Academic literature on the topic 'Cape of Good Hope (South Africa)'

The status of all the mammal species that have been recorded in the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve (the southern section of the Ta-ble Mountain National Park) is described. A total of 76 species has been recorded, of which 56 occur or have occurred naturally, and 13 are now extinct. More than 20 species have been deliberately or acci-dentally introduced. The history and management of large, non-native herbivores released into the Reserve for public spectacle is described in the context of changing attitudes towards conservation priorities and visitor perceptions.

The History of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope by the Hon. Alexander Wilmot and the Hon. John Centilivres Chase was published in Cape Town by J.C. Juta in 1869. In his South African Bibliography (London 1910), Mendelssohn commented that “This was the first regular and consecutive history of the Cape Colony”. He drew attention to George McCall Theal's comment in his History of South Africa, vol. IV (1834-1854) (London 1893) that “It is now out of print and it is rarely met with”. In his own Catalogue of Books and Pamphlets Relating to Africa South of the Zambezi (Cape Town, S.A. [1912]) published two years later, Theal added that “Before 1892 there was not a copy even in the South African public library at Capetown”.

The History of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope by the Hon. Alexander Wilmot and the Hon. John Centilivres Chase was published in Cape Town by J.C. Juta in 1869. In his South African Bibliography (London 1910), Mendelssohn commented that “This was the first regular and consecutive history of the Cape Colony”. He drew attention to George McCall Theal's comment in his History of South Africa, vol. IV (1834-1854) (London 1893) that “It is now out of print and it is rarely met with”. In his own Catalogue of Books and Pamphlets Relating to Africa South of the Zambezi (Cape Town, S.A. [1912]) published two years later, Theal added that “Before 1892 there was not a copy even in the South African public library at Capetown”.

AbstractThe South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO), formerly known as the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, will be 200 years old in 2020. Also, South Africa (SA), formerly a British colony known as the Cape of Good Hope, will celebrate her 100-year anniversary as an International Astronomical Union (IAU) member in 2020, following the IAU centenary in 2019 that this IAU Symposium 349 celebrates. In light of all this, particularly in anticipation of the 200-year anniversary of SAAO in 2020, the SA National Research Foundation (NRF) has developed a Roadmap for the History of Astronomy in South Africa. As part of this we are conducting an oral history of astronomers to complement the historical celebrations of the institutions and science relating to astronomy in SA, supported by the SA NRF. Primarily drawing on literature and setting the scene for this work, here we present a snippet of the on-going oral histories, to glean the role of the IAU in astronomy in South Africa and show the potential of the oral histories to inform and complement written history.

The status of all the reptile and amphibian species that have been recorded in the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve (the southern section of the Table Mountain National Park) is described. A total of 57 species has been recorded, comprising seven tortoises and turtles, 14 lizards, one chamaeleon, 20 snakes, two platannas, and 13 frogs and toads. The Reserve is an important stronghold of the IUCN-classified ‘Endangered’ Cape Platanna Xenopus gilli, and holds the discrete southern population of the range-restricted, ‘Near Threatened’ Cape Peninsula Moss Frog Arthroleptella lightfooti.

The African continent and South Africa in particular have always interested Russians. It may be interesting to note that as early as the 18th century the Russian tzar and reformist Peter 1st, ordered the compilation of a description of Africa, which was made in 1710 in Moscow. In the 18th and especially in the 19th centuries there were many Russian sailors and explorers who went as far as the Cape of Good Hope. Among them was a famous Russian writer and sailor Ivan Goncharov who spent two months in South Africa in 1853 and devoted more than 150 pages of his travelling book “Frigate Pallada” to the description of the lives of different racial groups there. This progressive Russian writer paid special attention to the fight of African people against the European colonisers. Another Russian explorer and art-critic A. Visheslavzev was also in South Africa in the 1850s and in his diary expressed his sympathy with the African chiefs, who led the black tribes against the conquerors.

The history of psychiatry in South Africa stretches back to the first settlement by Europeans in the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. Its development falls into 3 phases with some overlaps. The first was a period of expediency and restraint during the early stages of the occupation of the Cape by the Dutch East India Company; the second, which could be called the psychiatric hospital era, was under the control of the British from the earlier part of the 19th century towards the beginning of the 20th century; and the third, broadly speaking, is the modern period since then. This article traces major developments over these 5 centuries to the present time, when psychiatry has become a highly evolved modern medical discipline.

Edwin S. Munger,(1921-2010), professor of Political Geography at Caltech Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California was a renowned specialist on Africa, race and ethnic relations. In his scores of trips to the African continent, he visited every country and lived in South Africa and some others for extended periods. While he expressed opposition to race discrimination and the negative aspects of apartheid measures, he also strongly rejected violence and international pressures to isolate South Africa. He saw such pressures as counterproductive in affecting change. This article deals with his endeavour to build bridges of understanding between and with South Africans so as to bring about change in these policies and as a counter to the growing international pressures to impose harmful sanctions and isolation. It sketches the means by which Munger pursued his objectives through various organisations, among them the leader exchange programmes under US-SALEP, the African Studies Association, Nieman Fellowship Awards and the Cape of Good Hope Foundation.

Abstract. In this paper a brief summary will be given about the historical development of geomagnetism as a science in southern Africa and particularly the role played by Hermanus Magnetic Observatory in this regard. From a very modest beginning in 1841 as a recording station at the Cape of Good Hope, Hermanus Magnetic Observatory is today part of the South African National Space Agency (SANSA), where its geomagnetic field data are extensively used in international research projects ranging from the physics of the geo-dynamo to studies of the near-Earth space environment.

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Despite the importance of studying marriage patterns for a better understanding of colonial life, the subject has received little attention from a purely economic perspective. In his seminal work, European Marriage Patterns in Perspective (1965), J. Hajnal introduces the notion of a European Marriage Pattern (EMP) emerging in the late Middle Ages which became characteristic of Western European society in the early modern period. Hajnal points out several distinct aspects to distinguish Western European marriages from all other societies of the time. While existing literature in this field has typically focussed on the demographic features of marriage patterns, such as the average age of marriage, the share of the population that had never married, and the effects of the EMP on fertility and resulting population growth, little attention has been paid to the underlying mechanisms and causes of the EMP. Using genealogical records to track the ancestry of colonial settlers in South Africa, this study will investigate the evolution of marriage in the Cape Colony. The focus is primarily on the persistence of the EMP and attempt to determine whether it continued to characterise the marriages of European descendents outside of Europe, or whether a distinct marriage pattern emerged in the Cape Colony in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century. It will explore the effect that such patterns may have historically had on family size, standards of living and life chances for European settlers at the Cape, with an aim to shed new light on the underlying causes of the EMP, by critically evaluating De Moor and van Zanden’s (2010) three hypotheses of the origins of this distinct marriage pattern.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ten spyte van die bydrae wat ’n studie van huwelikspatrone tot ’n beter begrip van die ekonomiese ontwikkeling en sosiale konteks tydens die koloniale era kan maak, ontvang hierdie onderwerp min aandag vanuit 'n suiwer ekonomiese perspektief. In John Hajnal se bekende publikasie, European Marriage Patterns in Perspective (1965), stel hy die konsep van 'n Europese Huweliks Patroon (EHP) voor. Hierdie patroon het waarskynlik in die laat-Middeleeue verskyn en die Wes-Europese samelewing in die vroeë-moderne tydperk gekenmerk. Hajnal beskryf sekere unieke aspekte wat Wes-Europese huwelike van alle ander samelewings van hierdie tydperk onderskei. Bestaande literatuur oor hierdie onderwerp fokus tipies op die demografiese kenmerke van huwelikspatrone, soos die gemiddelde ouderdom waarop individue trou, die gedeelte van die bevolking wat nooit trou nie en die gevolge wat die EHP op fertiliteit en bevolkingsgroei het. Min aandag is dus aan die onderliggende oorsake van die EHP gegee. Deur gebruik te maak van die Suid-Afrikaanse Geslagregisters is dit moontlik om die herkoms van koloniale setlaars in Suid-Afrika na te spoor. Hierdie studie fokus dus op die ontwikkeling van ’n huwelikspatroon in die Kaapkolonie. Die vraag is of die EHP die huwelike van Europese afstammelinge buite Europa steeds gekenmerk het en of daar ’n ander huwelikspatroon in die agtiende en vroeë-negentiende eeu in die Kaapkolonie na vore gekom het. Die vraag word beantwoord deur ’n kritiese analise van De Moor en van Zanden (2010) se drie hipoteses oor die oorsprong van hierdie eiesoortige huwelikspatroon.

Bibliography: p. 193-208.<br>The purpose of the research was to study changes that occurred in the material culture of the Cape during the period when the British took over control of the colony from the Dutch. There were three phases for investigation: the colony under the Dutch East India Company in the 18th century, twenty transitional years of interim British and Netherlands governments between 1795 and 1815, and the Cape as a British colony after 1815. An historical archaeological approach was applied to material remains surviving from those years, such as excavated artefacts, documents and buildings, that assumed these sources of material culture reflected the larger cultural, or cognitive, contexts in which they were conceived, made and used. Particular emphasis was placed on examination of household inventory manuscripts (lists of fixed and moveable properties, goods and chattels). Selected information from the inventories of more than 800 households was recorded, and further detailed analysis made of seventy-nine documents. Room-by-room appraisals indicate the layout (house plan), room numbers (house size), room names and activities (functions of spaces) within the house. These probate records thus provided invaluable information about houses, their contents and the placement of objects within the household, and could be investigated from the level of individual rooms on the day of appraisal to a range of houses over a number of years. By constituting the documentary evidence in a form compatible with assemblages of excavated artefacts, as a series uf space and time blocks, integrated information provided enhanced material cultural detail. Patterns were observed through time and across a range of regional and socio-economic situations. The first period covered a "I Dutch" Cape under the control of the eastern arm of the Dutch East India Company, but households were organised in a way distinctive to the Cape. Then there was a short period of relative freedom from governmental control, as transition was made from Dutch to British colonial status and trade options broadened, resulting in the wealthier urban households reflecting fashion, and to the benefit of many farmers. Finally, the Cape was fully incorporated into the networks of the British Empire, undergoing widespread adaptations to colonial society and changes in the material culture of households.

The phenology of the three exotic pine bark beetles present in South Africa was determined in the south-western Cape Province. Results from weekly trapping of adult beetles using trap-logs over a period of five years showed that the different species had activity peaks at different times of the year. Hylastes angustatus was the most consistent with 95% of the beetles captured in September and October. The Orthotomicus erosus activity peak was more variable but always occurred in the summer months (October to February) when 84% of the beetles were captured. Hylurgus ligniperda was the most variable, being found in every month of the year, although an autumn peak representing 37% of the beetles occurred in April/May. Activity peaks of each species coincided with distinct climatic conditions. Buried and partially-buried pine logs placed vertically in the soil to simulate roots and stems of seedlings were used to determine the colonisation sites of the three bark beetle species. Ninety-eight percent of O. erosus beetles were found in the protruding parts of the logs while 86% of H. ligniperda beetles were found mainly below soil level. H. angustatus were intermediate, entering the logs at or just below the soil interface but colonising mainly the buried parts in which 64% of the beetles were found. Both H. angustatus and H. ligniperda were able to detect and colonise logs buried horizontally at depths of 400mm, but O. erosus beetles were unable to do so. For adequate protection of seedlings from bark beetles, insecticide should be applied to both stems and roots. The phenology of the indigenous pine needle feeders Oosomus varius (Curculionidae) and Prasoidea sericea (Chrysomelidae) was determined by counting, at weekly intervals, the number of beetles present on 10 young pine trees. The O. varius activity peak occurred in August where 42% of all beetles were active, with 87% of the beetles present in July, August and September. P. sericea also had their activity peak in August when 60% of all beetles were active, but with August and September alone accounting for 87% of the beetles. The occurrence of the activity peaks was consistent each year over the five-year study period. This information facilitates the correct timing of prophylactic insecticide sprays.

Present day Thembuland is situated roughly between the Mthatha and Kei rivers. It lies within the south-western portion of the political unit which has been known since 1976 as the Republic of Transkei. It comprises the territories formerly known as Emigrant Thembuland (now the districts of Cala and Cofimvaba) and Thembuland Proper, i.e. the districts of Mqanduli, Umtata, Engcobo and Bomvanaland. We have evidence that Thembu people had already settled in Thembu land Proper, at the Mbashe river, by the beginning of the 17th century. Pioneering clans many have entered the territory at a much earlier date. In the 1830's some clans broke away from the Mbashe settlement, and moved to the region of present day Queenstown. In 1853 their lands were included in the so-called Tambookie Location, which in 1871 became the district of Glen Grey. Emigrant Thembuland came into existence in 1865 when four chiefs from Glen Grey accepted Sir Philip Wodehouse's offer to settle on the lands across the White Kei whence the Xhosa chief Sarhili had been expelled in 1857. This thesis deals with the history of the people who lived in these territories between 1850 and 1900.

Post-graduate students specializing in Community Health, are attached to different health authorities during their training. During these attachments they are exposed to the day-to-day management of health services and experience at first hand, the difficulties as well as the successes that are encountered in tending to the health needs of communities. It is also expected that post-graduate students do research projects during their attachments, usually on topics on which the health services managers need information. The topic discussed in this report was an assignment given to the author at the start of his attachment to the department of Hospital (Health) Services of the Cape Provincial Administration. The period of attachment was from February to May 1987. The whole question of the regionalization of health services is a complex one, and it is necessary that any proposals for a system of regionalization benefit from the inputs of many experts in different fields. However, as has been the experience in the United States of America, such inputs are no guarantee -that a successful system of regionalization will result. (1) In the local front, the Department of Works, at the request of the Director of Hospital Services, began an investigation into the existing system of regionalization of hospital services in 1985. This attempt was aborted, possibly because of the magnitude of the task, among other things. (2). What follows hereafter should therefore be seen as merely a framework for the development of a system of regionalization rather than as a blueprint for such a system. Perhaps a few remarks about the age-old problem of line-staff conflict would not be amiss at this stage. During the development of this framework, it became apparent that line officials might be expecting a quick proposal of regions and/ or sub-regions for the delivery of health services based on a purely management approach. As a staff official, the author naturally had different expectations. The report is an attempt to marry the two sets of expectations and it is left to the reader to judge to what extent, if at all, the author has succeeded in this attempt. Much of the data used in the study are new, and computation was done largely by hand. The generation of the data, was therefore time-consuming and much of the first phase of the study was devoted to the generation of the data and collection of data that were available from other sources. The study has proved to be a fascinating one and it is hoped that permission will be obtained to pursue the study in more detail. This report should therefore be seen as a preliminary report which addresses the question of regionalization of health services in the Cape Province in 'macro' terms. And finally, the author hopes that some of the information in this report may prove of value to those responsible for the delivery of health services to the people of the Cape Province.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study deals with the build-up to, and resultant reactions against, regulating sexual practices in the Cape Colony, especially the Contagious Diseases Acts in 1868 and 1885. The focus will be on the existence of venereal disease as a colonial epidemic. The wider context in terms of Britain, India, Hong Kong, Singapore and Australia will also be taken into account. The research is based on a theoretical framework made up of three components; gender, power and moral politics. The role of gender will be looked at through the existence of the double standard and the prostitute. Power and the existing relations between the colonies and the colonisers will be looked at by addressing the issue of race, superiority and the exportation of the colonial mindset. Moral politics will be analysed through the discussion of purity campaigns, women’s role in society and the medical aspect of politics. Within this thematic framework, the focus of the study will then move to the Cape Colony and the existence of regularity practices there. This study seeks to establish the ways in which regulation developed at the Cape and in doing so hopes to contribute to the existing historiography.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op die aanloop tot en die daaropvolgende reaksies ten opsigte van regulatoriese sekspraktyke, waarvan die bekendste die Aansteeklike Siektes Wette van 1869 en 1885 was. Daar word na die bestaan van veneriese siekte as ‘n koloniale epidemie gekyk. Die breër konteks van Brittanje, Indië, Hong Kong, Singapoer en Australië word ook in ag geneem. Die navorsing is gebaseer op ‘n teoretiese raamwerk van drie komponente: geslagtelikheid (“gender”) , mag en morele politiek. Die rol van geslagtelikheid word betrag na gelang die bestaan van dubbele standaarde en die prostituut. Mag en die bestaande verhoudinge tussen die koloniseerders en die wat gekoloniseer, word aangespreek deur te let op die kwessie van ras, meerderwaardigheid en die toepassing van ‘n koloniale denkpatroon. Morele politiek word ontleed deur te let op die bespreking van kuisheid kampanjes, vroue se rol in die samelewing en die mediese aspekte van politiek. Binne hierdie teoretiese raamwerk word die bestaan van regulatoriese praktyke in die Kaapkolonie bespreek. Die studie poog om vas te stel op welke wyses regulatoriese praktyke in die Kaapkolonie ontwikkel het en sodoende word gepoog om ‘n bydrae tot die bestaande historiografie te maak.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus in this research report is the violation of the constitutional rights of a young person in conflict with the law in the Cape Town Magisterial District. This violation is caused by the lack of collaboration between the different role players. The situation can be rectified with a policy intervention which will ensure multi-disciplinary collaboration between the role players. The researcher proves that stipulations in section 28 of the Constitution, Act 108 of 1996, are violated because the different role players in the juvenile justice system of Cape Town magisterial district work in a fragmented manner and do not operate as a unit. The young person in conflict with law is harmed in this process. The situation can be rectified through a policy intervention. The policy intervention entails a uniform administrative procedure, the drafting and implementation of a working agreement between the role players, establishing a communication network, combined and integrated training and a multi-disciplinary committee that evaluates and monitors these aspects.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fokus van hierdie navorsingverslag is die skending van die grondwetlike regte van die jong persoon in botsing met die gereg binne die Kaapstad se landdrosdistrik. Die skendings is vanweë die gebrek aan samewerking tussen die verskillende rolspelers. Die situasie kan deur middel van 'n beleidintervensie reggestel word ten einde multi-dissiplinêre samewerking tussen die rolspelers te verseker. Die navorser bewys dat bepalings in artikel 28 van die Grondwet, Wet 108 van 1996, geskend word omdat die verskillende rolspelers in die jeugregstel van Kaapstad se landdrosdistrik gefragmenteerd werk en nie as 'n eenheid funksioneer nie. Die jong persoon in botsing met die gereg word benadeel in die proses. Die situasie kan deur middel van 'n beleidsintervensie reggestel word. Die beleidsintervensie behels dat daar 'n eenvormige administratiewe proses gevolg word, 'n samewerkingsooreenkoms tussen die rolspelers opgestel word, 'n kommunikasienetwerk gevestig word, gesamentlike en geïntegreerde opleiding plaasvind en dat 'n multi-dissiplinêre komitee die gemelde aspekte evalueer en moniteer.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was embarked upon to identify an alternative approach to policing. It was an attempt to investigate whether an integrated development approach will be more successful in preventing crime and violence than heterogeneous police task teams and operations. Operation Good - Hope in the Western Cape, a SAPS crime prevention strategy to police the urban terror and related crimes (PAGAD and gang violence), was the focus of the study. Plurality of research methodology was introduced to compile data. The data collected was analysed in relation to the topic and the objective of the study and to the research hypothesis. Based on the data analysis the following are the main research findings: • a working relationship existed between various SAPS components within Operation Good - Hope, but was not properly managed and coordinated; • Operation Good - Hope did not allowed for external collaboration with relevant stakeholders and showed no sense of partnership; • Operation Good - Hope did not police the social crime problems; and • Operation Good - Hope was not shaped by a clear analysis and cohesive strategy. The findings of the study gave rise to the following recommendations: • That a local - based strategy for crime prevention be develop and lead by local government to normalise crime and violence; • That a provincial framework be developed for an integrated development approach to police and stabalise serious violent crimes; • That crime prevention solutions must be based on factors that causes crime; and • A crime prevention strategy be designed and implemented. Finally, the study indicates that provincial crime prevention strategies should be supplementive to local - based crime prevention strategies, to simultaneously stabalise and normalise crime and violence.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie is onderneem om 'n alternatiewe benadering tot polisieëring te identifiseer. Dit is ook 'n poging om uit te vind of 'n geïntegreerde ontwikkelingsbenadring meer suksesvol is as hetrogene polisie taakspanne en operasies met die bekamping van misdaad en geweld. Operasie Goeie - Hoop in die Wes - Kaap, 'n SAPD misdaadvoorkoming strategie om stedelike terreur en verwante misdade (PAGAD en bende geweld) te polisieer, was die fokus van die studie. Data was ingesamel deur middel van 'n pluraliteit van navorsingsmetodologie. Die ingesamelde data was geanaliseer in verhouding tot die tema, doelwitte van die studie en met die navorsingshipotese. Gebaseer op die data analise, is die volgende die hoof bevindinge van die studie: • Daar was samewerking tussen verskillende SAPD komponente betrokke by Operasie Goeie - Hoop, maar dit was nie deeglik bestuur en gekoordineer nie; • Operasie Goeie - Hoop het nie voorsiening gemaak vir eksterne samewerking en vennootskap met relevante rolspelers nie; • Operasie Goeie - Hoop het nie die sosiale - misdaad probleme gepolisieër nie; en • Operasie Goeie - Hoop was nie bestuur deur 'n deeglike analise en deur 'n samehangende strategie nie. Die studie het tot die volgende aanbevelings gelei: • Die ontwikkeling van 'n plaaslike - gebaseerde strategie vir misdaadvoorkoming onder leiding van die plaaslike regering om misdaad en geweld te normaliseer; • Die ontwikkeling van 'n provinsiale raamwerk vir 'n geïntegreerde ontwikkelingsbenadering tot polisieëring en om ernstige geweldsmisdade te stabaliseer; • Dat oplossings tot misdaadvoorkoming gebaseer moet wees op faktore wat misdaad veroorsaak; en • Dat 'n misdaadvoorkomingstrategie ontwerp en geïmplimenteer moet word. Ten slotte toon die studie aan dat 'n provinsiale misdaadvoorkomingstrategie ondersteunend moet wees tot 'n plaaslike - gebaseerde misdaadvoorkomingstrategie, om te gelyke tyd misdaad en geweld te stabaliseer en te normaliseer.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Endemic redfin minnows of the Olifants River System are under threat of extinction, mainly because of alien predatory fish, water extraction and pollution. The taxonomic position and biogeography of redfins in relation to other barbs are uncertain. Enzyme electrophoresis was employed to assess genetic differentiation within and among certain Barbus and Pseudobarbus taxa. Fourteen enzymes were routinely recorded from muscle tissue extracts, yielding a differential number of active loci. The latter is due to different ploidy levels. Polyploid species showed fewer loci than the tetraploid or hexaploid number of loci expected just after the polyploidy event. Barbus aenus (hexaploid) expressed 6.2 % of the duplicated loci expected after the hexaploidy event. The tetraploid Pseudobarbus and serrated Barbus spp., expressed 37.5 % and 31.2 % of the duplicated loci expected after the tetraploidy event, respectively. This suggests that the ploidy event in Barbus aenus is more ancient than in the above-mentioned tetraploid barbs. The similar amount of diploidization in Pseudobarbus and tetraploid serrated Barbus spp. investigated, suggests a shared ploidy event between these two lineages. The number of active loci is apparently not a good indication of the ploidy level of African barbs, as hexaploid Barbus aenus expressed less active loci than the tetraploid barbs investigated. Initial screening of allozyme loci yielded fixed allele differences at 22 loci, but polymorphism only at seven. This suggests more potential for delineating species boundaries than for assessing gene flow and genetic diversity of populations. Genetic differentiation within and among populations of Pseudobarbus phlegethon, Barbus calidus and Barbus erubescens were investigated by screening 27 allozyme loci. A clear divergence between Pseudobarbus phlegethon populations from the Olifants and Doring Rivers was found (Nei's unbiased genetic distance = 0.355; F-statistic for subpopulation against the total = 0.877). Preference and adaptation for mountain stream habitat might explain the past isolation and subsequent divergence of Pseudobarbus phlegethon populations between these two rivers. Barbus calidus was genetically homogenous over its distribution (Nei's unbiased genetic distance = 0-0.009; F-statistic for subpopulation against the total = 0.135). It is proposed that Barbus calidus is better adapted than Pseudobarbus phlegethon to disperse through the main stream. The genetic divergence between Barbus calidus and Barbus erubescens (Nei's unbiased genetic distance = 0.063) is characteristic of conspecific populations. There seems to have been a loss of genetic diversity in redfin populations of the Doring River tributaries (heterozygosity = 0-0.01), compared to the redfin populations of the Olifants River tributaries (heterozygosity = 0.01- 0.04). From phylogenetic analysis ofallozyme characters, it seems as if the serrated tetraploid barbs from South Africa is the sister-group of Pseudobarbus, whilst Barbus anoplus was rejected as a sister-species for the latter. Barbus calidus, Barbus erubescens and Barbus serra were found to be closely related to each other. The ancestor of the redfins seems to have been present in the Cape Fold Mountains since at least the late- Tertiary. On the basis of distributional and allozyme information, conservation units reflecting historical divergence, historical gene flow and current gene flow were identified as Evolutionarily Significant Units, Historical Management Units and Current Management Units respectively. The Olifants and Doring River populations of Pseudobarbus phlegethon should be recognized as two distinct Evolutionarily Significant Units. Barbus calidus forms a separate Evolutionarily Significant Unit from Barbus erubescens. Twelve Historical Management Units and nineteen Current Management Units were recognized for redfins of the Olifants River System. The size of Current Management Units should be expanded and secured to prevent loss of genetic diversity. It is recommended that a recovery program of redfins should establish new populations of at least Barbus erubescens and Doring River Pseudobarbus phlegethon Evolutionarily Significant Unit. Centrarchids should be irradicated, as they are the main reason for the decline of red fins.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die endemiese rooivlerkies van die Olifantsriviersisteem word bedreig deur uitsterwing, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van uitheemse roofvisse, water onttrekking en besoedeling. Die taksonomiese posisie en biogeografie van rooivlerkies in verhouding met ander barbusse is onseker. Ensiemelektroferese is gebruik om genetiese differensiasie binne en tussen sekere Barbus en Pseudobarbus taksa te bepaal. Veertien ensieme, wat verskillende hoeveelhede aktiewe lokusse gelewer het, is op roetine basis waargeneem uit spierweefselekstrakte. Die verskillende hoeveelhede aktiewe lokusse wat waargeneem is, is as gevolg van verskillende ploied vlakke. Poliploïede spesies het minder lokusse getoon as wat verwag sou word net na die tetraploïede ofheksaploïede gebeurtenisse. Barbus aenus (heksaploïed) het 6.2% van die gedupliseerde lokusse, wat verwag sou word na die heksaploiede gebeurtenis, uitgedruk. Die tetraploïede Pseudobarbus en saagagtige Barbus spp. het 37.5% en 3l.2% respektiewelik van die gedupliseerde lokusse, wat verwag sou word na die tetraploïede gebeurtenis, uitgedruk. Dit dui daarop dat die ploïede gebeurtenis in Barbus aenus meer histories as in die bogenoemde tetraploïede barbusse. Die soortgelyke hoeveelheid diploïedisasie in Pseudobarbus en tetraploïede saagagtige Barbus spp. wat ondersoek is, dui op 'n moontlike gesamentlike ploïede gebeurtenis tussen hierdie twee evolusionêre lyne. Die aantal aktiewe lokusse blyk nie 'n goeie aanduiding van die ploïed vlakke van Afrika barbusse te wees nie, aangesien die heksaploïede Barbus aenus minder lokusse as die tetraploïede barbusse wat ondersoek is, getoon het. Aanvanklike analisering van allosiem lokusse het vaste alleel verskille in 22 lokusse opgelewer, maar slegs sewe het polimorfisme getoon. Dit dui op moontlike beter potensiaalom spesie-grense vas te stel, eerder as die bepaling van genevloei of genetiese diversiteit van populasies. Genetiese differensiasie binne en tussen populasies van Pseudobarbus phlegethon, Barbus calidus en Barbus erubescens is ondersoek deur 27 allosiem lokusse te analiseer. 'n Duidelike divergensie tussen Pseudobarbus phlegethon populasies van die Olifants- en Doring- riviere is gevind (Nei se onbevooroordeelde genetiese afstand = 0.355; F-statistiek vir subpopulasie teen die totaal = 0.877). Voorkeur en aanpassing vir bergstroom habitat, mag moontlik die historiese isolasie en daaropvolgende divergensie van Pseudobarbus phlegethon populasies tussen hierdie twee riviere verduidelik. Barbus calidus was geneties homogeen oor sy verspreiding (Nei se onbevooroordeelde genetiese afstand = 0-0.009; F-statistiek vir subpopulasie teen die totaal = 0.135). Dit word voorgestel dat Barbus calidus beter aangepas is as Pseudobarbus phlegethon om deur die hoofstroom te versprei. Die genetiese divergensie tussen Barbus calidus en Barbus erubescens (Nei se onbevooroordeelde genetiese afstand = 0.063) is kenmerkend van spesiespesifieke populasies. Dit lyk of daar 'n verlies aan genetiese diversiteit in rooivlerkie populasies vanafdie Doringrivier sytakke was (heterosigositeit = 0-0.01), in vergelyking met rooivlerkie populasies vanafdie Olifantsrivier sytakke (heterosigositeit = 0.01- 0.04). Uit die filogenetiese analise van allosiem kenmerke, blyk dit dat die saagagtige tetraploiede barbusse van Suid-Afrika die sistergroep van Pseudobarbus is, terwyl Barbus anoplus verwerp word as sisterspesie vir laasgenoemde. Dit is gevind dat Barbus calidus, Barbus erubescens en Barbus serra baie naverwant aan mekaar is. Dit lyk asof die voorvader van die rooivlerkies sedert ten minste die laat-Tersiêr in die Kaapse Plooiberge aanwesig was. Bewaringseenhede wat historiese divergensie, historiese genevloei en huidige genevloei voorstel, is geidentifiseer respektiewelik as Evolusionêre Beduidende Eenhede, Historiese Bestuurseenhede en Huidige Bestuurseenhede. Dit is gedoen op grond van verspreidings- en allosieminformasie. Die Olifants en Doring populasies van Pseudobarbus phlegethon moet as twee unieke Evolusionêre Beduidende Eenhede erken word. Barbus calidus en Barbus erubescens vorm aparte Evolusionêre Beduidende Eenhede. TwaalfHistoriese Bestuurseenhede en negentien Huidige Bestuurseenhede is geidentifiseer vir rooivlerkies van die Oifantsriviersisteem. Die grootte van Huidige Bestuurseenhede moet vergroot en beveilig word om verlies van genetiese diversiteit te vermy. Dit word voorgestel dat 'n herstelprogram van rooivlerkies moet poog om nuwe populasies, van ten minste Barbus erubescens en Doringrivier Pseudobarbus phlegethon Evolusionêre Beduidende Eenhede, te vestig. Baars en blouwang sonvis moet uitgeroei word, aangesien hulle die hoofoorsaak is vir die afname van rooivlerkies.

AbstractDriven by concerns of the white Mine Workers Union, South Africa was the first state to compensate for silicosis and tuberculosis as occupational diseases. The Acts were woven around the binary pairing of miners (whites) and native labourers (blacks). That device enabled legislators to racialise the labour laws without mentioning race. This chapter traces the development of thorough medical examinations, comprehensive health care and a generous compensation system for whites, alongside a system designed to prevent the employment of men who already developed lung disease and to minimise compensation for the (black) majority of the workforce. Having reluctantly agreed to compensate tuberculosis, the Chamber of Mines was relentless in opposing the many critics who argued that the mines were a source of infection. As the critics reiterated, dust exposure created a pool of infected men who were repatriated to rural areas where little or no biomedical care was available. The low wages offered by the mines impoverished labour-sending communities, and this in turn created the ideal social setting for infection to take hold and to spread. Finally, because most infected miners did not receive compensation, their home communities were further impoverished by having to care for men who were no longer able to work.

Abstract South Africa’s significance in world shipping, historically and to the present day, is its geographical location. The position of South Africa, midway between Europe and the East, led to the establishment in 1652 by the Dutch East India Company of a victualling station in the Cape of Good Hope to service Dutch merchants trading to the East Indies. One of the many influences of this occupation was the application of Dutch law in South African law, with its strong Roman law roots. In 1806, the Cape of Good Hope was occupied by the British and declared a British Colony. Natal followed suit, being annexed by the British in 1843. The change in governance saw the introduction of English admiralty law alongside existing Roman-Dutch law. Thus, both the Dutch and the British systems have influenced the judicial system of South Africa which is based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law.

Abstract Francis Galton was 27 in 1849 when the idea of a South African expedition came to him. Except for North Africa, parts of West Africa, and the southern rim of the continent, extending eastward from the Cape of Good Hope, little was known about this vast land mass. Galton learned that David Livingstone, a young Scottish medical missionary, had travelled far north in South Africa past the Kalahari Desert to a lake called Ngami. Since “the well-watered districts beyond this desert could now be reached by wagon from the Cape,” he “felt keenly desirous of taking advantage of this new opening, and inquired much of those who had recently returned from South Africa concerning the conditions and requirements of travel there.”

Abstract The formal integration of the Cape of Good Hope into Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie; VOC) trading networks in the seventeenth century led to profound change at the southern tip of Africa, across all domains. This chapter explores the literature on two major developments that resulted from VOC settlement at the Cape: the practice of slavery and the arrival of Islam. Paying attention to shifts in historiographical approaches and changes in the broader sociopolitical landscape, it demonstrates how these themes, once peripheral to South African historiography, attracted increased scholarly attention from the latter half of the twentieth century. In recent decades, both Islam and slavery have gained further visibility as researchers—Africanists and scholars of other regions alike—have sought to place South Africa in connected histories and transoceanic frameworks.

That South Africa has a mixed legal system is aptly illustrated by the origin and current structure of its insolvency law. Roman-Dutch law, including the procedure of cessio bonorum, was introduced when the Dutch East India Company established a presence at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. The Ordinance of Amsterdam of 1777 is still regarded as the basis of South African insolvency law. The first local insolvency legislation was enacted under British rule. While the 1829 Cape Ordinance introduced some English bankruptcy principles, it retained certain features of the Ordinance of Amsterdam. The English influence was extended in the subsequent Cape Ordinance 6 of 1843 which in turn formed the basis of insolvency legislation in Natal as well as in the former pre-union republics, the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. After unification in 1910, the Insolvency Act 32 of 1916 was passed. It was replaced by the current Insolvency Act 24 of 1936. This legislation does not codify the law of insolvency but applies alongside the common law principles derived from Roman-Dutch law.

Abstract Anders Sparrman arrived at the Cape from Sweden aged 24 in 1772. He had studied with Linnaeus, the renowned Swedish botanist, qualified as a doctor, and, as a young man, travelled to East Asia.1 After a sojourn in Cape Town, he spent nearly two years as an assistant naturalist on Captain Cook’s Resolution, travelling to the Polynesian islands and the Antarctic. He returned in 1775 to make a nine-month journey through the rural Cape collecting botanical and zoological specimens. Sparrman was not the first eighteenth-century scientific traveller to record the Cape environment, nor was he necessarily the most accurate. But his book, A Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, published in English in 1785, was widely read and often cited in subsequent travel texts. It included sharp insights about colonial society, and he evinced considerable sympathy towards the indigenous Khoisan people. Sparrman sought explicitly to discuss the natural world and was amongst the first to record environmental problems.

Abstract Modem South Africa was born at the beginning of the twentieth century when the four British colonies, Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Orange River, and Transvaal, merged and became the Union of South Africa. From its inception the South African constitutional system was in peril. The looming danger stemmed from the failure of the early fathers — they were all men — of the British-based, Westminster-oriented South Africa Act of 1909 to provide for an inclusive democracy. Instead, the Union of South Africa would be governed by whites, even then a minority of the overall population. The writing was on the wall. Over decades the differences hardened into bitter and violent confrontation, played out not only on the South African stage but also, after World War II, increasingly in the council chambers of the world, where the terms of reference were also confrontation, Cold War, East versus West.

Software testing is crucial to ensure that systems of good quality are developed in industry and for this reason it is necessary to investigate the extent to which there is an alignment of software testing skills of Information Systems students at the University of Cape Town and industry practices in South Africa. A number of criteria were identified as the basis for this investigation. These criteria were used to examine the data collected from companies in the software testing industry and students at the University of Cape Town. Significant differences were found between software testing skills required by industry and those claimed by students, particularly with regard to the tests being used and the percentage of time spent on testing. This study should be seen as work in progress to investigate current practice in industry that might inform future research to enhance curricula.