explanations for the large amount of iron present in Proteus anguinus: (1) accumulation of pigments due to the very low metabolic rate and extended lifetime; (2) large iron storage capacity as an adaptation to a low and discontinuous food supply in caves.
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Harkison, Tracy. "What does a family environment mean within hospitality establishments?" Hospitality Insights 2, no. 2 (October 24, 2018): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/hi.v2i2.41.
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The exclusion of children from hospitality establishments is not new. Not all cultures or properties exclude children, but the cultivation and advertisement of a family environment at properties that do is a topic worthy of further consideration.
Some luxury properties are projecting a family environment while excluding children, which proposes a new definition of what a ‘family environment’ means and speculation about how such properties achieve this environment. The traditional view of ‘family’ has changed over time, and what is defined as family has also changed. One of these changes is that ‘family’ has morphed into ‘families’ in order to encompass new perceptions of the composition of the ‘family’ [1]. In addition, in many cultures, for example Italian, East Asian and Māori, the extended family rather than the traditional nuclear family is considered the basic unit [2]. The decrease or demise of the nuclear family is accredited to the rise in divorce rates, which has resulted in new forms of family units being formed. However, even though families are splitting and reforming after divorce, linkages through children remain [3]. The term ‘families’ is commonly defined as ‘multigenerational social groups’ comprised of at least one child and one adult [4].
While conducting interpretivist research on the creation of luxury accommodation experiences, qualitative data were collected from interviews with 81 participants (managers, employees and guests) at six luxury properties in New Zealand. Out of the six properties (classified as three luxury hotels and three luxury lodges), one did not accommodate children (a luxury lodge). Findings of the research revealed the theme of ‘family’ as important to all of the properties, even the property that was ‘childfree’. This raises the question of whether children need to be present before a ‘family environment’ can be experienced within those hospitality establishments.
All the managers and employees interviewed in the research felt that guests wanted the feeling of being surrounded by family or of being part of a family. Managers and employees acknowledged that in lodges there is a smaller number of service personnel and, at the same time, a higher staff to guest ratio. The service personnel depend on each other and develop close teams, which are like families, in order to produce an outstanding experience for their guests. Managers and employees are closer to their guests in lodges due to guests dining on the premises two if not three times in the day, and managers often dine with the guests in their capacity as hosts, enabling them to build relationships with guests by engaging in conversation during these times. Guests, themselves, felt that staff treated them like family or made them feel part of the lodge family. They also commented that there was a feeling of family between the managers and staff and that they displayed those family bonds.
It has been suggested that the exclusion of children from some hospitality establishments is perhaps so they can concentrate on the niche market of ‘adult-only’. Advantages of this focus are that it is not necessary to provide amenities and activities that are targeted at children and a premium price can be charged for the exclusivity of being an ‘adult-only’ establishment. Adult-only hotels can be dated back to the 1960s when Club Med was targeting singles [5]. In the 1980s, the hotel chain Sandals started luring Americans to Mexico and the Caribbean with adult-only packages and specific catering for couples [5].
The research suggests that projecting a family environment is now being used by luxury accommodation providers as a metaphorical term about the intimate attention that can be co-created in the accommodation servicescape through accommodation staff forming ‘special relationships’ with their guests in order to personalise their service. In this light, perhaps it is time to reconsider the nature of family-oriented accommodation in the sector, and to investigate how properties offer a ‘family-like’ environment that makes customers feel ‘part of the family’ while excluding children.
Corresponding author
Tracy Harkison can be contacted at: tracy.harkison@aut.ac.nz
References
(1) Dumon, W. The Situation of Families in Western Europe: A Sociological Perspective. In The Family on the Threshold of the 21st Century; Dreman S, Ed.; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: London, 1997; chapt. 11.
(2) Robinson, E. Refining our Understanding of Family Relationships. Family Matters 2009, 82, 5–7.
(3) Schänzel, H.A.; Yeoman, I. Trends in Family Tourism. Journal of Tourism Futures 2015, 1(2), 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-12-2014-0006
(4) Schänzel, H.A. Whole-Family Research: Towards a Methodology in Tourism for Encompassing Generation, Gender, and Group Dynamic Perspectives. Tourism Analysis 2010, 15(5), 555–569. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354210X12889831783314
(5) Divac, N. These German Vacationers Don't Take Kindly to the Kinder – Youngsters are Verboten as Hotels Seek Tranquility for Guests; No Cannonballs in Pool. Wall Street Journal, Feb 1, 2016; https://www.wsj.com/articles/for-these-german-vacationers-kids-are-verboten-1454288459 (accessed Mar 20, 2017).
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Pierce, G. F., D. Yanagihara, K. Klopchin, D. M. Danilenko, E. Hsu, W. C. Kenney, and C. F. Morris. "Stimulation of all epithelial elements during skin regeneration by keratinocyte growth factor." Journal of Experimental Medicine 179, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 831–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.179.3.831.
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Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), a recently discovered 18.9 kD member of the fibroblast growth factor family has been shown to selectively induce keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in tissue culture. To explore its potential stimulating keratinocyte growth and differentiation in vivo, we analyzed for the influence of KGF on epithelial derived elements within a wound created through the cartilage on the rabbit ear. KGF accelerated reepithelialization (p = 0.004) and increased the thickness of the epithelium (p = 0.0005) when 4-40 micrograms/cm2 recombinant KGF was added at the time of wounding. The regenerating epidermis showed normal differentiation as detected by cytokeratin immunostaining. Remarkably, however, KGF stimulated proliferation and differentiation of early progenitor cells within hair follicles and sebaceous glands in the wound bed and adjacent dermis. There was a transient but highly significant increase in specific labeling of cycling cells in both basal and suprabasal layers that extended into the spinous layer of the regenerating epidermis. As an indication of specificity, the inflammatory cells and fibroblasts within the wound were not influenced by KGF. The results indicate that KGF is unique in its ability to accelerate reepithelialization and dermal regeneration by targeting multiple epithelial elements within the skin. These results suggest that KGF may induce specific epithelial progenitor cell lineages within the skin to proliferate and differentiate, and thus may be a critical determinant of regeneration of skin. Furthermore, these findings illustrate the potential capacity of this system to analyze epithelial differentiation programs and disorders of epidermis, dermal glandular elements, and hair follicles.
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Crago, Maureen. "Family Therapy's Extended Family." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy 26, no. 3 (September 2005): iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1467-8438.2005.tb00656.x.
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Heilbrun, Carolyn, Susan Dunlap, Elizabeth George, Sue Grafton, Linda Grant, Sara Paretsky, Sandra Scoppettone, et al. "Extended Family." Women's Review of Books 12, no. 1 (October 1994): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4021916.
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EVERTS, SARAH. "EXTENDED FAMILY." Chemical & Engineering News 87, no. 29 (July 20, 2009): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v087n029.p043.
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Elwy, A. Rani. "Extended Family." JAMA 297, no. 24 (June 27, 2007): 2675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.24.2675.
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